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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vajda's proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajda's_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sicoli & Holton (2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ket_and_Navajo_word_pairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ket_and_Navajo_word_pairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ket and Navajo word pairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ket_and_Navajo_word_pairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_external_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_external_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Proposed external classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_external_classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed external classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_external_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sino-Tibetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Tibetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sino-Tibetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Tibetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dene–Yeniseian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_den%C3%A9-yeniseiques" title="Llingües dené-yeniseiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües dené-yeniseiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dene-Yenisey_dill%C9%99ri" title="Dene-Yenisey dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dene-Yenisey dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87-%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دنه-یئنی‌سئی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنه-یئنی‌سئی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Дэнэ-енісейскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэнэ-енісейскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_den%C3%A9-ienisseianes" title="Llengües dené-ienisseianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües dené-ienisseianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%A9-jenisejsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Dené-jenisejské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dené-jenisejské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD-%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%B9" title="Γλώσσες Ντενέ-Γιενισέι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσες Ντενέ-Γιενισέι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_den%C3%A9-yeniseicas" title="Lenguas dené-yeniseicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas dené-yeniseicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dene-jeniseja_lingvaro" title="Dene-jeniseja lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dene-jeniseja lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های دنه-ینی‌سئیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های دنه-ینی‌سئیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_den%C3%A9-ienisse%C3%AFennes" title="Langues dené-ienisseïennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues dené-ienisseïennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%A9-Jenisejaanske_talen" title="Dené-Jenisejaanske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dené-Jenisejaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%A4%EC%98%88%EB%8B%88%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="데네예니세이어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데네예니세이어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_dene-ienisseiane" title="Lingue dene-ienisseiane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue dene-ienisseiane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Дене-енисей йӹлмӹвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Дене-енисей йӹлмӹвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дене-енисей чӀалар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дене-енисей чӀалар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dene-Jenisiejaus_kalbos" title="Dene-Jenisiejaus kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dene-Jenisiejaus kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviam-piteny_dene-ieniseiana" title="Fianakaviam-piteny dene-ieniseiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviam-piteny dene-ieniseiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%A9-Jenisejische_talen" title="Dené-Jenisejische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dené-Jenisejische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%A9-Jenisejische_toalen" title="Dené-Jenisejische toalen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dené-Jenisejische toalen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="デネ・エニセイ語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デネ・エニセイ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dene-Jenisejsk_spriaken" title="Dene-Jenisejsk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dene-Jenisejsk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%A9-jenisejiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Dené-jenisejiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dené-jenisejiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_dene-jenisejskie" title="Języki dene-jenisejskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki dene-jenisejskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_dene-ienisseianas" title="Línguas dene-ienisseianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas dene-ienisseianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Дене-енисейские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дене-енисейские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dene-jeniseil%C3%A4iskielet" title="Dene-jeniseiläiskielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dene-jeniseiläiskielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93jenisejiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Dené–jenisejiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dené–jenisejiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dene-Yenisey_dilleri" title="Dene-Yenisey dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dene-Yenisey dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Дене-єнісейські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дене-єнісейські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="دینے-یانیسائی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دینے-یانیسائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Den%C3%A9-Enisei" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Dené-Enisei – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Dené-Enisei" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Dene-Yenisey" title="Zıwanê Dene-Yenisey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Dene-Yenisey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%A7-%E8%91%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%96%80" title="德內-葉尼塞語門 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德內-葉尼塞語門" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian languages</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed language family spanning the Old World and New World</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #99ddff;">Dene–Yeniseian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">(proposed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">northwest <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Proposed <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dene">Na-Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniseian">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages_map.png/300px-Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages_map.png/450px-Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages_map.png/600px-Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="493" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Dene-Yeniseian languages in North Asia and North America <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7ba874; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f9984c; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a></div> Striped areas indicate the area of the former extent of the languages.