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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های جنوب آسیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های جنوب آسیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ദക്ഷിണേഷ്യയിലെ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണേഷ്യയിലെ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="दक्षिण एसियाका भाषाहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिण एसियाका भाषाहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ ਦੀਆਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ ਦੀਆਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جنوبی ایشیا دیاں بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی ایشیا دیاں بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Languages of South Asia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தெற்காசிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்காசிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Languages of the Indian subcontinent" redirects here. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Languages+of+South+Asia%22">"Languages of South Asia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Languages+of+South+Asia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Languages+of+South+Asia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Languages+of+South+Asia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Languages+of+South+Asia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Languages+of+South+Asia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Language_Families.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/220px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/330px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/440px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Map of language families in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> is home to several hundred languages, spanning the countries of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. It is home to the fourth most spoken language in the world, <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi–Urdu">Hindi–Urdu</a>; and the sixth most spoken language, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. Languages like <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> have official/national status in more than one country of this region. The languages in the region mostly comprise <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> languages, and further members of other language families like <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/States_of_South_Asia_by_language.png/270px-States_of_South_Asia_by_language.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/States_of_South_Asia_by_language.png/405px-States_of_South_Asia_by_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/States_of_South_Asia_by_language.png/540px-States_of_South_Asia_by_language.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1360" usemap="#ImageMap_d1671dd7b63e0056" resource="/wiki/File:States_of_South_Asia_by_language.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_d1671dd7b63e0056"><area href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan#UN_Regions" shape="rect" coords="6,14,71,46" alt="Provinces of Afghanistan#UN Regions" title="Provinces of Afghanistan#UN Regions" /><area href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" shape="rect" coords="2,26,87,61" alt="Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan" /><area href="/wiki/Sindh" shape="rect" coords="37,88,66,118" alt="Sindh" title="Sindh" /><area href="/wiki/Gujarat" shape="rect" coords="43,119,91,140" alt="Gujarat" title="Gujarat" /><area href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" shape="rect" coords="18,64,55,101" alt="Balochistan, Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan" /><area href="/wiki/Punjab" shape="rect" coords="75,54,104,87" alt="Punjab" title="Punjab" /><area href="/wiki/Hindi_belt" shape="rect" coords="90,51,135,114" alt="Hindi belt" title="Hindi belt" /><area href="/wiki/Hindi_belt" shape="rect" coords="64,97,181,145" alt="Hindi belt" title="Hindi belt" /><area href="/wiki/Kashmir" shape="rect" coords="87,10,143,51" alt="Kashmir" title="Kashmir" /><area href="/wiki/Bhutan" shape="rect" coords="197,69,216,103" alt="Bhutan" title="Bhutan" /><area href="/wiki/Nepal" shape="rect" coords="135,77,185,101" alt="Nepal" title="Nepal" /><area href="/wiki/Bengal" shape="rect" coords="181,109,215,138" alt="Bengal" title="Bengal" /><area href="/wiki/Northeast_India" shape="rect" coords="198,72,252,129" alt="Northeast India" title="Northeast India" /><area href="/wiki/Telugu_states" shape="rect" coords="111,162,149,215" alt="Telugu states" title="Telugu states" /><area href="/wiki/Maharashtra" shape="rect" coords="83,139,133,170" alt="Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra" /><area href="/wiki/Odisha" shape="rect" coords="153,133,197,171" alt="Odisha" title="Odisha" /><area href="/wiki/Karnataka" shape="rect" coords="93,167,111,221" alt="Karnataka" title="Karnataka" /><area href="/wiki/Kerala" shape="rect" coords="87,221,111,278" alt="Kerala" title="Kerala" /><area href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" shape="rect" coords="111,215,132,234" alt="Tamil Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu" /><area href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" shape="rect" coords="133,230,153,246" alt="Sri Lankan Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils" /><area href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" shape="rect" coords="131,246,157,306" alt="Sinhalese people" title="Sinhalese people" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of the official language or lingua franca spoken in each state/province of South Asia excluding the Maldives. Indo-Aryan languages are in green, Iranic languages in dark green, Dravidian languages in purple, Tibeto-Burman languages in red, and Turkic languages in orange.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Geolinguistically</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> language groups are predominantly distributed across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The subcontinent is also home to a few <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolates</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">Areally</a>, the influence of the languages extend beyond the subcontinent into other neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Southern_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Asian">Southern Asian</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> Asian regions, and the extended linguistic area is known as <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>. More precisely, the <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a> of Indic languages and other geopolitically-neighboring languages is known as <b>South Asian languages</b> (which additionally includes <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern-Iranic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> languages, as well as <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Western</a>- Tibeto-Burman <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkages</a>). The term <b><a href="/wiki/Indic_languages" class="mw-disambig" title="Indic languages">Indic languages</a></b> is also used to refer to these languages,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it may be narrowed to refer only to Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a> located west to the subcontinent is home to <a href="/wiki/Iranic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic languages">Iranic languages</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a>, spoken in Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> in the eastern-side of the plateau. <a href="/wiki/Kafiri_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafiri languages">Kafiri languages</a> are spoken in pockets at the northern intersection of the plateau and the subcontinent. <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Trans-Himalayan family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–Palaungic languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic family">Austroasiatic family</a> are spoken in and beyond the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Burman_Ranges" title="Indo-Burman Ranges">Indo-Burman Ranges</a>, predominantly on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese languages</a> are spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lingua_francas">Lingua francas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lingua francas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(linguistics)" title="Sanskritisation (linguistics)">Sanskritisation (linguistics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Englishisation#South_Asia" title="Englishisation">Englishisation § South Asia</a></div> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> was