Glossary | Refuge Planning | Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6

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System of Mountain–Prairie Region 6 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a bureau in the Department of the Interior"/> <meta name="Description" content="Definitions of terms related to planning and management of the National Wildlife Refuge System."/> <meta name="author" content="Division of Refuge Planning (National Wildlife Refuge System, Mountain-Prairie Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)"/> <meta name="Last Reviewed Date:" content="08/09/2012"/>   </head> <body id="tag"> <div id="wraper"> <div id="main-banner"> <div id="logo"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054925/https://www.fws.gov/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054925im_/https://www.fws.gov/home/graphics/logo2005.gif" alt="Official Web page of the U S Fish and Wildlife Service" width="79" height="95" border="0"/></a> </div> <div id="secondary-logo"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054925/https://www.fws.gov/refuges/"><img 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Analysis of results helps refuge and district managers determine whether current management should continue as is or whether it should be modified to achieve desired conditions.</p> <p><strong>Administration Act</strong><br/> National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966.</p> <p><strong>alternative</strong><br/> A reasonable way to solve an identified problem or satisfy the stated need (40 Code of Federal Regulations 1500.2). One of several different means of accomplishing purposes and goals of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district, and contributing to the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5).</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>approved acquisition boundary</strong><br/> A project boundary that a regional director of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service approves upon completion of the planning and environmental compliance process. An approved boundary for a national wildlife refuge designates only those lands that the Service has authority to acquire or manage. Approval of a refuge boundary does not grant the Service jurisdiction or control over lands within the boundary, and it does not make lands within the refuge boundary part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. Lands do not become part of the Refuge System unless they are purchased or are placed under an agreement. Also see "refuge boundary."</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="B"><strong>B</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>biological diversity, biodiversity</strong><br/> The variety of life and its processes including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 052 FW 1.12B). The National Wildlife Refuge System’s focus is on indigenous species, biotic communities, and ecological processes. </p> <p><strong>biological integrity</strong><br/> Composition, structure, and function at the genetic, organism, and community levels that are consistent with natural conditions and the biological processes that shape communities, along with organisms and their genetic material.</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>blue goose</strong><br/> <img src="/web/20170411054925im_/https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/planning/glossary/images/glossary_goose.gif" alt="Drawing of a flying goose, colored blue, that represents the National Wildlife Refuge System" width="60" height="30"/><br/> This blue goose was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling and is the symbol of the National Wildlife Refuge System.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="C"><strong>C</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong><abbr title="comprehensive conservation plan">CCP</abbr></strong><br/> See "comprehensive conservation plan." </p> <p><strong><abbr title="Code of Federal Regulations">CFR</abbr></strong><br/> Code of Federal Regulations. </p> <p><strong><abbr title="comprehensive management plan or conceptual management plan">CMP</abbr></strong><br/> See "comprehensive management plan" or "conceptual management plan." </p> <p><strong>compatibility determination</strong><br/> See "compatible use." </p> <p><strong>compatible use</strong><br/> Use of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district that, in the sound professional judgment of the director of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service, will not materially interfere with or detract from the fulfillment of the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System or the purposes of the refuge or district (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 603 FW 3.6). A compatibility determination supports the selection of compatible uses and identifies stipulations necessary to ensure compatibility. </p> <p><strong>comprehensive conservation plan (<abbr title="comprehensive conservation plan">CCP</abbr>)</strong><br/> A document that describes the desired future conditions of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district. A <abbr title="comprehensive conservation plan">CCP</abbr> provides long-range guidance for the manager to accomplish the purposes of the refuge or district, contribute to the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System, and to meet other mandates (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5). </p> <p><strong>comprehensive management plan (<abbr title="comprehensive management plan">CMP</abbr>)</strong><br/> A management document for a national wildlife refuge that was done before Congress passed the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, which requires the Service to prepare comprehensive conservation plans. </p> <p><strong>conceptual management plan (<abbr title="conceptual management plan">CMP</abbr>)</strong><br/> A document that provides interim guidance for lands within the National