CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chapacuran languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c4e74631-f9b5-400b-b9f5-de28e80aec6e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chapacuran_languages","wgTitle":"Chapacuran languages","wgCurRevisionId":1265564715,"wgRevisionId":1265564715,"wgArticleId":828257,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Chapacuran languages","Language families","Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia","Languages of Brazil","Languages of Bolivia","Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chapacuran_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":828257,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1062626","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Chapakuran_languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="702"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Chapakuran_languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="468"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chapakuran_languages.png/640px-Chapakuran_languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="375"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chapacuran languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapacuran_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapacuran_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chapacuran_languages rootpage-Chapacuran_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chapacuran+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chapacuran+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chapacuran+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chapacuran+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angenot_(1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angenot_(1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Angenot (1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angenot_(1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birchall_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birchall_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Birchall (2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birchall_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birchall,_Dunn_&_Greenhill_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birchall,_Dunn_&_Greenhill_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birchall,_Dunn_&_Greenhill_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proto-language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chapacuran languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_chapacura-wa%C3%B1am" title="Llingües chapacura-wañam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües chapacura-wañam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_tchapakurek-wanhamek" title="Yezhoù tchapakurek-wanhamek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù tchapakurek-wanhamek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_chapacura-wa%C3%B1am" title="Llengües chapacura-wañam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües chapacura-wañam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapacura-Wanham" title="Chapacura-Wanham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chapacura-Wanham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_chapacura-wa%C3%B1am" title="Lenguas chapacura-wañam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas chapacura-wañam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_chapakura" title="Langues chapakura – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues chapakura" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capakura_(jezi%C4%8Dna_porodica)" title="Čapakura (jezična porodica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čapakura (jezična porodica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capakur%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Čapakurų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čapakurų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_chapacuranas" title="Lengas chapacuranas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas chapacuranas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_chapacura-wanham" title="Lenghe chapacura-wanham – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe chapacura-wanham" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_chapacuras" title="Línguas chapacuras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas chapacuras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чапакурские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чапакурские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapacuran" title="Chapacuran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chapacuran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1062626#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chapacuran_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chapacuran_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chapacuran_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&oldid=1265564715" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chapacuran_languages&id=1265564715&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChapacuran_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChapacuran_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chapacuran_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1062626" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Endangered language family of indigenous South Americans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Chapacuran</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Chapacura–Wanham</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakúra</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Chapacuran</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Madeira</li> <li>Guapore</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chap1271">chap1271</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapakuran_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chapakuran_languages.png/300px-Chapakuran_languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chapakuran_languages.png/450px-Chapakuran_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chapakuran_languages.png/600px-Chapakuran_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="439" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribtion of Chapacuran languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chapacuran languages</b> are a nearly <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Almost all Chapacuran languages are extinct, and the four that are extant are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">moribund</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Wari'</a>. They are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and in northern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. </p><p>According to Kaufman (1990),<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman-1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Chapacuran family could be related to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Wamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wamo language">Wamo language</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angenot_(1997)"><span id="Angenot_.281997.29"></span>Angenot (1997)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Angenot (1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of Chapacuran languages from Angenot (1997):<sup id="cite_ref-Angenot-1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angenot-1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Spoken in Brazil</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor%C3%A1_language" title="Torá language">Torá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urup%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urupá language">Urupá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%C3%BA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarú language">Jarú</a></li> <li>Jamará</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Wariʼ</a> (Pakaas Novos)</li> <li>Tapoaya</li> <li>Kutiana</li> <li>Matáwa (Matáma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumana_language" title="Cumana language">Kumana</a> (Cautario)</li> <li>Uomo</li> <li>Urunamakan</li> <li>Kujuna</li> <li>Pawumwa-<a href="/wiki/Wanyam_language" title="Wanyam language">Wanyam</a></li> <li>Abitana-<a href="/wiki/Wanyam_language" title="Wanyam language">Wanyam</a></li> <li>Kabishi-<a href="/wiki/Wanyam_language" title="Wanyam language">Wanyam</a></li> <li>Miguelenho-<a href="/wiki/Wanyam_language" title="Wanyam language">Wanyam</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Spoken in Bolivia</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Moré</a> (Iten)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Muré</a></li> <li>Itoreauhip</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokorona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rokorona language">Rokorona</a></li> <li>Herisobokono</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapakura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapakura