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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Public aquariums today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_aquariums_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Logistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="أكواريوم عام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكواريوم عام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquari_p%C3%BAblic" title="Aquari públic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aquari públic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%99ejn%C3%A9_akv%C3%A1rium" title="Veřejné akvárium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veřejné akvárium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuario_p%C3%BAblico" title="Acuario público – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acuario público" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_akvario" title="Publika akvario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika akvario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuario_publiko" title="Akuario publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akuario publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="آکواریوم عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکواریوم عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_public" title="Aquarium public – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aquarium public" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iepenbier_akwarium" title="Iepenbier akwarium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iepenbier akwarium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiscead%C3%A1n" title="Uisceadán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uisceadán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuario_p%C3%BAblico" title="Acuario público – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acuario público" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A1%B1%EA%B4%80_(%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95%EB%AC%BC)" title="수족관 (건축물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수족관 (건축물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հանրային ակվարիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրային ակվարիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquario_(museo_vivente)" title="Acquario (museo vivente) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acquario (museo vivente)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="אקווריום ציבורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקווריום ציבורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbaar_aquarium" title="Openbaar aquarium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Openbaar aquarium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%A4%A8" title="水族館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水族館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwarium_publiczne" title="Akwarium publiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akwarium publiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqu%C3%A1rio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Aquário público – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquário público" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleis%C3%B6akvaario" title="Yleisöakvaario – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleisöakvaario" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="พิพิธภัณฑ์สัตว์น้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิพิธภัณฑ์สัตว์น้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halka_a%C3%A7%C4%B1k_akvaryum" title="Halka açık akvaryum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halka açık akvaryum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%A6%86" title="水族馆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水族馆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%A4%A8" title="水族館 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水族館" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%A4%A8" title="水族館 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水族館" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2281788#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about public establishments that contain aquaria. For the water-containing vivarium, see <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">Aquarium</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/220px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/330px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/440px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a>, the largest in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>public aquarium</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr> <b>aquaria</b>) or <b>public water zoo</b> is the aquatic counterpart of a <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoo</a>, which houses living <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">plant</a> specimens for public viewing. Most public aquariums feature tanks larger than those kept by home aquarists, as well as smaller tanks. </p><p>Since the first public aquariums were built in the mid-19th century, they have become popular and their numbers have increased. Most modern accredited aquariums stress conservation issues and educating the public.<sup id="cite_ref-azacon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azacon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_aquarium_1890-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Detroit_aquarium_1890-1910.jpg/220px-Detroit_aquarium_1890-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Detroit_aquarium_1890-1910.jpg/330px-Detroit_aquarium_1890-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Detroit_aquarium_1890-1910.jpg/440px-Detroit_aquarium_1890-1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Various Water Zoos at the Belle Isle Water Zoo in Detroit, Michigan c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyogo_ikesu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hyogo_ikesu.jpg/220px-Hyogo_ikesu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hyogo_ikesu.jpg/330px-Hyogo_ikesu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hyogo_ikesu.jpg/440px-Hyogo_ikesu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>An early aquarium in Japan in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The first public <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> was opened in <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> in May 1853; the <i>Fish House</i>, as it came to be known, was constructed much like a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/P.T._Barnum" class="mw-redirect" title="P.T. Barnum">P.T. Barnum</a> quickly followed in 1856 with the first American aquarium as part of his established <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a>, which was located on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> before it burned down.