Wildlife Refuge System. The <abbr title="conceptual management plan">CMP</abbr> includes interim goals and existing, wildlife-dependent, recreational uses (hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental education, and interpretation) that the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service will allow until we have determined their compatibility. Generally, this interim period is the time between the expansion or establishment of a refuge and the completion of its comprehensive conservation plan. The Service finalizes management direction only after additional planning and public input. </p> </td> <td> <p><strong>conservation</strong><br/> The management of natural resources to prevent loss or waste; management may include preservation, recovery, restoration, and enhancement. </p> <p><strong>conservation easement</strong><br/> A legal document that provides specific land use rights to a secondary party. A perpetual conservation easement usually grants conservation and management rights to a party in perpetuity. </p> <p><strong>cooperative agreement</strong><br/> A simple habitat protection action in which no property rights are acquired. An agreement is usually long-term and can be modified by either party. Lands under a cooperative agreement do not necessarily become part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. </p> <p><strong>cultural resource inventory</strong><br/> A professionally conducted study that is designed to locate and evaluate evidence of cultural resources present within a defined area. Inventories involve various levels including a background literature search, a comprehensive field examination to identify all exposed manifestations of cultural resources, or a sample inventory to estimate site distribution and density over a larger area. Evaluation of cultural resources to determine eligibility for the National Register follows the criteria found in 36 Code of Federal Regulations 60.4. </p> <p><strong>cultural resource overview</strong><br/> A comprehensive document that discusses and area's prehistory and cultural history, the nature and extent of known cultural resources, previous research, management objectives, resource management conflicts or issues, and a general statement on how program objectives should be met and conflicts resolved. </p> <p><strong>cultural resources</strong><br/> The remains of sites, structures, or objects used by people in the past. </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="D"><strong>D</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>desktop publishing</strong><br/> The use of a desktop computer and specific types of software to produce documents such as books and brochures. Text and graphic elements are manipulated with separate software programs, and then combined with a page layout program that provides page design capabilities including columns, borders, page numbering, and precise typographic alignment. Although word processing programs offer many of these features, a desktop publishing program provides ultimate flexibility for production of quality printed documents or camera-ready output for commercial printing. </p> <p><strong>district</strong><br/> See "wetland management district."</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>district purpose</strong><br/> See "purpose of a refuge or district."</p> <p><strong>donation</strong><br/> A citizen or group may wish to give land or interests in land to the Service for the benefit of wildlife. Aside from the cost factor, these acquisitions are no different than any other means of land acquisition. Gifts and donations have the same planning requirements as purchases.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="E"><strong>E</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong><abbr title="environmental assessment">EA</abbr></strong><br/> See "environmental assessment."</p> <p><strong><abbr title="environmental impact statement">EIS</abbr></strong><br/> See "environmental impact statement."</p> <p><strong>ecoregion</strong><br/> An area defined by a combination of biological, social, and geographic criteria. A system of related, interconnected ecosystems.</p> <p><strong>ecosystem</strong><br/> A dynamic and interrelated complex of plant and animal communities and their associated nonliving environments.</p> <p><strong>endangered species, Federal</strong><br/> A plant or animal species listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Populations of these species are at critically low levels or their habitats have been degraded or depleted to a significant degree.</p> <p><strong>endangered species, State</strong><br/> A plant or animal species in danger of becoming extinct in a particular State within the near future if factors contributing to its decline continue. Populations of these species are at critically low levels or their habitats have been degraded or depleted to a significant degree. </p> <p><strong>endemic species</strong><br/> A plant or animal species that occurs naturally in a certain area and whose distribution is relatively limited to a particular locality.</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>environmental assessment (<abbr title="environmental assessment">EA</abbr>)</strong><br/> A concise public document, prepared in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act, that briefly discusses the purpose and need for an action and alternatives to that action. An <abbr title="environmental assessment">EA</abbr> provides sufficient evidence and analysis of effects to determine whether to prepare an environmental impact statement or finding of no significant impact (40 Code of Federal Regulations 1508.9). </p> <p><strong>environmental health</strong><br/> The composition, structure, and functioning of soil, water, air, and other nonliving features comparable with historical conditions, including the natural processes that shape the environment.