language">Chapakura</a> (Huachi, Tapakura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitemoka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitemoka language">Kitemoka</a> (Kitemo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napeca_language" title="Napeca language">Napeka</a> (Nape)</li> <li>Kusikia-Manasi</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birchall_(2013)"><span id="Birchall_.282013.29"></span>Birchall (2013)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birchall (2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birchall et al. (2013) classify the dozen known Chapacuran languages as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Chapacuran</b> <ul><li>Kitemoka–Tapakura <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacura_language" title="Chapacura language">Chapacura</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitemo_language" title="Quitemo language">Quitemo</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Moreic–Waric <ul><li>Moreic–Tor <ul><li>Nuclear More <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Itene</a> (90 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumana_language" title="Cumana language">Cumana</a> (3 speakers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%C3%A1_language" title="Torá language">Torá</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Waric <ul><li>Urupa–Yaru: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urupa_language" title="Urupa language">Urupa</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaru language">Yaru</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Wanham–Wari–Oro Win <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanham language">Wanham</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Wari–Oro Win <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a> (5 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari' language">Wari'</a> (2,700 speakers)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>(position unclear) <a href="/wiki/Napeca_language" title="Napeca language">Napeca</a> (Nape) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>(position unclear) <a href="/wiki/Rocorona_language" title="Rocorona language">Rocorona</a> (Ocorono) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>All languages are rather closely related. </p><p>Extinct languages for which Loukotka says 'nothing' is known, but which may have been Chapacuran, include Cujuna, Mataua, Urunumaca, and Herisobocono. Similarities with <a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a> appear to be loans.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birchall,_Dunn_&_Greenhill_(2016)"><span id="Birchall.2C_Dunn_.26_Greenhill_.282016.29"></span>Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birchall, Dunn & <a href="/wiki/Simon_J._Greenhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon J. Greenhill">Greenhill</a> (2016) give the following <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> of Chapacuran, based on a <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_comparative_linguistics" title="Quantitative comparative linguistics">computational phylogenetic</a> analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Birchall-Dunn-2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birchall-Dunn-2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Chapacuran</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kitemoka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitemoka language">Kitemoka</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tapakura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapakura language">Tapakura</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tor%C3%A1_language" title="Torá language">Torá</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Moré</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cojubim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cojubim language">Cojubim</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Jar%C3%BA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarú language">Jarú</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Urup%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urupá language">Urupá</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wanyam_language" title="Wanyam language">Wanyam</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wari%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari' language">Wari'</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puinave-Kak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Puinave-Kak languages">Puinave-Kak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arawa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawa languages">Arawa</a> language families due to contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a full list of Chapacuran language varieties listed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Chapacura</b> / <b>Huachi</b> / <b>Tapacura</b> - extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Blanco_(Bolivia)" title="Río Blanco (Bolivia)">Blanco River</a> and around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Chitiopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Chitiopa (page does not exist)">Lake Chitiopa</a>, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.</li> <li><b>Irene</b> / <b>Moré</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River" title="Guaporé River">Guaporé River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azul_River_(Mato_Grosso)" title="Azul River (Mato Grosso)">Azul River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River" title="Mamoré River">Mamoré River</a>, Beni province, Bolivia.</li> <li><b>Itoreauhip</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River" title="Guaporé River">Guaporé River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azul_River_(Mato_Grosso)" title="Azul River (Mato Grosso)">Azul River</a> in Bolivia.</li> <li><b>Quitemo</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruvaito_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruvaito River (page does not exist)">Uruvaito River</a>, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.</li> <li><b>Nape</b> - once spoken in the same country on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Chitiopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Chitiopa (page does not exist)">Lake Chitiopa</a>.</li> <li><b>Mure</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_River_(Bolivia)" title="San Martín River (Bolivia)">San Martín River</a> in Bolivia.</li> <li><b>Rocorona</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_River_(Bolivia)" title="San Martín River (Bolivia)">San Martín River</a>.</li> <li><b>Herisebocon</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Rapulo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapulo River">Rapulo River</a> near the old mission of <a href="/wiki/San_Borja,_Bolivia" title="San Borja, Bolivia">San Borja, Bolivia</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Wañám</b> / <b>Huanyam</b> / <b>Pawumwa</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_River_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" title="São Miguel River (Rondônia)">São Miguel River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Domingo_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="São Domingo River (page does not exist)">São Domingo River</a>, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.</li> <li><b>Abitana</b> - spoken as a dialect of the Wañám language at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_River_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" title="São Miguel River (Rondônia)">São Miguel River</a>, Brazil.</li> <li><b>Kumana</b> / <b>Cautario</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River" title="Guaporé River">Guaporé River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cautario_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cautario River">Cautario River</a>, Rondônia.</li> <li><b>Pacahanovo</b> / <b>Uari Wayõ</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Paca%C3%A1s_Novos_River" title="Pacaás Novos River">Pacaás Novos River</a>, Rondônia.</li> <li><b>Kabixi</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_River_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" title="São Miguel River (Rondônia)">São Miguel River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preto_River_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preto River (Rondônia)">Preto River</a>, Rondônia, now perhaps extinct.</li> <li><b>Mataua</b> - spoken in the western area of the <a href="/wiki/Cautario_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cautario River">Cautario River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Urunamacan</b> - spoken to the north of the Wañám tribe, Rondônia, Brazil. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Uómo</b> / <b>Miguelheno</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_River_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" title="São Miguel River (Rondônia)">São Miguel River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Tapoaya</b> - spoken by an unknown tribe at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Cautario_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cautario River">Cautario River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Cujuna</b> - spoken by a very little known tribe, now perhaps extinct, to the north of the Kumaná tribe. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Urupá</b> / <b>Ituarupa</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Urup%C3%A1_River" title="Urupá River">Urupá River</a>, Rondônia.</li> <li><b>Yarú</b> - spoken by a few families on the <a href="/wiki/Jaru_River" title="Jaru River">Jaru River</a>.</li> <li><b>Yamarú</b> - extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Jamari_River" title="Jamari River">Jamari River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Torá</b> / <b>Tura</b> - formerly spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Marmelos_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmelos River">Marmelos River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paric%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paricá River (page does not exist)">Paricá River</a>, state of Amazonas; now by a few individuals on the Posta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabe%C3%A7a_d%27anta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabeça d'anta (page does not exist)">Cabeça d'anta</a>, state of Amazonas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chapacuran languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chapacura_language" title="Chapacura language">Chapacura</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Itene</a></th> <th>Itoreauhip</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Quitemo_language" title="Quitemo language">Quitemo</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Napeca_language" title="Napeca language">Nape</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wanham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanham language">Wañám</a></th> <th>Abitana</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cumana_language" title="Cumana language">Kumaná</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wari%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari' language">Pacahanovo</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Urupa_language" title="Urupa language">Urupá</a></th> <th>Yarú</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tor%C3%A1_language" title="Torá language">Torá</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>eye </th> <td>tuku-chi</td> <td>to</td> <td></td> <td>ku-chi</td> <td></td> <td>tukichuː</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tükesi</td> <td>tekisí</td> <td>tokú </td></tr> <tr> <th>tooth </th> <td>yati-chi</td> <td>yía</td> <td></td> <td>iyadi-che</td> <td></td> <td>yitinchi</td> <td>yititai</td> <td>yatiti</td> <td></td> <td>yetisi</td> <td>itisí</td> <td>yatí </td></tr> <tr> <th>tongue </th> <td>tapuitaka-chi</td> <td>kapaya</td> <td></td> <td>kapikaka-che</td> <td></td> <td>kabíkachu</td> <td>kapiyakati</td> <td>kapiyakati</td> <td></td> <td>kapiakasi</td> <td>kapiakasí</td> <td>képiat </td></tr> <tr> <th>water </th> <td>akum</td> <td>komo</td> <td></td> <td>ako</td> <td>akon</td> <td>kúm</td> <td>kum</td> <td>kum</td> <td></td> <td>kom</td> <td>kõ</td> <td>kom </td></tr> <tr> <th>fire </th> <td>ise</td> <td>iche</td> <td></td> <td>ise</td> <td>isze</td> <td>iché</td> <td>itsä</td> <td>icha</td> <td></td> <td>isé</td> <td>iseː</td> <td>ixé </td></tr> <tr> <th>sun </th> <td>huapiito</td> <td>napito</td> <td>mapito</td> <td>papuito</td> <td>mapiito</td> <td>gwapiru</td> <td>mapirú</td> <td>mapitó</td> <td></td> <td>kumém</td> <td>komém</td> <td>apuetó </td></tr> <tr> <th>star </th> <td>huiüiyao</td> <td>pipiyo</td> <td></td> <td>pil'ahu</td> <td>pipiáo</td> <td>útin</td> <td>piú</td> <td>pipiyó</td> <td>upiú</td> <td>upió</td> <td>upiú</td> <td>pipiyó </td></tr> <tr> <th>maize </th> <td>xadö</td> <td>mapa</td> <td></td> <td>kal'ao</td> <td>kal'ao</td> <td>map</td> <td>mapaːk</td> <td>mapaːk</td> <td></td> <td>mapág</td> <td>mapá</td> <td>mapák </td></tr> <tr> <th>jaguar </th> <td>kiñam</td> <td>ine</td> <td></td> <td>orahuiko</td> <td>kiñam</td> <td>kiñó</td> <td>kinam</td> <td>kinam</td> <td></td> <td>kinám</td> <td>komen</td> <td>wakara </td></tr> <tr> <th>bow </th> <td>parami</td> <td>pari</td> <td>pari</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pani</td> <td>parú</td> <td>pari</td> <td>etsmen</td> <td>mapíp</td> <td>mapip</td> <td>parí </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Chapacuran</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Chapakura</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Chapacuran languages</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below are Proto-Chapacuran (Proto-Chapakura) reconstructions from the <i>Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics</i> (DiACL) online,<sup id="cite_ref-DiACL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiACL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cited from Angenot de Lima (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English glosses are from DiACL, and the original Portuguese glosses are from Angenot de Lima (1997). For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_chapacuras" class="extiw" title="pt:Línguas chapacuras">Portuguese article</a>. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Chapacuran</th> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Portuguese gloss</th> <th>Scientific name </th></tr> <tr> <td>*haɾam</td> <td>to button</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*hoɾam</td> <td>chin</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ja:</td> <td>to say, to speak</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*jaw</td> <td>pillar, to grind with a stone</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*jaʔ</td> <td>to bathe</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*jikat</td> <td>penis</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*jowin</td> <td>monkey species</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/macaco-prego" class="extiw" title="pt:macaco-prego">macaco-prego</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sapajus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapajus">Sapajus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ju:</td> <td>to keep secret</td> <td>seguir às escondidas</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*juk</td> <td>to push, to remove</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kamaɲ<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>bland, without salt</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kap</td> <td>caterpillar species</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kapam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pamonha" title="Pamonha">pamonha</a> (traditional food)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kaɾaʔ/*h<sup>w</sup>aɾaʔ</td> <td>large, fat</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kat, *kaw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin" title="Amazon river dolphin">river dolphin</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kat, *ɾat</td> <td>to yawn</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*katim</td> <td>foot</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*katin<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>large tick</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kat<sup>ʃ</sup>ak/*kat<sup>ʃ</sup>ok</td> <td>to tickle, tickling</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kat<sup>ʃ</sup>in</td> <td>pineapple</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kaw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>to eat</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kawa:</td> <td>tree species</td> <td>árvore-rochinha</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kawa:</td> <td>kind of small arrow, used by children playing</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kawit</td> <td>parrot species</td> <td>papagaio-curica</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ked<sup>z</sup>ek</td> <td>to lick</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kenum</td> <td>cocoa</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kijiʔ</td> <td>to descend, to lower</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kinam</td> <td>jaguar, dog</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kipun</td> <td>tail</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kip<sup>w</sup>in</td> <td>(to be) cold</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kitam</td> <td>bridge, jirau grill<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ponte, grelha para moquear</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kiw</td> <td>to bite, to chew</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kiwoʔ</td> <td>arrow (generic)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*koki:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranha</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kom</td> <td>to sing (people)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*komeN</td> <td>sun</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*koɾa:</td> <td>paddle</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*koɾan</td> <td>palm species</td> <td>palmeira-carundaí</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buriti">buriti</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kotem</td> <td>red, ripe</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kotok/*koɾok</td> <td>to knock down fruits by beating the tree</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kɾam</td> <td>elbow, joint</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kɾan</td> <td>ant species</td> <td>formiga-<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/sa%C3%BAva" class="extiw" title="pt:saúva">saúva</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Atta_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atta (genus)">Atta</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kɾik</td> <td>to see, to observe, to look</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kɾom</td> <td>to enter, inside</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kuk</td> <td>to pull, to drag</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kun<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>tree species</td> <td>árvore-cachimbeira, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/jequitib%C3%A1-vermelho" class="extiw" title="pt:jequitibá-vermelho">jequitibá-vermelho</a>; sal</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cariniana_rubra" title="Cariniana rubra">Cariniana rubra</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kunu:</td> <td>to stink, bad smell</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*kut</td> <td>to pick, to catch</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*k<sup>w</sup>aɾaʔ</td> <td>common <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillo</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ma(w)</td> <td>to go</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mad<sup>z</sup>an</td> <td>kind of yam</td> <td>batata-cará</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*makiʔ</td> <td>to come, to arrive</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*manaʔ</td> <td>anger, brave</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mapak</td> <td>corn</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mapaw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>club, baton</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mapom</td> <td>fat, grease</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*map<sup>w</sup>ip</td> <td>kind of small bow</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*maɾam</td> <td>to paint, to write</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mawi:</td> <td>to steal, thief</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mawin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annatto" title="Annatto">annatto</a> (tree species), wood for making fire</td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bixa_orellana" title="Bixa orellana">Bixa orellana</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mekuʔ</td> <td>crab</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mem</td> <td>red, ripe</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mikop</td> <td>paca</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mit<sup>ʃ</sup>em</td> <td>black</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mo:</td> <td>to run</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mokon</td> <td>rope, cord, string, thread</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mom</td> <td>to swell because of illness, to have a tumor</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*moɾoʔ</td> <td>flour</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mowaw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>tucumã palm larva</td> <td>broca do <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/tucum%C3%A3" class="extiw" title="pt:tucumã">tucumã</a></td> <td>larva of <i><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Astrocaryum aculeatum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mowin</td> <td>pus, infection, tumour</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*muɾin<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>swallow</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*m<sup>w</sup>ijak</td> <td>wild hog</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*n(e/o)n</td> <td>to whistle with help from the hand</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*nak</td> <td>to smell, to sniff</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*naɾan</td> <td>pitch/tar (of jatobá tree); light</td> <td>breu (de <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/jatob%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="pt:jatobá">jatobá</a>); luz</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hymenaea_courbaril" title="Hymenaea courbaril">Hymenaea courbaril</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*natan</td> <td>face, front</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*nok</td> <td>to hate, to reject</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*nok</td> <td>to suckle</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*nopon</td> <td>tree species</td> <td>árvore-<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ita%C3%BAba" class="extiw" title="pt:itaúba">itaúba</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mezilaurus_itauba" title="Mezilaurus itauba">Mezilaurus itauba</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pa:</td> <td>to beat, to slap</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pad<sup>z</sup>aw</td> <td>pubic hair</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pakaʔ</td> <td>red, ripe</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pana:</td> <td>tree (generic), wood, log</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*papat</td> <td>bamboo species, kind of arrow, bomboo knife</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/taquara" class="extiw" title="pt:taquara">taquara</a> (esp.); flecha (esp.); faca de bambu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*papop</td> <td>wind</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*paɾV:</td> <td>bow (generic)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*patiʔ</td> <td>animal (generic), fish</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*paw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>to tie (up)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*paʔ</td> <td>to kill, to hunt, to beat to death</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pijeʔ</td> <td>newborn child</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pikot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giant_armadillo" title="Giant armadillo">giant armadillo</a></td> <td>tatu gigante</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pipon</td> <td>bird species</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/cujubi" class="extiw" title="pt:cujubi">cujubim</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pipile_cujubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipile cujubi">Pipile cujubi</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*piɾam<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>squirrel</td> <td>quoati-puru, esquilo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pit<sup>ʃ</sup>ak</td> <td>to scratch, to itch</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pit<sup>ʃ</sup>i:</td> <td>horn</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*piwan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantula</a></td> <td>aranha caranguejeira</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*piʔ</td> <td>to dance</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pok</td> <td>thigh, upper leg</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pon</td> <td>to fart</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pot</td> <td>to pull out</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pot</td> <td>to get, to tear, to extract</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pot<sup>ʃ</sup></td> <td>to cook; to spit</td> <td>cozinhar; cuspir</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*poʔ</td> <td>to wake up, to rouse</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pɾin</td> <td>parakeet</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pɾu:</td> <td>to kill, to hit a target with an arrow</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*pu:</td> <td>to blow, to light a fire</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*puɾek</td> <td>to miss the target with an arrow</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>e:</td> <td>to sit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>ikun</td> <td>stone, rock</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>in</td> <td>to leave behind</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>iɾan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">boa</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>it</td> <td>to break, to cut, to extract, to unrip</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>iti:</td> <td>large <a href="/wiki/Horse-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-fly">horsefly</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>it<sup>s</sup>i:</td> <td>palm species</td> <td>palmeira-totai</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Acrocomia_aculeata" title="Acrocomia aculeata">Acrocomia aculeata</a></i> subsp. <i>totai</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>it<sup>s</sup>op</td> <td>porcupine, hedgehog</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*p<sup>w</sup>iw</td> <td>flower</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ɾi:(tan)</td> <td>banana (generic)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tajin</td> <td>charcoal</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*takat</td> <td>wax (honey, ear, for arrow, etc.)