the lingua franca of South Asia. In the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Muslim_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Muslim period">Indo-Muslim period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> became a connecting language throughout much of India and the <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate world</a> in general, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">influencing local languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the colonial era onwards, English became a lingua franca to some extent, aiding those who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> for example. </p><p>In contemporary times, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">English</a> is considered the international lingua franca of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian countries</a>. Since the colonial era, the South Asian languages have absorbed significant influences from the English language,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the most-spoken South Asian language <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> also acquiring a new <a href="/wiki/Englishization" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishization">English-influenced</a> variant known as <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is spoken more in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a subregional level, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> was a language of high culture in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in precolonial times,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in modern times, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> function as major transnational languages connecting the northwestern and eastern regions of India to Pakistan and Bangladesh respectively (see also <a href="/wiki/Punjabiyat" title="Punjabiyat">Punjabiyat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></div> <p>The official languages of Afghanistan are <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> (Farsi), both of which are <a href="/wiki/Iranic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic languages">Iranic languages</a>. Dari, an Afghan <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">standardised register</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, is considered the lingua franca of Afghanistan and used to write Afghan literature. <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> is spoken by people closer to <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, although officially, is regarded to be the same as Dari. Pashto is widely spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> people, who mainly reside towards the south of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> on the Pakistani-Afghan border. A few <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, are spoken near regions closer to <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Standard Bengali</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Rarhi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarhi dialect">Rarhi dialect</a> is the national language of Bangladesh. The majority of Bangladeshis speak an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengali" title="Eastern Bengali">eastern variant</a> of Bengali.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other native languages of Bangladesh include <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a>, while some ethnic minority groups also speak <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austro-Asiatic</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Kingdom of Bhutan</a>. Other languages spoken include <a href="/wiki/Brokpa" title="Brokpa">Brokpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzala">Dzala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a> <a href="/wiki/Chocangacakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangacakha">Chocangacakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakpa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakpa language">Dakpa language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khengkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khengkha language">Khengkha language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gongduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongduk">Gongduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyenkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyenkha">Nyenkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhokpu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhokpu">Lhokpu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Takpa">Takpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tshangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshangla">Tshangla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all the languages of Bhutan are from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic family</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, an Indo-Aryan language). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div> <p>Most languages spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> belong either to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 74%</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> (c. 24%), the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a>) (c. 1.2%), or the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> (c. 0.6%) families, with some languages of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> still unclassified. The <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a> Ethnologue lists 461 living languages for the Indian Republic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> is the most widespread language of India. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian census">Indian census</a> takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as the broad variety of the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Hindi languages</a>. The native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> so defined account for 39% of Indians. <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> is the second most spoken language of South Asia, found in both Bangladesh and Indian states of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> to commemorate the Bengali language.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable languages include <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei (Manipuri)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>. </p><p>Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are the "<a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India#Scheduled_languages_of_the_Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled languages of the Constitution</a>". </p><p>Scheduled languages spoken by less than 1% of Indians are <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> (0.64%), <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei (Manipuri)</a> (0.14%), <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a> (0.13%), <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a> (0.01%, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>). The largest language that is not "scheduled" is <a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a> (0.95%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a> (0.27%), <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> (0.17%) and <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a> (0.099%) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maldives">Maldives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maldives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maldives#Languages" title="Maldives">Languages of Maldives</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Divehi</a> is national language of <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, spoken by 95% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is considered as the religious language, and English is medium of instruction for education and international purposes such as tourism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages of Nepal</a></div> <p>Most of the languages of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> either fall under <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>. The official language of the country is <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, earlier known as Gorkhali in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>, which is part of the Indo-Aryan group and is the spoken by majority of the population. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> spoken in Nepal include <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tharu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharu language">Tharu language</a> which constitutes majority of the speakers in southern Nepal in the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa language</a> and are often spoken in central and northern Nepal in the hilly and mountainous regions.