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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinosaurs_and_the_origin_of_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinosaurs_and_the_origin_of_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dinosaurs and the origin of birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinosaurs_and_the_origin_of_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_diversity_of_bird_ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_diversity_of_bird_ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early diversity of bird ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_diversity_of_bird_ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversification_of_modern_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversification_of_modern_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Diversification of modern birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversification_of_modern_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_bird_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_bird_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Classification of bird orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_bird_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Genomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skeletal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Skeletal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Excretory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reproductive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_and_circulatory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_and_circulatory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Respiratory and circulatory systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_and_circulatory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heart_type_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_type_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Heart type and features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_type_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_and_intraspecific_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_and_intraspecific_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Defence and intraspecific combat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_and_intraspecific_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feathers,_plumage,_and_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feathers,_plumage,_and_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Feathers, plumage, and scales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feathers,_plumage,_and_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_drinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_drinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Water and drinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_drinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feather_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feather_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Feather care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feather_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flocking_and_other_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flocking_and_other_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Flocking and other associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flocking_and_other_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resting_and_roosting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resting_and_roosting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Resting and roosting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resting_and_roosting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Social systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories,_nesting_and_incubation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories,_nesting_and_incubation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Territories, nesting and incubation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories,_nesting_and_incubation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_care_and_fledging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_care_and_fledging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.3</span> <span>Parental care and fledging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_care_and_fledging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brood_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brood_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.4</span> <span>Brood parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brood_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.5</span> <span>Sexual selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inbreeding_depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inbreeding_depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.6</span> <span>Inbreeding depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inbreeding_depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inbreeding_avoidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inbreeding_avoidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.7</span> <span>Inbreeding avoidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inbreeding_avoidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In culture and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Threats and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bird</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 238 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-238" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">238 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C3%A9m" title="Cicém – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cicém" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Къуалэбзухэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къуалэбзухэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Бзыу – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бзыу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8D%8D" title="ወፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodeh" title="Lodeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Lodeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugol" title="Fugol – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fugol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="طائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܛܝܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܝܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%BEiu" title="Puľiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Puľiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C3%A9l" title="Usél – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Usél" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="চৰাই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirecic" title="Pirecic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pirecic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyra" title="Guyra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guyra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D3%80" title="ХӀинчӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀинчӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamach%27i" title="Jamach'i – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jamach'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C5%9F" title="Quş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4" title="قوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedis" title="Kedis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kedis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="পাখি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাখি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A1u" title="Chiáu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡоштар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоштар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88" title="चिरई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चिरई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamgam" title="Gamgam – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gamgam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijin" title="Pijin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pijin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegl" title="Vegl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vegl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="བྱ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evn" title="Evn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Evn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Шубуун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шубуун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Вĕçенкайăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вĕçенкайăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langgam" title="Langgam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Langgam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%A1ci" title="Ptáci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ptáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiri" title="Shiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyuni" title="Viyuni – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Viyuni" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aderyn" title="Aderyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aderyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noo%C5%8Ba" title="Nooŋa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nooŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugle" title="Fugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loddi" title="Loddi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Loddi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voggel" title="Voggel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Voggel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii" title="Tsídii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pta%C5%A1ki" title="Ptaški – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ptaški" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnud" title="Linnud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linnud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Πτηνά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πτηνά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нармунть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нармунть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdoj" title="Birdoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birdoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1xaru" title="Páxaru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Páxaru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xewo" title="Xewo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Xewo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پرنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirriya" title="Chirriya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chirriya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglur" title="Fuglur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fuglur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oiseau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBgels" title="Fûgels – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fûgels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushag" title="Ushag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ushag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eun" title="Eun – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eun" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Оалхазараш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оалхазараш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E4%BB%94" title="雀仔 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雀仔" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%80" title="પક્ષી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પક્ષી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u" title="Tiâu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tiâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Шовуд – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шовуд" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88" title="새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuntsu" title="Tsuntsu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsuntsu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թռչուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թռչուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucelo" title="Ucelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ucelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billit" title="Billit – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Billit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave" title="Ave – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ave" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avie" title="Avie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Avie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bmiaq" title="Tiŋmiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tiŋmiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Мæргътæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæргътæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugl" title="Fugl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fugl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עופות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עופות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma%C9%A3" title="Sumaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sumaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფრინველები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრინველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جاناوار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جاناوار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%B4ch%C3%AB" title="Ptôchë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ptôchë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edhen" title="Edhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndege_(mnyama)" title="Ndege (mnyama) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ndege (mnyama)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zveri_(Aves)" title="Zveri (Aves) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zveri (Aves)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwazo" title="Zwazo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zwazo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zozo" title="Zozo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zozo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinde" title="Balinde – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balinde" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88" title="Куш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кек – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кек" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicel" title="Vicel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vicel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Лелуххи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лелуххи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81" title="ສັດປີກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດປີກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullen" title="Vullen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vullen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BA%D3%80" title="НуькӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="НуькӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Paukščiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paukščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C9%9Bk%C9%9B" title="Ndɛkɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ndɛkɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia" title="Avia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Avia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_cipni" title="lo cipni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo cipni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madarak" title="Madarak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madarak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorona" title="Vorona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vorona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="പക്ഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പക്ഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%A7asfur" title="Għasfur – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Għasfur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მაფურინჯეეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაფურინჯეეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="مرغ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرغ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruang" title="Buruang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Buruang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93u" title="Cēu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нармоттне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Нармоттне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83" title="Шувуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шувуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ငှက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu_vuka" title="Manumanu vuka – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu vuka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogels" title="Vogels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voegel" title="Voegel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Voegel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="चरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="झंगः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="झंगः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" title="鳥類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鳥類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auciello" title="Auciello – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Auciello" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Олхазарш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Олхазарш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6gler" title="Fögler – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fögler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berd" title="Berd – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Berd" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugler" title="Fugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglar" title="Fuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oua%C3%AEs%C3%A9" title="Ouaîsé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouaîsé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aus%C3%A8l" title="Ausèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ausèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кайык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кайык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%80" title="ପକ୍ଷୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପକ୍ଷୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaattiiwan" title="Allaattiiwan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Allaattiiwan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qushlar" title="Qushlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੰਛੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਛੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="پنچھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنچھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%87" title="مرغه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مرغه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod" title="Bod – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кайез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кайез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8" title="បក្សី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បក្សី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oizo" title="Oizo – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oizo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osej" title="Osej – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Osej" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagels" title="Vagels – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vagels" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qus" title="Qus – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qus" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%83re" title="Pasăre – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pasăre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utschels" title="Utschels – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Utschels" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisqu" title="Pisqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pisqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Птахы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Птахы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Птицы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Птицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Көтөрдөр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көтөрдөр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paayam" title="paayam – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paayam" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="पक्षिणः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पक्षिणः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuugele" title="Fuugele – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fuugele" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogu" title="Zogu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zogu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceddu" title="Aceddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aceddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D" title="කුරුල්ලෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුරුල්ලෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="پکي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پکي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyoni" title="Tinyoni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tinyoni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt%C3%A1ky" title="Vtáky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vtáky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pti%C4%8Di" title="Ptiči – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ptiči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C5%8Fki" title="Ptŏki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ptŏki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimbir" title="Shimbir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shimbir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84" title="مەل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Птице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Птице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptica" title="Ptica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ptica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5glar" title="Fåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibon" title="Ibon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="பறவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பறவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%8D" title="Agḍiḍ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agḍiḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylal" title="Aylal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aylal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кошлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кошлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၼူၵ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼူၵ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qbhniq" title="qbhniq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qbhniq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="పక్షి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పక్షి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="สัตว์ปีก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ปีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Паранда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паранда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AF%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86" title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%27kese" title="Ve'kese – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ve'kese" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9F" title="Kuş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%9F" title="Guş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Guş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnomaa" title="Nnomaa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnomaa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тылобурдо – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тылобурдо" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Птахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Птахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81" title="پرندہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرندہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قۇشلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇشلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzroeg" title="Duzroeg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzroeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindud" title="Lindud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lindud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim" title="Chim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ds" title="Böds – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Böds" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirk" title="Tsirk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsirk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oujhea" title="Oujhea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oujhea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5" title="鳥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鳥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsi" title="Tamsi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tamsi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鸟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C" title="פויגל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פויגל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8y%E1%BA%B9" title="Ẹyẹ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹyẹ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80" title="雀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1ri%C3%A7%C4%B1ki" title="Mıriçıki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mıriçıki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugels" title="Veugels – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Veugels" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1t%C4%93" title="Paukštē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Paukštē" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_(Intro).ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Warm-blooded vertebrates with wings and feathers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bird_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bird (disambiguation)">Bird (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birds (disambiguation)">Birds (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aves_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aves (disambiguation)">Aves (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avifauna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Avifauna (disambiguation)">Avifauna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Birds<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br /><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Late Campanian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a>, 72–0 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Field2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DePietriWilaru_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DePietriWilaru-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:180.90769230769px; width:39.092307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:195.63076923077px; width:24.369230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:196.63076923077px; width:22.369230769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span>Possible <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> or early Late Cretaceous origin based on <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a><sup id="cite_ref-Yonezawa2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yonezawa2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kuhl2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhl2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crouch2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crouch2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><div class="center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/300px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/450px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/600px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1392" usemap="#ImageMap_fbc6cc846e0ab4e8" resource="/wiki/File:Bird_Diversity_2013.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_fbc6cc846e0ab4e8"><area href="/wiki/Red-crested_turaco" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,70" alt="Red-crested turaco" title="Red-crested turaco" /><area href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_eagle" shape="rect" coords="0,70,100,141" alt="Steller's sea eagle" title="Steller's sea eagle" /><area href="/wiki/Rock_dove" shape="rect" coords="0,209,100,141" alt="Rock dove" title="Rock dove" /><area href="/wiki/Southern_cassowary" shape="rect" coords="0,279,100,210" alt="Southern cassowary" title="Southern cassowary" /><area href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" shape="rect" coords="0,348,100,279" alt="Gentoo penguin" title="Gentoo penguin" /><area href="/wiki/Bar-throated_minla" shape="rect" coords="0,418,100,348" alt="Bar-throated minla" title="Bar-throated minla" /><area href="/wiki/Shoebill" shape="rect" coords="200,0,100,70" alt="Shoebill" title="Shoebill" /><area href="/wiki/Grey_crowned_crane" shape="rect" coords="200,70,100,141" alt="Grey crowned crane" title="Grey crowned crane" /><area href="/wiki/Anna%27s_hummingbird" shape="rect" coords="200,209,100,141" alt="Anna's hummingbird" title="Anna's hummingbird" /><area href="/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet" shape="rect" coords="200,279,100,210" alt="Rainbow lorikeet" title="Rainbow lorikeet" /><area href="/wiki/Grey_heron" shape="rect" coords="200,348,100,279" alt="Grey heron" title="Grey heron" /><area href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" shape="rect" coords="200,418,100,348" alt="Eurasian eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl" /><area href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" shape="rect" coords="300,0,200,70" alt="White-tailed tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird" /><area href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" shape="rect" coords="300,70,200,141" alt="Indian peafowl" title="Indian peafowl" /><area href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" shape="rect" coords="300,209,200,141" alt="Atlantic puffin" title="Atlantic puffin" /><area href="/wiki/American_flamingo" shape="rect" coords="300,279,200,210" alt="American flamingo" title="American flamingo" /><area href="/wiki/Blue-footed_booby" shape="rect" coords="300,348,200,279" alt="Blue-footed booby" title="Blue-footed booby" /><area href="/wiki/Keel-billed_toucan" shape="rect" coords="300,418,200,348" alt="Keel-billed toucan" title="Keel-billed toucan" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Aves" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Extant <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> (ratites and tinamou) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthionimorphae</a> (ostrich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangalloanserae" title="Pangalloanserae">Pangalloanserae</a> (fowl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Neornithes <small><a href="/wiki/Hans_Friedrich_Gadow" title="Hans Friedrich Gadow">Gadow</a>, 1883</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Birds</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> constituting the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <b>Aves</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈaveːs]</a></span>), characterised by <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>, toothless beaked jaws, the <a href="/wiki/Oviparity" title="Oviparity">laying</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eggshell" title="Eggshell">hard-shelled</a> eggs, a high <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> rate, a four-chambered <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, and a strong yet lightweight <a href="/wiki/Bird_skeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird skeleton">skeleton</a>. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in) <a href="/wiki/Bee_hummingbird" title="Bee hummingbird">bee hummingbird</a> to the 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) <a href="/wiki/Common_ostrich" title="Common ostrich">common ostrich</a>. There are over 11,000 living species and they are split into 44 <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>. More than half are <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> or "perching" birds. Birds have <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#wings" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § wings" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">wings</span></a></dfn> whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">elephant birds</a>. Wings, which are modified <a href="/wiki/Forelimb" title="Forelimb">forelimbs</a>, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">loss of flight in some birds</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, and diverse <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">waterbirds</a>, have further evolved for swimming. The study of birds is called <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a>. </p><p>Birds are <a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur" title="Feathered dinosaur">feathered</a> <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and constitute the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">only known living dinosaurs</a>. Likewise, birds are considered <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> in the modern <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic</a> sense of the term, and their closest living relatives are the <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a>. Birds are descendants of the primitive <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">avialans</a> (whose members include <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>) which first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a>. According to recent estimates, modern birds (<b>Neornithes</b>) evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> and diversified dramatically around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> 66 million years ago, which killed off the <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> and all non-<a href="/wiki/Ornithuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithuran">ornithuran</a> dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Claramunt2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claramunt2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Social_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social animal">social species</a> preserve knowledge across generations (<a href="/wiki/Animal_culture#Examples_of_culturally_transmitted_behaviors_in_birds" title="Animal culture">culture</a>). Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">songs</a>, and participating in such behaviour as <a href="/wiki/Helpers_at_the_nest" title="Helpers at the nest">cooperative breeding</a> and hunting, <a href="/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocking (behavior)">flocking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">mobbing</a> of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially (but not necessarily sexually) <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, and rarely for life. Other species have breeding systems that are <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a> (one male with many females) or, rarely, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyandry in nature">polyandrous</a> (one female with many males). Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilised through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. They are usually laid in a nest and <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubated</a> by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. </p><p>Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">domesticated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">undomesticated</a> birds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">Songbirds</a>, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a> (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertiliser. Birds figure throughout human culture. About 120 to 130 species have become <a href="/wiki/Bird_extinction" title="Bird extinction">extinct</a> due to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreational <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a> is an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_classification">Evolution and classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Slab of stone with fossil bones and feather impressions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/220px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/330px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/440px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> is often considered the oldest known true bird.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a> of birds was developed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willughby" title="Francis Willughby">Francis Willughby</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> in their 1676 volume <i>Ornithologiae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> modified that work in 1758 to devise the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic classification">taxonomic classification</a> system currently in use.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds are categorised as the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">biological class</a> Aves in <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic taxonomy">Phylogenetic taxonomy</a> places Aves in the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a> as an infraclass<sup id="cite_ref-Theropoda_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theropoda-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a subclass,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more recently a subclass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> <p>Aves and a sister group, the order <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a>, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade <a href="/wiki/Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a>. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetically</a> as all descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of modern birds and <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx lithographica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an earlier definition proposed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a> gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents to the <i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i>. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a>, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae,<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier1986_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier1986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the principle that a clade based on extant species should be limited to those extant species and their closest extinct relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier1986_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier1986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gauthier and de Queiroz identified four different definitions for the same biological name "Aves", which is a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-gauthier&dequeiroz2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants,<sup id="cite_ref-gauthier&dequeiroz2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corresponds to meaning number 4 below. They assigned other names to the other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-gauthier&dequeiroz2001_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Squamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamate">Squamates</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">Lizards</a> & <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Pantestudines" title="Pantestudines">Pantestudines</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtles</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosaurs</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodiles</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <b>Birds</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups. <span style="font-size:85%;">(The <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>' position is uncertain: Some authorities embed them inside the <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosaurs</a>, with <b>birds</b> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>.)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Aves can mean all <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> closer to birds than to <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> (alternately <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a>)</li> <li>Aves can mean those advanced archosaurs with feathers (alternately <a href="/wiki/Avifilopluma" title="Avifilopluma">Avifilopluma</a>)</li> <li>Aves can mean those feathered dinosaurs that fly (alternately <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a>)</li> <li>Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "<a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a>", in this sense synonymous with <b>Neornithes</b>)</li></ol> <p>Under the fourth definition <i>Archaeopteryx</i>, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and <a href="/wiki/Bird_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird evolution">bird evolution</a>, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  Maniraptoromorpha   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">    </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">      </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Maniraptoriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoriformes">Maniraptoriformes</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosauria" title="Ornithomimosauria">Ornithomimosauria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Alvarezsauridae" title="Alvarezsauridae">Alvarezsauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Pennaraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennaraptora">Pennaraptora</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">    </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">Oviraptorosauria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-paleoitalia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleoitalia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropods</a> closer to birds than to <i><a href="/wiki/Deinonychus" title="Deinonychus">Deinonychus</a></i>",<sup id="cite_ref-weishampel2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weishampel2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senter2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senter2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i><a href="/wiki/Troodon" title="Troodon">Troodon</a></i> being sometimes added as a second external specifier in case it is closer to birds than to <i>Deinonychus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avialae is also occasionally defined as an <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature#Phylogenetic_definitions" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">apomorphy-based clade</a> (that is, one based on physical characteristics). <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a>, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">flight</a>, and the birds that descended from them.<sup id="cite_ref-gauthier&dequeiroz2001_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gauthier&dequeiroz2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gauthier1986_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gauthier1986-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being currently one of the most widely used, the crown-group definition of Aves has been criticised by some researchers. Lee and Spencer (1997) argued that, contrary to what Gauthier defended, this definition would not increase the stability of the clade and the exact content of Aves will always be uncertain because any defined clade (either crown or not) will have few synapomorphies distinguishing it from its closest relatives. Their alternative definition is synonymous to Avifilopluma.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dinosaurs_and_the_origin_of_birds">Dinosaurs and the origin of birds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae" title="Scansoriopterygidae">Scansoriopterygidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eosinopteryx" title="Eosinopteryx">Eosinopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eumaniraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumaniraptora">Eumaniraptora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Jinfengopteryx" title="Jinfengopteryx">Jinfengopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aurornis" title="Aurornis">Aurornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">Dromaeosauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau <i>et al.</i>, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-cauetal2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cauetal2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_and_dinosaurs.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Birds_and_dinosaurs.webp/300px-Birds_and_dinosaurs.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Birds_and_dinosaurs.webp/450px-Birds_and_dinosaurs.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Birds_and_dinosaurs.webp/600px-Birds_and_dinosaurs.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Simplified <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> showing the relationship between modern birds and other dinosaurs<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialised subgroup of <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, more specifically, members of <a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a>, a group of theropods which includes <a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">dromaeosaurids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">oviraptorosaurs</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. By the 2000s, discoveries in the <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> Province of northeast China, which demonstrated many small theropod <a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur" title="Feathered dinosaur">feathered dinosaurs</a>, contributed to this ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20140731_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20140731-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140731_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140731-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anchiornis_feathers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anchiornis_feathers.jpg/220px-Anchiornis_feathers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anchiornis_feathers.jpg/330px-Anchiornis_feathers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anchiornis_feathers.jpg/440px-Anchiornis_feathers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchiornis huxleyi">Anchiornis huxleyi</a></i> is an important source of information on the early evolution of birds in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-lietal2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lietal2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The consensus view in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">palaeontology</a> is that the flying theropods, or <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">avialans</a>, are the closest relatives of the <a href="/wiki/Deinonychosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinonychosaur">deinonychosaurs</a>, which include dromaeosaurids and <a href="/wiki/Troodontid" class="mw-redirect" title="Troodontid">troodontids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiaotingia_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiaotingia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these form a group called <a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> members of Deinonychosauria, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Microraptor" title="Microraptor">Microraptor</a></i>, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have been <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a>, have been able to glide, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-AHTetal07_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHTetal07-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xuetal2003_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xuetal2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <i>Archaeopteryx</i> and the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, studies suggest that the first avialans were <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> <i>Archaeopteryx</i> is well known as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">transitional fossils</a> to be found, and it provided support for the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a> in the late 19th century. <i>Archaeopteryx</i> was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics—teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail—as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the true ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-mayretal2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayretal2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_evolution">Early evolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">List of fossil bird genera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciusornis_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White slab of rock left with cracks and impression of bird feathers and bone, including long paired tail feathers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confuciusornis_male.jpg/220px-Confuciusornis_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confuciusornis_male.jpg/330px-Confuciusornis_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Confuciusornis_male.jpg/440px-Confuciusornis_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornis_sanctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornis sanctus">Confuciusornis sanctus</a></i>, a Cretaceous bird from China that lived 125 million years ago, is the oldest known bird to have a beak.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Over 40% of key traits found in modern birds evolved during the 60 million year transition from the earliest <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">bird-line archosaurs</a> to the first <a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">maniraptoromorphs</a>, i.e. the first dinosaurs closer to living birds than to <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i>. The loss of osteoderms otherwise common in archosaurs and acquisition of primitive feathers might have occurred early during this phase.<sup id="cite_ref-paleoitalia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleoitalia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the appearance of Maniraptoromorpha, the next 40 million years marked a continuous reduction of body size and the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">neotenic</a> (juvenile-like) characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">Hypercarnivory</a> became increasingly less common while braincases enlarged and forelimbs became longer.<sup id="cite_ref-paleoitalia_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleoitalia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a> evolved into complex, <a href="/wiki/Pennaceous_feather" title="Pennaceous feather">pennaceous feathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known paravian (and probably the earliest avialan) fossils come from the <a href="/wiki/Tiaojishan_Formation" title="Tiaojishan Formation">Tiaojishan Formation</a> of China, which has been dated to the late <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period (<a href="/wiki/Oxfordian_(stage)" title="Oxfordian (stage)">Oxfordian</a> stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include <i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchiornis huxleyi">Anchiornis huxleyi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xiaotingia_zhengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaotingia zhengi">Xiaotingia zhengi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Aurornis_xui" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurornis xui">Aurornis xui</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The well-known probable early avialan, <i>Archaeopteryx</i>, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.<sup id="cite_ref-zhengetal2013_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhengetal2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. Many groups retained <a href="/wiki/Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">primitive characteristics</a>, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves).<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe2007_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly stiff tails (especially the outermost half) can be seen in the evolution of maniraptoromorphs, and this process culminated in the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Pygostyle" title="Pygostyle">pygostyle</a>, an ossification of fused tail vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-paleoitalia_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleoitalia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago, the ancestors of all modern birds evolved a more open pelvis, allowing them to lay larger eggs compared to body size.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 95 million years ago, they evolved a better sense of smell.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third stage of bird evolution starting with <a href="/wiki/Ornithothoraces" title="Ornithothoraces">Ornithothoraces</a> (the "bird-chested" avialans) can be associated with the refining of aerodynamics and flight capabilities, and the loss or co-ossification of several skeletal features. Particularly significant are the development of an enlarged, <a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keeled</a> sternum and the <a href="/wiki/Alula" title="Alula">alula</a>, and the loss of grasping hands. <sup id="cite_ref-paleoitalia_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paleoitalia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis" title="Anchiornis">Anchiornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Xiaotingia" title="Xiaotingia">Xiaotingia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Rahonavis" title="Rahonavis">Rahonavis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Jeholornis" title="Jeholornis">Jeholornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Jixiangornis" title="Jixiangornis">Jixiangornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euavialae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euavialae">Euavialae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Balaur_bondoc" title="Balaur bondoc">Balaur</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Avebrevicauda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avebrevicauda">Avebrevicauda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Zhongjianornis" title="Zhongjianornis">Zhongjianornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sapeornis" title="Sapeornis">Sapeornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pygostylia" title="Pygostylia">Pygostylia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Protopteryx" title="Protopteryx">Protopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pengornis" title="Pengornis">Pengornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ornithothoraces" title="Ornithothoraces">Ornithothoraces</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau <i>et al.</i>, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-cauetal2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cauetal2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_diversity_of_bird_ancestors">Early diversity of bird ancestors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protobirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Protobirds">Protobirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ornithothoraces" title="Ornithothoraces">Ornithothoraces</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euornithes" title="Euornithes">Euornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Archaeorhynchus" title="Archaeorhynchus">Archaeorhynchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ornithuromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithuromorpha">Ornithuromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Patagopteryx" title="Patagopteryx">Patagopteryx</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Vorona" title="Vorona">Vorona</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Schizooura" title="Schizooura">Schizooura</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Jianchangornis" title="Jianchangornis">Jianchangornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Songlingornithidae" title="Songlingornithidae">Songlingornithidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Apsaravis" title="Apsaravis">Apsaravis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornis" title="Ichthyornis">Ichthyornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Vegavis" title="Vegavis">Vegavis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Aves</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Mesozoic bird phylogeny simplified after Wang et al., 2015's phylogenetic analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2015_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyornis_Clean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ichthyornis_Clean.png/170px-Ichthyornis_Clean.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ichthyornis_Clean.png/255px-Ichthyornis_Clean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ichthyornis_Clean.png/340px-Ichthyornis_Clean.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornis" title="Ichthyornis">Ichthyornis</a></i>, which lived 93 million years ago, was the first known prehistoric bird relative preserved with teeth.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the <a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a>, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a>, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe2007_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the <a href="/wiki/Euornithes" title="Euornithes">Euornithes</a> (meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialised in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the Enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lacked <a href="/wiki/Perching_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Perching bird">perching</a> adaptations and likely included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species.<sup id="cite_ref-brusatte2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brusatte2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latter included the superficially <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull</a>-like <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornis" title="Ichthyornis">Ichthyornis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hesperornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperornithiformes">Hesperornithiformes</a>, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic.<sup id="cite_ref-chiappe2007_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiappe2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws).<sup id="cite_ref-louchart2011_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louchart2011-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true <a href="/wiki/Pygostyle" title="Pygostyle">pygostyle</a> and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers,<sup id="cite_ref-yixianornis_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yixianornis-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-zhengetal2013_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhengetal2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study on <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">mosaic evolution</a> in the avian skull found that the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of all Neornithes might have had a beak similar to that of the modern <a href="/wiki/Hook-billed_vanga" title="Hook-billed vanga">hook-billed vanga</a> and a skull similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_golden_oriole" title="Eurasian golden oriole">Eurasian golden oriole</a>. As both species are small aerial and canopy foraging omnivores, a similar ecological niche was inferred for this hypothetical ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversification_of_modern_birds">Diversification of modern birds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sibley%E2%80%93Ahlquist_taxonomy_of_birds" title="Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds">Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_classification" title="Dinosaur classification">dinosaur classification</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;width:325px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Aves</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Ratites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratites">ratites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinamous">tinamous</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(all other birds including <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">perching</a> birds) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Major groups of modern birds based on <a href="/wiki/Sibley-Ahlquist_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy">Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most studies agree on a <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> age for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the Early Cretaceous<sup id="cite_ref-Yonezawa2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yonezawa2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-divergence_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divergence-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the latest Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kuhl2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhl2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred in the Cretaceous and associated with breakup of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> or occurred later and potentially as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ericson_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ericson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">evolutionary radiation</a>, while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). </p><p>The discovery in 2005 of <i><a href="/wiki/Vegavis" title="Vegavis">Vegavis</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>, the last stage of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, proved that the diversification of modern birds started before the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possible <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">galliform</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Austinornis" title="Austinornis">Austinornis</a> lentus</i>, dated to about 85 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. In 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/Asteriornis" title="Asteriornis">Asteriornis</a></i> from the Maastrichtian was described, it appears to be a close relative of <a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a>, the earliest diverging lineage within Neognathae.