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*takaw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>kind of fish</td> <td>peixe-cará</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Geophagus_brasiliensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophagus brasiliensis">Geophagus brasiliensis</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*takiʔ</td> <td>to fly, to leave flying</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tan</td> <td>leaf, one</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tapan</td> <td>monkey species</td> <td>macaco-<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/saguim" class="extiw" title="pt:saguim">saguim</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Callithrix_jacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Callithrix jacchus">Callithrix jacchus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tapiw</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agouti</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tapot</td> <td>straw, cover/roofing of house</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tata:</td> <td>father (1SG.POSS)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tataw</td> <td>rope made of tree fibers; horn</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/envira" class="extiw" title="pt:envira">envira</a> (esp.); chifre</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tat<sup>s</sup>am</td> <td>to laugh, to smile</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tat<sup>ʃ</sup>iʔ</td> <td>husband</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tawan</td> <td>lazy, sulky, disobedient</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tawi:</td> <td>bee (generic), honey</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tawit</td> <td>fence, surrounded</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*taʔ</td> <td>to cut</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tikat</td> <td>to finish</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tim</td> <td>heart</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tipan</td> <td>arm</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tipat</td> <td>wing</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tipoʔ</td> <td>to follow a trail</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*titim<sup>ʔ</sup>/*tiɾim<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>to lie down</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tok</td> <td>to drink</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tok</td> <td>eye, grain, seed, stone</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*toke:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tom</td> <td>to burn, black</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tomiʔ</td> <td>to say, to speak</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ton</td> <td>to knock down fruits by beating the tree</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*top</td> <td>to explode, to break corn</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*topak</td> <td>mouth, lips, to speak</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*topan</td> <td>skin, peel, bark</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*topop</td> <td>basket (generic)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*toɾo:</td> <td>to swell, to ferment, to cause swelling</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tot<sup>ʃ</sup>am</td> <td>clay</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tot<sup>ʃ</sup>ik</td> <td>bee species, honey</td> <td>abelha-lambeolho; seu mel</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Leurotrigona_muelleri" title="Leurotrigona muelleri">Leurotrigona muelleri</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*towa:</td> <td>turtle, tortoise; rubber cylinder (?)</td> <td>tartaruga, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/tracaja" class="extiw" title="pt:tracaja">tracaja</a>, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/jabuti" class="extiw" title="pt:jabuti">jabuti</a>; tambor de caucho</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*towan</td> <td>kind of fruit</td> <td>fruta-murisi</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Byrsonima_crassifolia" title="Byrsonima crassifolia">Byrsonima crassifolia</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*towaʔ</td> <td>white, bright color, daybreak/dawn</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*towin</td> <td>parrot species</td> <td>papagaio-curica</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*toʔ</td> <td>to beat, to open, to crack, to cut</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾakom</td> <td>bamboo, taboca (bamboo species)</td> <td>bambu; <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/taboca" class="extiw" title="pt:taboca">taboca</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Guadua_weberbaueri" title="Guadua weberbaueri">Guadua weberbaueri</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾakop</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermented_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented drink">fermented drink</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾamaʔ</td> <td>man</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾam<sup>w</sup>in</td> <td>red macaw</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾan tɾan</td> <td>guan bird</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/jacu" class="extiw" title="pt:jacu">jacu</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾapo:</td> <td>white hair</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾawan</td> <td>liver; palm species, fish species</td> <td>fígado; palmeira-patua; patua; surubim</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pimelodidae" title="Pimelodidae">Pimelodidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾik</td> <td>coal, ember</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tɾot</td> <td>aricuri palm leaf</td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Syagrus_coronata" title="Syagrus coronata">Syagrus coronata</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>ak</td> <td>to suck on a fruit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>ek</td> <td>day</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>ijat</td> <td>net</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>ik</td> <td>one</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>ikin<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>nail, claw; traíra (fish species)</td> <td>unha, garra; <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/tra%C3%ADra" class="extiw" title="pt:traíra">traíra</a> (peixe)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erythrinidae" title="Erythrinidae">Erythrinidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>in</td> <td>to throw</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>itot</td> <td>country, to plant</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>iw</td> <td>(to be) cold</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>ok</td> <td>to suck "noisily", to make a "sucking" sound</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>om</td> <td>to step; to insist</td> <td>pisar, bater o pé</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>opin</td> <td>to spit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>oraw</td> <td>swallow</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>owiʔ</td> <td>rain, winter</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*t<sup>ʃ</sup>up</td> <td>to kiss "noisily"</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tun</td> <td>hair, coat</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*tut</td> <td>to walk</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wak</td> <td>to add, to pile up</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*waki:</td> <td>toad species</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wan</td> <td>to copulate, to have sex</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wana:</td> <td>way, path, road</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*waɲam</td> <td>Indian of enemy tribe</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*waɾak</td> <td>sap, sperm, vaginal