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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Endemism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemie_(ekologie)" title="Endemie (ekologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Endemie (ekologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86" title="توطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismu" title="Endemismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Endemismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemik" title="Endemik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Endemik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="স্থানিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থানিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эндэмізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эндэмізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endem" title="Endem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Endem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosezadezh" title="Brosezadezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brosezadezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Endemisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemisk" title="Endemisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Endemisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Endemism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ενδημισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενδημισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemio" title="Endemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Endemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بوم‌زادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم‌زادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%C3%A9misme" title="Endémisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Endémisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%B1" title="고유성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고유성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Էնդեմիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնդեմիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="तत्रस्थता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तत्रस्थता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Endemisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="אנדמיות (ביולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדמיות (ביולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endem%C3%AEk" title="Endemîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Endemîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%86demizmys" title="Eņdemizmys – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Eņdemizmys" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismus" title="Endemismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Endemismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%C4%93ms" title="Endēms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Endēms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismus" title="Endemismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Endemismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemizmas" title="Endemizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Endemizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Endemie (biogeografie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ендемизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ендемизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="തദ്ദേശീയത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തദ്ദേശീയത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemik" title="Endemik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Endemik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Endemie (biogeografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemisk" title="Endemisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Endemisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Endemisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Endemisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemit" title="Endemit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Endemit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemik" title="Endemik – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Endemik" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Endemism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ендем – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ендем" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эндемизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эндемизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Эндемик – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эндемик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A" title="ආවේණික – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආවේණික" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Endemism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemizem" title="Endemizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Endemizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ендемизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ендемизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoper%C3%A4isyys" title="Kotoperäisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kotoperäisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Endemism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="அகணிய உயிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகணிய உயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="สิ่งมีชีวิตเฉพาะถิ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งมีชีวิตเฉพาะถิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemizm" title="Endemizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endemizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ендемізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ендемізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_h%E1%BB%AFu" title="Đặc hữu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đặc hữu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemismo" title="Endemismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Endemismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%89%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="特有现象 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特有现象" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123452#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Species unique to a natural location or habitat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Endemic" redirects here. For the epidemiological context, see <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">Endemic (epidemiology)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange-breasted_Sunbird_(Nectarinia_violacea).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Orange-breasted_Sunbird_%28Nectarinia_violacea%29.jpg/220px-Orange-breasted_Sunbird_%28Nectarinia_violacea%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Orange-breasted_Sunbird_%28Nectarinia_violacea%29.jpg/330px-Orange-breasted_Sunbird_%28Nectarinia_violacea%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Orange-breasted_Sunbird_%28Nectarinia_violacea%29.jpg/440px-Orange-breasted_Sunbird_%28Nectarinia_violacea%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Both the <a href="/wiki/Orange-breasted_sunbird" title="Orange-breasted sunbird">orange-breasted sunbird</a> (<i>Anthobaphes violacea</i>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kniphofia_uvaria" title="Kniphofia uvaria">Kniphofia uvaria</a></i> plant it feeds on are found exclusively in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicolored_Frog_(_Clinotarsus_curtipes_).