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Aquarial_Gardens" title="Boston Aquarial Gardens">Aquarial Gardens</a> were founded in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of aquariums then opened in Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_d%27Acclimatation" title="Jardin d'Acclimatation">Jardin d'Acclimatation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> Aquarium Salon (both founded 1860), the Marine Aquarium Temple as part of the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Garden_of_Hamburg" title="Zoological Garden of Hamburg">Zoological Garden of Hamburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (1864), as well as aquariums in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1869) and <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> (1872).<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old Berlin Aquarium opened in 1869. The building site was to be <i>Unter den Linden</i> (along a major avenue), in the centre of town, not at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoo</a>. The aquarium's first director, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brehm" title="Alfred Brehm">Alfred Brehm</a>, former director of the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Garden_of_Hamburg" title="Zoological Garden of Hamburg">Hamburg Zoo</a> from 1863 to 1866, served until 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoage69_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoage69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, the public aquarium was designed like a grotto, part of it made of natural rock. The <i>Geologische Grotte</i> depicted "the strata of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>". The grotto also featured <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and pools for <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">seals</a>. The Aquarium <i>Unter den Linden</i> was a three-story building. Machinery and water tanks were on the ground floor, and aquarium basins for the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> on the first floor. Because of Brehm's special interest in birds, a huge <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviary</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cage_(enclosure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cage (enclosure)">cages</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> placed around it, was located on the second floor. The facility closed in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoage70_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoage70-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Artis aquarium at <a href="/wiki/Natura_Artis_Magistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura Artis Magistra">Amsterdam Zoo</a> was constructed inside a Victorian building in 1882, and was renovated in 1997. At the end of the 19th century the Artis aquarium was considered state-of-the-art, as it was again at the end of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before its closing on 30 September 2013, the oldest American aquarium was the <a href="/wiki/National_Aquarium_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="National Aquarium in Washington, D.C.">National Aquarium in Washington, D.C.</a>, founded in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the opening of other public aquariums: San Francisco (<a href="/wiki/Woodward%27s_Gardens" title="Woodward's Gardens">Woodward's Gardens</a>, 1873–1890), <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts" title="Woods Hole, Massachusetts">Woods Hole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Science_Aquarium" title="Woods Hole Science Aquarium">Woods Hole Science Aquarium</a>, 1885), New York City (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Aquarium" title="New York Aquarium">New York Aquarium</a>, 1896–present), San Diego (<a href="/wiki/Birch_Aquarium" title="Birch Aquarium">Scripps</a>, 1903), Honolulu (<a href="/wiki/Waikiki_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waikiki Aquarium">Waikiki Aquarium</a>, 1904–present), Detroit (<a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_Aquarium" title="Belle Isle Aquarium">Belle Isle Aquarium</a>, 1904–2005, 2012–Present), Philadelphia (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Aquarium" title="Philadelphia Aquarium">Philadelphia Aquarium</a>, 1911–1962), San Francisco (<a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">Steinhart Aquarium</a>, 1923), Chicago (<a href="/wiki/Shedd_Aquarium" title="Shedd Aquarium">Shedd Aquarium</a>, 1929). For many years, the Shedd Aquarium was the largest in the United States until the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> opened in 2005. Entertainment and aquatic circus exhibits were combined as themes in Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Aquarama_Aquarium_Theater_of_the_Sea" title="Aquarama Aquarium Theater of the Sea">Aquarama Aquarium Theater of the Sea</a> (1962–1969) and <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a>'s re-invented <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Aquarium" title="Adventure Aquarium">Adventure Aquarium</a> 2005, formerly the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey State Aquarium">New Jersey State Aquarium</a> (1992). </p><p>The first Japanese public aquarium, a small freshwater aquarium called "<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Sea_Life_Park#History" title="Tokyo Sea Life Park">Uonozoki</a>" (now Tokyo Sea Life Park), was opened at the <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Zoo" title="Ueno Zoo">Ueno Zoo</a> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-Kisling298_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisling298-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_aquariums_today">Public aquariums today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public aquariums today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG/220px-DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG/330px-DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG/440px-DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The main aquarium at <a href="/wiki/The_Dubai_Mall#Dubai_Aquarium_and_Underwater_Zoo_inspired_from_"The_Underwater_Paradise"" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dubai Mall">Dubai Mall Aquarium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern aquarium tanks can hold millions of litres of water and can house large species, including <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whales</a>. This is accomplished through thick, clear <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">acrylic glass</a> windows. Aquatic and semiaquatic mammals, including <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a><sup id="cite_ref-Otter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often cared for at aquariums. Some establishments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Aquarium" title="Oregon Coast Aquarium">Oregon Coast Aquarium</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Aquarium" title="Florida Aquarium">Florida Aquarium</a>, have aquatic <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birds_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birds-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sandy_Shores_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandy_Shores-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern aquariums also include land animals and plants that spend time in or near the water.