<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is a linguistically diverse country; it has many dozens of languages spoken as first languages.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major languages of Pakistan broadly fall under the category <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, with western regions of Pakistan (close to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and Afghanistan) speaking <a href="/wiki/Iranic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic languages">Iranic languages</a>, and eastern regions (close to India) speaking <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> approximately dividing the families). </p><p>Other language families in Pakistan include <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> spoken in Central <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a> spoken in the north-east (In <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> region of Pakistan), <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kamkata-vari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamkata-vari language">Kamkata-vari</a> spoken in the north-west (In <a href="/wiki/Chitral_Kalasha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitral Kalasha language">chitral</a> region of Pakistan), <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language Isolate</a> <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> spoken in the north (In <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Division" title="Gilgit Division">Gilgit Division</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> are also spoken in Pakistan, by <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> migrant families in the North and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and by Refugees from <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghanistan</a> and China.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national uniting medium of Pakistan is <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, a persianised register of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>. The major native languages of Pakistan are <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchi language">Baluchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, while more than 70 other languages like <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. are also spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> are the official languages of Sri Lanka, with <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">English</a> as the link language. Tamil is a South-Dravidian language, and Sinhala belongs to the Insular Indic family (along with <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a> of Maldives). <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a> is said to be the indigenous language of Sri Lanka before the arrival of the Indo-Aryans and Dravidians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Languages with official status in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">List of languages by number of native speakers in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives#Languages" title="Maldives">Languages of Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsVerma2007" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, Mike; Verma, Mahendra (2007), Britain, David (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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for Greek and Roman Studies</i> (6): 51–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yavanika%3A+Journal+of+the+Indian+Society+for+Greek+and+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Indic+Language+Families+and+Indo-European&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=51-64&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kak&rft.aufirst=Subhash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F250291466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2020" class="citation web cs1">Eaton, Richard M. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58235-0"><bdi>978-1-316-58235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+around+the+World%3A+Sociolinguistic+Perspectives&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991-04-26&rft.isbn=978-1-316-58235-0&rft.aulast=Cheshire&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cPLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauchCarr2018" class="citation book cs1">Rauch, Irmengard; Carr, Gerald F. 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081566-5"><bdi>978-3-11-081566-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Method%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Herbert+Penzl&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081566-5&rft.aulast=Rauch&rft.aufirst=Irmengard&rft.au=Carr%2C+Gerald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZRsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesSeawright2014" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Amy; Seawright, Leslie (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=txxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6761-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6761-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-6761-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Global%3A+Transnational+Perspectives+on+Globalization%2C+Language%2C+and+Education&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6761-0&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Seawright%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtxxQBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru1986" class="citation book cs1">Kachru, Braj B. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgEEptNmwEwC&pg=PP59"><i>The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06172-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06172-1"><bdi>978-0-252-06172-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemy+of+English%3A+The+Spread%2C+Functions%2C+and+Models+of+Non-native+Englishes&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06172-1&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Braj+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgEEptNmwEwC%26pg%3DPP59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKothariSnell2011" class="citation book cs1">Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4tmwFFhoAEC&pg=PA37"><i>Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341639-5"><bdi>978-0-14-341639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chutnefying+English%3A+The+Phenomenon+of+Hinglish&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341639-5&rft.aulast=Kothari&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Snell%2C+Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4tmwFFhoAEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article-abstract/29/2/97/78965/Hindi-Hinglish-Head-to-Head">"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head"</a>. <i>read.dukeupress.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=read.dukeupress.edu&rft.atitle=Hindi%2C+Hinglish%3A+Head+to+Head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fworld-policy-journal%2Farticle-abstract%2F29%2F2%2F97%2F78965%2FHindi-Hinglish-Head-to-Head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salwathura, A. N. 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Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanita2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs/2">"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti"</a>. <i>International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter</i> (50): 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Asian+Studies+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Eloquent+Parrots%3B+Mixed+Language+and+the+Examples+of+Hinglish+and+Rekhti&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.aulast=Vanita&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umt.edu%2Flibstudies_pubs%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1985" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/itl.70.02sin">"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact"</a>. <i>ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 33–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fitl.70.02sin">10.1075/itl.70.02sin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-0829">0019-0829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITL+-+International+Journal+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Modern+Hindustani+and+Formal+and+Social+Aspects+of+Language+Contact&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-60&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fitl.70.02sin&rft.issn=0019-0829&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Fitl.70.02sin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParshadBhowmickChandKumari2016" class="citation journal cs1">Parshad, Rana D.; Bhowmick, Suman; Chand, Vineeta; Kumari, Nitu; Sinha, Neha (1 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437116000236">"What is India speaking? Exploring the "Hinglish" invasion"</a>. <i>Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications</i>. <b>449</b>: 375–389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhyA..449..375P">2016PhyA..449..375P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physa.2016.01.015">10.1016/j.physa.2016.01.