secretion</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*watam</td> <td>kind of fruit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wat<sup>ʃ</sup>ik</td> <td>common opossum</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/mucura" class="extiw" title="pt:mucura">mucura</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Didelphis_marsupialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Didelphis marsupialis">Didelphis marsupialis</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wet</td> <td>to marry</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*weʔ</td> <td>to vomit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wijak</td> <td>to scrape with a knife</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wijam</td> <td>small</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wina:</td> <td>to raise an animal, to tame/domesticate</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wina:</td> <td>grandson</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*winim<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>to wait, to except</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wit<sup>ʃ</sup>iʔ</td> <td>to roast on coal/ember</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔajiʔ</td> <td>older brother</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔaka:</td> <td>to sing (of bird), to cackle, to cry</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔakom</td> <td>water; river; rain</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔakop</td> <td>manioc, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔam</td> <td>edge, margin</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔamiʔ</td> <td>to give</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔamon</td> <td>excrements, feces, intestines, belly</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔam<sup>w</sup>i:</td> <td>very, much</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔaɲ</td> <td>to cry</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔanin</td> <td>younger sister</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapa:</td> <td>palm species</td> <td>palmeira-<a href="/wiki/Marayau" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayau">marayau</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bactris_major" title="Bactris major">Bactris major</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapam</td> <td>shoulder</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapan</td> <td>kind of fruit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapaʔ</td> <td>maternal grandmother</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapi:</td> <td>thorn, needle, hook</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapi:</td> <td>father-in-law</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapiʔ</td> <td>to finish</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapo:</td> <td>uncle (aunt's husband)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔapop</td> <td>caiman</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/jacar%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="pt:jacaré">jacaré</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔatat</td> <td>bone, leg</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔataw/*ʔaɾaw</td> <td>back, shoulders</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔatin</td> <td>younger brother</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔatɾim</td> <td>house, traditional village (<a href="/wiki/Maloca" title="Maloca">maloca</a>)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔat<sup>ʃ</sup>aʔ</td> <td>younger sibling</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔat<sup>ʃ</sup>em</td> <td>to sneeze</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔaw</td> <td>to spill liquid, to bleed, to leak, to drain, to drip</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawan</td> <td>bitter</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawan</td> <td>tree species with venomous bark</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawan</td> <td>pig, hog, <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawi:</td> <td>good, beautiful, tasty</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawik</td> <td>blood</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawin</td> <td>sky, height, to charge upwards</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawom</td> <td>cotton; clothes; dove/pigeon species</td> <td>algodão; roupa; pomba (esp.)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔawum</td> <td>2SG</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔenem</td> <td>brother-in-law (sister's husband)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔep</td> <td>pillar, to grind with a stone</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔeɾum</td> <td>trumpeter (bird species)</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/jacamim" class="extiw" title="pt:jacamim">jacamim</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Psophia" title="Psophia">Psophia</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔew</td> <td>burn</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔewu:</td> <td>toucan</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔih<sup>w</sup>am</td> <td>fish (generic)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔijat</td> <td>tooth, beak</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔijaʔ</td> <td>vessel made of palm</td> <td>vasilha feita de cacho de palmeira</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔijew<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>paternal grandfather</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiji:</td> <td>palm species</td> <td>palmeira-<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/bacaba" class="extiw" title="pt:bacaba">bacaba</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Oenocarpus_bacaba" title="Oenocarpus bacaba">Oenocarpus bacaba</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔijin<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>fear, to fear</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔijoʔ</td> <td>to put out, to erase</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔikan</td> <td>kind of mosquito</td> <td>mosquito-catoqui</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔikat</td> <td>medicine man, sorcerer</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔikat</td> <td>to break</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔikim</td> <td>chest, thorax</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔikit</td> <td>knife, iron instrument</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiman</td> <td>hole, vagina</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔimiʔ</td> <td>kind of mosquito or fly</td> <td>pium, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/borrachudo" class="extiw" title="pt:borrachudo">borrachudo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simuliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Simuliidae">Simuliidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔim<sup>w</sup>in<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>tapir</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔim<sup>w</sup>iʔ</td> <td>to die, dead</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔinam<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>pregnant</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔinaw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>bat</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔinaʔ</td> <td>mother</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔipa:</td> <td>to open (eyes, door)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔipan</td> <td>to fall, to be born</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔipik</td> <td>latex, rubber</td> <td>seringa; borracha</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔip<sup>w</sup>ik</td> <td>anteater species</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/tamandu%C3%A1-mirim" class="extiw" title="pt:tamanduá-mirim">tamanduá-mirim</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tamandua_tetradactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamandua tetradactyla">Tamandua tetradactyla</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiɾam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_palm" title="Açaí palm">açaí palm</a></td> <td>palmeira-açai</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiɾiʔ</td> <td>(to be) right, truth</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔit</td> <td>body</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔitak</td> <td>to swallow</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔitaʔ/*ʔiɾaʔ</td> <td>to urinate</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔite:</td> <td>father (1SG.POSS)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔit<sup>ʃ</sup>e:</td> <td>fire, firewood</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔit<sup>s</sup>im</td> <td>night</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔit<sup>ʃ</sup>in</td> <td>centipede, millipede</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>louse</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiwan</td> <td>to