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For marketing purposes, many aquariums promote special exhibits, in addition to their permanent collections. Some have aquatic versions of a <a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">petting zoo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Aquarium" title="National Aquarium">National Aquarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a> houses several exhibits including the Upland Tropical Rain Forest and a multiple-story Atlantic Coral Reef. The <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> has a shallow tank filled with common types of <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sharks_and_Rays_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharks_and_Rays-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which visitors are encouraged to touch. The <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Aquarium" title="South Carolina Aquarium">South Carolina Aquarium</a> lets visitors feed the rays in their Saltmarsh Aviary exhibit.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest public aquarium is the <a href="/wiki/Chimelong_Ocean_Kingdom" title="Chimelong Ocean Kingdom">Chimelong Ocean Kingdom</a> theme park, opened in 2014 in <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Hengqin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a>, with a total of 48.75 million litres (12.87 million US gal) of water. The second largest is the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Life_Park" title="Marine Life Park">Marine Life Park</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> with a total of 45 million litres (12 million US gal) of water for more than 100,000 marine animals of over 800 species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logistics">Logistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Logistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feeding_time_melb_aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Feeding_time_melb_aquarium.jpg/220px-Feeding_time_melb_aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Feeding_time_melb_aquarium.jpg/330px-Feeding_time_melb_aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Feeding_time_melb_aquarium.jpg/440px-Feeding_time_melb_aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Feeding time at <a href="/wiki/Sea_Life_Melbourne_Aquarium" title="Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium">Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium</a> draws a large crowd.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most public aquariums are located close to the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, for a steady supply of natural seawater. An inland pioneer was <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago's</a> <a href="/wiki/Shedd_Aquarium" title="Shedd Aquarium">Shedd Aquarium</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shedd_History_1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shedd_History_1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that received seawater shipped by rail in special tank cars. The early (1911) <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Aquarium" title="Philadelphia Aquarium">Philadelphia Aquarium</a>, built in the city's disused <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Water_Works" title="Fairmount Water Works">water works</a>, had to switch to treated city water when the nearby river became too contaminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Shedd_History_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shedd_History_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the recently opened <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a> filled its tanks with fresh water from the city water system and salinated its saltwater exhibits using the same commercial salt and mineral additives available to home aquarists. The <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Aquarium" title="South Carolina Aquarium">South Carolina Aquarium</a> pulls the salt water for their exhibits right out of the Charleston harbour. </p><p>In January 1985, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Tarlton" title="Kelly Tarlton">Kelly Tarlton</a> began construction of the first aquarium to include a large transparent <a href="/wiki/Polymethyl_methacrylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymethyl methacrylate">acrylic</a> tunnel, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Tarlton%27s_Sea_Life_Aquarium" title="Kelly Tarlton's Sea Life Aquarium">Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand. Construction took 10 months and cost NZ$3 million. The 110-metre (360 ft) tunnel was built from one-<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> (2,200-lb) slabs of German sheet plastic that were shaped locally in an oven. A moving walkway now transports visitors through, and groups of school children occasionally hold sleepovers there beneath the swimming sharks and rays.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Samantha Muka, creating new public aquariums is an expensive process, that can become so expensive as to render the project economically unsustainable, due to the logistical demands of creating environments in which aquatic animals can survive.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_of_sardines_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_(12056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/School_of_sardines_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_%2812056%29.jpg/220px-School_of_sardines_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_%2812056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/School_of_sardines_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_%2812056%29.jpg/330px-School_of_sardines_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_%2812056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/School_of_sardines_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_%2812056%29.jpg/440px-School_of_sardines_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium_%2812056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4392" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>The Open Ocean exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Public aquariums are often affiliated with oceanographic research institutions or conduct their research programs, and sometimes specialise in species and ecosystems that can be found in local waters. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Aquarium" title="Vancouver Aquarium">Vancouver Aquarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, is a centre for marine research, conservation, and marine animal rehabilitation, particularly for the ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-vanaqua_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanaqua-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, the Vancouver Aquarium became the second aquarium to capture an <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moby_Doll" title="Moby Doll">Moby Doll</a>. He survived in captivity for just under three months, and the aquarium put him on display to the public for a day, but gave greater emphasis to <a href="/wiki/Moby_Doll%27s_impact_in_scientific_research" title="Moby Doll's impact in scientific research">groundbreaking scientific research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colby57-66_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colby57-66-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aquarium also captured other orcas, <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(whale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beluga (whale)">belugas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narwhals" class="mw-redirect" title="Narwhals">narwhals</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> was the first public aquarium to display a <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>. Beginning in September 2004, the Outer Bay exhibit (now the Open Sea galleries) was the home to the first in a series of great white sharks. The shark was at the aquarium for 198 days (the previous record was 16 days). The shark was released on 31 March 2005. The <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Aquarium" title="Adventure Aquarium">Adventure Aquarium</a> in New Jersey has <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippos</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Aquarium du Québec">Aquarium du Québec</a> houses <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_white_aqurium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A great white shark in temporary captivity at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, USA."><img alt="A great white shark in temporary captivity at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Great_white_aqurium.jpg/270px-Great_white_aqurium.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Great_white_aqurium.jpg/405px-Great_white_aqurium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Great_white_aqurium.jpg/540px-Great_white_aqurium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> in temporary captivity at the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, USA.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltimore_Aquarium_-_Big_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Aquarium, Baltimore, USA"><img alt="National Aquarium, Baltimore, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Baltimore_Aquarium_-_Big_tank.jpg/240px-Baltimore_Aquarium_-_Big_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Baltimore_Aquarium_-_Big_tank.jpg/360px-Baltimore_Aquarium_-_Big_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Baltimore_Aquarium_-_Big_tank.jpg/480px-Baltimore_Aquarium_-_Big_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Aquarium_(Baltimore)" title="National Aquarium (Baltimore)">National Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarium_in_shopping_mall,_Kaunas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aquarium at a shopping mall in Kaunas, Lithuania"><img alt="Aquarium at a shopping mall in Kaunas, Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Aquarium_in_shopping_mall%2C_Kaunas.jpg/243px-Aquarium_in_shopping_mall%2C_Kaunas.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Aquarium_in_shopping_mall%2C_Kaunas.jpg/365px-Aquarium_in_shopping_mall%2C_Kaunas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Aquarium_in_shopping_mall%2C_Kaunas.jpg/486px-Aquarium_in_shopping_mall%2C_Kaunas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aquarium at a shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Churaumi_Aquarium_main_tank_%27Kuroshio_Sea%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Okinawa, Japan"><img alt="Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Okinawa, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Churaumi_Aquarium_main_tank_%27Kuroshio_Sea%27.jpg/342px-Churaumi_Aquarium_main_tank_%27Kuroshio_Sea%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Churaumi_Aquarium_main_tank_%27Kuroshio_Sea%27.jpg/513px-Churaumi_Aquarium_main_tank_%27Kuroshio_Sea%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Churaumi_Aquarium_main_tank_%27Kuroshio_Sea%27.jpg/684px-Churaumi_Aquarium_main_tank_%27Kuroshio_Sea%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Churaumi_Aquarium" title="Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium">Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al Mahara restaurant at Burj Al Arab in Dubai, United Arab Emirates"><img alt="Al Mahara restaurant at Burj Al Arab in Dubai, United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg/232px-Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg/347px-Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg/463px-Al_Mahara_Burj_al_Araba_Dubai_March_2008pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Al Mahara restaurant at <a href="/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab" title="Burj Al Arab">Burj Al Arab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dubai Aquarium, Dubai, UAE"><img alt="Dubai Aquarium, Dubai, UAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dubai_Mall.jpg/270px-Dubai_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dubai_Mall.jpg/405px-Dubai_Mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dubai_Mall.jpg/540px-Dubai_Mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Dubai_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dubai Mall">Dubai Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, UAE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16_08_070_aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exhibit tunnel at Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, USA"><img alt="Exhibit tunnel at Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/16_08_070_aquarium.jpg/270px-16_08_070_aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/16_08_070_aquarium.jpg/405px-16_08_070_aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/16_08_070_aquarium.jpg/540px-16_08_070_aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exhibit tunnel at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Baltic Sea Aquarium at the Maretarium in Kotka, Finland"><img alt="The Baltic Sea Aquarium at the Maretarium in Kotka, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg/120px-Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg/179px-Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg/239px-Kotka_maretarium_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Baltic Sea Aquarium at the <a href="/wiki/Maretarium" title="Maretarium">Maretarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">List of aquaria by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium" title="Freshwater aquarium">Freshwater aquarium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-azacon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-azacon_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205213201/http://www.aza.org/Newsroom/PR_VisitorImpact">"Visitor Impact"</a>. <i>aza.