<sup id="cite_ref-Field2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence using genomic-scale DNA data and comprehensive fossil information have not resolved the controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2015_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2015 estimate that used a new method for calibrating <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular clocks">molecular clocks</a> confirmed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous, likely in Western <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event.<sup id="cite_ref-Claramunt2015_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claramunt2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern birds would have expanded from West Gondwana through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. The other route was probably via Paleocene land bridges between South America and North America, which allowed for the rapid expansion and diversification of Neornithes into the <a href="/wiki/Holarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holarctic">Holarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleotropics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleotropics">Paleotropics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Claramunt2015_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claramunt2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the occurrence of <i>Asteriornis</i> in the Northern Hemisphere suggest that Neornithes dispersed out of East Gondwana before the Paleocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Field2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_of_bird_orders">Classification of bird orders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">List of birds</a></div> <p>All modern birds lie within the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the <a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a>, which includes the flightless <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>) and the weak-flying <a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">tinamous</a>, and the extremely diverse <a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a>, containing all other birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell2014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two subdivisions have variously been given the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">rank</a> of <a href="/wiki/Superorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Superorder">superorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cohort,<sup id="cite_ref-Theropoda_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theropoda-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or infraclass.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of known living bird species is around 11,000<sup id="cite_ref-IOC14.2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOC14.2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although sources may differ in their precise numbers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> of modern bird relationships based on Stiller <i>et al</i> (2024).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, showing the 44 orders recognised by the IOC.<sup id="cite_ref-IOC14.2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOC14.2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:95%;line-height:95%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Aves</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_(1)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="462" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tinamiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinamiformes">Tinamiformes</a> (tinamous) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg/50px-NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg/75px-NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg/100px-NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="428" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rheiformes" title="Rheiformes">Rheiformes</a> (rheas) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhea_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rhea_white_background.jpg/50px-Rhea_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rhea_white_background.jpg/75px-Rhea_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rhea_white_background.jpg/100px-Rhea_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="616" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Novaeratitae" title="Novaeratitae">Novaeratitae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apterygiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apterygiformes">Apterygiformes</a> (kiwis) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_spotted_kiwi,_Apteryx_owenii,_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg/50px-Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg/75px-Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg/100px-Little_spotted_kiwi%2C_Apteryx_owenii%2C_Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="296" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassowaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassowaries">cassowaries</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emu_RWD2_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emu_RWD2_white_background.jpg/50px-Emu_RWD2_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emu_RWD2_white_background.jpg/75px-Emu_RWD2_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emu_RWD2_white_background.jpg/100px-Emu_RWD2_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="534" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, and relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Junglefowl_by_George_Edward_Lodge_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Red_Junglefowl_by_George_Edward_Lodge_white_background.png/60px-Red_Junglefowl_by_George_Edward_Lodge_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Red_Junglefowl_by_George_Edward_Lodge_white_background.png/90px-Red_Junglefowl_by_George_Edward_Lodge_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Red_Junglefowl_by_George_Edward_Lodge_white_background.png/120px-Red_Junglefowl_by_George_Edward_Lodge_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="710" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, and relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-97-Canard_colvert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cuvier-97-Canard_colvert.jpg/60px-Cuvier-97-Canard_colvert.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cuvier-97-Canard_colvert.jpg/90px-Cuvier-97-Canard_colvert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cuvier-97-Canard_colvert.jpg/120px-Cuvier-97-Canard_colvert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="346" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenicopteriformes" title="Phoenicopteriformes">Phoenicopteriformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flamingos" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingos">flamingos</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-87-Flamant_rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cuvier-87-Flamant_rouge.jpg/50px-Cuvier-87-Flamant_rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cuvier-87-Flamant_rouge.jpg/75px-Cuvier-87-Flamant_rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cuvier-87-Flamant_rouge.jpg/100px-Cuvier-87-Flamant_rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Podicipediformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podicipediformes">Podicipediformes</a> (grebes)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuut_Podiceps_cristatus_Jos_Zwarts_5.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fuut_Podiceps_cristatus_Jos_Zwarts_5.tif/lossy-page1-50px-Fuut_Podiceps_cristatus_Jos_Zwarts_5.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fuut_Podiceps_cristatus_Jos_Zwarts_5.tif/lossy-page1-75px-Fuut_Podiceps_cristatus_Jos_Zwarts_5.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fuut_Podiceps_cristatus_Jos_Zwarts_5.tif/lossy-page1-100px-Fuut_Podiceps_cristatus_Jos_Zwarts_5.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="2089" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Columbaves" title="Columbaves">Columbaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Columbiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbiformes">Columbiformes</a> (pigeons and doves) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_(1908)_(Antwerpener_Breiftaube).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/50px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/75px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/100px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="698" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pteroclimesites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteroclimesites">Pteroclimesites</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesitornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesitornithiformes">Mesitornithiformes</a> (mesites)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg/50px-Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg/75px-Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg/100px-Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="375" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pterocliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterocliformes">Pterocliformes</a> (sandgrouse)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pterocles_quadricinctus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pterocles_quadricinctus_white_background.jpg/50px-Pterocles_quadricinctus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pterocles_quadricinctus_white_background.jpg/75px-Pterocles_quadricinctus_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pterocles_quadricinctus_white_background.jpg/100px-Pterocles_quadricinctus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cuculiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuculiformes">Cuculiformes</a> (cuckoos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_birds_in_their_haunts_(Cuculus_canorus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_birds_in_their_haunts_%28Cuculus_canorus%29.jpg/50px-British_birds_in_their_haunts_%28Cuculus_canorus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_birds_in_their_haunts_%28Cuculus_canorus%29.jpg/75px-British_birds_in_their_haunts_%28Cuculus_canorus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/British_birds_in_their_haunts_%28Cuculus_canorus%29.jpg/100px-British_birds_in_their_haunts_%28Cuculus_canorus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="528" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Musophagotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Musophagotides">Musophagotides</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Otidiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Otidiformes">Otidiformes</a> (bustards)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cayley_Ardeotis_australis_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cayley_Ardeotis_australis_flipped.jpg/50px-Cayley_Ardeotis_australis_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cayley_Ardeotis_australis_flipped.jpg/75px-Cayley_Ardeotis_australis_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cayley_Ardeotis_australis_flipped.jpg/100px-Cayley_Ardeotis_australis_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1708" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Musophagiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musophagiformes">Musophagiformes</a> (turacos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Planches_enlumin%C3%A9es_d%27histoire_naturelle_(1765)_(Tauraco_persa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Planches_enlumin%C3%A9es_d%27histoire_naturelle_%281765%29_%28Tauraco_persa%29.jpg/50px-Planches_enlumin%C3%A9es_d%27histoire_naturelle_%281765%29_%28Tauraco_persa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Planches_enlumin%C3%A9es_d%27histoire_naturelle_%281765%29_%28Tauraco_persa%29.jpg/75px-Planches_enlumin%C3%A9es_d%27histoire_naturelle_%281765%29_%28Tauraco_persa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Planches_enlumin%C3%A9es_d%27histoire_naturelle_%281765%29_%28Tauraco_persa%29.jpg/100px-Planches_enlumin%C3%A9es_d%27histoire_naturelle_%281765%29_%28Tauraco_persa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="744" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Elementaves" title="Elementaves">Elementaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Gruae" title="Gruae">Gruae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a> (hoatzin)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-59-Hoazin_hupp%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cuvier-59-Hoazin_hupp%C3%A9.jpg/60px-Cuvier-59-Hoazin_hupp%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cuvier-59-Hoazin_hupp%C3%A9.jpg/90px-Cuvier-59-Hoazin_hupp%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cuvier-59-Hoazin_hupp%C3%A9.jpg/120px-Cuvier-59-Hoazin_hupp%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="603" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Gruimorphae" title="Gruimorphae">Gruimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rail_(bird)" title="Rail (bird)">rails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-72-Grue_cendr%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cuvier-72-Grue_cendr%C3%A9e.jpg/50px-Cuvier-72-Grue_cendr%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cuvier-72-Grue_cendr%C3%A9e.jpg/75px-Cuvier-72-Grue_cendr%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cuvier-72-Grue_cendr%C3%A9e.jpg/100px-Cuvier-72-Grue_cendr%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="820" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>, and relatives)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27Orbigny-Mouette_rieuse_et_Bec-en-ciseaux_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/D%27Orbigny-Mouette_rieuse_et_Bec-en-ciseaux_white_background.jpg/50px-D%27Orbigny-Mouette_rieuse_et_Bec-en-ciseaux_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/D%27Orbigny-Mouette_rieuse_et_Bec-en-ciseaux_white_background.jpg/75px-D%27Orbigny-Mouette_rieuse_et_Bec-en-ciseaux_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/D%27Orbigny-Mouette_rieuse_et_Bec-en-ciseaux_white_background.jpg/100px-D%27Orbigny-Mouette_rieuse_et_Bec-en-ciseaux_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="552" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes</a> (nightjars) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chordeiles_acutipennis_texensisAQBIP06CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chordeiles_acutipennis_texensisAQBIP06CA.jpg/50px-Chordeiles_acutipennis_texensisAQBIP06CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chordeiles_acutipennis_texensisAQBIP06CA.jpg/75px-Chordeiles_acutipennis_texensisAQBIP06CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chordeiles_acutipennis_texensisAQBIP06CA.jpg/100px-Chordeiles_acutipennis_texensisAQBIP06CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="934" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Vanescaves" title="Vanescaves">Vanescaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nyctibiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibiiformes">Nyctibiiformes</a> (potoos) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NyctibiusBracteatusSmit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NyctibiusBracteatusSmit.jpg/60px-NyctibiusBracteatusSmit.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NyctibiusBracteatusSmit.jpg/90px-NyctibiusBracteatusSmit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NyctibiusBracteatusSmit.jpg/120px-NyctibiusBracteatusSmit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1044" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes</a> (oilbird) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steatornis_caripensis_MHNT_ZON_STEA_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Steatornis_caripensis_MHNT_ZON_STEA_1.jpg/60px-Steatornis_caripensis_MHNT_ZON_STEA_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Steatornis_caripensis_MHNT_ZON_STEA_1.jpg/90px-Steatornis_caripensis_MHNT_ZON_STEA_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Steatornis_caripensis_MHNT_ZON_STEA_1.jpg/120px-Steatornis_caripensis_MHNT_ZON_STEA_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2844" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Letornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Letornithes">Letornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes</a> (frogmouths) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batrachostomus_septimus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Batrachostomus_septimus_01.jpg/50px-Batrachostomus_septimus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Batrachostomus_septimus_01.jpg/75px-Batrachostomus_septimus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Batrachostomus_septimus_01.jpg/100px-Batrachostomus_septimus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2563" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Daedalornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Daedalornithes">Daedalornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aegotheliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegotheliformes">Aegotheliformes</a> (owlet-nightjars) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegotheles_savesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aegotheles_savesi.jpg/40px-Aegotheles_savesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aegotheles_savesi.jpg/60px-Aegotheles_savesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aegotheles_savesi.jpg/80px-Aegotheles_savesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="2405" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treeswift" title="Treeswift">treeswifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White-eared_Hummingbird_(Basilinna_leucotis)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg/50px-White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg/75px-White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg/100px-White-eared_Hummingbird_%28Basilinna_leucotis%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="547" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Phaethoquornithes" title="Phaethoquornithes">Phaethoquornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eurypygimorphae" title="Eurypygimorphae">Eurypygimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phaethontiformes" title="Phaethontiformes">Phaethontiformes</a> (tropicbirds)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-95-Phaeton_%C3%A0_bec_rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cuvier-95-Phaeton_%C3%A0_bec_rouge.jpg/90px-Cuvier-95-Phaeton_%C3%A0_bec_rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cuvier-95-Phaeton_%C3%A0_bec_rouge.jpg/135px-Cuvier-95-Phaeton_%C3%A0_bec_rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cuvier-95-Phaeton_%C3%A0_bec_rouge.jpg/180px-Cuvier-95-Phaeton_%C3%A0_bec_rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunbittern" title="Sunbittern">sunbittern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kagu" title="Kagu">kagu</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-72-Caurale_soleil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cuvier-72-Caurale_soleil.jpg/50px-Cuvier-72-Caurale_soleil.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cuvier-72-Caurale_soleil.jpg/75px-Cuvier-72-Caurale_soleil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cuvier-72-Caurale_soleil.jpg/100px-Cuvier-72-Caurale_soleil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="677" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" title="Gaviiformes">Gaviiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diver_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver (bird)">divers</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJsduiker_Gavia_immer_Jos_Zwarts.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IJsduiker_Gavia_immer_Jos_Zwarts.tif/lossy-page1-50px-IJsduiker_Gavia_immer_Jos_Zwarts.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IJsduiker_Gavia_immer_Jos_Zwarts.tif/lossy-page1-75px-IJsduiker_Gavia_immer_Jos_Zwarts.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IJsduiker_Gavia_immer_Jos_Zwarts.tif/lossy-page1-100px-IJsduiker_Gavia_immer_Jos_Zwarts.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="774" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Feraequornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Feraequornithes">Feraequornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Austrodyptornithes" title="Austrodyptornithes">Austrodyptornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shearwater" title="Shearwater">shearwaters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thalassarche_chlororhynchos_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Thalassarche_chlororhynchos_1838.jpg/40px-Thalassarche_chlororhynchos_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Thalassarche_chlororhynchos_1838.jpg/60px-Thalassarche_chlororhynchos_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Thalassarche_chlororhynchos_1838.jpg/80px-Thalassarche_chlororhynchos_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3426" data-file-height="4406" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sphenisciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenisciformes">Sphenisciformes</a> (penguins) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg/40px-Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg/60px-Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg/80px-Chinstrap_Penguin_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pelecanimorphae" title="Pelecanimorphae">Pelecanimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ciconiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciconiiformes">Ciconiiformes</a> (storks) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wei%C3%9Fstorch_(Ciconia_ciconia)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Wei%C3%9Fstorch_%28Ciconia_ciconia%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="574" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pelecanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelecanes">Pelecanes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigatebirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gannet" title="Gannet">gannets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darter" title="Darter">darters</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cormorant_in_Strunjan,_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cormorant_in_Strunjan%2C_white_background.png/70px-Cormorant_in_Strunjan%2C_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cormorant_in_Strunjan%2C_white_background.png/105px-Cormorant_in_Strunjan%2C_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cormorant_in_Strunjan%2C_white_background.png/140px-Cormorant_in_Strunjan%2C_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="649" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibises</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg/70px-Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg/105px-Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg/140px-Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="858" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Telluraves" title="Telluraves">Telluraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hieraves" title="Hieraves">Hieraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strigiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigiformes">Strigiformes</a> (owls)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-12-Hibou_%C3%A0_huppe_courte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cuvier-12-Hibou_%C3%A0_huppe_courte.jpg/40px-Cuvier-12-Hibou_%C3%A0_huppe_courte.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cuvier-12-Hibou_%C3%A0_huppe_courte.jpg/60px-Cuvier-12-Hibou_%C3%A0_huppe_courte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cuvier-12-Hibou_%C3%A0_huppe_courte.jpg/80px-Cuvier-12-Hibou_%C3%A0_huppe_courte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="670" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>, and relatives)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Eagle_Illustration_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Golden_Eagle_Illustration_white_background.jpg/40px-Golden_Eagle_Illustration_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Golden_Eagle_Illustration_white_background.jpg/60px-Golden_Eagle_Illustration_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Golden_Eagle_Illustration_white_background.jpg/80px-Golden_Eagle_Illustration_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="481" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Coraciimorphae" title="Coraciimorphae">Coraciimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coliiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coliiformes">Coliiformes</a> (mousebirds) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ColiusCastanonotusKeulemans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ColiusCastanonotusKeulemans.jpg/50px-ColiusCastanonotusKeulemans.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ColiusCastanonotusKeulemans.jpg/75px-ColiusCastanonotusKeulemans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ColiusCastanonotusKeulemans.jpg/100px-ColiusCastanonotusKeulemans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2936" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cavitaves" title="Cavitaves">Cavitaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Leptosomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptosomiformes">Leptosomiformes</a> (cuckoo roller) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptosomus_discolor_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leptosomus_discolor_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-50px-Leptosomus_discolor_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leptosomus_discolor_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-75px-Leptosomus_discolor_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leptosomus_discolor_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-100px-Leptosomus_discolor_-_1825-1834_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eucavitaves" title="Eucavitaves">Eucavitaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trogoniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trogoniformes">Trogoniformes</a> (trogons and quetzals)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpactes_fasciatus_1838_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harpactes_fasciatus_1838_white_background.jpg/40px-Harpactes_fasciatus_1838_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harpactes_fasciatus_1838_white_background.jpg/60px-Harpactes_fasciatus_1838_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harpactes_fasciatus_1838_white_background.jpg/80px-Harpactes_fasciatus_1838_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="708" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Picocoraciae" title="Picocoraciae">Picocoraciae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoes</a> and relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_monograph_of_the_Bucerotid%C3%A6,_or_family_of_the_hornbills_(Plate_II)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_monograph_of_the_Bucerotid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_the_hornbills_%28Plate_II%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-A_monograph_of_the_Bucerotid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_the_hornbills_%28Plate_II%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_monograph_of_the_Bucerotid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_the_hornbills_%28Plate_II%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-A_monograph_of_the_Bucerotid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_the_hornbills_%28Plate_II%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_monograph_of_the_Bucerotid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_the_hornbills_%28Plate_II%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-A_monograph_of_the_Bucerotid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_the_hornbills_%28Plate_II%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Picodynastornithes" title="Picodynastornithes">Picodynastornithes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">rollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee-eater" title="Bee-eater">bee-eaters</a> and relatives)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-46-Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cuvier-46-Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe.jpg/50px-Cuvier-46-Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cuvier-46-Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe.jpg/75px-Cuvier-46-Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cuvier-46-Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe.jpg/100px-Cuvier-46-Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="409" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a> and relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendrocopos_major_-Durham,_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg/50px-Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg/75px-Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg/100px-Dendrocopos_major_-Durham%2C_England_-female-8_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="337" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a> (seriemas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cariama_cristata_1838_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cariama_cristata_1838_white_background.jpg/50px-Cariama_cristata_1838_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cariama_cristata_1838_white_background.jpg/75px-Cariama_cristata_1838_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cariama_cristata_1838_white_background.jpg/100px-Cariama_cristata_1838_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="4291" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a> (falcons)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewZealandFalconBuller_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NewZealandFalconBuller_white_background.jpg/35px-NewZealandFalconBuller_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NewZealandFalconBuller_white_background.jpg/53px-NewZealandFalconBuller_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NewZealandFalconBuller_white_background.jpg/70px-NewZealandFalconBuller_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacopasserae">Psittacopasserae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a> (parrots and cockatoos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrrhura_lucianii_-_Castelnau_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pyrrhura_lucianii_-_Castelnau_2.jpg/60px-Pyrrhura_lucianii_-_Castelnau_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pyrrhura_lucianii_-_Castelnau_2.jpg/90px-Pyrrhura_lucianii_-_Castelnau_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pyrrhura_lucianii_-_Castelnau_2.jpg/120px-Pyrrhura_lucianii_-_Castelnau_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a> (passerines)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg/50px-Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg/75px-Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg/100px-Cuvier-33-Moineau_domestique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="371" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The classification of birds is a contentious issue. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sibley" title="Charles Sibley">Sibley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ahlquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Ahlquist">Ahlquist</a>'s <i>Phylogeny and Classification of Birds</i> (1990) is a landmark work on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but scientists disagree about the relationships among the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. Fossil and molecular evidence from the 2010s is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2015_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2014_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genomics">Genomics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes" title="List of sequenced animal genomes">list of sequenced animal genomes</a></div> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> had been sequenced for only two birds, the <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zebra_finch" title="Zebra finch">zebra finch</a>. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the genomes of 542 species of birds had been completed. At least one genome has been sequenced from every order.