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg/220px-Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg/330px-Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg/440px-Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bicolored_frog" title="Bicolored frog">Bicolored frog</a> (<i>Clinotarsus curtipes</i>) is endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montezuma_well_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montezuma_well_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Montezuma_well_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montezuma_well_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Montezuma_well_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montezuma_well_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Montezuma_well_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Montezuma_Well" title="Montezuma Well">Montezuma Well</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Verde_Valley" title="Verde Valley">Verde Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> contains at least five endemic species found exclusively in the sinkhole.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Endemism</b> is the state of a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_sugarbird" title="Cape sugarbird">Cape sugarbird</a> is found exclusively in southwestern <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and is therefore said to be <i>endemic</i> to that particular part of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An endemic species can also be referred to as an <i>endemism</i> or, in scientific literature, as an <i>endemite</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly many species found in the <a href="/wiki/Western_ghats" class="mw-redirect" title="Western ghats">Western ghats</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> are examples of endemism. </p><p>Endemism is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation biology</a> for measuring <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in a particular place and evaluating the risk of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> for species. Endemism is also of interest in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, because it provides clues about how changes in the environment cause species to undergo range shifts (potentially expanding their range into a larger area, or becoming extirpated from an area they once lived), go extinct, or diversify into more species.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_patterns_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_patterns-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, having a global or widespread range.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to species (and other taxonomic levels) that are restricted to a defined geographical area.<sup id="cite_ref-Entomology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entomology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms that sometimes are used interchangeably, but less often, include autochthonal, autochthonic, and indigenous; however, these terms do not reflect the status of a species that specifically belongs only to a determined place. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>endemic</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> <i>endēmicus</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἔνδημος, <i>éndēmos</i>, "native". <i>Endēmos</i> is formed of <i>en</i> meaning "in", and <i>dēmos</i> meaning "the people".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word entered the English language as a <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan word</a> from French <i>endémique</i>, and originally seems to have been used in the sense of diseases that occur at a constant amount in a country, as opposed to epidemic diseases, which are exploding in cases. The word was used in biology in 1872 to mean a species restricted to a specific location by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more uncommon term 'precinctive' has been used by some <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologists</a> as the equivalent of 'endemic'.<sup id="cite_ref-Entomology_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entomology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frank1990_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Precinctive</i> was coined in 1900 by <a href="/wiki/David_Sharp_(entomologist)" title="David Sharp (entomologist)">David Sharp</a> when describing the Hawaiian insects, as he was uncomfortable with the fact that the word '<a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a>' is often associated with diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Precinctive' was first used in botany by Vaughan MacCaughey in Hawaii in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chorus_cicada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chorus_cicada.jpg/220px-Chorus_cicada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chorus_cicada.jpg/330px-Chorus_cicada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chorus_cicada.jpg/440px-Chorus_cicada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Chorus cicada (<i><a href="/wiki/Amphipsalta_zelandica" title="Amphipsalta zelandica">Amphipsalta zelandica</a></i>), a species endemic to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A species is considered to be endemic to the area where it is found naturally, to the exclusion of other areas; presence in captivity or botanical gardens does not disqualify a species from being endemic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In theory, the term "endemic" could be applied on any scale; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a> is endemic to the Americas,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all known life is endemic to Earth. However, endemism is normally used only when a species has a relatively small or restricted range. This usage of "endemic" contrasts with "cosmopolitan." Endemics are not necessarily rare; some might be common where they occur. Likewise, not all rare species are endemics; some may have a large range but be rare throughout this range.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolutionary history of a species can lead to endemism in multiple ways. <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric speciation</a>, or geographic speciation, is when two populations of a species become geographically separated from each other and as a result develop into different species.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In isolated areas where there is little possibility for organisms to <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">disperse</a> to new places, or to receive new <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> from outside, the rate of endemism is particularly high. For example, many endemic species are found on remote <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Endemism_in_the_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands">Hawaii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kier_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kier_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populations on an island are isolated, with little opportunity to interbreed with outside populations, which eventually causes <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductive isolation</a> and separation into different species. <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> in the Galápagos archipelago are examples of species endemic to islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Sato_Tichy_O'Huigin_Grant_2001_pp._299–311_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sato_Tichy_O'Huigin_Grant_2001_pp._299–311-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, isolated mountainous regions like the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or large bodies of water far from other lakes, like <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>, can also have high rates of endemism.