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dene–Yeniseian</b> is a proposed <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a> of central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene languages</a> of northwestern North America. </p><p>Reception among experts has been somewhat favorable; thus, Dene–Yeniseian has been called "the first demonstration of a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genealogical link</a> between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative</a>-<a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main cause of skepticism among other linguists, geneticists and researchers from related fields can be attributed to the significance of such a link being conclusively proven as there have been numerous attempts of establishing definite linguistic relationships between languages natively spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> to those of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and most have been widely rejected due to their being mostly based on superficial if not erroneous <a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">phonological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexicological" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicological">lexicological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Dene-Yeniseian is deemed only as "plausible" by linguistic scholars at large.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_work">Early work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeniseirivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yeniseirivermap.png/220px-Yeniseirivermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yeniseirivermap.png/330px-Yeniseirivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yeniseirivermap.png/440px-Yeniseirivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> region of central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Researchers in <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> have long sought to link the various known <a href="/wiki/Language_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families">language families</a> around the world into <a href="/wiki/Macrofamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrofamilies">macrofamilies</a>. The putative relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian families was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Trombetti" title="Alfredo Trombetti">Alfredo Trombetti</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the early evidence adduced has been <a href="/wiki/Typological_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Typological linguistics">typological</a>; in particular, both families have a complex <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> prefixing verb structure, which differs from most of the other languages in Asia and—to a lesser extent—North America. </p><p>The first peer-reviewed publication to propose the existence of a distinct Dene–Yeniseian family was written by the macrofamily supporter <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a> (1998) in <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="#CITEREFVajda2010a">Vajda (2010a</a>:34) states, without specifying which ones, that 26 of the 34 sets of words offered by Ruhlen are coincidental look-alikes, whereas 8 of Ruhlen's word sets follow Vajda's rules of sound correspondences. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortescue" title="Michael Fortescue">Michael Fortescue</a> independently suggested the possible existence of a Dene–Yeniseian family in his 1998 book <i>Language Relations Across Bering Strait</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes, "I have attempted throughout to find a middle way between the cavalier optimism of '<a href="/wiki/Lumpers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumpers">lumpers</a>' and the pessimism of orthodox 'splitters' on the matters of deep <a href="/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic (linguistics)">genetic</a> relationship between the continents".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As alluded to by Fortescue's comment, scientific investigations of long-range language family relationships have been complicated by an ideological dispute between the so-called <a href="/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters" title="Lumpers and splitters">"lumpers" and "splitters"</a>, with "lumpers" caricatured as bumbling amateurs willing to group together disparate, unrelated families based on chance resemblances<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "splitters" caricatured as rigid enforcers of orthodoxy willing to "shout down" researchers who disagree with their belief that long-range connections are impossible to establish.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vajda's_proposal"><span id="Vajda.27s_proposal"></span>Vajda's proposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vajda's proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a symposium in Alaska in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vajda" title="Edward Vajda">Edward Vajda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a> summarized ten years of research, based on verbal <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and reconstructions of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-languages</a>, indicating that the Yeniseian and Na-Dene families might be related. The summation of Vajda's research was published in June 2010 in <i>The Dene–Yeniseian Connection</i> in the <i>Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska</i>. </p><p>This 369-page volume, edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Kari" title="James Kari">James Kari</a> and Ben Potter, contains papers from the February 26–29, 2008, symposium plus several contributed papers. Accompanying Vajda's lead paper are primary data on Na-Dene historical phonology by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Leer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Leer (page does not exist)">Jeff Leer</a>, along with critiques by several linguistic specialists and articles on a range of topics (<a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnogeography" title="Ethnogeography">ethnogeography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>) by experts in these fields. </p><p>The evidence offered by Vajda includes over 110 proposed cognate morphemes and about ten homologous prefix and suffix positions of the verbs. Vajda compared the existing reconstructions of Proto-Yeniseian and Proto-Na-Dene, augmented the reconstructions based on the apparent relationship between the two, and suggested <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> linking the two into a putative Proto-Dene-Yeniseian language. He suggested that Yeniseian tone differences <a href="/wiki/Tonogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonogenesis">originated</a> in the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Glottalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized">glottalized</a> consonants in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a>, as still present in the Na-Dene languages. </p><p>Vajda and others also note that no compelling evidence has been found linking <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> with either Na-Dene or Yeniseian.