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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Films of the Parisian Surrealist Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_of_the_Parisian_Surrealist_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Later films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_surrealista" title="Cinema surrealista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema surrealista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealistischer_Film" title="Surrealistischer Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Surrealistischer Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_surrealista" title="Cine surrealista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine surrealista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سینمای سوررئالیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای سوررئالیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_surr%C3%A9aliste" title="Cinéma surréaliste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma surréaliste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%ED%98%84%EC%8B%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="초현실주의 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초현실주의 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_surrealista" title="Cinema surrealista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema surrealista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirre%C4%81lisma_kino" title="Sirreālisma kino – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sirreālisma kino" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_surrealista" title="Cinema surrealista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width: 14em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_techniques" title="Surrealist techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Surrealists" title="Birmingham Surrealists">Birmingham Surrealists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Surrealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Women Surrealists">Women Surrealists</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Surrealism_sidebar" title="Template:Surrealism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Surrealism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Surrealism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Surrealist cinema</b> is a modernist approach to <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">criticism</a>, and production, with origins in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in the 1920s. The <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealist movement</a> used shocking, irrational, or absurd imagery and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudian</a> dream symbolism to challenge the traditional function of art to represent reality. Related to <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> cinema, Surrealist cinema is characterized by juxtapositions, the rejection of dramatic <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and a frequent use of shocking imagery. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Soupault" title="Philippe Soupault">Philippe Soupault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>’s 1920 book collaboration <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Champs_magn%C3%A9tiques" title="Les Champs magnétiques">Les Champs magnétiques</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often considered to be the first Surrealist work,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was only once Breton had completed his <i><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a></i> in 1924 that ‘Surrealism drafted itself an official birth certificate.’<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surrealist films of the twenties include <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">René Clair</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte_(film)" title="Entr'acte (film)">Entr'acte</a></i> (1924), <a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> (1924), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Whirlpool_of_Fate" title="The Whirlpool of Fate">La Fille de l'Eau</a></i> (1924), <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anemic_Cinema" title="Anemic Cinema">Anemic Cinema</a></i> (1926), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Jean Epstein</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(1928_French_film)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (1928 French film)">Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (1928) (with <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> assisting), <a href="/wiki/James_Sibley_Watson" title="James Sibley Watson">Watson</a> and Webber's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(1928_American_film)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (1928 American film)">Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman" title="The Seashell and the Clergyman">The Seashell and the Clergyman</a></i> (1928) (from a screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a>). Other films include <i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> (1929) and <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%82ge_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Âge d'Or">L'Âge D'Or</a></i> (1930), both by Buñuel and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>; Buñuel went on to direct many more films, never denying his surrealist roots.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> said "Buñuel nearly always made Buñuel films".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_cinema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2006 book <i>Surrealism and Cinema</i>, Michael Richardson argues that <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> works cannot be defined by style or form, but rather as results of the practice of surrealism. Richardson writes: "Within popular conceptions, surrealism is misunderstood in many different ways, some of which contradict others, but all of these misunderstandings are founded in the fact that they seek to reduce surrealism to a style or a thing in itself rather than being prepared to see it as an activity with broadening horizons. Many critics fail to recognize the distinctive qualities that make up the surrealist attitude. They seek something – a theme, a particular type of imagery, certain concepts – they can identify as 'surrealist' in order to provide a criterion of judgement by which a film or artwork can be appraised. The problem is that this goes against the very essence of surrealism, which refuses to be here but is always elsewhere. It is not a thing but a relation between things and therefore needs to be treated as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surrealists are not concerned with conjuring up some magic world that can be defined as 'surreal'. Their interest is almost exclusively in exploring the conjunctions, the points of contact, between different realms of existence. Surrealism is always about departures rather than arrivals."<sup id="cite_ref-R1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than a fixed aesthetic, Richardson defines surrealism as "a shifting point of magnetism around which the collective activity of the surrealists revolves."