<sup id="cite_ref-Martens2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martens2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endemism can also be created in areas which act as <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refuges</a> for species during times of climate change like <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>. These changes may have caused species to become repeatedly restricted to regions with unusually stable climate conditions, leading to high concentrations of endemic species in areas resistant to climate fluctuations.<sup id="cite_ref-Endemism_hotspots_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endemism_hotspots-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endemic species that used to exist in a much larger area, but died out in most of their range, are called <a href="/wiki/Paleoendemism" title="Paleoendemism">paleoendemic</a>, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Neoendemism" title="Neoendemism">neoendemic</a> species, which are new species that have not dispersed beyond their range. The ginkgo tree, <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i>, is one example of a paleoendemic species.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many cases biological factors, such as low rates of dispersal or returning to the spawning area (<a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a>), can cause a particular group of organisms to have high speciation rates and thus many endemic species. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a> in the East African <a href="/wiki/Rift_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rift Lakes">Rift Lakes</a> have diversified into many more endemic species than the other fish families in the same lakes, possibly due to such factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Martens2009_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martens2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants that become endemic on isolated islands are often those which have a <i>high</i> rate of dispersal and are able to reach such islands by being dispersed by birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Ono1991_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While birds are less likely to be endemic to a region based on their ability to disperse via flight, there are over 2,500 species which are considered endemic, meaning that the species is restricted to an area less than five million hectares (twelve million acres).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a> were traditionally not believed to form endemics. The hypothesis 'everything is everywhere', first stated in Dutch by Lourens G.M. Baas Becking in 1934, describes the theory that the distribution of organisms smaller than 2 mm is cosmopolitan where habitats occur that support their growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes_and_definitions">Subtypes and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subtypes and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endemism can reflect a wide variety of evolutionary histories, so researchers often use more specialized terms that categorize endemic species based upon how they came to be endemic to an area.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_patterns_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_patterns-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different categorizations of endemism also capture the uniqueness and irreplaceability of biodiversity hotspots differently and impact how those hotspots are defined, affecting how resources for conservation are allocated.<sup id="cite_ref-shortcut_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shortcut-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first subcategories were first introduced by Claude P. E. Favager and Juliette Contandriopoulis in 1961: schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhan_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Contandriopoulos1984_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contandriopoulos1984-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this work, <a href="/wiki/Ledyard_Stebbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledyard Stebbins">Ledyard Stebbins</a> and Jack Major then introduced the concepts of neoendemics and paleoendemics in 1965 to describe the endemics of California.<sup id="cite_ref-Stebbins1965_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stebbins1965-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endemic taxa can also be classified into autochthonous, allochthonous, taxonomic relicts and biogeographic relicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area. <a href="/wiki/Neoendemism" title="Neoendemism">Neoendemism</a> refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation<sup id="cite_ref-Martens2009_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martens2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or through <a href="/wiki/Hybridization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridization (biology)">hybridization</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploidy</a> in plants,<sup id="cite_ref-Alpecole_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpecole-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have not dispersed beyond a limited range.<sup id="cite_ref-Martens2009_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martens2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paleoendemism is more or less synonymous with the concept of a '<a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict species</a>': a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> of organisms that were more widespread or more diverse in the past. A 'relictual population' is a population that currently occurs in a restricted area, but whose original <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a> was far wider during a previous <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic epoch</a>. Similarly, a 'relictual taxon' is a taxon (e.g. species or other lineage) that is the sole surviving representative of a formerly diverse group.