</p> <p><strong>environmental impact statement</strong><strong> (<abbr title="environmental impact statement">EIS</abbr>)</strong><br/> A detailed public document, prepared in complicance with the National Environmental Policy Act, that analyzes the environmental impacts of a proposed action, adverse effects of the project that cannot be avoided, alternative courses of action, short-term uses of the environment versus the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and any irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources. </p> <p><strong><abbr title="Endangered Species Act">ESA</abbr></strong><br/> Endangered Species Act.</p> <p><strong>extinction</strong><br/> The complete disappearance of a species from the earth.</p> <p><strong>extirpation</strong><br/> The extinction of a population. The complete eradication of a species within a specified area.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="F"><strong>F</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>Federal trust resource and species</strong><br/> Resources and species where the Federal Government has primary jurisdiction. The <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service holds in trust many natural resources for the people of the United States as a result of Federal acts and treaties. Examples are species listed under the Endangered Species Act, migratory birds protected by international treaties, and native plant or wildlife species found on a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district. </p> <p><strong>fee title</strong><strong> </strong><br/> The acquisition of rights to a tract of land. While a fee-title acquisition involves most rights to a property, certain rights may be reserved or not purchased including water rights, mineral rights, or use reservation (the ability to continue using the land for a specified time period or the remainder of the owner's life).</p> <p><strong>finding of no significant impact (<abbr title="finding of no significant impact">FONSI</abbr>)</strong><br/> A document, prepared in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act, that is supported by an environmental assessment and briefly presents why a Federal action will have no significant effect on the human environment and for which an environmental impact statement does not need to be prepared.</p> </td> <td> <p><strong><abbr title="finding of no significant impact">FONSI</abbr></strong><br/> See "finding of no significant impact."</p> <p><strong>fragmentation</strong><br/> The alteration of a large block of habitat that creates isolated patches of the original habitat that are interspersed with a variety of other habitats The process of reducing the size and connectivity of habitat patches, making movement of individuals or genetic information between patches difficult or impossible.</p> <p><strong>Friends group</strong><br/> Any formal organization whose mission is to support the goals and purposes of its associated refuge and the National Wildlife Refuge Association overall. Includes friends organizations and cooperative and interpretive associations.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="Fish and Wildlife Service">FWS</abbr></strong><br/> See <abbr title="United States">"U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service."</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="G"><strong>G</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>Geographic Information System (<abbr title="Geographic Information System">GIS</abbr>)</strong><br/> A computer system capable of storing and manipulating spatial data. A set of computer hardware and software for analysis and display of spatially referenced features (such as points, lines and polygons) with nongeographic attributes such as species and age. </p> <p><strong><abbr title="Geographic Information System">GIS</abbr></strong><br/> See "Geographic Information System."</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>goal</strong><br/> Descriptive, open-ended, and often broad statement of desired future conditions that conveys a purpose but does not define measurable units (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 620 FW 1.5). </p> <p><strong>grassland tract</strong><br/> An area of grassland that is not fragmented.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="H"><strong>H</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>habitat</strong><br/> The place where an organism typically lives and grows. A suite of existing environmental conditions required by an organism for survival and reproduction.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="Habitat and Population Evaluation Team">HAPET</abbr></strong><br/> Habitat and Population Evaluation Team.</p> </td> <td> <p><strong><abbr title="habitat management plan">HMP</abbr></strong><br/> Habitat management plan.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="I"><strong>I</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>Improvement Act</strong><br/> See "National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997."</p> <p><strong>indigenous</strong><br/> Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place.</p> <p><strong>integrated pest management (<abbr title="integrated pest management">IPM</abbr>)</strong><br/> Methods of managing undesirable species such as invasive plants: education, prevention, physical or mechanical methods of control, biological control, responsible chemical use, and cultural methods. </p> <p><strong>introduced species</strong><br/> A species present in an area due to escape, release, dissemination, or placement into an ecosystem as a result of human activity. Also see "invasive plant" and "noxious weed." </p></td> <td> <p><strong>invasive plant</strong><br/> A species that is nonnative to an ecosystem and whose introduction causes, or is likely to cause, economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Also see "introduced species" and "noxious weed."</p> <p><strong><abbr title="integrated pest management">IPM</abbr></strong><br/> See "integrated pest management."