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-4371">0378-4371</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59247503">59247503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+A%3A+Statistical+Mechanics+and+Its+Applications&rft.atitle=What+is+India+speaking%3F+Exploring+the+%22Hinglish%22+invasion&rft.volume=449&rft.pages=375-389&rft.date=2016-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physa.2016.01.015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59247503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0378-4371&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PhyA..449..375P&rft.aulast=Parshad&rft.aufirst=Rana+D.&rft.au=Bhowmick%2C+Suman&rft.au=Chand%2C+Vineeta&rft.au=Kumari%2C+Nitu&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Neha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0378437116000236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterbottom2016" class="citation book cs1">Winterbottom, Anna (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3wYDAAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+high+culture&pg=PA120"><i>Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World</i></a>. Springer. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38020-3"><bdi>978-1-137-38020-3</bdi></a>. <q>Telugu had become the language of high culture in southern India during the medieval period, and by the seventeenth century its status rivalled that of Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hybrid+Knowledge+in+the+Early+East+India+Company+World&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38020-3&rft.aulast=Winterbottom&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3wYDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtelugu%2Bhigh%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stoler_Miller" title="Barbara Stoler Miller">Miller, Barbara Stoler</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3_WAAAAMAAJ&q=Telugu+language+of+high+culture"><i>The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562842-5"><bdi>978-0-19-562842-5</bdi></a>. <q>In Tyagaraja's time, Telugu was the language of high culture even in Tanjore, the heartland of the Tamil linguistic area.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Powers+of+Art%3A+Patronage+in+Indian+Culture&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562842-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Stoler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3_WAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTelugu%2Blanguage%2Bof%2Bhigh%2Bculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Tamils</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0686-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-0686-0</bdi></a>. <q>In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALUvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGera_Roy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gera Roy, Anjali (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19438192.2014.934053">"Imagining Punjab and the Punjabi diaspora: after more than a century of Punjabi migration"</a>. <i>South Asian Diaspora</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 137–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19438192.2014.934053">10.1080/19438192.2014.934053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-8192">1943-8192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Diaspora&rft.atitle=Imagining+Punjab+and+the+Punjabi+diaspora%3A+after+more+than+a+century+of+Punjabi+migration&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-140&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19438192.2014.934053&rft.issn=1943-8192&rft.aulast=Gera+Roy&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F19438192.2014.934053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=461062">"Bangla becoming a global language -"</a>. <i>The Daily Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Five+million+illegal+immigrants+residing+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F322325%2Ffive-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020615144043/http://www.ciil.org/languages/map4.html">"Indian Language Family"</a>. <i>Central Institute of Indian Languages</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciil.org/languages/map4.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Institute+of+Indian+Languages&rft.atitle=Indian+Language+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciil.org%2Flanguages%2Fmap4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+South+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm">Data table of Census of India, 2001</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324032158/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement4.htm">SCHEDULED LANGUAGES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH – 2001</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118143215/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement6.htm">COMPARATIVE RANKING OF SCHEDULED LANGUAGES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH-1971, 1981, 1991 AND 2001</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/data_on_language.html">Census data on Languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Asia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101015404/http://www.indojin.com/discoverindia/indianlang.htm">Major Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050109084200/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=India">Ethnologue report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041213203632/http://www.ciil.org/">Central Institute of Indian Languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Template:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_languages_of_South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a class="mw-selflink selflink">languages of South Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">list by number of speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives#Languages" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Jeru_language" title="Aka-Jeru language">Aka-Jeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Bo_language" title="Aka-Bo language">Aka-Bo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Creole Malay">Sri Lankan Creole Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96nge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Önge language">Önge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Andaman_Islands)" title="Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)">Jarawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_creoles" title="Indo-Portuguese creoles">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_language" title="Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bhasa">Nepal Bhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenyidie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenyidie language">Tenyidie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripuri language">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> (Abugida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus</a> (Undeciphered)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prestige language-<br /><br />influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabization">Perso-Arabization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">Sanskritisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Havula" title="Hela Havula">Hela Havula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_associate_official_language_movement" title="Meitei associate official language movement">Meitei associate official language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_classical_language_movement" title="Meitei classical language movement">Meitei classical language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_linguistic_purism_movement" title="Meitei linguistic purism movement">Meitei linguistic purism movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Newar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Language Movement">Nepali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language_Movement" title="Punjabi Language Movement">Punjabi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Tamil_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Tamil movement">Pure Tamil movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/160px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology 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