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of <i>phylogenetic endemism</i> has also been used to measure the relative uniqueness of the species endemic to an area. In measurements that incorporate phylogenetic endemism, branches of the evolutionary tree are weighted by how narrowly they are distributed. This captures not only the total number of taxa endemic to the area (taxonomic endemism), but also how distant those species are from their living relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_patterns_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_patterns-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shortcut_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shortcut-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics can all be classified as types of neoendemics. Schizoendemics arise from a wider distributed taxon that has become reproductively isolated without becoming (potentially) genetically isolated – a schizoendemic has the same <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">chromosome count</a> as the parent taxon it evolved from. An apoendemic is a <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a> of the parent taxon (or taxa in the case of <a href="/wiki/Allopolyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Allopolyploid">allopolyploids</a>), whereas a patroendemic has a lower, diploid chromosome count than the related, more widely distributed polyploid taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-Ono1991_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alpecole_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpecole-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikio Ono coined the term 'aneuendemics' in 1991 for species that have more or fewer chromosomes than their relatives due to <a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">aneuploidy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ono1991_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pseudoendemics are taxa that have possibly recently evolved from a mutation. Holoendemics is a concept introduced by Richardson in 1978 to describe taxa that have remained endemic to a restricted distribution for a very long time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhan_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2000 paper, Myers and de Grave further attempted to redefine the concept. In their view, everything is endemic, even cosmopolitan species are endemic to Earth, and earlier definitions restricting endemics to specific locations are wrong. Thus the subdivisions neoendemics and paleoendemics are without merit regarding the study of distributions, because these concepts consider that an endemic has a distribution limited to one place. Instead, they propose four different categories: holoendemics, euryendemics, stenoendemics and rhoendemics. In their scheme cryptoendemics and euendemics are further subdivisions of rhoendemics. In their view, a holoendemic is a cosmopolitan species. Stenoendemics, also known as local endemics,<sup id="cite_ref-Bhan_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have a reduced distribution and are synonymous with the word 'endemics' in the traditional sense, whereas euryendemics have a larger distribution -both these have distributions that are more or less continuous. A rhoendemic has a <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">disjunct distribution</a>. Where this disjunct distribution is caused by vicariance, in a euendemic the vicariance was geologic in nature, such as the movement of tectonic plates, but in a cryptoendemic the disjunct distribution was due to the extinction of the intervening populations. There is yet another possible situation that can cause a disjunct distribution, where a species is able to colonize new territories by crossing over areas of unsuitable habitat, such as plants colonizing an island – this situation they dismiss as extremely rare and do not devise a name for. Traditionally, none of Myers and de Grave's categories would be considered endemics except stenoendemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environments">Environments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some environments are particularly conducive to the development of endemic species, either because they allow the persistence of relict taxa that were extirpated elsewhere, or because they provide mechanisms for isolation and opportunities to fill new niches.<sup id="cite_ref-Endemism_hotspots_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endemism_hotspots-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Hills_(42598108362).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Red_Hills_%2842598108362%29.jpg/220px-Red_Hills_%2842598108362%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Red_Hills_%2842598108362%29.jpg/330px-Red_Hills_%2842598108362%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Red_Hills_%2842598108362%29.jpg/440px-Red_Hills_%2842598108362%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Red Hills near Tuolumne County, California: a serpentine grassland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soils</a> act as '<a href="/wiki/Edaphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Edaphic">edaphic</a> islands' of low fertility and these soils lead to high rates of endemism.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24509800_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24509800-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_1994_557–574_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer_1994_557–574-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These soils are found in the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, Alps, Cuba, New Caledonia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the North American Appalachians, and scattered distribution in California, Oregon, and Washington and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruckeberg_2002_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruckeberg_2002-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Mayer and Soltis considered the widespread subspecies <a href="/wiki/Streptanthus_glandulosus" title="Streptanthus glandulosus"><i>Streptanthus glandulosus</i> subsp. <i>glandulosus</i></a> which grows on normal soils, to be a paleoendemic, whereas closely related endemic forms of <i>S. glandulosus</i> occurring on serpentine soil patches are neoendemics which recently evolved from subsp. <i>glandulosus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_1994_557–574_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer_1994_557–574-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caves">Caves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obligate cave-dwelling species, known as troglobites, are often endemic to small areas, even to single individual caves, because cave habitats are by nature restricted, isolated, and fragmented.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high level of adaptation to a cave environment limits an organism's ability to disperse, since caves are often not connected to each other. One hypothesis for how closely related troglobite species could become isolated from one another in different caves is that their common ancestor may have been less restricted to cave habitats. When climate conditions became unfavorable, the ancestral species was extirpated from the surface, but some populations survived in caves, and diverged into different species due to lack of gene flow between them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isolated islands commonly develop a number of endemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ono1991_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono1991-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlquist_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlquist-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species and other higher taxonomic groups exist in very small terrestrial or aquatic islands, which restrict their distribution. The Devil's Hole pupfish, <i><a href="/wiki/Devils_Hole_pupfish" title="Devils Hole pupfish">Cyprinodon diabolis</a>,</i> has its whole native population restricted to a spring that is 20 x 3 meters, in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 'aquatic island' is connected to an underground basin; however, the population present in the pool remains isolated. </p><p>Other areas very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> exist and foster high rates of endemism. The Socotra Archipelago of Yemen, located in the Indian Ocean, has seen a new endemic species of parasitic leech, <i>Myxobdella socotrensis,</i> appear.