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bravo_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bravo-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include at least one species in about 90% of extant avian families (218 out of 236 families recognised by the <i>Howard and Moore Checklist</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FengStiller2020_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FengStiller2020-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being able to sequence and compare whole genomes gives researchers many types of information, about genes, the DNA that regulates the genes, and their evolutionary history. This has led to reconsideration of some of the classifications that were based solely on the identification of protein-coding genes. Waterbirds such as <a href="/wiki/Pelicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelicans">pelicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flamingos" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingos">flamingos</a>, for example, may have in common specific adaptations suited to their environment that were developed independently.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bravo_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bravo-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists of birds by region</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List of birds by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_sparrow04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="small bird withpale belly and breast and patterned wing and head stands on concrete" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/House_sparrow04.jpg/220px-House_sparrow04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/House_sparrow04.jpg/330px-House_sparrow04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/House_sparrow04.jpg/440px-House_sparrow04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The range of the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a> has expanded dramatically due to human activities.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the <a href="/wiki/Snow_petrel" title="Snow petrel">snow petrel</a>'s breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest bird <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> rates in the tropics; however studies from the 2000s found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> rates than in the tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species migrate annually over great distances and across oceans; several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, and some <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabird</a> species come ashore only to breed,<sup id="cite_ref-Burger_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burger-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the <a href="/wiki/Ring-necked_pheasant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring-necked pheasant">ring-necked pheasant</a>, for example, has been introduced around the world as a <a href="/wiki/Game_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Game bird">game bird</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild <a href="/wiki/Monk_parakeet" title="Monk parakeet">monk parakeets</a> in several North American cities after their escape from captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species, including <a href="/wiki/Cattle_egret" title="Cattle egret">cattle egret</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yellow-headed_caracara" title="Yellow-headed caracara">yellow-headed caracara</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Galah" title="Galah">galah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have <a href="/wiki/Avian_range_expansion" title="Avian range expansion">spread naturally</a> far beyond their original ranges as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural expansion</a> created alternative habitats although modern practices of intensive agriculture have negatively impacted farmland bird populations.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Egg_tooth" title="Egg tooth">Egg tooth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdmorphology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/300px-Birdmorphology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/450px-Birdmorphology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/600px-Birdmorphology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>External anatomy of a bird (example: <a href="/wiki/Yellow-wattled_lapwing" title="Yellow-wattled lapwing">yellow-wattled lapwing</a>): 1 Beak, 2 Head, 3 Iris, 4 Pupil, 5 Mantle, 6 Lesser <a href="/wiki/Covert_(feather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert (feather)">coverts</a>, 7 Scapulars, 8 Median coverts, 9 Tertials, 10 Rump, 11 Primaries, 12 <a href="/wiki/Cloaca#Birds" title="Cloaca">Vent</a>, 13 Thigh, 14 Tibio-tarsal articulation, 15 Tarsus, 16 Foot, 17 Tibia, 18 Belly, 19 Flanks, 20 Breast, 21 Throat, 22 Wattle, 23 Eyestripe</figcaption></figure> <p>Compared with other vertebrates, birds have a <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> that shows many unusual adaptations, mostly to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">flight</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal_system">Skeletal system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Skeletal_system" title="Bird anatomy">Bird_anatomy § Skeletal_system</a></div> <p>The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show <a href="/wiki/Cranial_sutures" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial sutures">cranial sutures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbital cavities</a> that house the eyeballs are large and separated from each other by a bony <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a> (partition). The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a> has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a> and absent in the later vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last few are fused with the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Synsacrum" title="Synsacrum">synsacrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ribs are flattened and the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wings are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups that lost their wings are the <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">elephant birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretory_system">Excretory system</h3></div> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, birds are primarily <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste#Uricotelism" title="Metabolic waste">uricotelic</a>, that is, their <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> extract <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenous_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous waste">nitrogenous waste</a> from their bloodstream and excrete it as <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, instead of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> or external urethral opening and (with exception of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrich#Description" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>) uric acid is excreted along with faeces as a semisolid waste.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coprodeum_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coprodeum-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also excrete <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a> like mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's <a href="/wiki/Cloaca#Birds" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Reproduction" title="Bird anatomy">joining cloaca</a>, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate <a href="/wiki/Pellet_(ornithology)" title="Pellet (ornithology)">pellets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a common but not universal feature of <a href="/wiki/Altriciality" class="mw-redirect" title="Altriciality">altricial</a> <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> nestlings (born helpless, under constant parental care) that instead of excreting directly into the nest, they produce a <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sac" title="Fecal sac">fecal sac</a>. This is a mucus-covered pouch that allows parents to either dispose of the waste outside the nest or to recycle the waste through their own digestive system.<sup id="cite_ref-audubon_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audubon-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_system">Reproductive system</h3></div> <p>Most male birds do not have <a href="/wiki/Intromittent_organ" title="Intromittent organ">intromittent</a> penises.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males within <a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwis</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Screamer" title="Screamer">screamers</a>), and in rudimentary forms in <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> (but fully developed in <a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a>) possess a <a href="/wiki/Bird_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird penis">penis</a>, which is never present in <a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its length is thought to be related to <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it fills with lymphatic fluid instead of blood when erect.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When not copulating, it is hidden within the <a href="/wiki/Proctodeum" title="Proctodeum">proctodeum</a> compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. Female birds have <a href="/wiki/Female_sperm_storage" title="Female sperm storage">sperm storage</a> tubules<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that allow sperm to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sperm from multiple males may <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">compete</a> through this mechanism. Most female birds have a single <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a> and a single <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a>, both on the left side,<sup id="cite_ref-karger_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karger-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are exceptions: species in at least 16 different orders of birds have two ovaries. Even these species, however, tend to have a single oviduct.<sup id="cite_ref-karger_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karger-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been speculated that this might be an adaptation to flight, but males have two testes, and it is also observed that the gonads in both sexes decrease dramatically in size outside the breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also terrestrial birds generally have a single ovary, as does the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a>, an egg-laying mammal. A more likely explanation is that the egg develops a shell while passing through the oviduct over a period of about a day, so that if two eggs were to develop at the same time, there would be a risk to survival.<sup id="cite_ref-karger_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karger-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rare, mostly abortive, <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a> is not unknown in birds and eggs can be <a href="/wiki/Ploidy#Diploid" title="Ploidy">diploid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automixis" title="Automixis">automictic</a> and results in male offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds are solely <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meaning they have two sexes: either <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> or <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a>. The sex of birds is determined by the <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">Z and W sex chromosomes</a>, rather than by the <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">X and Y chromosomes</a> present in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ).<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complex system of <a href="/wiki/Disassortative_mating" title="Disassortative mating">disassortative mating</a> with two morphs is involved in the <a href="/wiki/White-throated_sparrow" title="White-throated sparrow">white-throated sparrow</a> <i>Zonotrichia albicollis</i>, where white- and tan-browed morphs of opposite sex pair, making it appear as if four sexes were involved since any individual is compatible with only a fourth of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In nearly all species of birds, an individual's sex is determined at fertilisation. However, one 2007 study claimed to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">temperature-dependent sex determination</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Australian_brushturkey" title="Australian brushturkey">Australian brushturkey</a>, for which higher temperatures during incubation resulted in a higher female-to-male <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, was later proven to not be the case. These birds do not exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, but temperature-dependent sex mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_and_circulatory_systems">Respiratory and circulatory systems</h3></div> <p>Birds have one of the most complex <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory systems</a> of all animal groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior <a href="/wiki/Parabronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabronchi">air sac</a> which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lungs and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound production is achieved using the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrinx (biology)">syrinx</a>, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea;<sup id="cite_ref-Suthers_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suthers-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalisations and the perception of the bird's size.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitch_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitch-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In birds, the main arteries taking blood away from the heart originate from the right <a href="/wiki/Aortic_arches" title="Aortic arches">aortic arch</a> (or pharyngeal arch), unlike in the mammals where the left aortic arch forms this part of the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postcava receives blood from the limbs via the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulating <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a> in birds retain their <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart_type_and_features">Heart type and features</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didactic_model_of_an_avian_heart-FMVZ_USP-13_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Didactic_model_of_an_avian_heart-FMVZ_USP-13_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Didactic_model_of_an_avian_heart-FMVZ_USP-13_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Didactic_model_of_an_avian_heart-FMVZ_USP-13_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Didactic_model_of_an_avian_heart-FMVZ_USP-13_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Didactic_model_of_an_avian_heart-FMVZ_USP-13_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Didactic_model_of_an_avian_heart-FMVZ_USP-13_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">Didactic model</a> of an avian heart</figcaption></figure> <p>The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a <a href="/wiki/Serous_fluid" title="Serous fluid">serous fluid</a> for lubrication.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittow_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittow-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a>. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated by <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrioventricular valves">atrioventricular valves</a> which prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinoatrial node</a> uses calcium to cause a <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarising</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal transduction pathway">signal transduction pathway</a> from the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of <a href="/wiki/Endocardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocardial">endocardial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial">myocardial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epicardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardial">epicardial</a> layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittow_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittow-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoagstrom_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoagstrom-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organisation">Organisation</h4></div> <p>Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoagstrom_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoagstrom-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular contractions, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Blood travels through the arterioles and moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capillaries are organised into capillary beds in tissues; it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds, blood flow is slowed to allow maximum <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated, it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> bringing blood back to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the blood reaches the heart, it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Nervous_system" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy § Nervous system</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> is large relative to the bird's size.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most developed part of the <a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">brain of birds</a> is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> coordinates movement and the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a> controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">nest</a> building. Most birds have a poor <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">sense of smell</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with notable exceptions including <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a><sup id="cite_ref-Avian_Sense_of_Smell_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avian_Sense_of_Smell-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tubenoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubenoses">tubenoses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The avian <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodation</a> for vision in air and water.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species also have dual <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a>. Birds are <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">tetrachromatic</a>, possessing <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) sensitive <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have <a href="/wiki/Double_cone_(biology)" title="Double cone (biology)">double cones</a>, likely to mediate <a href="/wiki/Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">achromatic vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_blink-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bird_blink-edit.jpg/300px-Bird_blink-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bird_blink-edit.jpg/450px-Bird_blink-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bird_blink-edit.jpg/600px-Bird_blink-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a> as it covers the eye of a <a href="/wiki/Masked_lapwing" title="Masked lapwing">masked lapwing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many birds show plumage patterns in <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male <a href="/wiki/Blue_tit" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue tit">blue tits</a> have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—<a href="/wiki/Kestrel" title="Kestrel">kestrels</a> have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of pigeons and a few other species,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eyelids of birds are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a>, a third eyelid that moves horizontally.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a <a href="/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens">contact lens</a> in many aquatic birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bird <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> has a fan shaped blood supply system called the <a href="/wiki/Pecten_oculi" title="Pecten oculi">pecten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Eyes of most birds</a> are large, not very round and capable of only limited movement in the orbits,<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically 10–20°.<sup id="cite_ref-Land_2014_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land_2014-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide <a href="/wiki/Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual field</a>, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> and can estimate the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Land_2014_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land_2014-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The avian <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> lacks external <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">pinnae</a> but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Asio" title="Asio">Asio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Horned_owl" title="Horned owl">Bubo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scops_owl" title="Scops owl">Otus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>, but it is not spiral as in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_and_intraspecific_combat">Defence and intraspecific combat</h3></div> <p>A few species are able to use chemical defences against predators; some <a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes</a> can eject an unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Stomach_oil" title="Stomach oil">stomach oil</a> against an aggressor,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some species of <a href="/wiki/Pitohui" title="Pitohui">pitohuis</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> have a powerful <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> in their skin and feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lack of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death.<sup id="cite_ref-long_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The screamers (<a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a>), some jacanas (<i><a href="/wiki/Jacana_(genus)" title="Jacana (genus)">Jacana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrophasianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophasianus">Hydrophasianus</a></i>), the spur-winged goose (<i><a href="/wiki/Plectropterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plectropterus">Plectropterus</a></i>), the torrent duck (<i><a href="/wiki/Merganetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Merganetta">Merganetta</a></i>) and nine species of lapwing (<i><a href="/wiki/Vanellus" title="Vanellus">Vanellus</a></i>) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (<i><a href="/wiki/Tachyeres" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachyeres">Tachyeres</a></i>), geese and swans (<i><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a></i>), the solitaire (<i><a href="/wiki/Pezophaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pezophaps">Pezophaps</a></i>), sheathbills (<i><a href="/wiki/Chionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionis">Chionis</a></i>), some guans (<i><a href="/wiki/Crax" title="Crax">Crax</a></i>) and stone curlews (<i><a href="/wiki/Burhinus" title="Burhinus">Burhinus</a></i>) use a bony knob on the <a href="/wiki/Alula" title="Alula">alular</a> metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-long_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jacanas <i><a href="/wiki/Actophilornis" title="Actophilornis">Actophilornis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Irediparra" class="mw-redirect" title="Irediparra">Irediparra</a></i> have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct <i><a href="/wiki/Xenicibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenicibis">Xenicibis</a></i> was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail. <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_olor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus olor">Swans</a>, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young.<sup id="cite_ref-long_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feathers,_plumage,_and_scales"><span id="Feathers.2C_plumage.2C_and_scales"></span>Feathers, plumage, and scales</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">Flight feather</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down feather</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Scops_owl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Owl with eyes closed in front of similarly coloured tree trunk partly obscured by green leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/African_Scops_owl.jpg/220px-African_Scops_owl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/African_Scops_owl.jpg/330px-African_Scops_owl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/African_Scops_owl.jpg/440px-African_Scops_owl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Disruptively_patterned" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptively patterned">disruptively patterned</a> plumage of the <a href="/wiki/African_scops_owl" title="African scops owl">African scops owl</a> allows it to blend in with its surroundings.</figcaption></figure> <p>Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in <a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathered dinosaurs">some dinosaurs</a> not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">flight</a>, provide insulation that aids in <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>, and are used in display, camouflage, and signalling.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called <a href="/wiki/Pterylography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterylography">pterylae</a>. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, may vary within species by age, <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plumage is regularly <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moulted</a>; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "<dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#basic_plumage" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § basic plumage" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">non-breeding</span></a></dfn>" plumage, or—in the <a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Parkes_terminology" title="Humphrey–Parkes terminology">Humphrey–Parkes terminology</a>—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey–Parkes system as "<dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#alternate_plumage" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § alternate plumage" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">alternate</span></a></dfn>" plumages.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, <a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">flight feathers</a> are replaced one at a time with the innermost <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#primary" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § primary" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">primary</span></a></dfn> being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#tertiaries" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § tertiaries" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">tertiaries</span></a></dfn> begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#secondaries" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § secondaries" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">secondaries</span></a></dfn> starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#coverts" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § coverts" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">coverts</span></a></dfn> are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless.<sup id="cite_ref-debeeretal_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debeeretal-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the <a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treecreeper" title="Treecreeper">treecreepers</a>, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general pattern seen in <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a> is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from centre outward.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare <a href="/wiki/Brood_patch" title="Brood patch">brood patch</a> by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Lory_(Eos_bornea)-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red parrot with yellow bill and wing feathers in bill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea%29-6.jpg/170px-Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea%29-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea%29-6.jpg/255px-Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea%29-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea%29-6.jpg/340px-Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea%29-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_lory" title="Red lory">Red lory</a> preening</figcaption></figure> <p>Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxy</a> secretions from the <a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">uropygial gland</a>; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial agent</a>, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be supplemented with the secretions of <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a> from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as <a href="/wiki/Anting_(bird_activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anting (bird activity)">anting</a>, to remove feather parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Scales" title="Bird anatomy">scales</a> of birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and <a href="/wiki/Metatarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsus">metatarsus</a>, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>. The scales of birds are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to those of reptiles and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Bird flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flightless_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Flightless birds">Flightless birds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restless_flycatcher04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black bird with white chest in flight with wings facing down and tail fanned and down pointing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Restless_flycatcher04.jpg/220px-Restless_flycatcher04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Restless_flycatcher04.jpg/330px-Restless_flycatcher04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Restless_flycatcher04.jpg/440px-Restless_flycatcher04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Restless_flycatcher" title="Restless flycatcher">Restless flycatcher</a> in the downstroke of flapping flight</figcaption></figure> <p>Most birds can <a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">fly</a>, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for searching for food and for escaping from predators. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (<a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a>) that serves as an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">aerofoil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wing shape and size generally determine a bird's flight style and performance; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless</a>, as were many extinct birds.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, most likely due to limited resources and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> land predators.