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aza.org/Newsroom/PR_VisitorImpact">the original</a> on 2006-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aza.org&rft.atitle=Visitor+Impact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aza.org%2FNewsroom%2FPR_VisitorImpact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunner_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunner_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunner_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunner_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2003" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, Bernd (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oceanathomeil00brun/page/99"><i>The Ocean at Home</i></a>. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oceanathomeil00brun/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-502-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56898-502-9"><bdi>1-56898-502-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ocean+at+Home&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-56898-502-9&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foceanathomeil00brun%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoage69-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoage69_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strehlow, Harro, "Zoos and Aquariums of Berlin" in <i>New World, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Hoage, Robert J. and Deiss, William A. (ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996, p.69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6">0-8018-5110-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoage70-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoage70_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strehlow, Harro, "Zoos and Aquariums of Berlin" in <i>New World, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Hoage, Robert J. and Deiss, William A. (ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996, p.70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5110-6">0-8018-5110-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Bruggen2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Van Bruggen, A.C. (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411023210/http://www.zoonews.ws/IZN/319/IZN-319.htm#amst">"Notes on the Buildings of Amsterdam Zoo"</a>. <i>International Zoo News</i>. Vol. 49/6, no. 319. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoonews.ws/IZN/319/IZN-319.htm#amst">the original</a> on 11 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Zoo+News&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Buildings+of+Amsterdam+Zoo&rft.volume=49%2F6&rft.issue=319&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Van+Bruggen&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoonews.ws%2FIZN%2F319%2FIZN-319.htm%23amst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lin, former Director of Operations, National Aquarium, Washington, DC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisling298-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kisling298_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kawata, Ken, "Zoological Gardens of Japan", in <i>Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Collections to Zoological Gardens</i>, Kisling, Vernon N. (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2001, p.298. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X">0-8493-2100-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otter-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otter_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarium.org/exhibitsSeaOtters.asp?sid=2">Sea Otters</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarium.org/">Oregon Coast Aquarium's official website</a>, accessed 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seal-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seal_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aquarium.org/exhibits/seal-sea-lion-exhibit/">"Pinnipeds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Aquarium" title="Oregon Coast Aquarium">Oregon Coast Aquarium</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Coast+Aquarium&rft.atitle=Pinnipeds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faquarium.org%2Fexhibits%2Fseal-sea-lion-exhibit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birds-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birds_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarium.org/exhibitsBirds.asp?sid=2">Birds</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarium.org/">Oregon Coast Aquarium's official website</a>, accessed 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandy_Shores-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandy_Shores_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/sandy.asp">Sandy Shores</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212155628/http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/sandy.asp">Archived</a> 12 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbayaq.org/">Monterey Bay Aquarium's official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214235655/http://www.mbayaq.org/">Archived</a> 14 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Leighton R., <i>Aquariums: Windows to Nature</i>, Prentice Hall General Reference, New York, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-85019-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-85019-9">0-671-85019-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharks_and_Rays-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharks_and_Rays_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020056/http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/smm_meet.asp">Sharks and Rays</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbayaq.org/">Monterey Bay Aquarium's official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214235655/http://www.mbayaq.org/">Archived</a> 14 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scaquarium.org/">"Saltmarsh Aviary"</a>. <i>scaquarium.org</i>. South Carolina Aquarium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scaquarium.org&rft.atitle=Saltmarsh+Aviary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scaquarium.