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This species is restricted to freshwater springs, where it may attach to and feed upon native crabs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kula_tump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kula_tump.jpg/220px-Kula_tump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kula_tump.jpg/330px-Kula_tump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kula_tump.jpg/440px-Kula_tump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Cinder cones and vegetation of Kula Volcano in Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountains can be seen as '<a href="/wiki/Sky_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky islands">sky islands</a>': refugia of endemics because species that live in the cool climates of mountain peaks are geographically isolated. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a> department of France, <i>Saxifraga florulenta</i> is an endemic plant that may have evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> and could have once been widespread across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Comes2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comes2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volcanoes also tend to harbor a number of endemic species. Plants on volcanoes tend to fill a specialized <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a>, with a very restrictive range, due to the unique environmental characteristics. The <a href="/wiki/Kula_(volcano)" title="Kula (volcano)">Kula Volcano</a>, one of the fourteen volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, is home to 13 endemic species of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aplastodiscus_arildae_no_Parque_Estadual_de_Caparao_por_Lucas_Rosado_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Aplastodiscus_arildae_no_Parque_Estadual_de_Caparao_por_Lucas_Rosado_%2803%29.jpg/220px-Aplastodiscus_arildae_no_Parque_Estadual_de_Caparao_por_Lucas_Rosado_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Aplastodiscus_arildae_no_Parque_Estadual_de_Caparao_por_Lucas_Rosado_%2803%29.jpg/330px-Aplastodiscus_arildae_no_Parque_Estadual_de_Caparao_por_Lucas_Rosado_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Aplastodiscus_arildae_no_Parque_Estadual_de_Caparao_por_Lucas_Rosado_%2803%29.jpg/440px-Aplastodiscus_arildae_no_Parque_Estadual_de_Caparao_por_Lucas_Rosado_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5044" data-file-height="3726" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aplastodiscus_arildae" title="Aplastodiscus arildae">Aplastodiscus arildae</a></i>, a species of frog that is endemic to Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branta_sandvicensis_LC399.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Branta_sandvicensis_LC399.jpg/220px-Branta_sandvicensis_LC399.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Branta_sandvicensis_LC399.jpg/330px-Branta_sandvicensis_LC399.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Branta_sandvicensis_LC399.jpg/440px-Branta_sandvicensis_LC399.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nene_(bird)" title="Nene (bird)">nene</a> (<i>Branta sandvicensis</i>) is endemic to the Hawaiian islands, but was introduced to <a href="/wiki/WWT_Slimbridge" title="WWT Slimbridge">WWT Slimbridge</a> in the UK to increase its numbers for reintroduction to its native range.</figcaption></figure> <p>Endemics might more easily become <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extinct_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct species">extinct</a> because they are already restricted in distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritz2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This puts endemic plants and animals at greater risk than widespread species during the rapid <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> of this century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists claim that the presence of endemic species in an area is a good method to find geographical regions that can be considered priorities for conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myers2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endemism can thus be studied as a proxy for measuring <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of a region.<sup id="cite_ref-conservationmag_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservationmag-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of finding endemic species that occur in the same region to designate 'endemism hotspots' was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_M%C3%BCller_(biologist)" title="Paul Müller (biologist)">Paul Müller</a> in a 1973 book. According to him, this is only possible where 1.) the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of the species in question is not in dispute; 2.) the species distribution is accurately known; and 3.) the species have relatively small distributional ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2000 article, Myers <i>et al</i>. used the standard of having more than 0.5% of the world's plant species being endemic to the region to designate 25 geographical areas of the world as <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers2000_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the above, the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Fund_for_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Fund for Nature">World Wildlife Fund</a> has split the world into a few hundred geographical '<a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">ecoregions</a>'. These have been designed to include as many species as possible that only occur in a single ecoregion, and these species are thus 'endemics' to these ecoregions.<sup id="cite_ref-Martens2009_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martens2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since plenty of these ecoregions have a high prevalence of endemics existing within them, many National Parks have been formed around or within them to further promote conservation. The <a href="/wiki/Capara%C3%B3_National_Park" title="Caparaó National Park">Caparaó National Park</a> was formed in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a>, a biodiversity hotspot located in Brazil, in order to help protect valuable and vulnerable species.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scientists have argued that endemism is not an appropriate measure of biodiversity, because the levels of threat or biodiversity are not actually correlated to areas of high endemism. When using bird species as an example, it was found that only 2.5% of biodiversity hotspots correlate with endemism and the threatened nature of a geographic region.