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flightlessness is almost exclusively correlated with <a href="/wiki/Island_gigantism" title="Island gigantism">gigantism</a> due to an island's inherent condition of isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to "fly" through the water, as do some flight-capable birds such as <a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shearwater" title="Shearwater">shearwaters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dipper" title="Dipper">dippers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div> <p>Most birds are <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal animal">diurnal</a>, but some birds, such as many species of <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a> (active during twilight hours), and many coastal <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a> feed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bird_food" title="Bird food">Bird food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirdBeaksA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of the heads of 16 types of birds with different shapes and sizes of beak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/170px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/255px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/340px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Feeding adaptations in beaks</figcaption></figure> <p><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#dietary_classification_terms_(-vores)" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § dietary classification terms (-vores)" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Birds' diets</span></a></dfn> are varied and often include <a href="/wiki/Nectar_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectar (plant)">nectar</a>, fruit, plants, seeds, <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, and various small animals, including other birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system of birds">digestive system of birds</a> is unique, with a <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> for storage and a <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a> that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species such as pigeons and some psittacine species do not have a <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Battley2_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battley2-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Avian foraging</a> strategies can vary widely by species. Many birds <a href="/wiki/Gleaning_(birds)" title="Gleaning (birds)">glean</a> for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a> programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-lwa001_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwa001-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined, insectivorous birds eat 400–500 million metric tons of arthropods annually.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nectar feeders such as <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lories_and_lorikeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories and lorikeets">lories, and lorikeets</a> amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">co-adapted</a> flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Kiwis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebirds</a> with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Loons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">diving ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auks" class="mw-redirect" title="Auks">auks</a> pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion,<sup id="cite_ref-Burger_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burger-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while aerial predators such as <a href="/wiki/Sulidae" title="Sulidae">sulids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a> plunge dive after their prey. <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Flamingos</a>, three species of <a href="/wiki/Prion_(bird)" title="Prion (bird)">prion</a>, and some ducks are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">Geese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dabbling_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabbling duck">dabbling ducks</a> are primarily grazers.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species, including <a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigatebirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engage in <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a>, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of <a href="/wiki/Great_frigatebird" title="Great frigatebird">great frigatebirds</a> stealing from <a href="/wiki/Masked_booby" title="Masked booby">masked boobies</a> estimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other birds are <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>; some of these, like <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls, <a href="/wiki/Corvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvid">corvids</a>, or other birds of prey, are opportunists.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_drinking">Water and drinking</h3></div> <p>Water is needed by many birds although their mode of excretion and lack of <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a> reduces the physiological demands.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some desert birds can obtain their water needs entirely from moisture in their food. Some have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seabirds can drink seawater and have <a href="/wiki/Salt_gland" title="Salt gland">salt glands</a> inside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">pigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrildidae" title="Estrildidae">finch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coliidae">mousebird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnicidae">button-quail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otididae">bustard</a> families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some desert birds depend on water sources and <a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">sandgrouse</a> are particularly well known for congregating daily at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a> that they provide to their chicks.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feather_care">Feather care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Preening" title="Preening">Preening</a></div> <p>Feathers, being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasitic">ectoparasitic</a> feather mites and <a href="/wiki/Bird_louse" title="Bird louse">bird lice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical condition of feathers are maintained by <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#preening" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § preening" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">preening</span></a></dfn> often with the application of secretions from the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#preen_gland" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § preen gland" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">preen gland</span></a></dfn>. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as <a href="/wiki/Anting_(bird_activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anting (bird activity)">anting</a> in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg/220px-CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg/330px-CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg/440px-CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1930" /></a><figcaption>A flock of <a href="/wiki/Canada_geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada geese">Canada geese</a> in <a href="/wiki/V_formation" title="V formation">V formation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasonal</a> temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebirds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waterbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterbird">waterbirds</a> undertake annual long-distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a> and a non-breeding season in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Battley_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battley-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klaassen_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaassen-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Bar-tailed_godwit" title="Bar-tailed godwit">bar-tailed godwit</a> is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a> undertake long migrations, with the longest annual migrations including those of <a href="/wiki/Arctic_terns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic terns">Arctic terns</a>, which were recorded travelling an average of 70,900 km (44,100 mi) between their <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> breeding grounds in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and their wintering grounds in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, with one bird covering 81,600 km (50,700 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sooty_shearwater" title="Sooty shearwater">sooty shearwaters</a>, which nest in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and make annual round trips of 64,000 km (39,800 mi) to their summer feeding grounds in the North Pacific off Japan, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">Albatrosses</a> nesting in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Pacific Ocean with several coloured lines representing bird routes running from New Zealand to Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg/220px-Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg/330px-Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Bar-tailed_Godwit_migration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>The routes of satellite-tagged <a href="/wiki/Bar-tailed_godwit" title="Bar-tailed godwit">bar-tailed godwits</a> migrating north from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. This species has the longest known non-stop migration of any species, up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi).</figcaption></figure> <p>Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/irruptive" class="extiw" title="wikt:irruptive">Irruptive</a> species such as the boreal <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a> are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_migration" title="Altitudinal migration">Altitudinal migration</a> is a form of short-distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">the normal territories</a> also become inhospitable due to lack of food.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability. <a href="/wiki/True_parrots" class="mw-redirect" title="True parrots">Parrots</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s, a <a href="/wiki/Manx_shearwater" title="Manx shearwater">Manx shearwater</a> released in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in the United States returned to its colony in <a href="/wiki/Skomer" title="Skomer">Skomer</a>, in Wales within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal animal">diurnal</a> migrants, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an <a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">internal clock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> surrounding <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetism">geomagnetism</a> through specialised <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird vocalisation">Bird vocalisation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg" title="File:Troglodytes aedon - House Wren - XC79974.ogg">Bird song</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg/Troglodytes_aedon_-_House_Wren_-_XC79974.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Song of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_house_wren" title="Northern house wren">house wren</a>, a common North American songbird</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tooth-billed_Catbird_audio09.ogg" title="File:Tooth-billed Catbird audio09.ogg">Mimicry</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="Tooth-billed_Catbird_audio09.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Tooth-billed_Catbird_audio09.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Tooth-billed_Catbird_audio09.ogg/Tooth-billed_Catbird_audio09.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A <a href="/wiki/Tooth-billed_bowerbird" title="Tooth-billed bowerbird">tooth-billed bowerbird</a> mimicking a <a href="/wiki/Spangled_drongo" title="Spangled drongo">spangled drongo</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Picidae_pecking_on_wood.ogg" title="File:Picidae pecking on wood.ogg">Drumming</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Picidae_pecking_on_wood.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Picidae_pecking_on_wood.ogg/Picidae_pecking_on_wood.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Picidae_pecking_on_wood.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpecker</a> drumming on wood</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div><p>Birds <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">communicate</a> primarily using visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species). </p><p>Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the <a href="/wiki/Sunbittern" title="Sunbittern">sunbittern</a>'s mimicry of a large predator to ward off <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a> and protect young chicks.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large brown patterned ground bird with outstretched wings each with a large spot in the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg/220px-Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg/330px-Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg/440px-Stavenn_Eurypiga_helias_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The startling display of the <a href="/wiki/Sunbittern" title="Sunbittern">sunbittern</a> mimics a large predator.</figcaption></figure><p>Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements;<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Bird calls and songs</a>, which are produced in the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrinx (biology)">syrinx</a>, are the major means by which birds communicate with <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Suthers_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suthers-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction,<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evaluation of potential mates,<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories,<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season),<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The <i><a href="/wiki/Coenocorypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenocorypha">Coenocorypha</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Snipe" title="Snipe">snipes</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> drive air through their feathers,<sup id="cite_ref-Miskelly_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miskelly-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a> drum for long-distance communication,<sup id="cite_ref-DodenhoffStark2001_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DodenhoffStark2001-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_cockatoo" title="Palm cockatoo">palm cockatoos</a> use tools to drum.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flocking_and_other_associations">Flocking and other associations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="massive flock of tiny birds seen from distance so that birds appear as specks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/220px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/330px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg/440px-Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_quelea" title="Red-billed quelea">Red-billed queleas</a>, the most numerous species of wild bird,<sup id="cite_ref-flycatcher_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flycatcher-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> form enormous flocks – sometimes tens of thousands strong.</figcaption></figure> <p>While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large <a href="/wiki/Flock_(birds)" title="Flock (birds)">flocks</a>. The principal benefits of flocking are <a href="/wiki/Safety_in_numbers" title="Safety in numbers">safety in numbers</a> and increased foraging efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambush predation">ambush predation</a> is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">early warning system</a>. This has led to the development of many <a href="/wiki/Mixed-species_feeding_flock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-species feeding flock">mixed-species feeding flocks</a>, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species have a mixed system with breeding pairs maintaining territories, while unmated or young birds live in flocks where they secure mates prior to finding territories.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds sometimes also form associations with non-avian species. Plunge-diving <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> associate with <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, which push shoaling fish towards the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-AU_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AU-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of <a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbills</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic relationship</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf mongoose">dwarf mongooses</a>, in which they forage together and warn each other of nearby <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a> and other predators.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resting_and_roosting">Resting and roosting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Roosting" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Roost_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Roost (disambiguation)">Roost</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_Flamingo2_(Phoenicopterus_ruber)_(0424)_-_Relic38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pink flamingo with grey legs and long neck pressed against body and head tucked under wings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg/220px-Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg/330px-Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg/440px-Caribbean_Flamingo2_%28Phoenicopterus_ruber%29_%280424%29_-_Relic38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Many birds, like this <a href="/wiki/American_flamingo" title="American flamingo">American flamingo</a>, tuck their head into their back when sleeping.</figcaption></figure> <p>The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. <a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_animals#Birds" title="Sleep in animals">Sleeping birds</a> often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">Swifts</a> are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a> one <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">hemisphere</a> of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Communal_roosting" title="Communal roosting">Communal roosting</a> is common because it lowers the <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">loss of body heat</a> and decreases the risks associated with predators.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusual mobile roost sites include large herbivores on the African savanna that are used by <a href="/wiki/Oxpecker" title="Oxpecker">oxpeckers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bills</a> in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Perching birds</a> have a tendon-locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Loriculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Loriculus">Loriculus</a></i> roost hanging upside down.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> go into a nightly state of <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a> accompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">physiological adaptation</a> shows in nearly a hundred other species, including <a href="/wiki/Owlet-nightjar" title="Owlet-nightjar">owlet-nightjars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodswallow" title="Woodswallow">woodswallows</a>. One species, the <a href="/wiki/Common_poorwill" title="Common poorwill">common poorwill</a>, even enters a state of <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds do not have sweat glands, but can lose water directly through the skin, and they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or using special behaviours like <a href="/wiki/Urohidrosis" title="Urohidrosis">urohidrosis</a> to cool themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Avian_sexuality" title="Category:Avian sexuality">Category:Avian sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Birds" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour § Birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabird breeding behaviour">Seabird breeding behaviour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection in birds</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_systems">Social systems</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bird faces up with green face, black breast and pink lower body. Elaborate long feathers on the wings and tail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg/220px-Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg/330px-Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg/440px-Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Like others of its family, the male <a href="/wiki/Raggiana_bird-of-paradise" title="Raggiana bird-of-paradise">Raggiana bird-of-paradise</a> has elaborate breeding plumage used to impress females.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monogamy allows for both <a href="/wiki/Paternal_care" title="Paternal care">paternal care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">biparental care</a>, which is especially important for species in which care from both the female and the male parent is required in order to successfully rear a brood.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among many socially monogamous species, <a href="/wiki/Extra-pair_copulation" title="Extra-pair copulation">extra-pair copulation</a> (infidelity) is common.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of <a href="/wiki/Forced_copulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced copulation">forced copulation</a> in ducks and other <a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">anatids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other mating systems, including <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygyny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals" title="Polyandry in animals">polyandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy" title="Animal sexual behaviour">polygamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">polygynandry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a>, also occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mating systems vary across bird families<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but variations within species are thought to be driven by environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A unique system is the formation of trios where a third individual is allowed by a breeding pair temporarily into the territory to assist with brood raising thereby leading to higher fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">song</a>. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">lekking</a>. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection,<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in the polyandrous <a href="/wiki/Phalaropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalaropes">phalaropes</a>, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courtship_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtship feeding">Courtship feeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billing_(birds)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billing (birds)">billing</a> and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#allopreening" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § allopreening" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">allopreening</span></a></dfn> are commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_animals#Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in animals">Homosexual behaviour has been observed</a> in males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 130 avian species around the world engage in sexual interactions between the same sex or homosexual behaviours. "Same-sex courtship activities may involve elaborate displays, synchronised dances, gift-giving ceremonies, or behaviours at specific display areas including bowers, arenas, or leks."<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territories,_nesting_and_incubation"><span id="Territories.2C_nesting_and_incubation"></span>Territories, nesting and incubation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Bird nest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird-nest_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two unused bird nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bird-nest_%282%29.jpg/220px-Bird-nest_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bird-nest_%282%29.jpg/330px-Bird-nest_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bird-nest_%282%29.jpg/440px-Bird-nest_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption>A bird nest which fell from a tree.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many birds actively defend a territory from others of the same species during the breeding season; maintenance of territories protects the food source for their chicks. Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such as <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a>, often breed in <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colonies</a> instead; this is thought to offer protection from predators. Colonial breeders defend small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All birds lay <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic egg">amniotic eggs</a> with hard shells made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a> have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasites">brood parasites</a> have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yellow weaver (bird) with black head hangs an upside-down nest woven out of grass fronds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg/220px-Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg/330px-Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg/440px-Golden-backed_Weaver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Golden-backed_weaver" title="Golden-backed weaver">golden-backed weavers</a> construct elaborate suspended nests out of grass.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bird eggs are usually laid in a <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">nest</a>. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, mounds, or burrows.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansell_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansell-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bird nests can be a simple scrape, with minimal or no lining; most seabird and wader nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival,<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and feathers are often used for nest insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansell_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansell-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting <a href="/wiki/Common_guillemot" class="mw-redirect" title="Common guillemot">common guillemot</a> lays its eggs on bare rock, and male <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguins</a> keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in open habitat ground-nesting species where any addition of nest material would make the nest more conspicuous. Many ground nesting birds lay a clutch of eggs that hatch synchronously, with <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> chicks led away from the nests (<a href="/wiki/Nidifugous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidifugous">nidifugous</a>) by their parents soon after hatching.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nest made of straw with five white eggs and one grey speckled egg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/220px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/330px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg/440px-Eastern_Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Nest of an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_phoebe" title="Eastern phoebe">eastern phoebe</a> that has been parasitised by a <a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_cowbird" title="Brown-headed cowbird">brown-headed cowbird</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a>, which regulates temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through <a href="/wiki/Brood_patch" title="Brood patch">brood patches</a>, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of <a href="/wiki/Megapode" title="Megapode">megapodes</a> comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incubation periods range from 10 days (in <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diversity of characteristics of birds is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Several avian characteristics are compared in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-AnAge_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnAge-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADW_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Species </th> <th>Adult weight<br />(grams) </th> <th>Incubation<br />(days) </th> <th>Clutches<br />(per year) </th> <th>Clutch size </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruby-throated_hummingbird" title="Ruby-throated hummingbird">Ruby-throated hummingbird</a> (<i>Archilochus colubris</i>) </td> <td>3 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">House sparrow</a> (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) </td> <td>25 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_roadrunner" title="Greater roadrunner">Greater roadrunner</a> (<i>Geococcyx californianus</i>) </td> <td>376 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">Turkey vulture</a> (<i>Cathartes aura</i>) </td> <td>2,200 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laysan_albatross" title="Laysan albatross">Laysan albatross</a> (<i>Phoebastria immutabilis</i>) </td> <td>3,150 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_penguin" title="Magellanic penguin">Magellanic penguin</a> (<i>Spheniscus magellanicus</i>) </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">Golden eagle</a> (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>) </td> <td>4,800 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Wild turkey</a> (<i>Meleagris gallopavo</i>) </td> <td>6,050 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parental_care_and_fledging">Parental care and fledging</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parental_care_in_birds" title="Parental care in birds">Parental care in birds</a></div> <p>At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termed <i><a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a></i>, and tend to be born small, <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a>, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termed <i><a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a></i>. Altricial chicks need help <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulating</a> and must be brooded for longer than precocial chicks. The young of many bird species do not precisely fit into either the precocial or altricial category, having some aspects of each and thus fall somewhere on an "altricial-precocial spectrum".