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shedd_History_1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shedd_History_1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheddaquarium.org/history.html">Shedd History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515082202/http://www.sheddaquarium.org/history.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheddaquarium.org/">Shedd Aquarium's official website</a>, accessed 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shedd_History_2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shedd_History_2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUng2010" class="citation news cs1">Ung, Elisa (10 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050612084216/http://www.nps.gov/phso/rtca2001/news_waterworks.htm">"Rebuilt Water Works' Debut is on the Horizon: The Site, Long Decaying, is to Reopen to the Public in June"</a>. <i>Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/phso/rtca2001/news_waterworks.htm">the original</a> on 12 June 2005 – via National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Rebuilt+Water+Works%27+Debut+is+on+the+Horizon%3A+The+Site%2C+Long+Decaying%2C+is+to+Reopen+to+the+Public+in+June&rft.date=2010-01-10&rft.aulast=Ung&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fphso%2Frtca2001%2Fnews_waterworks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viewauckland.co.nz/kelly_tarltons_antarctic_encounter_underwater_world_auckland_index.html">Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World, Auckland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503111959/http://www.viewauckland.co.nz/kelly_tarltons_antarctic_encounter_underwater_world_auckland_index.html">Archived</a> 3 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuka2019" class="citation news cs1">Muka, Samantha (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/04/new-aquariums-struggle-to-succeed/587938/">"Bursting the Aquarium Bubble"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Bursting+the+Aquarium+Bubble&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Muka&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2019%2F04%2Fnew-aquariums-struggle-to-succeed%2F587938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanaqua-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanaqua_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanaqua.org/research/">Research</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanaqua.org/">Vancouver Aquarium's official website</a>, accessed 3 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colby57-66-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colby57-66_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColby2018" class="citation book cs1">Colby, Jason M. (2018). <i>Orca: how we came to know and love the ocean's greatest predator</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190673116" title="Special:BookSources/9780190673116"><bdi>9780190673116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orca%3A+how+we+came+to+know+and+love+the+ocean%27s+greatest+predator&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=57-66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190673116&rft.aulast=Colby&rft.aufirst=Jason+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+aquarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mi.mun.ca/mi-net/fishdeve/cetace14.htm">Narwhal (Monodon monoceros)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526034038/http://www.mi.mun.ca/mi-net/fishdeve/cetace14.htm">Archived</a> 26 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aquariology" class="extiw" title="commons:Aquariology"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Aquariology</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625141911/http://www.aquarticles.com/articles/travel/Norfolk_Freshwater_Havana_Aq.html">Norfolk, Howard. My Visit to the Freshwater Public Aquarium in Havana, Cuba, Aquarticles.com, January 2004</a>, retrieved on: 22 June 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804015623/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07022007-192923/">Case Studies in Aquarium History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aquariodesp.com.br/">Sao Paulo's Aquarium (Aquário de São Paulo) - Brazil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public-aquarium.com/">Public aquariums in the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquamania.eu/">A map of public aquaria around the world</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Zoos" title="Template:Zoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoos" title="Template talk:Zoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoos" title="Category:Zoos">Category: Zoos</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquariums" title="Category:Aquariums">Category: Aquariums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquariums_and_fishkeeping" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquariums" title="Template:Aquariums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquariums" title="Template talk:Aquariums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquariums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquariums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquariums_and_fishkeeping" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">Aquariums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping" title="Fishkeeping">fishkeeping</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquarium types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium" title="Freshwater aquarium">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium" title="Marine aquarium">Marine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_aquarium" title="Reef aquarium">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish-water_aquarium" title="Brackish-water aquarium">Brackish-water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_aquarium" title="Community aquarium">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">Biotope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_furniture" title="Aquarium furniture">Aquarium décor<br />and equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airstone" title="Airstone">Airstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_scrubber" title="Algae scrubber">Algae scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Method" title="Berlin Method">Berlin Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">Driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_reactor" title="Calcium reactor">Calcium reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sand_bed" title="Deep sand bed">Deep sand bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishcam" title="Fishcam">Fishcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feeder" title="Aquarium