</p> <p><strong>issue</strong><br/> Any unsettled matter that requires a management decision; for example, a Federal initiative, an opportunity, a resource management problem, a threat to resources, a conflict in uses, a public concern, or the presence of an undesirable resource condition (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5).</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="J"><strong>J</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="K"><strong>K</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="L"><strong>L</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308" height="238"> <p><strong>land protection plan (<abbr title="land protection plan">LPP</abbr>)</strong><br/> A document that identifies and prioritizes lands for potential acquisition from willing sellers, and also describes other methods of providing protection.</p> <p><strong>landscape conservation cooperative (<abbr title="landscape conservation cooperative">LCC</abbr>)</strong><br/> A partnership between the Service, <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Geological Survey and other Federal agencies, States, tribes, nongovernmental organizations, universities, and other interested parties. An <abbr title="land conservation cooperative">LCC</abbr> applies conservation science at a landscape scale to help managers respond to accelerated climate change. An <abbr title="land conservation cooperative">LCC</abbr> provides natural resource managers with state-of-the-art information to determine effective conservation actions. </p> <p><strong><abbr title="landscape conservation cooperative">LCC</abbr></strong><br/> See "landscape conservation cooperative."</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>lease </strong><br/> A short-term (usually 5- to 10-year) agreement for full or specified use in return for a rental payment (usually annual) and generally includes occupancy rights. The rights revert back to the owner at the termination of the lease. A lease is useful when the objectives are short term or the owners are unable to provide other forms of land transfer. The property remains on the tax rolls during the term of the lease.</p> <p><strong>limited-interest refuge landowner</strong><br/> A person who owns property that is covered by a national wildlife refuge or flowage easement, or both, that is located within the approved acquisition boundary of a limited-interest national wildlife refuge.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="land protection plan">LPP</abbr></strong><br/> See "land protection plan."</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="M"><strong>M</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>management alternative</strong><br/> See "alternative."</p> <p><strong>migration</strong><br/> The periodic passage from one region or climate to another for feeding or breeding; for example, the regular extensive, seasonal movements of birds between their breeding grounds and their wintering grounds. </p> <p><strong>migratory birds</strong><br/> Birds that follow a seasonal movement from their breeding grounds to their wintering grounds. Waterfowl, shorebirds, raptors, and songbirds are migratory birds.</p> <p><strong>mission</strong><br/> A succinct statement of purpose or reason for being. </p> </td> <td> <p><strong>mitigation</strong><br/> A measure designed to counteract an undesirable environmental effect or to make an effect less severe. </p> <p><strong><abbr title="memorandum of agreement">MOA</abbr></strong><br/> Memorandum of agreement.</p> <p><strong>monitoring</strong><br/> The process of collecting information to track changes of selected measurable factors over time. </p> <p><strong><abbr title="memorandum of understanding">MOU</abbr></strong><br/> Memorandum of understanding.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="N"><strong>N</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>national wildlife refuge (refuge, <abbr title="national wildlife refuge">NWR</abbr>)</strong><br/> A designated area of land, water, or an interest in land or water within the National Wildlife Refuge System.</p> <p><strong>National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System)</strong><br/> Various categories of areas administered by the Secretary of the Interior for the conservation of fish and wildlife. The Refuge System includes areas administered by the Secretary as national wildlife refuges, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas. </p> <p><strong>National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 (Improvement Act)</strong><br/> The Improvement Act sets the mission and the administrative policy for all lands in the National Wildlife Refuge System: (1) defines a unifying mission for the Refuge System; (2) establishes the legitimacy and appropriateness of the six wildlife-dependent recreational uses (priority public uses)—hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental education, and interpretation); (3) establishes a process for determining appropriateness and compatibility; (4) establishes the responsibilities of the Secretary of the Interior for managing and protecting the Refuge System; and (5) requires a comprehensive conservation plan for each refuge by the year 2012.</p> <p><strong>native species</strong><br/> A species that, other than as a result of an introduction, historically occurred or currently occurs in that ecosystem.</p> </td> <td> <p><strong><abbr title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</abbr></strong><br/> National Environmental Policy Act.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="notice of availability">NOA</abbr></strong><br/> Notice of availability. </p> <p><strong><abbr title="notice of intent">NOI</abbr></strong><br/> Notice of intent. </p> <p><strong>nongovernmental organization</strong><br/> Any group that is not comprised of Federal, State, tribal, county, city, town, local, or other governmental entities.