<sup id="cite_ref-Urfi2011_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urfi2011-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicks at neither extreme but favouring one or the other may be termed <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#semi-precocial" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § semi-precocial" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">semi-precocial</span></a></dfn><sup id="cite_ref-Khanna2005_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanna2005-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#semi-altricial" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § semi-altricial" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">semi-altricial</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott2008_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2008-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-breasted_Woodswallow_chicks_in_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking down on three helpless blind chicks in a nest within the hollow of a dead tree trunk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/White-breasted_Woodswallow_chicks_in_nest.jpg/220px-White-breasted_Woodswallow_chicks_in_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/White-breasted_Woodswallow_chicks_in_nest.jpg/330px-White-breasted_Woodswallow_chicks_in_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/White-breasted_Woodswallow_chicks_in_nest.jpg/440px-White-breasted_Woodswallow_chicks_in_nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">Altricial</a> chicks of a <a href="/wiki/White-breasted_woodswallow" title="White-breasted woodswallow">white-breasted woodswallow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in <a href="/wiki/Megapode" title="Megapode">megapodes</a> ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the <a href="/wiki/Great_frigatebird" title="Great frigatebird">great frigatebird</a>, whose chicks take up to six months to <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledge</a> and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>chick guard stage</i> describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calliope-nest_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hummingbird perched on edge of tiny nest places food into mouth of one of two chicks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calliope-nest_edit.jpg/220px-Calliope-nest_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calliope-nest_edit.jpg/330px-Calliope-nest_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Calliope-nest_edit.jpg/440px-Calliope-nest_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Calliope_hummingbird" title="Calliope hummingbird">calliope hummingbird</a> feeding fully grown chicks</figcaption></figure> <p>In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, <a href="/wiki/Helpers_at_the_nest" title="Helpers at the nest">other members</a> of the same species—usually close relatives of the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">breeding pair</a>, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">alloparenting</a> is particularly common among the <a href="/wiki/Corvida" title="Corvida">Corvida</a>, which includes such birds as the true <a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_magpie" title="Australian magpie">Australian magpie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairy-wren" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy-wren">fairy-wrens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has been observed in species as different as the <a href="/wiki/Rifleman_(bird)" title="Rifleman (bird)">rifleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_kite" title="Red kite">red kite</a>. Among most groups of animals, <a href="/wiki/Paternal_care" title="Paternal care">male parental care</a> is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_77-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The point at which chicks <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledge</a> varies dramatically. The chicks of the <i><a href="/wiki/Synthliboramphus" title="Synthliboramphus">Synthliboramphus</a></i> murrelets, like the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_murrelet" title="Ancient murrelet">ancient murrelet</a>, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicks may also follow their parents during their first <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brood_parasites">Brood parasites</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small brown bird places an insect in the bill of much larger grey bird in nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/170px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/255px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/340px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reed_warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed warbler">Reed warbler</a> raising a <a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">common cuckoo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">brood parasite</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasitism</a>, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism.<sup id="cite_ref-brood_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brood-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either <i>obligate brood parasites</i>, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or <i>non-obligate brood parasites</i>, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of <a href="/wiki/Conspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecific">conspecifics</a> to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred bird species, including <a href="/wiki/Honeyguide" title="Honeyguide">honeyguides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icterid" title="Icterid">icterids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black-headed_duck" title="Black-headed duck">ducks</a>, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brood_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brood-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_selection">Sexual selection</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/300px-Peacock_Flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/450px-Peacock_Flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/600px-Peacock_Flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>The peacock tail in flight, the classic example of a <a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection in birds</a></div> <p>Birds have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> a variety of <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a> behaviours, with the <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacock</a> tail being perhaps the most famous example of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a>. Commonly occurring <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphisms</a> such as size and colour differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards2012_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards2012-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many types of avian <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> have been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual's fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signalling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage colouration and <a href="/wiki/Courtship_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtship behavior">courtship behaviour</a> are "honest" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-doutrelant2012_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doutrelant2012-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inbreeding_depression">Inbreeding depression</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></div> <p>Inbreeding causes early death (<a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Zebra_finch" title="Zebra finch">zebra finch</a> <i>Taeniopygia guttata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22643890_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22643890-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embryo survival (that is, hatching success of fertile eggs) was significantly lower for <a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">sib-sib</a> mating pairs than for unrelated pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finch</a> <i>Geospiza scandens</i> experiences <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> (reduced survival of offspring) and the magnitude of this effect is influenced by environmental conditions such as low food availability.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12144022_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12144022-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inbreeding_avoidance">Inbreeding avoidance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">Inbreeding avoidance</a></div> <p>Incestuous matings by the <a href="/wiki/Purple-crowned_fairywren" title="Purple-crowned fairywren">purple-crowned fairy wren</a> <i>Malurus coronatus</i> result in severe fitness costs due to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs).<sup id="cite_ref-Kingma_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingma-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity#Other animals</a> for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingma_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingma-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inbreeding depression occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Great_tit" title="Great tit">great tit</a> (<i>Parus major</i>) when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. In natural populations of <i>Parus major</i>, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18211876_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18211876-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southern_pied_babbler" title="Southern pied babbler">Southern pied babblers</a> <i>Turdoides bicolor</i> appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways. The first is through dispersal, and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22471769_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22471769-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_breeding" title="Cooperative breeding">Cooperative breeding</a> in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26577076_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26577076-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (<a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19834483_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19834483-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Cross-fertilisation</a> between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3324702_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3324702-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_(macho),_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-Pinz%C3%B3n_azul_de_Gran_Canaria_%28macho%29%2C_M._A._Pe%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria_blue_chaffinch" title="Gran Canaria blue chaffinch">Gran Canaria blue chaffinch</a>, an example of a bird highly specialised in its habitat, in this case in the <a href="/wiki/Pinus_canariensis" title="Pinus canariensis">Canarian pine</a> forests</figcaption></figure> <p>Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions.<sup id="cite_ref-flycatcher_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flycatcher-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niches</a> occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest canopy">forest canopy</a>, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectarivores</a>. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy or <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a>. Many grassland birds are granivores. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>. Birds are also preyed upon by a range of mammals including a few <a href="/wiki/Avivore" title="Avivore">avivorous</a> bats.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide range of endo- and ectoparasites depend on birds and some parasites that are transmitted from parent to young have <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">co-evolved</a> and show host-specificity.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal.<sup id="cite_ref-Clout_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clout-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants and pollinating birds often <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolve</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some cases a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfil ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand nine species of <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> were important browsers, as are the <a href="/wiki/Kerer%C5%AB" title="Kererū">kererū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokako" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokako">kokako</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-Clout_268-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clout-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many birds act as <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">ecosystem engineers</a> through the construction of nests, which provide important microhabitats and food for hundreds of species of invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nesting <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> may affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, which may enrich the local soil<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the surrounding seas.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Avian_ecology_field_methods" title="Avian ecology field methods">avian ecology field methods</a>, including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human uses of birds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial-Chicken-Coop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two rows of cages in a dark barn with many white chickens in each cage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Industrial-Chicken-Coop.JPG/220px-Industrial-Chicken-Coop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Industrial-Chicken-Coop.JPG/330px-Industrial-Chicken-Coop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Industrial-Chicken-Coop.JPG/440px-Industrial-Chicken-Coop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Industrial_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial farming">Industrial farming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, these relationships are <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a>, like the cooperative honey-gathering among <a href="/wiki/Honeyguide" title="Honeyguide">honeyguides</a> and African peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Borana_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana people">Borana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other times, they may be <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal</a>, as when species such as the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have benefited from human activities. Several species have reconciled to habits of farmers who practice traditional farming. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Sarus_crane" title="Sarus crane">Sarus Crane</a> that begins nesting in India when farmers flood the fields in anticipation of rains,<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_woolly-necked_stork" title="Asian woolly-necked stork">Woolly-necked Storks</a> that have taken to nesting on a short tree grown for agroforestry beside fields and canals.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests,<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some pose an <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">aviation hazard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (<a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avian_lead_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian lead poisoning">avian lead poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">roadkill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> kills<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and predation by pet <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> are common causes of death for birds).<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds can act as vectors for spreading diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Psittacosis" title="Psittacosis">psittacosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">salmonellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">campylobacteriosis</a>, mycobacteriosis (avian <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> (bird flu), <a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">giardiasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">cryptosporidiosis</a> over long distances. Some of these are <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic diseases</a> that can also be transmitted to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pet#Birds" title="Pet">Pet § Birds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FishingCormorants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of fisherman on raft with pole for punting and numerous black birds on raft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FishingCormorants.jpg/170px-FishingCormorants.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FishingCormorants.jpg/255px-FishingCormorants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FishingCormorants.jpg/340px-FishingCormorants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>The use of cormorants by Asian fishermen is in steep decline but survives in some areas as a tourist attraction.</figcaption></figure> <p>Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, <span class="nowrap">76 million</span> tons of poultry and <span class="nowrap">61 million</span> tons of eggs were produced worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chickens</a> account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated turkey">turkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_duck" title="Domestic duck">ducks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goose" title="Domestic goose">geese</a> are also relatively common.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds include <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkeys</a>, quail, <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">doves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snipe" title="Snipe">snipe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">woodcock</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a> is also popular in Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially the <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down</a> of geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird faeces (<a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, sometimes called the Guano War, was fought in part over the control of guano deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as <a href="/wiki/Parrot_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrot (family)">parrots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myna" title="Myna">mynas</a>, are bred in <a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">captivity</a> or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> have long been used for <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">fishing</a>, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Messenger_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Messenger pigeon">Messenger pigeons</a>, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amateur bird enthusiasts (called birdwatchers, twitchers or, more commonly, <a href="/wiki/Birding" class="mw-redirect" title="Birding">birders</a>) number in the millions.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many homeowners erect <a href="/wiki/Bird_feeder" title="Bird feeder">bird feeders</a> near their homes to attract various species. <a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a> has grown into a multimillion-dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_religion_and_mythology">In religion and mythology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vogel_Drei_(Meister_der_Spielkarten).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodcut of three long-legged and long-necked birds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vogel_Drei_%28Meister_der_Spielkarten%29.jpg/170px-Vogel_Drei_%28Meister_der_Spielkarten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vogel_Drei_%28Meister_der_Spielkarten%29.jpg/255px-Vogel_Drei_%28Meister_der_Spielkarten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Vogel_Drei_%28Meister_der_Spielkarten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>The <i>3 of Birds</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Playing_Cards" title="Master of the Playing Cards">Master of the Playing Cards</a>, 15th-century Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, such as in the Cult of <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makemake (mythology)">Makemake</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">Tangata manu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> served as chiefs<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as attendants, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Hugin_and_Munin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugin and Munin">Hugin and Munin</a>, the two <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common ravens</a> who whispered news into the ears of the <a href="/wiki/Norse_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse god">Norse god</a> <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. In several civilisations of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">ancient Italy</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan mythology">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Ancient Rome">religion</a>, priests were involved in <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augury</a>, or interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" (from which the word "auspicious" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They may also serve as <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbols</a>, as when <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יונה</span>, <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a>) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Common_peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Common peacock">common peacock</a>, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the people of southern India.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ancient world, doves were used as symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian goddess">Mesopotamian goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (later known as Ishtar),<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> mother goddess <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_300-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_301-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAR_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAR-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Botterweck_300-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botterweck-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_301-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the goddess of wisdom and patron deity of the city of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, had a <a href="/wiki/Little_owl" title="Little owl">little owl</a> as <a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">her symbol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacy,_Susan_2001_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacy,_Susan_2001-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deacy2008_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacy2008-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson1950_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson1950-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2011Tiwanaku_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2011Tiwanaku-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2011Tiwanaku_309-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2011Tiwanaku-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture_and_folklore">In culture and folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Birds_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in culture">Birds in culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17.6-24-1974-Cuerda-seca-flisepanel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/17.6-24-1974-Cuerda-seca-flisepanel.jpg/220px-17.6-24-1974-Cuerda-seca-flisepanel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/17.6-24-1974-Cuerda-seca-flisepanel.jpg/330px-17.6-24-1974-Cuerda-seca-flisepanel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/17.6-24-1974-Cuerda-seca-flisepanel.jpg/440px-17.6-24-1974-Cuerda-seca-flisepanel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3489" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>Painted <a href="/wiki/Tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiles">tiles</a> with design of birds from <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carvings.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological <a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)">Roc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>'s legendary <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Poukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Poukai">Pouākai</a></i></span>, a giant bird capable of snatching humans.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Throne" title="Peacock Throne">Peacock Throne</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal era">Mughal</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian</a> emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most famous of these bird artists was <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a>, whose paintings of <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of North American birds">North American birds</a> were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> incorporated <a href="/wiki/Nightingale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightingale">nightingales</a> into his <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> used a <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrow</a> as an erotic symbol in his <a href="/wiki/Catullus_2" title="Catullus 2">Catullus 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between an <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a> and a sailor is the central theme of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a></i>, which led to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Albatross_(metaphor)" title="Albatross (metaphor)">term as a metaphor for a 'burden'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> metaphors derive from birds; <a href="/wiki/Vulture_fund" title="Vulture fund">vulture funds</a> and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aircraft, particularly military aircraft, are frequently named after birds. The predatory nature of raptors make them popular choices for fighter aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harrier_Jump_Jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrier Jump Jet">Harrier Jump Jet</a>, while the names of seabirds may be chosen for aircraft primarily used by naval forces such as the <a href="/wiki/HU-16_Albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="HU-16 Albatross">HU-16 Albatross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/V-22_Osprey" class="mw-redirect" title="V-22 Osprey">V-22 Osprey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Dominica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/220px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/330px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/440px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dominica" title="Flag of Dominica">flag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> prominently features the <a href="/wiki/Sisserou_Parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisserou Parrot">Sisserou Parrot</a>, its national bird.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perceptions of bird species vary across cultures. <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Owls</a> are associated with bad luck, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, and death in parts of Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are regarded as wise across much of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">Hoopoes</a> were considered sacred in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and symbols of virtue in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, birds, especially <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">eagles</a>, often appear in <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a><sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">vexillology</a>, birds are a popular choice on <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_flags_by_design#Bird" title="List of national flags by design">flags</a>. Birds feature in the flag designs of 17 countries and numerous subnational entities and territories.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds are used by nations to symbolise a country's identity and heritage, with 91 countries officially recognising a <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_birds" title="List of national birds">national bird</a>. Birds of prey are highly represented, though some nations have chosen other species of birds with parrots being popular among smaller, tropical nations.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">Birds in music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a>, birdsong has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a> did, along with many later composers; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, as <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a> first did; or like <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Harrison" title="Beatrice Harrison">Beatrice Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Rothenberg" title="David Rothenberg">David Rothenberg</a>, they can duet with birds.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ledger_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ledger-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 archaeological excavation of a 10000-year-old site in Israel yielded hollow wing bones of coots and ducks with perforations made on the side that are thought to have allowed them to be used as flutes or whistles possibly used by <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> people to lure birds of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_and_conservation">Threats and conservation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Quaternary prehistoric birds">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extinct birds">List of extinct birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raptor_conservation" title="Raptor conservation">Raptor conservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large black bird with featherless head and hooked bill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/170px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/255px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg/340px-California-Condor3-Szmurlo_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a> once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that to over 500 today.</figcaption></figure> <p>Human activities have caused population decreases or <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> in many bird species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times,<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesian</a> islands.