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the wider <a href="/wiki/Dene%E2%80%93Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene–Caucasian">Dene–Caucasian</a> hypothesis (see below), while Vajda did not find the kinds of morphological correspondences with these other families that he did with Yeniseian and Na-Dene, he did not rule out the possibility that such evidence exists, and urges that more work be done.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 Vajda published a short annotated bibliography on Dene–Yeniseian languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On March 24, 2012, the Alaska Native Language Center hosted the Dene-Yeniseian Workshop at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. There were nine papers, the first new papers on Dene–Yeniseian since the 2010 volume was published. As of July 2012, there are no plans to publish the papers, but video from the workshop is available. </p><p>Vajda's presentations at the 2012 workshop<sup id="cite_ref-vajda-2012-workshop_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajda-2012-workshop-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> augmented his proposal with additional linguistic and non-linguistic evidence. He discussed a study he did with <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a> investigating the history of complex prefixing verb structures in various families possessing morphology of this sort. His conclusion was that, contrary to prevailing belief, such structures are often preserved intact with little change over several thousands of years, and as a result may actually be stronger evidence of a genetic connection than the lexical relationships that are traditionally sought. </p><p>As a result, he agreed with the consensus belief that lexical evidence of a genetic relationship becomes virtually undetectable after about 8,000 to 10,000 years of linguistic separation, but suggested that certain sorts of complex morphology may remain stable beyond this time period. Further evidence for Dene–Yeniseian is in <a href="#CITEREFVajda2013a">Vajda (2013a)</a>. </p><p>Vajda presents comparanda for an ancient Dene-Yeniseian possessive connector prefix (possibly *ŋ) that appears in idiosyncratic ways in Dene (or Athabaskan), Eyak, Tlingit, and Yeniseian nouns, postpositions, directionals, and demonstratives. Vajda also suggests one new lexical cognate: PA directional *ñəs-d "ahead", "out on open water" and Yeniseian root *es "open space". In terms of the sections within Vajda's 2010 paper, this 2013 article can be read as an addition to his §2 (which ends on p. 63). In a subsequent article, <a href="#CITEREFVajda2013b">Vajda (2013b)</a>, Vajda discusses features in Ket that arose due to prolonged areal contact with suffixal agglutinating languages. </p><p>In his 2012 presentation, Vajda also addressed non-linguistic evidence, including analyses of <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mitochondrial DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a>, which are passed unchanged down the male and female lines, respectively, except for mutations. His most compelling DNA evidence is the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)">Q1 Y-chromosomal haplogroup</a> subclade, which he notes arose c. 15,000 years ago and is found in nearly all <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> and nearly all of the Yeniseian <a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Ket people</a> (90%), but almost nowhere else in Eurasia except for the <a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup people</a> (65%), who have intermarried with the Ket people for centuries. </p><p>Using this and other evidence, he proposes a Proto-Dene-Yeniseian <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">homeland</a> located in eastern Siberia around the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldan River">Aldan Rivers</a>. These people would have been <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">hunter-gatherers</a>, as are the modern Yeniseians, but unlike nearly all other Siberian groups (except for some <a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian">Paleosiberian</a> peoples located around the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a> of far eastern Siberia, who appear genetically unrelated to the Yeniseians). Eventually all descendants in Eurasia were eliminated by the spread of <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>-breeding <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> peoples (e.g. the speakers of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a>) except for the modern Yeniseians, who were able to survive in swampy refuges far to the west along the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> because it is too mosquito-infested for reindeer to survive easily. Contrarily, the <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a> (the North American reindeer population) were never domesticated, and thus the modern Na-Dene people were not similarly threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-vajda-2012-workshop_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajda-2012-workshop-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_herding" title="Reindeer herding">reindeer herding</a> spread throughout Siberia rather recently and there were many other hunter-gatherer peoples in Siberia in modern times. </p><p>In his 2012 reply to <a href="/wiki/George_Starostin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Starostin">George Starostin</a>, Vajda clarifies that Dene-Yeniseian "as it currently stands is a hypothesis of language relatedness but not yet a proper hypothesis of language taxonomy". He leaves "open the possibility that either Yeniseian or <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">ND</a> (or both) might have a closer relative elsewhere in Eurasia".