</p> <p><strong>noxious weed</strong><br/> Any living stage (including seeds and reproductive parts) of a parasitic or other plant that is of foreign origin (new to or not widely prevalent in the United States) and can injure crops and other useful plants, livestock, poultry, and other interests of agriculture including irrigation, navigation, fish and wildlife resources, or public health. According to the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Public Law 93-639), a noxious weed is one that causes disease or has adverse effects on humans or the human environment and, therefore, is detrimental to the agriculture and commerce of the United States and to public health. Also see "introduced plant and invasive plant."</p> <p><strong><abbr title="national wildlife refuge">NWR</abbr></strong><br/> See "national wildlife refuge."</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="O"><strong>O</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>objective</strong><br/> An objective is a concise target statement of what will be achieved, how much will be achieved, when and where it will be achieved, and who is responsible for the work. Derived from goals and provides the basis for determining management strategies. Objectives should be attainable and time-specific and should be stated quantitatively to the extent possible. If objectives cannot be stated quantitatively, they may be stated qualitatively (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5). </p> </td> <td> <p><strong>overlay national wildlife refuge</strong><br/> Lands and waters that are under the primary jurisdiction of one Federal agency, where the purpose of the refuge is superimposed as a secondary interest in the property. Primary administration is retained by the host agency and wildlife management must be compatible with those uses for which the primary agency acquired the land.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="P"><strong>P</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>partner</strong><br/> An individual, organization, or other entity that interacts with the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service to achieve a common goal in support of the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System.</p> <p><strong>planning team</strong><br/> A planning team prepares a comprehensive conservation plan or a land protection plan. Planning teams are interdisciplinary in membership and function. A team generally consists of a planning team leader, a refuge manager, a staff biologist, and other staff specialists, as well as State and tribal representatives.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="Prairie Pothole Region">PPR</abbr></strong><br/> <abbrev>Prairie Pothole Region</abbrev>.</p> <p><strong>preferred alternative</strong><br/> The agency's preferred alternative is the alternative that the responsible Federal official believes would fulfill the agency's statutory mission and responsibilities, giving consideration to economic, environmental, technical and other factors. After completion of an environmental analysis, the responsible official identifies the preferred alternative in a "finding of no significant impact." During development of an environmental impact statement (<abbr title="environmental impact statement">EIS</abbr>), the agency's preferred alternative is generally identified in the draft <abbr title="environmental impact statement">EIS</abbr>, as well as in the final <abbr title="environmental impact statement">EIS</abbr>.</p> <p><strong>prescribed fire</strong><br/> The skillful application of fire to natural fuels under conditions such as weather, fuel moisture, and soil moisture that allow confinement of the fire to a predetermined area. A fire prescription specifies the intensity of heat and rate of spread to accomplish one or more objectives of habitat management, wildlife management, or hazard reduction. </p> <p><strong>priority public use</strong><br/> One of six uses authorized by the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 to have priority if found to be compatible with the purposes of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district. Each of the six uses are wildlife-dependent, recreational uses—hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental education, and interpretation.</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>proposed action</strong><br/> The alternative that the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service proposes to best achieve the purpose, vision, and goals of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district, because it contributes to the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System, addresses the significant issues, and is consistent with principles of sound fish and wildlife management.</p> <p><strong>public</strong><br/> Individuals, organizations, and groups; officials of Federal, State, and local government agencies; Indian tribes; foreign nations; and anyone outside the core planning team. Includes those who may or may not have indicated an interest in issues of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service and those who do or do not realize that Service decisions may affect them. </p> <p><strong>public involvement</strong><br/> A process that offers affected and interested individuals and organizations an opportunity to become informed about, and to express their opinions on, actions and policies of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service. In the process, the Service thoroughly studies and thoughtfully considers these public views while shaping decisions for management of lands in the National Wildlife Refuge System. </p> <p><strong>purpose of a refuge or district</strong><br/> The purpose of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district is specified in or derived from the law, proclamation, executive order, agreement, public land order, donation document, or administrative memorandum that establishes the authorization or expansion of a refuge, a refuge unit or subunit, or district (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5).