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been long-term declines in North American bird populations, with an estimated loss of 2.9 billion breeding adults, about 30% of the total, since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most commonly cited human threat to birds is <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other threats include overhunting, accidental mortality due to collisions with <a href="/wiki/Bird-skyscraper_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird-skyscraper collisions">buildings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-line_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-line fishing">long-line fishing</a> <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pollution (including <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> and pesticide use),<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> competition and predation from nonnative <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">climate change</a>. </p><p>Governments and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> groups work to protect birds, either by passing laws that <a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation">preserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">restore</a> bird habitat or by establishing <a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation">captive populations</a> for reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including the <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_parakeet" title="Norfolk parakeet">Norfolk parakeet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human activities have allowed the expansion of a few temperate area species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">barn swallow</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="European starling">European starling</a>. In the tropics and sub-tropics, relatively more species are expanding due to human activities, particularly due to the spread of crops such as rice whose expansion in south Asia has benefitted at least 64 bird species, though may have harmed many more species.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avian_sleep" title="Avian sleep">Avian sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Climate change and birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">List of individual birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">List of bird genera</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Field2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Field2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFieldBenitoChenJagt2020" class="citation journal cs1">Field, Daniel J.; Benito, Juan; Chen, Albert; Jagt, John W. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2003" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Ian (2003). <i>The Speciation and Biogeography of Birds</i>. 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Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-87334-15-6"><bdi>84-87334-15-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yellow-headed+Caracara&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World.+Volume+2%3B+New+World+Vultures+to+Guineafowl&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=84-87334-15-6&rft.aulast=Bierregaard&rft.aufirst=R.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuniperMike_Parr1998" class="citation book cs1">Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998). <i>Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Helm_Identification_Guides" title="Helm Identification Guides">Christopher Helm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-6933-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-6933-0"><bdi>0-7136-6933-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parrots%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Parrots+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7136-6933-0&rft.aulast=Juniper&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Mike+Parr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeijden,_Wouter_van_derTerwan,_PaulGuldemond,_Adriaan2010" class="citation book cs1">Weijden, Wouter van der; Terwan, Paul; Guldemond, Adriaan, eds. (2010). <i>Farmland Birds across the World</i>. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496553637" title="Special:BookSources/9788496553637"><bdi>9788496553637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farmland+Birds+across+the+World&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788496553637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlichDavid_S._DobkinDarryl_Wheye1988" class="citation web cs1">Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Adaptations.html">"Adaptations for Flight"</a>. <i>Birds of Stanford</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birds+of+Stanford&rft.atitle=Adaptations+for+Flight&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=David+S.+Dobkin&rft.au=Darryl+Wheye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2FAdaptations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span> Based on The Birder's Handbook (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>, David Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye. 1988. Simon and Schuster, New York.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_77-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1995" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Frank (1995). <i>Ornithology</i>. 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Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804725156" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804725156"><bdi>978-0804725156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Venuses+and+Cupids%3A+Sexuality%2C+Hermeneutics%2C+and+English+Poetry&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0804725156&rft.aulast=Tinkle&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjhLACGml2cC%26q%3DMary%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1983" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Erika (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHFYM-IGCO8C&q=Aphrodisia%20festival&pg=PA48"><i>Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion</i></a>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-09184-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-09184-8"><bdi>0-299-09184-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+of+Attica%3A+An+Archaeological+Companion&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-299-09184-8&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHFYM-IGCO8C%26q%3DAphrodisia%2520festival%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacy,_Susan_2001-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deacy,_Susan_2001_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacyVilling2001" class="citation book cs1">Deacy, Susan; Villing, Alexandra (2001). <i>Athena in the Classical World</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004121423" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004121423"><bdi>978-9004121423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athena+in+the+Classical+World&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004121423&rft.aulast=Deacy&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Villing%2C+Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacy2008-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deacy2008_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacy2008" class="citation book cs1">Deacy, Susan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiCAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena%20and%20Ares%20Darmon&pg=PA163"><i>Athena</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BirdLife+International+announces+more+Critically+Endangered+birds+than+ever+before&rft.pub=BirdLife+International&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fnews%2Fpr%2F2009%2F05%2Fred_list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinver2009" class="citation news cs1">Kinver, Mark (13 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8045971.stm">"Birds at risk reach record high"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Birds+at+risk+reach+record+high&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft.aulast=Kinver&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8045971.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/bring-birds-back/">"Nearly 3 Billion Birds Gone"</a>. <i>CornellLab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(24 September 2004). "Avian Extinction and Mammalian Introductions on Oceanic Islands". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>305</b> (5692): 1955–1958. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305.1955B">2004Sci...305.1955B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101617">10.1126/science.1101617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15448269">15448269</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31211118">31211118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Avian+Extinction+and+Mammalian+Introductions+on+Oceanic+Islands&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5692&rft.pages=1955-1958&rft.date=2004-09-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31211118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15448269&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305.1955B&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Cassey%2C+P.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+R.&rft.au=Evans%2C+K.&rft.au=Gaston%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButchartStattersfieldCollar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Butchart, S.; Stattersfield, A.; Collar, N (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605306000950">"How many bird extinctions have we prevented?"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 266–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605306000950">10.1017/S0030605306000950</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=How+many+bird+extinctions+have+we+prevented%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-79&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605306000950&rft.aulast=Butchart&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Stattersfield%2C+A.&rft.au=Collar%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0030605306000950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundarSubramanya2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Subramanya, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1675/063.033.s104">"Bird use of rice fields in the Indian subcontinent"</a>. <i>Waterbirds</i>. <b>33</b> (Special Issue 1): 44–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1675%2F063.033.s104">10.1675/063.033.s104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waterbirds&rft.atitle=Bird+use+of+rice+fields+in+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=Special+Issue+1&rft.pages=44-70&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1675%2F063.033.s104&rft.aulast=Sundar&rft.aufirst=K.+S.+Gopi&rft.au=Subramanya%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1675%2F063.033.s104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><i>All the Birds of the World</i>, Lynx Edicions, 2020.</li> <li>Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World</i> (17-volume encyclopaedia), Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 1992–2010. (<i>Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8">978-84-87334-10-8</a>, etc.).</li> <li>Lederer, Roger; Carol Burr (2014). <i>Latein für Vogelbeobachter: über 3000 ornithologische Begriffe erklärt und erforscht</i>, aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Susanne Kuhlmannn-Krieg, Verlag DuMont, Köln, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-9491-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-9491-8">978-3-8321-9491-8</a>.</li> <li><i>National Geographic Field Guide to Birds of North America</i>, National Geographic, 7th edition, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426218354" title="Special:BookSources/9781426218354">9781426218354</a></li> <li><i>National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern Region</i>, National Audubon Society, Knopf.</li> <li><i>National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Western Region</i>, National Audubon Society, Knopf.</li> <li>Svensson, Lars (2010). <i>Birds of Europe</i>, Princeton University Press, second edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691143927" title="Special:BookSources/9780691143927">9780691143927</a></li> <li>Svensson, Lars (2010). <i>Collins Bird Guide: The Most Complete Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe</i>, Collins, 2nd edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007268146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007268146">978-0007268146</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Bird</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bird" class="extiw" title="wikt:bird">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aves" class="extiw" title="c:Aves">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bird" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Bird">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birds" class="extiw" title="q:Birds">Quotations</a> 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bird" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bird">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bird" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bird">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aves" class="extiw" title="species:Aves">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Aves" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Aves">Aves</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">4</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="Bird_(Intro).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Bird_%28Intro%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Bird_%28Intro%29.ogg/Bird_%28Intro%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Bird</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Birds&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Birds">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Birds&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/">Birdlife International</a> – Dedicated to bird conservation worldwide; has a database with about 250,000 records on endangered bird species.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdbiogeography1.htm">Bird biogeography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100810134957/http://www.audubon.org/bird/index.html">Birds and Science</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/695">"<i>Bird</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EBird%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230000000000%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113#P830" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/completed_essays.html">Essays on bird biology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnussbaum.com/birdsindex.htm">North American Birds for Kids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100809090128/http://www.mrnussbaum.com/birdsindex.htm">Archived</a> 9 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornithology.com/">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/">Sora</a> – Searchable online research archive; Archives of the following ornithological journals <i><a href="/wiki/The_Auk" class="mw-redirect" title="The Auk">The Auk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Condor_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor (journal)">Condor</a></i>, <i>Journal of Field Ornithology'</i>, <i>North American Bird Bander</i>, <i>Studies in Avian Biology</i>, <i>Pacific Coast Avifauna</i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wilson Bulletin">Wilson Bulletin</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/">The Internet Bird Collection</a> – A free library of videos of the world's birds</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdpop.org/">The Institute for Bird Populations, California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064035/http://media.library.uiuc.edu/cgi/b/bib/bix-idx?c=bix%3Bcc%3Dbix%3Bsid%3D0c4f6243857204b94fcdebc6dce5d8b2%3Btype%3Dsimple%3Bpage%3Dbrowse%3Binst%3Dbix_10%3Bsort%3Dregion">List of field guides to birds</a>, from the International Field Guides database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdidentifier/">RSPB bird identifier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105112202/http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdidentifier/">Archived</a> 5 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Interactive identification of all UK birds</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/avians.html">Are Birds Really Dinosaurs?</a> — University of California Museum of Paleontology.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds" title="Template:Birds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds" title="Template talk:Birds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_(class:_Aves)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>: Aves)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_birds" title="Outline of birds">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)#Birds" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly#bird_digits" title="Dactyly">Dactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">Eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Preen gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird behaviour">Behaviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation#Avian_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">Fossil birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyangiformes">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlingornithiformes">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human <br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">Ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">Bird collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Egg collecting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Families and orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">Extinct species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_bird_species" title="List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li>Notable birds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_birds" title="List of fictional birds">fictional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neornithes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ostriches)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(rheas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(emus and cassowaries)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />n<br />a<br />t<br />h<br />a<br />e</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galloanserae_(fowls)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">G<br />a<br />l<br />l<br />o<br />a<br />n<br />s<br />e<br />r<br />a<br />e</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(waterfowls)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergini" title="Mergini">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyurini" title="Oxyurini">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan"><span style="font-size:85%;">swans</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose"><span style="font-size:85%;">true geese</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadorninae" title="Tadorninae">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">Anhima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">Anseranas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowls</a>-</span> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamebirds">gamebirds</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreophasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasinae">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodidae">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulturine_guineafowl" title="Vulturine guineafowl">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size:85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(doves and pigeons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(sandgrouse)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(flamingos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(grebes)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(turacos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">Otidiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(bustards)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(nightjars and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(oilbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctibiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibiiformes">Nyctibiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(potoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(frogmouths)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegotheliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegotheliformes">Aegotheliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owlet-nightjars)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(swifts and hummingbirds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hoatzins)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(gulls and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cranes and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(tropicbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kagus and sunbitterns)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(loons or divers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(penguins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(albatrosses and petrels)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(storks)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cormorants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(pelicans and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(seriemas and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(falcons and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(parrots)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(perching birds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(raptors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(owls)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">Coliiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(mousebirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(trogons and quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-roller" title="Cuckoo-roller">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(cuckoo-rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(hornbills and hoopoes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(kingfishers and rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size:85%;">(woodpeckers and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds" title="Category:Birds">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birds">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Birds" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_chordate_classes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chordata" title="Template:Chordata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chordata" title="Template talk:Chordata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_chordate_classes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> classes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Leptocardii (lancelets)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Urochordata)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larvacean" title="Larvacean">Appendicularia (larvaceans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acopa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolidobranchia" title="Stolidobranchia">Stolidobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliacea" title="Thaliacea">Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enterogona" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterogona">Enterogona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebobranchia" title="Phlebobranchia">Phlebobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplousobranchia" title="Aplousobranchia">Aplousobranchia</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cyclostomata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Myxini (hagfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia (lampreys)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-37px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(jawed vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:left;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bony vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(lobe-finned fish)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia (coelacanths)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Dipnoi (lungfish)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-25px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia (mammals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-19px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (scaled reptiles)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines (turtles)</a>³</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (crocodilians)</a>³</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves (birds)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea (sea squirts)</a></i></li> <li>²subclasses of <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li>³orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia (reptiles)</a></i></li> <li><i>italics</i> denote paraphyletic groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maniraptora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maniraptora" title="Template:Maniraptora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maniraptora" title="Template talk:Maniraptora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maniraptora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maniraptora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maniraptora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Dinosauria_*_Clade:_Theropoda_*_Clade:_Maniraptoriformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Maniraptoriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoriformes">Maniraptoriformes</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Theropoda" title="Template:Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Maniraptora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Elopteryx" title="Elopteryx">Elopteryx</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuivenator" title="Fukuivenator">Fukuivenator</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kakuru" title="Kakuru">Kakuru</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Migmanychion" title="Migmanychion">Migmanychion</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Yaverlandia" title="Yaverlandia">Yaverlandia</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Alvarezsauroidea" title="Alvarezsauroidea">Alvarezsauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achillesaurus" title="Achillesaurus">Achillesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aorun" title="Aorun">Aorun</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bannykus" title="Bannykus">Bannykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonapartenykus" title="Bonapartenykus">Bonapartenykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haplocheirus" title="Haplocheirus">Haplocheirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagonykus" title="Patagonykus">Patagonykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shishugounykus" title="Shishugounykus">Shishugounykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tugulusaurus" title="Tugulusaurus">Tugulusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiyunykus" title="Xiyunykus">Xiyunykus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alvarezsauridae" title="Alvarezsauridae">Alvarezsauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achillesaurus" title="Achillesaurus">Achillesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alnashetri" title="Alnashetri">Alnashetri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alvarezsaurus" title="Alvarezsaurus">Alvarezsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonapartenykus" title="Bonapartenykus">Bonapartenykus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bradycneme" title="Bradycneme">Bradycneme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heptasteornis" title="Heptasteornis">Heptasteornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagonykus" title="Patagonykus">Patagonykus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parvicursorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvicursorinae">Parvicursorinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharaonyx" title="Dzharaonyx">Dzharaonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaculinykus" title="Jaculinykus">Jaculinykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khulsanurus" title="Khulsanurus">Khulsanurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol_ghuva" title="Kol ghuva">Kol</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemegtonykus" title="Nemegtonykus">Nemegtonykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ondogurvel" title="Ondogurvel">Ondogurvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvicursor" title="Parvicursor">Parvicursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiupanykus" title="Qiupanykus">Qiupanykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trierarchuncus" title="Trierarchuncus">Trierarchuncus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratonykini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratonykini">Ceratonykini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albinykus" title="Albinykus">Albinykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratonykus" title="Ceratonykus">Ceratonykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xixianykus" title="Xixianykus">Xixianykus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mononykini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononykini">Mononykini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertonykus" title="Albertonykus">Albertonykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linhenykus" title="Linhenykus">Linhenykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mononykus" title="Mononykus">Mononykus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuvuuia" title="Shuvuuia">Shuvuuia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Therizinosauria" title="Therizinosauria">Therizinosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eshanosaurus" title="Eshanosaurus">Eshanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falcarius" title="Falcarius">Falcarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuivenator" title="Fukuivenator">Fukuivenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jianchangosaurus" title="Jianchangosaurus">Jianchangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingyuanosaurus" title="Lingyuanosaurus">Lingyuanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therizinosauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Therizinosauroidea">Therizinosauroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alxasaurus" title="Alxasaurus">Alxasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beipiaosaurus" title="Beipiaosaurus">Beipiaosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enigmosaurus" title="Enigmosaurus">Enigmosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martharaptor" title="Martharaptor">Martharaptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suzhousaurus" title="Suzhousaurus">Suzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therizinosauridae" title="Therizinosauridae">Therizinosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erliansaurus" title="Erliansaurus">Erliansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erlikosaurus" title="Erlikosaurus">Erlikosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanshiungosaurus" title="Nanshiungosaurus">Nanshiungosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neimongosaurus" title="Neimongosaurus">Neimongosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothronychus" title="Nothronychus">Nothronychus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralitherizinosaurus" title="Paralitherizinosaurus">Paralitherizinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Segnosaurus" title="Segnosaurus">Segnosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Therizinosaurus" title="Therizinosaurus">Therizinosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennaraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennaraptora">Pennaraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">Oviraptorosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Oviraptorosauria" title="Template:Oviraptorosauria">Oviraptorosauria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagonykuspuertai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patagonykus puertai"><img alt="Patagonykus puertai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Patagonykuspuertai.jpg/140px-Patagonykuspuertai.