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of publication, Vajda's proposals had been favorably reviewed by several specialists of Na-Dene and Yeniseian languages—although at times with caution—including <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Krauss" title="Michael E. Krauss">Michael Krauss</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Leer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Leer (page does not exist)">Jeff Leer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Kari" title="James Kari">James Kari</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Werner_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Werner (linguist) (page does not exist)">Heinrich Werner</a>, as well as a number of other respected linguists, such as <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Golla" title="Victor Golla">Victor Golla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortescue" title="Michael Fortescue">Michael Fortescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Hamp">Eric Hamp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Poser" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Poser">Bill Poser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One significant exception is the critical review of the volume of collected papers by <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a response by Vajda<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in late 2011 that imply that the proposal is not settled at the present time. Other reviews and notices of the volume appeared in 2011 and 2012 by <a href="/wiki/Keren_Rice" title="Keren Rice">Keren Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>, and Michael Dunn. Sicoli and Holton 2014, applying Bayesian analysis to typological data from Dene and Yeniseian languages, constructed phylogenies that suggest that the Dene-Yeniseian connection "more likely represents a radiation out of <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> with a back migration into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> than a migration from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/George_Starostin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Starostin">George Starostin</a> questioned the validity of the macrofamily, citing the fact that "Vajda’s 'regular correspondences' are not... properly 'regular' in the classic comparative-historical sense of the word". He also notes that Vajda's "treatment of the verbal morphology" involves "a tiny handful of intriguing isomorphisms... surrounded by an impenetrable sea of assumptions and highly controversial internal reconstructions that create an illusion of systemic reconstruction where there really is none". Nonetheless, Starostin concedes that Vajda's work "is, by all means, a step forward", and that it "may eventually point the way towards research on grammaticalization paths in Yeniseian and Na-Dené".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of forming a separate family, Starostin believes that both Yeniseian and Na-Dene are part of a much larger grouping called <a href="/wiki/Dene-Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene-Caucasian">Dene-Caucasian</a>. Starostin states that the two families are related in a large sense, but there is no special relationship between them that would suffice to create a separate family between these two language families. </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kiparsky" title="Paul Kiparsky">Paul Kiparsky</a> endorsed Dene–Yeniseian, saying that "the morphological parallelism and phonological similarities among corresponding affixes is most suggestive, but most compelling evidence for actual relationship comes from those sound correspondences which can be accounted for by independently motivated regular sound changes".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Campbell (2024: 365) doubts the validity of Dene–Yeniseian, saying that "neither the lexical evidence with putative sound correspondences nor the morphological evidence adduced has proven sufficient to support a genealogical relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian".<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2024_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2024-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Ket people</a> themselves have received the Dene–Yeniseian hypothesis well, being aware of similar features they observe on documentaries on television.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dene–Yeniseian is generally classified as follows: </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Dene–Yeniseian    </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniseian">Yeniseian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">   <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dene">Na-Dene</a>    </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)"><span id="Sicoli_.26_Holton_.282014.29"></span>Sicoli & Holton (2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sicoli & Holton (2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational phylogenetic">computational phylogenetic</a> methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014) proposed that Dene–Yeniseian did not split into the two primary branches Na-Dene and Yeniseian, but rather into four primary branches. Yeniseian is upheld as a single branch, whereas Na-Dene is assumed to be paraphyletic, being divided into several primary branches instead. Based on their classification, they suggest that Yeniseian represents a back-migration from <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> back to Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Dene-Yeniseian</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sicoli & Holton, 2014)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniseian">Yeniseian</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>South <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan">Pacific Coast Athabaskan</a> (California)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a> (excluding South <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan">Pacific Coast Athabaskan</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>However, this phylogenetic study was criticized as methodologically flawed by Yanovich (2020), since it did not employ sufficient input data to generate a robust tree that does not depend on the initial choice of the "tree prior", i.e. the model for the tree generation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Wilson (2023) has argued that a cluster of related technology words in proto-Athabaskan and Yeniseian languages suggests a linguistic continuum between the two continents that extended well into the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, clouding any conclusive evidence for the back-migration model.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ket_and_Navajo_word_pairs">Ket and Navajo word pairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ket and Navajo word pairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a table of <a href="/wiki/Ket_language" title="Ket language">Ket</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> words. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ket_language" title="Ket language">Ket</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> </th> <th>Vajda 2010a citation </th></tr> <tr> <td>stone </td> <td><span lang="ket"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D1%8B%E2%80%99%D1%81%D1%8C#Ket" class="extiw" title="wikt:ты’сь">ты’сь</a></span> (<span title="Ket-language romanization"><i lang="ket-Latn">təˀs</i></span>) </td> <td><i lang="nv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ts%C3%A9#Navajo" class="extiw" title="wikt:tsé">tsé</a></i> </td> <td>cf. Vajda 2010a:83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot </td> <td><span lang="ket"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%B8%CA%BC%D1%81%D1%8C#Ket" class="extiw" title="wikt:киʼсь">киʼсь</a></span> (<span title="Ket-language romanization"><i lang="ket-Latn">kiˀs</i></span>) </td> <td><i lang="nv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/akee%CA%BC#Navajo" class="extiw" title="wikt:akeeʼ">(a)keeʼ</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>cf. Vajda 2010a:88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>old </td> <td><span title="Ket-language text"><span lang="ket">синь</span></span> (<span title="Ket-language romanization"><i lang="ket-Latn">sīn</i></span>) </td> <td><i lang="nv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C3%A1n%C3%AD#Navajo" class="extiw" title="wikt:sání">sání</a></i> </td> <td>cf. Vajda 2010a:84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake </td> <td><span title="Ket-language text"><span lang="ket">тиг, тих</span></span> (<span title="Ket-language romanization"><i lang="ket-Latn">tìɣ</i></span>) </td> <td><i lang="nv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C5%82%CA%BCiish#Navajo" class="extiw" title="wikt:tłʼiish">tłʼiish</a></i> </td> <td>cf. Vajda 2010a:93 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable noun">inalienable nouns</a> are attached with the prefix <i>a-</i>, which means "someone's".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_external_classifications">Proposed external classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proposed external classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sino-Tibetan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div> <p>As noted by Tailleur<sup id="cite_ref-tail94_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tail94-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Werner,<sup id="cite_ref-wern04_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wern04-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the earliest proposals of genetic relations of Yeniseian, by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Castr%C3%A9n" title="Matthias Castrén">M.A. Castrén</a> (1856), James Byrne (1892), and G.J. Ramstedt (1907), suggested that Yeniseian was a northern relative of the Sino–Tibetan languages. These ideas were followed much later by Kai Donner<sup id="cite_ref-donn30_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donn30-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Karl Bouda.<sup id="cite_ref-boud36_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boud36-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study found further evidence for a possible relation between Yeniseian and Sino–Tibetan, citing several possible <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gao Jingyi (2014) identified twelve Sinitic and Yeniseian shared etymologies that belonged to the basic vocabulary, and argued that these Sino-Yeniseian etymologies could not be loans from either language into the other.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Sino-Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Caucasian">Sino-Caucasian</a>" hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Starostin" title="Sergei Starostin">Sergei Starostin</a> posits that the <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a> form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> with Sino-Tibetan, which he called <b>Sino-Yeniseian</b>. The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by others to "<a href="/wiki/Dene%E2%80%93Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene–Caucasian">Dene–Caucasian</a>" to include the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene languages</a> of North America, <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and, occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>. A narrower binary Dene–Yeniseian family has recently been well received. The validity of the rest of the family, however, is viewed as doubtful or rejected by nearly all <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical linguists">historical linguists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An updated tree by <a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Starostin" title="Georgiy Starostin">Georgiy Starostin</a> now groups Na-Dene with Sino-Tibetan and Yeniseian with <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a> hypothesis).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A link between the Na–Dene languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as <b>Sino-Dene</b> had also been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>. Around 1920 Sapir became convinced that Na-Dene was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuhlen1998_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhlen1998-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Vadja's Dene–Yeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Caveney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Caveney (page does not exist)">Geoffrey Caveney</a> (2014) to look into support for the Sino–Dene hypothesis. Caveney considered a link between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dene were related to the Caucasian languages (Sino–Caucasian and Dene–Caucasian).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 analysis by <a href="/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)" title="David Bradley (linguist)">David Bradley</a> using the standard techniques of comparative linguistics supports a distant genetic link between the Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and Yeniseian language families. Bradley argues that any similarities Sino-Tibetan shares with other language families of the East Asia area such as <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaic">Altaic</a> (which is actually a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a>), <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra–Dai">Kra–Dai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> came through contact; but as there has been no recent contact between the Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and Yeniseian language families then any similarities these groups share must be residual.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">Settlement of the Americas</a> – Prehistoric migration from Asia to the Americas<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas § Haplogroup Q</a> – Genetics on the peopling of the Americas<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk languages</a> – Hypothetical Asian language family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a> – Proposed language family including Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut and possibly Nivkh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Comrie (2008) "Why the Dene-Yeniseic Hypothesis is Exciting". Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska: Dene-Yeniseic Symposium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/research-and-resources/resources/archives/dene_yeniseian_languages.php">"Dene-Yeniseian Languages | Alaska Native Language Center"</a>. <i>www.uaf.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uaf.edu&rft.atitle=Dene-Yeniseian+Languages+%7C+Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanlc%2Fresearch-and-resources%2Fresources%2Farchives%2Fdene_yeniseian_languages.