</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="Q"><strong>Q</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="R"><strong>R</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308" height="258"> <p><strong>Reclamation</strong><br/> Bureau of Reclamation of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Department of the Interior. </p> <p><strong>refuge</strong><br/> See "national wildlife refuge."</p> <p><strong>refuge boundary</strong><br/> The boundary for a national wildlife refuge designates only those lands that the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service has acquired and is managing as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. Also see "approved acquisition boundary."</p> <p><strong>refuge purpose</strong><br/> See "purpose of a refuge or district."</p> <p><strong>Refuge System</strong><br/> See "National Wildlife Refuge System."</p> </td> <td> <p><strong>refuge use</strong><br/> Any activity on a refuge, except administrative or law enforcement activity, carried out by or under the direction of an authorized employee of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service. </p> <p><strong>resident species</strong><br/> A species that lives in a given area throughout the year. A nonmigratory species.</p> <p><strong>restoration</strong><br/> One or more actions that lead to the reestablishment of original or native conditions.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="Refuge Operations Needs System">RONS</abbr></strong><br/> Refuge Operations Needs System.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="S"><strong>S</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308" height="453"> <p><strong><abbr title="Service Asset Maintenance Management System">SAMMS</abbr></strong><br/> See "Service Asset Maintenance Management System."</p> <p><strong>scoping</strong><br/> The process of obtaining information from the public for input into the planning process for actions and decisions of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service. </p> <p><strong>Service</strong><br/> See <abbr title="United States">"U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service."</p> <p><strong>Service Asset Maintenance Management System (<abbr title="Service Asset Maintenance Management System">SAMMS</abbr>)</strong><br/> A national database of the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service that contains the unfunded maintenance needs of each national wildlife refuge and wetland management district. Projects include those required to maintain existing equipment and buildings, correct safety deficiencies to carry out approved plans, and meet goals, objectives, and legal mandates.</p> <p><strong>SHC</strong><br/> See "strategic habitat conservation."</p> <p><strong>spatial</strong><br/> Relating to, occupying, or having the character of space.</p> <p><strong>special status species</strong><br/> A plant or animal that has been identified through Federal law, State law, or agency policy as requiring special protection or monitoring. Examples include federally listed endangered, threatened, proposed, or candidate species; State-listed endangered, threatened, candidate, or monitor species; <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service species of management concern; and species identified by the Partners in Flight Program as being of extreme or moderately high conservation concern. </p></td> <td> <p><strong>special use permit</strong><br/> A permit for special authorization from the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service, which is required for any service, facility, privilege, or product of the soil provided at the expense of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district and is not usually available to the public through authorizations in Title 50 Code of Federal Regulations or other public regulations (Refuge Manual, 5 RM 17.6).</p> <p><strong>species of concern</strong><br/> A plant or animal species, while not falling under the definition of special status species, that is of management interest by virtue of being a Federal trust species such as a migratory bird, and important game species. A species that has documented or apparent population declines, small or restricted populations, or dependence on restricted or vulnerable habitats.</p> <p><strong>step-down management plan</strong><br/> A plan that provides the details necessary to carry out management strategies identified in a comprehensive conservation plan (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5). </p> <p><strong>strategic habitat conservation</strong><br/> The brand name the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service uses for landscape-scale conservation of habitats.</p> <p><strong>strategy</strong><br/> A specific action, tool, or technique used to meet objectives (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5).</p> <p><strong><abbr title="Small Wetlands Acquisition Program">SWAP</abbr></strong><br/> <abbrev>Small Wetlands Acquisition Program</abbrev>.</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="T"><strong>T</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>threatened species, Federal</strong><br/> A plant or animal species listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, that is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. </p> <p><strong>threatened species, State </strong>A plant or animal species likely to become endangered in a particular State within the near future if factors contributing to population decline or habitat degradation or loss continue. </p> <p><strong>travel corridor</strong><br/> A landscape feature for the transport of animals between larger patches of habitat. These corridors may facilitate several kinds of traffic including foraging movement, seasonal migration, or dispersal of juvenile animals. These are transition habitats and need not contain all the habitat elements required for long-term survival or reproduction of its migrants. </p> </td> <td> <p><strong>trust resource</strong><br/> See "Federal trust resource and species."