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Patagonykuspuertai.jpg/210px-Patagonykuspuertai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Patagonykuspuertai.jpg/280px-Patagonykuspuertai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="932" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mononykus_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mononykus olecranus"><img alt="Mononykus olecranus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mononykus_Restoration.png/140px-Mononykus_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mononykus_Restoration.png/210px-Mononykus_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mononykus_Restoration.png/280px-Mononykus_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Therizinosaurus cheloniformis"><img alt="Therizinosaurus cheloniformis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png/140px-Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png/210px-Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png/280px-Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="5730" data-file-height="3508" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Paraves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paraves" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeopteryx" title="Palaeopteryx">Palaeopteryx</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pneumatoraptor" title="Pneumatoraptor">Pneumatoraptor</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rahonavis" title="Rahonavis">Rahonavis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae" title="Scansoriopterygidae">Scansoriopterygidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambopteryx" title="Ambopteryx">Ambopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epidexipteryx" title="Epidexipteryx">Epidexipteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scansoriopteryx" title="Scansoriopteryx">Scansoriopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(dinosaur)" title="Yi (dinosaur)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anchiornithidae" title="Anchiornithidae">Anchiornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis" title="Anchiornis">Anchiornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurornis" title="Aurornis">Aurornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caihong" title="Caihong">Caihong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosinopteryx" title="Eosinopteryx">Eosinopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fujianvenator" title="Fujianvenator">Fujianvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningvenator" title="Liaoningvenator">Liaoningvenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostromia" title="Ostromia">Ostromia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedopenna" title="Pedopenna">Pedopenna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serikornis" title="Serikornis">Serikornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiaotingia" title="Xiaotingia">Xiaotingia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yixianosaurus" title="Yixianosaurus">Yixianosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Archaeopterygidae" title="Archaeopterygidae">Archaeopterygidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmonavis" title="Alcmonavis">Alcmonavis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wellnhoferia" title="Wellnhoferia">Wellnhoferia</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anchiornithidae" title="Anchiornithidae">Anchiornithidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">Dromaeosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Dromaeosauridae" title="Template:Dromaeosauridae">Dromaeosauridae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Troodontidae" title="Template:Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmonavis" title="Alcmonavis">Alcmonavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Balaur_bondoc" title="Balaur bondoc">Balaur</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cretaaviculus" title="Cretaaviculus">Cretaaviculus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuipteryx" title="Fukuipteryx">Fukuipteryx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Overoraptor" title="Overoraptor">Overoraptor</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rahonavis" title="Rahonavis">Rahonavis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Yandangornis" title="Yandangornis">Yandangornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongornis" title="Zhongornis">Zhongornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Anchiornithidae" title="Anchiornithidae">Anchiornithidae</a></b>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Archaeopterygidae" title="Archaeopterygidae">Archaeopterygidae</a></b>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Scansoriopterygidae" title="Scansoriopterygidae">Scansoriopterygidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalianraptor" title="Dalianraptor">Dalianraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeholornis" title="Jeholornis">Jeholornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jixiangornis" title="Jixiangornis">Jixiangornis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kompsornis" title="Kompsornis">Kompsornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neimengornis" title="Neimengornis">Neimengornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pygostylia" title="Pygostylia">Pygostylia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>"<a href="/wiki/Proornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Proornis">Proornis</a>"</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropteryx" title="Omnivoropteryx">Omnivoropteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sapeornis" title="Sapeornis">Sapeornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithidae" title="Confuciusornithidae">Confuciusornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Changchengornis" title="Changchengornis">Changchengornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornis" title="Confuciusornis">Confuciusornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoconfuciusornis" title="Eoconfuciusornis">Eoconfuciusornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangavis" title="Yangavis">Yangavis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Jinguofortisidae" title="Jinguofortisidae">Jinguofortisidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chongmingia" title="Chongmingia">Chongmingia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratonavis" title="Cratonavis">Cratonavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinguofortis" title="Jinguofortis">Jinguofortis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithothoraces" title="Ornithothoraces">Ornithothoraces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Enantiornithes" title="Template:Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euornithes" title="Euornithes">Euornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambopteryx_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ambopteryx longibrachium"><img alt="Ambopteryx longibrachium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ambopteryx_restoration.png/140px-Ambopteryx_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ambopteryx_restoration.png/210px-Ambopteryx_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ambopteryx_restoration.png/280px-Ambopteryx_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="3789" data-file-height="1958" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_lithographica_-_Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Salas_Fontelles_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archaeopteryx lithographica"><img alt="Archaeopteryx lithographica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_-_Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Salas_Fontelles_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_-_Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Salas_Fontelles_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_-_Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Salas_Fontelles_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_-_Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Salas_Fontelles_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_-_Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Salas_Fontelles_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_-_Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Salas_Fontelles_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciusornis_plumage_pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Confuciusornis sp."><img alt="Confuciusornis sp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Confuciusornis_plumage_pattern.jpg/140px-Confuciusornis_plumage_pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Confuciusornis_plumage_pattern.jpg/210px-Confuciusornis_plumage_pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Confuciusornis_plumage_pattern.jpg/280px-Confuciusornis_plumage_pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="911" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Euornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Euornithes" title="Euornithes">Euornithes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Euornithes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euornithes" title="Euornithes">Euornithes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeorhynchus" title="Archaeorhynchus">Archaeorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellulornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellulornis (page does not exist)">Bellulornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Brevidentavis" title="Brevidentavis">Brevidentavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Changmaornis" title="Changmaornis">Changmaornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Changzuiornis" title="Changzuiornis">Changzuiornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangia" title="Chaoyangia">Chaoyangia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dingavis" title="Dingavis">Dingavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eogranivora" title="Eogranivora">Eogranivora</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gargantuavis" title="Gargantuavis">Gargantuavis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hollanda_luceria" title="Hollanda luceria">Hollanda</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horezmavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horezmavis (page does not exist)">Horezmavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Jianchangornis" title="Jianchangornis">Jianchangornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Jiuquanornis" title="Jiuquanornis">Jiuquanornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Juehuaornis" title="Juehuaornis">Juehuaornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kaririavis" title="Kaririavis">Kaririavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Meemannavis" title="Meemannavis">Meemannavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platanavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platanavis (page does not exist)">Platanavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Vorona" title="Vorona">Vorona</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Wyleyia" title="Wyleyia">Wyleyia</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Xinghaiornis" title="Xinghaiornis">Xinghaiornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Yumenornis" title="Yumenornis">Yumenornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongjianornis" title="Zhongjianornis">Zhongjianornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Schizoouridae" title="Schizoouridae">Schizoouridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mengciusornis" title="Mengciusornis">Mengciusornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schizooura" title="Schizooura">Schizooura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alamitornis" title="Alamitornis">Alamitornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuszholia" title="Kuszholia">Kuszholia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagopteryx" title="Patagopteryx">Patagopteryx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambiortus" title="Ambiortus">Ambiortus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apsaravis" title="Apsaravis">Apsaravis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palintropus" title="Palintropus">Palintropus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeornithura" title="Archaeornithura">Archaeornithura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornis" title="Hongshanornis">Hongshanornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longicrusavis" title="Longicrusavis">Longicrusavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parahongshanornis" title="Parahongshanornis">Parahongshanornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianyuornis" title="Tianyuornis">Tianyuornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithidae" title="Songlingornithidae">Songlingornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hollanda_luceria" title="Hollanda luceria">Hollanda</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piscivoravis" title="Piscivoravis">Piscivoravis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlingornis" title="Songlingornis">Songlingornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanornis" title="Yanornis">Yanornis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yixianornis" title="Yixianornis">Yixianornis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Yanornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanornithidae">Yanornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abitusavis" title="Abitusavis">Abitusavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Similiyanornis" title="Similiyanornis">Similiyanornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanornis" title="Yanornis">Yanornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gansuidae" title="Gansuidae">Gansuidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Changzuiornis" title="Changzuiornis">Changzuiornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hollanda_luceria" title="Hollanda luceria">Hollanda</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iteravis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iteravis (page does not exist)">Iteravis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khinganornis" title="Khinganornis">Khinganornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuilingornis" title="Shuilingornis">Shuilingornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Antarcticavis" title="Antarcticavis">Antarcticavis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Apatornis" title="Apatornis">Apatornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cerebavis" title="Cerebavis">Cerebavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gallornis" title="Gallornis">Gallornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guildavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guildavis (page does not exist)">Guildavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Iaceornis" title="Iaceornis">Iaceornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kookne" title="Kookne">Kookne</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Limenavis" title="Limenavis">Limenavis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tingmiatornis" title="Tingmiatornis">Tingmiatornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornis" title="Ichthyornis">Ichthyornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janavis" title="Janavis">Janavis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baptornis" title="Baptornis">Baptornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brodavis" title="Brodavis">Brodavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chupkaornis" title="Chupkaornis">Chupkaornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enaliornis" title="Enaliornis">Enaliornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judinornis" title="Judinornis">Judinornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pasquiaornis" title="Pasquiaornis">Pasquiaornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potamornis" title="Potamornis">Potamornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperornithidae">Hesperornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiahesperornis" title="Asiahesperornis">Asiahesperornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadaga" title="Canadaga">Canadaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fumicollis" title="Fumicollis">Fumicollis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperornis" title="Hesperornis">Hesperornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parahesperornis" title="Parahesperornis">Parahesperornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Vegaviidae" title="Vegaviidae">Vegaviidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australornis" title="Australornis">Australornis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maaqwi" title="Maaqwi">Maaqwi</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neogaeornis" title="Neogaeornis">Neogaeornis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polarornis" title="Polarornis">Polarornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegavis" title="Vegavis">Vegavis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Cimolopterygidae" title="Cimolopterygidae">Cimolopterygidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceramornis" title="Ceramornis">Ceramornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cimolopteryx" title="Cimolopteryx">Cimolopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamarqueavis" title="Lamarqueavis">Lamarqueavis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves / Neornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagopteryx_deferrariisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patagopteryx deferrariisi"><img alt="Patagopteryx deferrariisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Patagopteryx_deferrariisi.jpg/140px-Patagopteryx_deferrariisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Patagopteryx_deferrariisi.jpg/210px-Patagopteryx_deferrariisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Patagopteryx_deferrariisi.jpg/280px-Patagopteryx_deferrariisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyornis_restoration.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ichthyornis dispar"><img alt="Ichthyornis dispar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ichthyornis_restoration.jpeg/140px-Ichthyornis_restoration.jpeg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ichthyornis_restoration.jpeg/210px-Ichthyornis_restoration.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ichthyornis_restoration.jpeg/280px-Ichthyornis_restoration.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2254" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Aves_/_Neornithes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves / Neornithes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Palaeognathae" title="Template:Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anserimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anserimorphae">Anserimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Anserimorphae" title="Template:Anserimorphae">Anserimorphae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pangalliformes" title="Pangalliformes">Pangalliformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Pangalliformes" title="Template:Pangalliformes">Pangalliformes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Asteriornis" title="Asteriornis">Asteriornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Perplexicervix" title="Perplexicervix">Perplexicervix</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Qinornis" title="Qinornis">Qinornis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dromornithidae" title="Dromornithidae">Dromornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barawertornis" title="Barawertornis">Barawertornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromornis" title="Dromornis">Dromornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genyornis" title="Genyornis">Genyornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilbandornis" title="Ilbandornis">Ilbandornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brontornis" title="Brontornis">Brontornis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastornis" title="Gastornis">Gastornis</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dromornithidae" title="Dromornithidae">Dromornithidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pelagornithidae" title="Pelagornithidae">Pelagornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aequornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aequornis (page does not exist)">Aequornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caspiodontornis" title="Caspiodontornis">Caspiodontornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyphornis" title="Cyphornis">Cyphornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasornis" title="Dasornis">Dasornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantornis" title="Gigantornis">Gigantornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laornis" title="Laornis">Laornis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetodontopteris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetodontopteris (page does not exist)">Lutetodontopteris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrodontopteryx" title="Macrodontopteryx">Macrodontopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manu_antiquus" title="Manu antiquus">Manu</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontopteryx" title="Odontopteryx">Odontopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odontoptila_(bird)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odontoptila (bird) (page does not exist)">Odontoptila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osteodontornis" title="Osteodontornis">Osteodontornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeochenoides" title="Palaeochenoides">Palaeochenoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagornis" title="Pelagornis">Pelagornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceriavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceriavis (page does not exist)">Proceriavis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protodontopteryx" title="Protodontopteryx">Protodontopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protopelicanus" title="Protopelicanus">Protopelicanus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudodontornis" title="Pseudodontornis">Pseudodontornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tympanonesiotes" title="Tympanonesiotes">Tympanonesiotes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteriornis_Life_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Asteriornis maastrichtensis"><img alt="Asteriornis maastrichtensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asteriornis_Life_Restoration.png/140px-Asteriornis_Life_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asteriornis_Life_Restoration.png/210px-Asteriornis_Life_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asteriornis_Life_Restoration.png/280px-Asteriornis_Life_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dromornis_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dromornis stirtoni"><img alt="Dromornis stirtoni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dromornis_BW.jpg/140px-Dromornis_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dromornis_BW.jpg/210px-Dromornis_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dromornis_BW.jpg/280px-Dromornis_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeornithes" title="Archaeornithes">Archaeornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinatae" title="Carinatae">Carinatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinonychosauria" title="Deinonychosauria">Deinonychosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontognathae" title="Odontognathae">Odontognathae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontornithes" title="Odontornithes">Odontornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauriurae" title="Sauriurae">Sauriurae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenlagiidae" title="Unenlagiidae">Unenlagiidae</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Maniraptorans" title="Category:Maniraptorans">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_dinosaurs_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dinosaurs_by_Continent" title="Template:Dinosaurs by Continent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dinosaurs_by_Continent" title="Template talk:Dinosaurs by Continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dinosaurs_by_Continent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dinosaurs by Continent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_dinosaurs_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of dinosaurs by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Non-avian dinosaurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_dinosaurs" title="List of African dinosaurs">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_and_Madagascan_dinosaurs" title="List of Indian and Madagascan dinosaurs">Madagascan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Appalachian_dinosaurs" title="List of Appalachian dinosaurs">Appalachia</a> (former continent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_dinosaurs" title="List of Asian dinosaurs">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_and_Madagascan_dinosaurs" title="List of Indian and Madagascan dinosaurs">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_dinosaurs" title="List of European dinosaurs">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_dinosaurs" title="List of North American dinosaurs">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_dinosaurs" title="List of South American dinosaurs">South American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_and_Antarctic_dinosaurs" title="List of Australian and Antarctic dinosaurs">Australian and Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinoproject-icon2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dinoproject-icon2.png/80px-Dinoproject-icon2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dinoproject-icon2.png/120px-Dinoproject-icon2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dinoproject-icon2.png/160px-Dinoproject-icon2.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Africa" title="List of birds of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Asia" title="List of birds of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_India" title="List of birds of India">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Europe" title="List of birds of Europe">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_North_America" title="List of birds of North America">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_South_America" title="List of birds of South America">South American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Australia" title="List of birds of Australia">Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_use_of_birds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_in_culture" title="Template talk:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_use_of_birds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human use</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">birds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li>In sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a></li></ul></li> <li>In science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li></ul></li> <li>In mythology and religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">Sacred ibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li>In hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">Cormorant fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Wildfowling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/80px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/160px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">Feather tights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_birds" title="Category:Heraldic birds">In heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalerion">Avalerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Crow/Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a></li></ul></li> <li>In poetry <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crow_(poetry)" title="Crow (poetry)">Crow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In prose <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck" title="The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck">The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In theatre and ballet <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In film <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animated_films_about_birds" title="Category:Animated films about birds">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chickens" title="Category:Films about chickens">Chicken films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_about_birds" title="Category:Horror films about birds">Horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a></li> <li>In fashion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">Feather boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li>In dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cendrawasih_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendrawasih (dance)">Cendrawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(dance)" title="Chicken (dance)">Chicken dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture" title="Golden eagles in human culture">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_penguins" title="Cultural depictions of penguins">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae#Domestication" title="Columbidae">Pigeon/Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">of the Tower of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Illustrators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Jonsson_(illustrator)" title="Lars Jonsson (illustrator)">Lars Jonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewington_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lewington (artist)">Richard Lewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conservationists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Krabbe" title="Niels Krabbe">Niels Krabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93dinosaur_coexistence" title="Human–dinosaur coexistence">Human–dinosaur coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_and_humans" title="Category:Birds and humans">Category:Birds and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Aves</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5113">Q5113</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aves" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Aves">Aves</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aves/">Aves</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Aves">Aves</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=51">51</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/V2">V2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/695">695</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1AVESC">1AVESC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10699">10699</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f2fd1555-ab1f-40f7-9cbf-abebff1ffbda">f2fd1555-ab1f-40f7-9cbf-abebff1ffbda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/212">212</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/3">3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1142">1142</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174371">174371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8782">8782</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/dcced4e7-06b1-466e-9d85-5a384501dac2">dcced4e7-06b1-466e-9d85-5a384501dac2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=81461">81461</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36616">36616</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E1E0B077-76F6-D736-3B27-36617A705C73">E1E0B077-76F6-D736-3B27-36617A705C73</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1836">1836</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/AAFCA22F-1980-4B62-9149-8887F1C1FDC1">AAFCA22F-1980-4B62-9149-8887F1C1FDC1</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014310">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932889r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932889r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573307">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ptáci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115956&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aves"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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