<sup id="cite_ref-R1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> draws upon irrational imagery and the <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a> mind. Surrealists should not, however, be mistaken as whimsical or incapable of logical thought;<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather, most Surrealists promote themselves as revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_cinema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surrealism was the first literary and artistic movement to become seriously associated with cinema,<sup id="cite_ref-R8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it has also been a movement largely neglected by film critics and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-R9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, shortlived though its popularity was, it became known for its dream-like quality, juxtaposition of everyday people and objects in irrational forms, and the abstraction of real life, places, and things. Highly influenced by Freudian psychology, surrealism sought to bring the unconscious mind to visual life. "Balanced between symbolism and realism, surrealist cinema commentated on themes of life, death, modernity, politics, religion, and art itself."<sup id="cite_ref-R16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundations of the movement began in France and coincided with the birth of motion pictures. France served as the birthplace of surrealist cinema because of a fortunate combination of easy access to film equipment, film financing, and a plethora of interested artists and audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-R16_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Surrealists who participated in the movement were among the first generation to have grown up with film as a part of daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-R8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breton himself, even before the launching of the movement, possessed an avid interest in film: while serving in the First World War, he was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and, during his spare time, would frequent the movie houses with a superior named <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vach%C3%A9" title="Jacques Vaché">Jacques Vaché</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Breton, he and Vaché ignored movie titles and times, preferring to drop in at any given moment and view the films without any foreknowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they grew bored, they left and visited the next theater.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breton's movie-going habits supplied him with a stream of images with no constructed order about them. He could juxtapose the images of one film with those of another, and from the experience craft his own interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referring to his experiences with Vaché, he once remarked, "I think what we [valued] most in it, to the point of taking no interest in anything else, was its power to disorient."<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breton believed that film could help one abstract himself from "real life" whenever he felt like it.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serial_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial (film)">Serials</a>, which often contained <a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">cliffhanger</a> effects and hints of "other worldliness," were attractive to early Surrealists.<sup id="cite_ref-R8_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Houdini" class="mw-redirect" title="Houdini">Houdini</a>'s daredevil deeds and the escapades of <a href="/wiki/Musidora" title="Musidora">Musidora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_White" title="Pearl White">Pearl White</a> in detective stories.<sup id="cite_ref-R8_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What endeared Surrealists most to the genre was its ability to evoke and sustain a sense of mystery and suspense in viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-R8_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Surrealists saw in film a medium which nullified reality's boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-R3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film critic René Gardies wrote in 1968, "Now the cinema is, quite naturally, the privileged instrument for derealising (sic) the world. Its technical resources... allied with its photo-magic, provide the alchemical tools for transforming reality."<sup id="cite_ref-R15_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surrealist artists were interested in cinema as a medium for expression.<sup id="cite_ref-R9_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As cinema continued to develop in the 1920s, many Surrealists saw in it an opportunity to portray the ridiculous as rational.<sup id="cite_ref-R9_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Surrealist artists realized that the film camera could capture the real world in a dreamlike way that their pens and paintbrushes could not: superimpositions, overexposures, fast-motion, slow-motion, reverse-motion, stop-motion, lens flares, large depth of field, shallow depth of field, and more bizarre camera tricks could transform the original image in front of the lens into something new once exposed on the film plate. For surrealists, film gave them the ability to challenge and mold the boundaries between fantasy and reality, especially with space and time. Like the dreams they wished to bring to life, film had no limits or rules."<sup id="cite_ref-R16_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cinema provided more convincing illusions than its closest rival, theatre,<sup id="cite_ref-R9_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tendency for Surrealists to express themselves through film was a sign of their confidence in the adaptability of cinema to Surrealism's goals and requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the first to take seriously the resemblance between film's imaginary images and those of dreams and the unconscious.<sup id="cite_ref-R15_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luis Buñuel said, "The film seems to be the involuntary imitation of the dream."<sup id="cite_ref-R15_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surrealist filmmakers sought to re-define human awareness of reality by illustrating that the "real" was little more than what was perceived as real; that reality was subject to no limits beyond those mankind imposed upon it.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breton once compared the experience of Surrealist literature to "the point at which the waking state joins sleep."<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His analogy helps to explain the advantage of cinema over books in facilitating the kind of release Surrealists sought from their daily pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modernity of film was appealing to as well.<sup id="cite_ref-R15_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics have debated whether "Surrealist film" constitutes a distinct genre. Recognition of a cinematographic genre involves the ability to cite many works which share thematic, formal, and stylistic traits.<sup id="cite_ref-R7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To refer to Surrealism as a genre is to imply that there is repetition of elements and a recognizable, "generic formula" which describes their makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-R3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several critics have argued that, due to Surrealism's use of the irrational and on non-sequitur, it is impossible for Surrealist films to constitute a genre.<sup id="cite_ref-R7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there are numerous films which are true expressions of the movement, many other films which have been classified as Surrealist simply contain Surrealist fragments. Rather than "Surrealist film" the more accurate term for such works may be "Surrealism <i>in</i> film."