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarostin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Starostin, George (2012-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/jlr-2012-080109/html">"Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 117–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2012-080109">10.31826/jlr-2012-080109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2219-4029">2219-4029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=Dene-Yeniseian%3A+a+critical+assessment&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-138&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2012-080109&rft.issn=2219-4029&rft.aulast=Starostin&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2012-080109%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="#CITEREFVajda2010a">Vajda (2010a</a>:34) who quotes Trombetti, Alfredo. 1923. <i>Elementi di glottologia</i>. Bologna. pp.486, 511</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuhlen1998">Ruhlen (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1998">Fortescue (1998</a>:213–215)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1998">Fortescue (1998</a>:1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyle Campbell, <i>Historical Linguistics: An Introduction</i> (2nd Edition), MIT Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merritt Ruhlen, <i>The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue</i>, Wiley, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVajda2010b">Vajda (2010b</a>:115)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKariPotter2010">Kari & Potter (2010</a>:4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVajda2010b">Vajda (2010b)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vajda-2012-workshop-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vajda-2012-workshop_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vajda-2012-workshop_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vajda, Edward. "Geography, Demography and Time Depth: Explaining how Dene–Yeniseian is possible". Presentation at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy/2012/">2012 Dene–Yeniseian Workshop</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064116/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy/2012/">Archived</a> 2012-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, March 24, 2012. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7M0QnAqQUmw">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vajda, Edward (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2012-080110">"The Dene-Yeniseian connection: a reply to G. Starostin"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 138–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2012-080110">10.31826/jlr-2012-080110</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=The+Dene-Yeniseian+connection%3A+a+reply+to+G.+Starostin&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=138-152&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2012-080110&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2012-080110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKariPotter2010">Kari & Potter (2010</a>:12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Poser. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=531">The languages of the Caucasus</a>". <i>Language Log</i>, 25 August 2008. Accessed 22 July 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyle Campbell, 2011, "Review of <i>The Dene-Yeniseian Connection</i> (Kari and Potter)", <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a></i> 77:445-451. "In summary, the proposed Dene-Yeniseian connection cannot be embraced at present. The hypothesis is indeed stimulating, advanced by a serious scholar trying to use appropriate procedures. Unfortunately, neither the lexical evidence (with putative sound correspondences) nor the morphological evidence adduced is sufficient to support a distant genetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian." (pg. 450).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vajda, Edward J. (2011). "A Response to Campbell". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 451–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F660978">10.1086/660978</a>. p. 452: <q>It remains incumbent upon the proponents of the DY hypothesis to provide solutions to at least some of the unresolved problems identified in Campbell's review or in DYC itself. My opinion is that every one of them requires a convincing solution before the relationship between Yeniseian and Na-Dene can be considered settled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Response+to+Campbell&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-452&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F660978&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/science/linguistic-study-sheds-new-light-on-peopling-of-north-america.html?ref=science">"Pause Is Seen in a Continent's Peopling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 13 Mar 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pause+Is+Seen+in+a+Continent%27s+Peopling&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F13%2Fscience%2Flinguistic-study-sheds-new-light-on-peopling-of-north-america.html%3Fref%3Dscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ancient-migration-patterns-north-america-are-hidden-languages-spoken-today-180950053/?no-ist">"Ancient Migration Patterns to North America Are Hidden in Languages Spoken Today"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ancient+Migration+Patterns+to+North+America+Are+Hidden+in+Languages+Spoken+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fancient-migration-patterns-north-america-are-hidden-languages-spoken-today-180950053%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starostin, George (2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vocabulary+Ket&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Nefedov%2C+Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwold.clld.org%2Fvocabulary%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tail94-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tail94_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages#tail94" title="Yeniseian languages">Tailleur 1994</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wern04-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wern04_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages#wern04" title="Yeniseian languages">Werner 1994</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donn30-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-donn30_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages#donn30" title="Yeniseian languages">Donner 1930</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boud36-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boud36_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages#boud36" title="Yeniseian languages">Bouda 1963</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages#boud57" title="Yeniseian languages">Bouda 1957</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedláček2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sedláček, Kamil (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928491">"The Yeniseian Languages of the 18th Century and Ket and Sino-Tibetan Word Comparisons"</a>. <i>Central 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Yeniseian+Languages+of+the+18th+Century+and+Ket+and+Sino-Tibetan+Word+Comparisons&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-305&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0008-9192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163603829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928491%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13173%2FCAJ%2F2008%2F2%2F6&rft.aulast=Sedl%C3%A1%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF高晶一2017" class="citation journal cs1">高晶一, Jingyi Gao (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051">"Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies // 確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源"</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>60</b> (1–2): 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13173%2Fcentasiaj.60.1-2.0051">10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051">10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Goddard,_Ives" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddard, Ives">Goddard, Ives</a> (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed., <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Trask, R. L.