</p> <p><strong>trust species</strong><br/> See "Federal trust resource and species."</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="U"><strong>U</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong><abbr title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">USACE</abbr></strong><br/> <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Army Corps of Engineers.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="United States Code">U.S.C.</abbr></strong><br/> <abbr title="United States">United States Code</abbr>.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service</strong> <strong>(Service,<abbr title="Fish and Wildlife Service"> FWS</abbr>, <abbr title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">USFWS</abbr>)</strong><br/> Under the Department of the Interior, the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal Federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish and wildlife and their habitats. The Service manages the National Wildlife Refuge System, which is comprised of more than 550 national wildlife refuges and thousands of waterfowl production areas. The Service also operates national fish hatcheries and ecological service field stations, enforces Federal wildlife laws, manages migratory bird populations, restores national significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat, administers the Endangered Species Act, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. The Service oversees the Federal aid program that distributes millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to State wildlife agencies.</p> </td> <td> <p><strong><abbr title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">USFWS</abbr></strong><br/> See "<abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service."</p> <p><abbr title="United States"><strong>U.S</strong>.</abbr> <strong>Geological Survey (<abbr title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</abbr>)</strong><br/> A Federal agency in the Department of the Interior with a mission to provide reliable scientific information. The <abbr title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</abbr> uses this information to describe and understand the earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</abbr></strong><br/> See "<abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Geological Survey."</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="V"><strong>V</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>vision statement</strong><br/> A concise statement of the desired future condition of a specific area such as a national wildlife refuge, based primarily on the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System, specific refuge purposes, and other relevant mandates.</p> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="W"><strong>W</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p><strong>waterfowl production area (<abbr title="waterfowl production area">WPA</abbr>)</strong><br/> Land in the National Wildlife Refuge System that is protected through purchase or easement under the Small Wetland Acquisition Program. Congress created Small Wetland Acquisition Program in 1958 by amending the 1934 Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act (the Duck Stamp Act) to allow the <abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> Fish and Wildlife Service to use money from the sale of Federal duck stamps to protect waterfowl habitat. A waterfowl production area is generally a wetland and the surrounding uplands and is typically within agricultural land. These areas provide breeding, resting, and nesting habitat for not only waterfowl but also shorebirds, grassland birds, and other wildlife.</p> <p><strong>watershed</strong><br/> The geographic area that drains water into a river, a river system, or other body of water.</p> <p><strong>wetland management district (district, <abbr title="wetland management district">WMD</abbr>)</strong><br/> An administrative organization that manages all the waterfowl production areas in a multi-county area. </p> </td> <td> <p><strong>wildlife-dependent recreational use</strong><br/> Use of a national wildlife refuge or wetland management district that involves hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental education, or interpretation. The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 specifies that these are the six priority public uses of the Refuge System. </p> <p><strong>wildlife management area</strong><br/> A unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System where the primary means to protect wildlife and their habitat is achieved tghrough the acquisition of conservation easements.</p> <p><strong><abbr title="wetland management district">WMD</abbr></strong><br/> See "wetland management district."</p> <p><strong><abbr title="waterfowl production area">WPA</abbr></strong><br/> See "waterfowl production area."</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="X"><strong>X</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="Y"><strong>Y</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="Z"><strong>Z</strong></h2> <div class="tableholder"> <table width="936" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table-plain-three" summary=""> <tr> <td width="308"> <p></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="anchorLinks"> <p><a href="#A">A</a> | <a href="#B">B</a> | <a href="#C">C</a> | <a href="#D">D</a> | <a href="#E">E</a> | <a href="#F">F</a> | <a href="#G">G</a> | <a href="#H">H</a> | <a href="#I">I</a> | <a href="#J">J</a> | <a href="#K">K</a> | <a href="#L">L</a> | <a href="#M">M</a> | <a href="#N">N</a> | <a href="#O">O</a> | <a href="#P">P</a> | <a href="#Q">Q</a> | <a href="#R">R</a> | <a href="#S">S</a> | <a href="#T">T</a> | <a href="#U">U</a> | <a href="#V">V</a> | <a href="#W">W</a> | <a href="#X">X</a> | <a href="#Y">Y</a> | <a href="#Z">Z</a> </p> </div>   </div> </div> <div id="footer">  <p class="bannerCaption">Page photograph: sharp-tailed grouse. 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