<sup id="cite_ref-R7_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrealist_films_and_filmmakers">Surrealist films and filmmakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_cinema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surrealist films and filmmakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_of_the_Parisian_Surrealist_Group">Films of the Parisian Surrealist Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_cinema&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Films of the Parisian Surrealist Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/220px-seek%3D718-The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="2314" data-mwtitle="The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_(1928).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_(1928).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman_%281928%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman" title="The Seashell and the Clergyman">The Seashell and the Clergyman</a></i> (1928), directed by <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte_(film)" title="Entr'acte (film)">Entr'acte</a></i>: a 22-minute, <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> French film, written by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">René Clair</a> and Francis Picabia, and directed by Clair, released December 4, 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-R6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman" title="The Seashell and the Clergyman">The Seashell and the Clergyman</a></i>: a 31-minute, silent film, written by Antonin Artaud, and directed by <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a>, released in February 1928.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89toile_de_mer" title="L'Étoile de mer">L'Étoile de mer</a></i>: a 15-minute silent French film written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, released in 1928.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i>: a 21-minute, silent French film, written by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>, and directed by Buñuel, released in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-R6_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Myst%C3%A8res_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_D%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Mystères du Château de Dé">Les Mystères du Château de Dé</a></i>: a 27 minute silent French film written and directed by Man Ray, released in 1929.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Age_d%27Or" title="L'Age d'Or">L'Age d'Or</a></i>: a 60-minute French film with <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound</a>, written by Dalí and Buñuel, and directed by Buñuel, released in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-R6_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_films">Later films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_cinema&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm/220px-seek%3D10-Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="153" data-durationhint="828" data-mwtitle="Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_(1943).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_(1943).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="692" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1036" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1518" data-height="1054" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="208" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="346" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="518" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon_%281943%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="518" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> (1943), directed by <a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Maya Deren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hammid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hammid">Alexander Hammid</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cornell" title="Joseph Cornell">Joseph Cornell</a> produced surrealist films in the United States in the later 1930s (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hobart_(film)" title="Rose Hobart (film)">Rose Hobart</a></i> in 1936). Antonin Artaud, Philippe Soupault, and Robert Desnos wrote screenplays for later films. Salvador Dalí designed a dream sequence for <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a></i> (1945). It was one of the first American films to use psychoanalysis as a major element of the story. Hitchcock wanted to capture the vividness of dreams as never before and felt that Dalí was the person to help him do so. Given the importance of the dream sequence, the director gave the artist free rein to bring to the screen an innovative vision of the way dreams could be represented.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Maya Deren</a> made numerous silent short films, among them the renowned <i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> replete with surreal, dreamlike scenes and encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (February 2021)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer" title="Jan Švankmajer">Jan Švankmajer</a>, a member of the still-active Czech Surrealist Group, continues to direct films.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, Dalí and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> began work on a film called <i><a href="/wiki/Destino" title="Destino">Destino</a></i>; the project was finally finished in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-R4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the films of <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Eraserhead" title="Eraserhead">Eraserhead</a></i> (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Highway_(film)" title="Lost Highway (film)">Lost Highway</a></i> (1997),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mulholland_Drive_(film)" title="Mulholland Drive (film)">Mulholland Drive</a></i> (2001) and <i><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire_(film)" title="Inland Empire (film)">Inland Empire</a></i> (2006), have been considered surrealist.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other directors whose films have been considered surrealist include: Spanish writer, director, playwright, and member of Breton's Surrealist Group, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Arrabal" title="Fernando Arrabal">Fernando Arrabal</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/I_Will_Walk_Like_a_Crazy_Horse" title="I Will Walk Like a Crazy Horse">I Will Walk Like a Crazy Horse</a></i>); Chilean writer and director <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jodorowsky" title="Alejandro Jodorowsky">Alejandro Jodorowsky</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/El_Topo" title="El Topo">El Topo</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Mountain_(1973_film)" title="The Holy Mountain (1973 film)">The Holy Mountain</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); and American directors <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sayadian" title="Stephen Sayadian">Stephen Sayadian</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Caligari_(film)" title="Dr. Caligari (film)">Dr. Caligari</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Patrick_Butler" title="Brian Patrick Butler">Brian Patrick Butler</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_World" title="Friend of the World">Friend of the World</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another filmmaker and writer known to create surrealist films is <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kaufman" title="Charlie Kaufman">Charlie Kaufman</a>. Some of these films include <i><a href="/wiki/Being_John_Malkovich" title="Being John Malkovich">Being John Malkovich</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Synecdoche,_New_York" title="Synecdoche, New York">Synecdoche, New York</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Anomalisa" title="Anomalisa">Anomalisa</a></i> (2015) and most recently <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Thinking_of_Ending_Things" title="I'm Thinking of Ending Things">I'm Thinking of Ending Things</a></i> (2020).