</a> (2000). <i>The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez-MazasBlenchRossPeiros2008" class="citation book cs1">Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gKF9iWqt0gC&q=%22sino-austronesian%22+%22sino-caucasian%22&pg=RA1-PT151"><i>Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134149629" title="Special:BookSources/9781134149629"><bdi>9781134149629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Human+Migrations+in+East+Asia%3A+Matching+Archaeology%2C+Linguistics+and+Genetics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134149629&rft.aulast=Sanchez-Mazas&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft.au=Blench%2C+Roger&rft.au=Ross%2C+Malcolm+D.&rft.au=Peiros%2C+Ilia&rft.au=Lin%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gKF9iWqt0gC%26q%3D%2522sino-austronesian%2522%2B%2522sino-caucasian%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starlingdb.org/new100/eurasia_short.jpg">The Preliminary Genealogical Tree For Eurasia (short variant)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhlen1998-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuhlen1998_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuhlen1998">Ruhlen 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaveney2014" class="citation journal cs1">Caveney, Geoffrey (2014). "Sino-Tibetan ŋ- and Na-Dene *kw- / *gw- / *xw-: 1st Person Pronouns and Lexical Cognate Sets". <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 461–487. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24774894">24774894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sino-Tibetan+%C5%8B-+and+Na-Dene+%2Akw-+%2F+%2Agw-+%2F+%2Axw-%3A+1st+Person+Pronouns+and+Lexical+Cognate+Sets&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=461-487&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24774894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caveney&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, David (2023-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages8030176">"Ancient Connections of Sinitic"</a>. <i>Languages</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flanguages8030176">10.3390/languages8030176</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2226-471X">2226-471X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Languages&rft.atitle=Ancient+Connections+of+Sinitic&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=176&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flanguages8030176&rft.issn=2226-471X&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Flanguages8030176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Primary Dene–Yeniseian research papers by Edward Vajda</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Vajda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Vajda">Vajda, Edward J.</a> (2001). <i>Yeniseian peoples and languages : a history of Yeniseian studies : with an annotated bibliography and a source guide</i>. London: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700712908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700712908"><bdi>978-0700712908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeniseian+peoples+and+languages+%3A+a+history+of+Yeniseian+studies+%3A+with+an+annotated+bibliography+and+a+source+guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0700712908&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2010a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Vajda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Vajda">Vajda, Edward J.</a> (2010a). "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.). <i>The Dene–Yeniseian Connection</i>. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 33–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555001124" title="Special:BookSources/9781555001124"><bdi>9781555001124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Siberian+Link+with+Na-Dene+Languages.&rft.btitle=The+Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+Connection&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.series=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+University+of+Alaska%2C+new+series&rft.pages=33-99&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks%2C+Department+of+Anthropology.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781555001124&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2010b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Vajda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Vajda">Vajda, Edward J.</a> (2010b). "Yeniseian, Na-Dene, and Historical Linguistics.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.). <i>The Dene–Yeniseian Connection</i>. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 100–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555001124" title="Special:BookSources/9781555001124"><bdi>9781555001124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yeniseian%2C+Na-Dene%2C+and+Historical+Linguistics.&rft.btitle=The+Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+Connection&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.series=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+University+of+Alaska%2C+new+series&rft.pages=100-118&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks%2C+Department+of+Anthropology.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781555001124&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Vajda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Vajda">Vajda, Edward J.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordbibliographiesonline.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0064.xml?rskey=SDjGCQ&result=9&q=">"Dene-Yeniseian Languages"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.atitle=Dene-Yeniseian+Languages&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordbibliographiesonline.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199772810%2Fobo-9780199772810-0064.xml%3Frskey%3DSDjGCQ%26result%3D9%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2013a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Vajda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Vajda">Vajda, Edward J.</a> (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/files/anlc/Vajda_2013_Vestigial.pdf">"Vestigial possessive morphology in Na-Dene and Yeniseian."