fish feeder">Fish feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heater_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heater (aquarium)">Heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_lighting" title="Aquarium lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_rock" title="Live rock">Live rock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Live_sand" title="Live sand">Live sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(pump)" title="Powerhead (pump)">Powerhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_(fishkeeping)" title="Refugium (fishkeeping)">Refugium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_(aquarium)" title="Sump (aquarium)">Sump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish terms / types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae_eater" title="Algae eater">Algae eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dither_fish" title="Dither fish">Dither</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_fish" title="Hardy fish">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_fish" title="Painted fish">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed" title="Aquarium fish feed">Fish food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_fish" title="Feeder fish">Feeder fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_shrimp" title="Feeder shrimp">Feeder shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">Infusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_mix" title="Shrimp mix">Shrimp mix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tubifex_tubifex" title="Tubifex tubifex">Tubifex tubifex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fishery" title="Aquarium fishery">Aquarium fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquascaping" title="Aquascaping">Aquascaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_treatment_(fishkeeping)" title="Bath treatment (fishkeeping)">Bath treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean-up_crew" title="Clean-up crew">Clean-up crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish" title="Disease in ornamental fish">Disease in ornamental fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarium" title="Macquarium">Macquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Piaba" title="Project Piaba">Project <i>Piaba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_safe" title="Reef safe">Reef safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">Spawning trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conditioner" title="Water conditioner">Water conditioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano" title="Takashi Amano">Takashi Amano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Axelrod" title="Herbert R. Axelrod">Herbert R. Axelrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Baldner" title="Leonhard Baldner">Leonhard Baldner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Carbonnier" title="Pierre Carbonnier">Pierre Carbonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(zoologist)" title="Edward Edwards (zoologist)">Edward Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Farmer_(aquascaper)" title="George Farmer (aquascaper)">George Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_O._Kullander" title="Sven O. Kullander">Sven O. Kullander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alford_Lloyd" title="William Alford Lloyd">William Alford Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Matte" title="Paul Matte">Paul Matte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sprung" title="Julian Sprung">Julian Sprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thynne" title="Anna Thynne">Anna Thynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haskins_Townsend" title="Charles Haskins Townsend">Charles Haskins Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Villepreux-Power" title="Jeanne Villepreux-Power">Jeanne Villepreux-Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Warington" title="Robert Warington">Robert Warington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_Fish_International" title="Aquarium Fish International">Aquarium Fish International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_(magazine)" title="Koi (magazine)">Koi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Fishkeeping" title="Practical Fishkeeping">Practical Fishkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Fish_Hobbyist" title="Tropical Fish Hobbyist">Tropical Fish Hobbyist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennerle" title="Dennerle">Dennerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drs._Foster_%26_Smith" title="Drs. Foster & Smith">Drs. Foster & Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(company)" title="Hikari (company)">Hikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_C._Hagen_Group" title="Rolf C. Hagen Group">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_(company)" title="Sera (company)">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_(company)" title="Tetra (company)">Tetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardley_(company)" title="Wardley (company)">Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_Med_Laboratories" title="Zoo Med Laboratories">Zoo Med Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">Aquarium diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_fish_by_scientific_name" title="List of aquarium fish by scientific name">Aquarium fish by scientific name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium fish species">Freshwater aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_amphibian_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium amphibian species">amphibians</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium plant species">plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium_algae" title="Freshwater aquarium algae">algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of marine aquarium fish species">Marine aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of marine aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of marine aquarium plant species">plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of brackish aquarium fish species">Brackish aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of brackish aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of brackish aquarium plant species">plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281788#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975930x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975930x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571650">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="akvária (expozice)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph637763&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX550265">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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