get home</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiwi:</td> <td>mat</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔiwiʔ</td> <td>smoke</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔod<sup>z</sup>ip</td> <td>palm species</td> <td>palmeira-<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/inaj%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="pt:inajá">najá</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Attalea_maripa" title="Attalea maripa">Attalea maripa</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔojam</td> <td>spirit, soul of a corpse</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔojop</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacu" title="Pacu">pacu</a> (fish species)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔokin</td> <td>scorpion</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔokon</td> <td>palm species</td> <td>palmeira-real / <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/buriti" class="extiw" title="pt:buriti">buriti</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_flexuosa" title="Mauritia flexuosa">Mauritia flexuosa</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔomaʔ</td> <td>to live, to have, to exist</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔomi:</td> <td>scrubland, bush, firm land</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔon</td> <td>to whistle without help from the hand</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔonaɲ</td> <td>palm species</td> <td>palmeira-buruburu</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Astrocaryum murumuru</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔonok</td> <td>navel, belly button</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔop</td> <td>to dance</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔopaʔ</td> <td>bagre (fish species)</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/bagre" class="extiw" title="pt:bagre">bagre</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔopi:</td> <td>woodworm/beetle species</td> <td>caruncho rola-bosta; besouro (esp.)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔopot</td> <td>kind of liana used for binding</td> <td>cipó-ambé, usado para amarrar</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔoɾam</td> <td>cheek</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔoraw<sup>ʔ</sup></td> <td>mushroom species</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔoro:</td> <td>people of, clan of, kind of</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔoɾom</td> <td>gourd, calabash</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔoɾot</td> <td>to break out (2nd permanent tooth of a child)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔotin</td> <td>curassow (bird species)</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/mutum" class="extiw" title="pt:mutum">mutum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔoto:</td> <td>gourd, calabash</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔot<sup>s</sup>iw</td> <td>monkey species</td> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/macaco-de-cheiro" class="extiw" title="pt:macaco-de-cheiro">macaco-de-cheiro</a> amarelo</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Saimiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saimiri">Saimiri</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔowam</td> <td>kind of fish</td> <td>peixe-jeju</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hoplerythrinus_unitaeniatus" title="Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus">Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔowit</td> <td>wart</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔoβi:</td> <td>anum (bird species)</td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Crotophaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotophaga">Crotophaga</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔukun</td> <td>flesh (of the body), body</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔum</td> <td>hand</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔum<sup>w</sup>e:</td> <td>bird (generic)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔup<sup>w</sup>ek</td> <td>head</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔup<sup>w</sup>eɲ</td> <td>to sleep</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔuɾin</td> <td>ant species</td> <td>formiga-da-castanha</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔutuɾ</td> <td>nose</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔutut</td> <td>urine</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔuwe:</td> <td>older sister</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔuwew</td> <td>paternal grandmother</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔuwit</td> <td>name</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ʔuʔ</td> <td>ant species</td> <td>formiga-saraça</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Chapacuran_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Chapacuran reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Chapacuran reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman-1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman-1990_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaufman,_Terrence1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Kaufman, Terrence</a> (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In David L. Payne (ed.). <i>Amazonian Linguistics</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+History+in+South+America%3A+What+we+know+and+how+to+know+more&rft.btitle=Amazonian+Linguistics&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapacuran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angenot-1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Angenot-1997_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angenot, Geralda de Lima (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicos.unir.br/index.php/linguaviva/article/view/714">Fonotática e Fonologia do Lexema Protochapacura</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205184918/https://www.periodicos.unir.br/index.php/linguaviva/article/view/714">Archived</a> 2021-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Dissertação do Mestrado, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Federal_de_Rond%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Federal de Rondônia">Universidade Federal de Rondônia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birchall, Joshua and Dunn, Michael and Greenhill, Simon (2013) <i>An internal classification of the Chapacuran language family.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkeHaspelmathBank2020" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chap1271">"Chapacuran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> 4.3</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog+4.3&rft.atitle=Chapacuran&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fchap1271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapacuran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birchall-Dunn-2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birchall-Dunn-2016_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchallDunnGreenhill2016" class="citation journal cs1">Birchall, Joshua; Dunn, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Simon_J._Greenhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon J. Greenhill">Greenhill, Simon J.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2066/166431">"A Combined Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chapacuran Language Family"</a>. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>82</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F687383">10.1086/687383</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F166431">2066/166431</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071">0020-7071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Combined+Comparative+and+Phylogenetic+Analysis+of+the+Chapacuran+Language+Family&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E284&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F166431&rft.issn=0020-7071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F687383&rft.aulast=Birchall&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Michael&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2066%2F166431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapacuran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolkesky2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica"><i>Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</i></a> (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Estudo+arqueo-ecolingu%C3%ADstico+das+terras+tropicais+sul-americanas&rft.inst=University+of+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jolkesky&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+Pinho+de+Valhery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Ftese%3Ajolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapacuran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapacuran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiACL-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiACL_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Language/Details/34000">"Proto-Chapacuran"</a>. <i>Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diachronic+Atlas+of+Comparative+Linguistics+%28DiACL%29&rft.atitle=Proto-Chapacuran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiacl.ht.lu.se%2FLanguage%2FDetails%2F34000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChapacuran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angenot de Lima, Geralda (1997). <i>Fonotática e Fonologia do Lexema Protochapacura</i>. Master's dissertation, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Federal_de_Rond%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Federal de Rondônia">Universidade Federal de Rondônia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jirau</i> is a kind of indigenous frame for grilling meat or fish.