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Hargus, Sharon; Vajda, Edward; Hieber, Daniel (eds.). <i>Working papers in Athabaskan (Dene) Languages 2012</i>. Alaska Native Language Center Working Papers. Vol. 11. Fairbanks, AK: ANLC. pp. 79–91<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vestigial+possessive+morphology+in+Na-Dene+and+Yeniseian.&rft.btitle=Working+papers+in+Athabaskan+%28Dene%29+Languages+2012.&rft.place=Fairbanks%2C+AK&rft.series=Alaska+Native+Language+Center+Working+Papers&rft.pages=79-91&rft.pub=ANLC&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Ffiles%2Fanlc%2FVajda_2013_Vestigial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2013b" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Vajda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Vajda">Vajda, Edward J.</a> (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cedar.wwu.edu/mcl_facpubs/66">"Metathesis and Reanalysis in Ket"</a>. <i>Modern & Classical Languages</i>. <b>1</b> (66): 14–16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+%26+Classical+Languages.&rft.atitle=Metathesis+and+Reanalysis+in+Ket&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=14-16&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcedar.wwu.edu%2Fmcl_facpubs%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vajda, Edward J. (2017). "Patterns of Innovation and Retention in Templatic Polysynthesis." In <i>Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis</i>, M. Fortescue, M. Mithun, and N. Evans (eds.), pp. 363–391. Oxford University Press, Oxford.</li> <li>Vajda, Edward (2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-631">Morphology in Dene-Yeniseian Languages</a>". In <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Reviews, related work, etc.</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Aronoff, Mark. (2015) "Thoughts on Morphology and Cultural Evolution." L. Bauer et al. (eds.). <i>Semantics of Complex Words, Studies in Morphology 3</i> pp. 77-88. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Lyle (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~lylecamp/Campbell%20Yeniseian%20NaDene%20review%2011-2-10.pdf">"Review of <i>The Dene-Yeniseian Connection</i>, ed. by James Kari and Ben A. Potter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 445–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F660977">10.1086/660977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071">0020-7071</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Dene-Yeniseian+Connection%2C+ed.+by+James+Kari+and+Ben+A.+Potter&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-451&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F660977&rft.issn=0020-7071&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hawaii.edu%2F~lylecamp%2FCampbell%2520Yeniseian%2520NaDene%2520review%252011-2-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2011" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Jared (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.ovid.com/nature/natr/2011/08/180/deep-relationships-languages/42/00006056">"Linguistics: Deep relationships between languages"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>476</b> (7360): 291–292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.476..291D">2011Natur.476..291D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F476291a">10.1038/476291a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21850102">21850102</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Linguistics%3A+Deep+relationships+between+languages.&rft.volume=476&rft.issue=7360&rft.pages=291-292&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F476291a&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21850102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.476..291D&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsights.ovid.com%2Fnature%2Fnatr%2F2011%2F08%2F180%2Fdeep-relationships-languages%2F42%2F00006056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=escidoc:1244585">"Review of The Dene–Yeniseian Connection (Kari and Potter, eds.)"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 429–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2012.0036">10.1353/lan.2012.0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-5D78-7">11858/00-001M-0000-0012-5D78-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-0665">1535-0665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145787050">145787050</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=A+New+Perspective+on+Later+Migration%28s%29The+Possible+Recent+Origin+of+Some+Native+American+Haplotypes&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-278&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0308275X08094389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143597218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249628762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Dene–Yeniseian languages">Appendix:Swadesh lists for Dene–Yeniseian languages</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805182710/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy/">Ordering information and news items for <i>The Dene–Yeniseian Connection</i>; the 2011 2nd printing has corriagenda for 14 articles in the 2010 ist printing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064116/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy/2012/">March 24, 2012 Dene-Yeniseian Workshop, University of Alaska Fairbanks, sponsored by ANLC; lecture by Ed Vajda and other papers now available via ANLC and YouTube.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709023227/http://www.adn.com/2010/07/05/1354714/new-language-research-supports.html">"New language research supports land bridge evidence" <i>Anchorage Daily News</i></a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Dené–Yeniseian_languages">Dene–Yeniseian Swadesh lists</a> (incomplete)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091722">Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia</a> – Presents evidence that the ancestors of the Yeniseian-speaking people went west from the Bering land bridge, whereas the ancestors of Na-Dene went east.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-02-linguist-big-migration-americas.html">"Linguist's 'big data' research supports waves of migration into the Americas" <i>Phys.org</i></a> – Follow up study to the link above.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Languages of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tajikistan" title="Languages of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_America" title="Languages of North America">Languages of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belize" title="Languages of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Costa_Rica" title="Languages of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_El_Salvador" title="Languages of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guatemala" title="Languages of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Honduras" title="Languages of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Aruba" title="Languages of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greenland" title="Languages of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dene–Yeniseian_languages&oldid=1258946731">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dene–Yeniseian_languages&oldid=1258946731</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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