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar pattern had been found regarding mammals, <i><a href="/wiki/Lasioglossum" title="Lasioglossum">Lasioglossum</a></i> bees, <a href="/wiki/Plusiinae" title="Plusiinae">Plusiinae</a> moths, and <a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallowtail butterflies">swallowtail butterflies</a> in North America: these different groups of taxa did not correlate geographically with each other regarding endemism and species richness. Especially using mammals as <a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">flagship species</a> proved to be a poor system of identifying and protecting areas of high invertebrate biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, other scientists again defended the concept by using WWF ecoregions and reptiles, finding that most reptile endemics occur in WWF ecoregions with high biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-conservationmag_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservationmag-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other conservation efforts for endemics include keeping captive and semi-captive populations in zoological parks and botanical gardens. These methods are <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">ex situ</a></i> ("off-site") conservation methods. The use of such methods may not only offer refuge and protection for individuals of declining or vulnerable populations, but it may also allow biologists valuable opportunities to research them as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morrone2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrone2008_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorrone2008" class="citation book cs1">Morrone, Juan J. (2008). "Endemism". <i>Encyclopedia of Ecology</i>. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 81–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63768-0.00786-1">10.1016/B978-0-444-63768-0.00786-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-64130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-64130-4"><bdi>978-0-444-64130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endemism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ecology&rft.pages=81-86&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63768-0.00786-1&rft.isbn=978-0-444-64130-4&rft.aulast=Morrone&rft.aufirst=Juan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2011" class="citation web cs1">Riley, Adam (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.10000birds.com/south-africas-endemic-birds.htm">"South Africa's endemic birds"</a>. <i>10,000 Birds</i>. Adam Riley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127163725/https://www.10000birds.com/south-africas-endemic-birds.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=10%2C000+Birds&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+endemic+birds&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.10000birds.com%2Fsouth-africas-endemic-birds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_patterns-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_patterns_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_patterns_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_patterns_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianMishlerZhangQian2024" class="citation journal cs1">Qian, Hong; Mishler, Brent; Zhang, Jian; Qian, Shenhua (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11128859">"Global patterns and ecological drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism in angiosperm genera"</a>. <i>Plant Diversity</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 149–157. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PlDiv..46..149Q">2024PlDiv..46..149Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pld.2023.11.004">10.1016/j.pld.2023.11.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11128859">11128859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38807907">38807907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Diversity&rft.atitle=Global+patterns+and+ecological+drivers+of+taxonomic+and+phylogenetic+endemism+in+angiosperm+genera&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-157&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11128859%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38807907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pld.2023.11.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PlDiv..46..149Q&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Mishler%2C+Brent&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Qian%2C+Shenhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11128859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entomology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Entomology_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Entomology_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Precinctive". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofen0003unse_r0l7"><i>Encyclopedia of Entomology</i></a></span>. Dordrecht: Springer. 2004. pp. 1819–1821. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-48380-7_3391">10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3391</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48380-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48380-6"><bdi>978-0-306-48380-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Precinctive&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Entomology&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=1819-1821&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-306-48380-7_3391&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48380-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofen0003unse_r0l7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/endemic?s=t">"Endemic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215112459/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/endemic?s=t">Archived</a> 2016-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reference.com" title="Reference.com">Reference.com</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank1990-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank1990_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank1990_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankMcCoy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, J. H.; McCoy, E. D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Entomologist&rft.atitle=Endemics+and+epidemics+of+shibboleths+and+other+things+causing+chaos&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1990-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3495327%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=McCoy%2C+E.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.fcla.edu%2Fflaent%2Farticle%2Fview%2F58577%2F56256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankMcCoy1995" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, J. H.; McCoy, E. D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Species+Richness%2C+Endemism%2C+and+the+Choice+of+Areas+for+Conservation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=1094-1100&rft.date=1997-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55794847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2387391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1997.96089.x&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macroecology.ca%2Fpdf%2Fconsbiol1997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndemism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endemic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:endemic"><i>endemic</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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