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chapacuran_languages81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chapacuran_languages" title="Template:Chapacuran languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chapacuran_languages" title="Template talk:Chapacuran languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chapacuran_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chapacuran languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chapacuran_languages81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chapacuran languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chapacura_language" title="Chapacura language">Chapacura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quitemo_language" title="Quitemo language">Quitemo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tor%C3%A1_language" title="Torá language">Torá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumana_language" title="Cumana language">Cumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Itene</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urupa_language" title="Urupa language">Urupa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanyam_language" title="Wanyam language">Wanham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Wariʼ</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napeca_language" title="Napeca language">Napeca</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocorona_language" title="Rocorona language">Rocorona</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families757" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allentiac_language" title="Allentiac language">Allentiac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millcayac_language" title="Millcayac language">Millcayac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comechingon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comechingon language">Comechingon</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos" title="Template:Jesuit Missions of Moxos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos" title="Template talk:Jesuit Missions of Moxos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuit Missions of Moxos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos" title="Jesuit Missions of Moxos">Jesuit Missions of Moxos</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Beni" title="Loreto, Beni">Loreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad, Bolivia">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio_de_Moxos" title="San Ignacio de Moxos">San Ignacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Javier,_Cercado" class="mw-redirect" title="San Javier, Cercado">San Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Borja,_Bolivia" title="San Borja, Bolivia">San Borja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reyes,_Bolivia" title="Reyes, Bolivia">Santos Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltaci%C3%B3n,_Mamore" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltación, Mamore">Exaltación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaqu%C3%ADn,_Bolivia" title="San Joaquín, Bolivia">San Joaquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_del_Yacuma" title="Santa Ana del Yacuma">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena,_Beni" title="Magdalena, Beni">Santa Magdalena</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_-_San_Ignacio_de_Moxos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iglesia_-_San_Ignacio_de_Moxos.jpg/75px-Iglesia_-_San_Ignacio_de_Moxos.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iglesia_-_San_Ignacio_de_Moxos.jpg/113px-Iglesia_-_San_Ignacio_de_Moxos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iglesia_-_San_Ignacio_de_Moxos.jpg/150px-Iglesia_-_San_Ignacio_de_Moxos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2464" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moje%C3%B1os" title="Mojeños">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baure_people" title="Baure people">Baure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canichana_people" title="Canichana people">Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_people" title="Movima people">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuvava_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuvava people">Cayuvava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_people" title="Itonama people">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiman%C3%A9" title="Tsimané">Tsimané</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moxo_languages" title="Moxo languages">Moxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baure_language" title="Baure language">Baure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Tsimané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reyesano_language" title="Reyesano language">Reyesano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chapacuran35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chapacuran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Itene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacura_language" title="Chapacura language">Chapacura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napeca_language" title="Napeca language">Napeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocorona_language" title="Rocorona language">Rocorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitemo_language" title="Quitemo language">Quitemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beni_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni savanna">Beni savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&oldid=1265564715">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&oldid=1265564715</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chapacuran_languages" title="Category:Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_families" title="Category:Language families">Language families</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_Western_Amazonia" title="Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia">Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Category:Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Languages of Bolivia">Languages of Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Category:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 December 2024, at 14:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapacuran_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chapacuran languages</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>13 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-pvvgw","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.794","walltime":"0.929","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2436,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":171557,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1448,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":89387,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 614.369 1 -total"," 29.11% 178.824 10 Template:Clade"," 28.59% 175.664 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.16% 117.721 7 Template:Navbox"," 18.63% 114.442 2 Template:Cite_book"," 13.68% 84.038 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 13.63% 83.730 2 Template:Infobox"," 13.04% 80.104 1 Template:Chapacuran_languages"," 10.73% 65.948 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.46% 39.666 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.375","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5709188,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-jtmwr","timestamp":"20250216005515","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chapacuran languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chapacuran_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1062626","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1062626","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-16T01:22:08Z","dateModified":"2024-12-27T14:48:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/Chapakuran_languages.png","headline":"language family"}</script> </body> </html>