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sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A calcium reactor is an efficient method to supply calcium and trace elements to a reef aquarium. Reactors may be used in elaborate <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> and brackish aquariums where freshwater clams and other <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> need a constant supply of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calciumreactor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calciumreactor.jpg/250px-Calciumreactor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calciumreactor.jpg/375px-Calciumreactor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Calciumreactor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Calcium reactor</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium" title="Marine aquarium">marine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reef_aquarium" title="Reef aquarium">reef aquariums</a>, a <b>calcium reactor</b> dissolves a calcium carbonate media in order to balance <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalinity</a> and introduce other trace elements. An acidic solution is produced by injecting <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> into a reaction chamber with <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">salt water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> rich media. The carbon dioxide lowers the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> by producing a solution high in <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolves</a> calcium. This solution is recirculated through the reaction chamber via a recirculating pump. The effluent, which is now rich in elements from the dissolved media, is returned to the <a href="/wiki/Reef_aquarium" title="Reef aquarium">reef aquarium</a> where the elements are consumed by organisms, primarily <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> when building skeletons. </p><p>The reactor dissolves the calcium-laden media to provide bicarbonates HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (alkalinity) and calcium (Ca<sup>++</sup>) ions at the same rate as consumed during calcification. Effectively dissolving the media requires an acidic pH. Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher, so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is used. The reaction formula is: </p> <dl><dd>CaCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> ⟷ Ca<sup>2+</sup> + 2 HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>Inside the reaction chamber, a calcium rich media (<a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a>), mainly CaCO<sub>3</sub>, is forced into contact with water injected with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) in order to create <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>). This increases the solubility of the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. The reaction frees the calcium and carbonate, supplying the aquarium with water rich in Ca<sup>2+</sup> and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>, important for maintaining alkalinity and calcium levels. </p><p>A bubble counter is used to visually (or audibly) measure the carbon dioxide rate (bubbles per minute). The <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">flow rate</a> of carbon dioxide is monitored so that the dissolved gas goes into the solution, with a minimum unconsumed. A <a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">needle valve</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solenoid_valve" title="Solenoid valve">solenoid valve</a> generally attached to the CO2 regulator regulates the CO<sub>2</sub> bubble rate. Valves with precise adjustment abilities improve bubble control. </p><p>A feed pump takes aquarium water into the reactor, controlling the volume of water exchange. This is important because a high rate of water flow into the reactor can reduce its efficiency, thus resulting in underproduction and a waste of CO<sub>2</sub>. </p><p>Some reactors siphon water into the input of the reactor's re-circulation pump. A potential complication is the medium in the reactor becoming compacted, increasing <a href="/wiki/Back_pressure" title="Back pressure">back pressure</a> onto the pump and reducing water into the reactor. Placing a gate or needle valve on the reactor's outlet side will improve flow characteristics compared to control from the inlet side. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peristaltic_pump" title="Peristaltic pump">Peristaltic pumps</a> are effective operating against pressure, capable of supplying an adjustable and continuous flow over flow rates with minimal maintenance. </p><p>A pH controller is recommended to control the CO2. It works by connecting to the CO2 regulator on the CO2 tank and measuring the pH of the solution inside the reactor via a pH probe. The controller will turn on and off the flow of CO2 based on the pH inside the reactor. The pH range for the typical calcium reactor is 6.5–6.8. When the pH rises above a certain level, a valve opens, allowing carbon dioxide to enter the reactor. The controller closes the valve as the pH falls below this level. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRC-CR4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="MRC Dual chambered calcium reactor for balancing pH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MRC-CR4.jpg/220px-MRC-CR4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MRC-CR4.jpg/330px-MRC-CR4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MRC-CR4.jpg/440px-MRC-CR4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dual chambered calcium reactor</figcaption></figure> <p>Some pH controllers have an interface for an air pump. This air pump is connected to an airstone in the sump or main tank. If the probe detects a low pH level, the pump activates. The bubbles raise the pH by dissipating the CO<sub>2</sub> gas. </p><p>Since the pH inside the reactor is much lower than the pH in the aquarium, you run the risk of lowering the aquarium pH by running a calcium reactor if that low pH isn't mitigated. To counteract that effect, many manufacturers offer reactors with secondary buffering chambers. This buffering chamber is filled with the same media as the primary chamber, however, no CO2 is injected into this chamber. The effluent of the primary chamber passes through the buffering chamber, consuming any excess CO2 and raising the pH of the solution, prior to entering the aquarium. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_reactor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">Filter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_reactor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-05/sh/feature/index.php">Reefkeeping.com article on calcium reactors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509071928/http://avdil.gtri.gatech.edu/RCM/RCM/Aquarium/CalciumReactor.html">Georgia Tech information on calcium reactor</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Community_aquarium" title="Community aquarium">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">Biotope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_furniture" title="Aquarium furniture">Aquarium décor<br />and equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airstone" title="Airstone">Airstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_scrubber" title="Algae scrubber">Algae scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Method" title="Berlin Method">Berlin Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">Driftwood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calcium reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sand_bed" title="Deep sand bed">Deep sand bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishcam" title="Fishcam">Fishcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feeder" title="Aquarium fish feeder">Fish feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heater_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heater (aquarium)">Heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_lighting" title="Aquarium lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_rock" title="Live rock">Live rock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Live_sand" title="Live sand">Live sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(pump)" title="Powerhead (pump)">Powerhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_(fishkeeping)" title="Refugium (fishkeeping)">Refugium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_(aquarium)" title="Sump (aquarium)">Sump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish terms / types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae_eater" title="Algae eater">Algae eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dither_fish" title="Dither fish">Dither</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_fish" title="Hardy fish">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_fish" title="Painted fish">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed" title="Aquarium fish feed">Fish food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_fish" title="Feeder fish">Feeder fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_shrimp" title="Feeder shrimp">Feeder shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">Infusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_mix" title="Shrimp mix">Shrimp mix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tubifex_tubifex" title="Tubifex tubifex">Tubifex tubifex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fishery" title="Aquarium fishery">Aquarium fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquascaping" title="Aquascaping">Aquascaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_treatment_(fishkeeping)" title="Bath treatment (fishkeeping)">Bath treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean-up_crew" title="Clean-up crew">Clean-up crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish" title="Disease in ornamental fish">Disease in ornamental fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarium" title="Macquarium">Macquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Piaba" title="Project Piaba">Project <i>Piaba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_safe" title="Reef safe">Reef safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">Spawning trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conditioner" title="Water conditioner">Water conditioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano" title="Takashi Amano">Takashi Amano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Axelrod" title="Herbert R. Axelrod">Herbert R. Axelrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Baldner" title="Leonhard Baldner">Leonhard Baldner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Carbonnier" title="Pierre Carbonnier">Pierre Carbonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(zoologist)" title="Edward Edwards (zoologist)">Edward Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Farmer_(aquascaper)" title="George Farmer (aquascaper)">George Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_O._Kullander" title="Sven O. Kullander">Sven O. Kullander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alford_Lloyd" title="William Alford Lloyd">William Alford Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Matte" title="Paul Matte">Paul Matte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sprung" title="Julian Sprung">Julian Sprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thynne" title="Anna Thynne">Anna Thynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haskins_Townsend" title="Charles Haskins Townsend">Charles Haskins Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Villepreux-Power" title="Jeanne Villepreux-Power">Jeanne Villepreux-Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Warington" title="Robert Warington">Robert Warington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_Fish_International" title="Aquarium Fish International">Aquarium Fish International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_(magazine)" title="Koi (magazine)">Koi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Fishkeeping" title="Practical Fishkeeping">Practical Fishkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Fish_Hobbyist" title="Tropical Fish Hobbyist">Tropical Fish Hobbyist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennerle" title="Dennerle">Dennerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drs._Foster_%26_Smith" title="Drs. Foster & Smith">Drs. Foster & Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(company)" title="Hikari (company)">Hikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_C._Hagen_Group" title="Rolf C. Hagen Group">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_(company)" title="Sera (company)">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_(company)" title="Tetra (company)">Tetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardley_(company)" title="Wardley (company)">Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_Med_Laboratories" title="Zoo Med Laboratories">Zoo Med Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">Aquarium diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_fish_by_scientific_name" title="List of aquarium fish by scientific name">Aquarium fish by scientific name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium fish species">Freshwater aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_amphibian_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium amphibian species">amphibians</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium plant species">plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium_algae" title="Freshwater aquarium algae">algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of marine aquarium fish species">Marine aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of marine aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of marine aquarium plant species">plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of brackish aquarium fish species">Brackish aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of brackish aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of brackish aquarium plant species">plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_reactor&oldid=1186857766">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_reactor&oldid=1186857766</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishkeeping" title="Category:Fishkeeping">Fishkeeping</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aquariums" title="Category:Aquariums">Aquariums</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2023, at 23:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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