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_cinema&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking_technique_of_Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Filmmaking technique of Luis Buñuel">Filmmaking technique of Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiric_(film_theory)" title="Oneiric (film theory)">Oneiric (film theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-narrative_film" title="Non-narrative film">Non-narrative film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealist_cinema&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>André Breton, Complètes</i>, T. I, ed. Marguerite Bonnet (Œuvres Paris: Gallimard, 1988), 51-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBretonParinaud1993" class="citation book cs1">Breton, André; Parinaud, André (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqByQgAACAAJ"><i>Conversations: The Autobiography of Surrealism</i></a>. Translated by Polizzotti, Mark. Paragon House. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-423-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-423-0"><bdi>978-1-55778-423-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Surrealism&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55778-423-0&rft.aulast=Breton&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Parinaud%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqByQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As agreed by interviewer and interviewee. Breton and Parinaud, 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Em Gee Film Library, Catalog 83 (no date) Murray Glass, Editorial assistant Rhoda Friedman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuñuel2003" class="citation book cs1">Buñuel, Luis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPB_QgAACAAJ"><i>My Last Sigh</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4387-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4387-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-4387-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Last+Sigh&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4387-5&rft.aulast=Bu%C3%B1uel&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPB_QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102083454/http://bergmanorama.webs.com/bergman_on_directors.htm">"Commentary: Bergman on Filmmakers"</a>. <i>Bergmanorama</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bergmanorama.webs.com/bergman_on_directors.htm">the original</a> on 2012-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bergmanorama&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Bergman+on+Filmmakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbergmanorama.webs.com%2Fbergman_on_directors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2006" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Michael (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1C6E_zJi6UC"><i>Surrealism and Cinema</i></a>. Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-226-2"><bdi>978-1-84520-226-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrealism+and+Cinema&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2006-03&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-226-2&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1C6E_zJi6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1971" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, John Herbert (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r62ougEACAAJ"><i>Surrealism and Film</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-16941-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-16941-5"><bdi>978-0-608-16941-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrealism+and+Film&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-608-16941-5&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=John+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr62ougEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R8_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R8_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R8_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R8_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R8_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovács1980" class="citation book cs1">Kovács, Steven (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAcvAAAAIAAJ"><i>From Enchantment to Rage: The Story of Surrealist Cinema</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-2140-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-2140-0"><bdi>978-0-8386-2140-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Enchantment+to+Rage%3A+The+Story+of+Surrealist+Cinema&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-2140-0&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAcvAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R9_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R9_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R9_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R9_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1971" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, John Herbert (1971). "Preface". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r62ougEACAAJ"><i>Surrealism and Film</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. vii–ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-16941-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-16941-5"><bdi>978-0-608-16941-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Surrealism+and+Film&rft.pages=vii-ix&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-608-16941-5&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=John+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr62ougEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R16_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R16_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R16_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzzone2014" class="citation web cs1">Ezzone, Gina Marie (July 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facets.org/blog/exclusive/surrealist-cinema-and-the-avant-garde/">"Surrealist Cinema and the Avant-Garde"</a>. <i>Facets Features Blog</i>. Facets Features.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facets+Features+Blog&rft.atitle=Surrealist+Cinema+and+the+Avant-Garde&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.aulast=Ezzone&rft.aufirst=Gina+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacets.org%2Fblog%2Fexclusive%2Fsurrealist-cinema-and-the-avant-garde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R15_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R15_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R15_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R15_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R15_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R15_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2003" class="citation book cs1">Short, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rwbAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Age of Gold: Surrealist Cinema</i></a>. Creation Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84068-059-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84068-059-1"><bdi>978-1-84068-059-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Gold%3A+Surrealist+Cinema&rft.pub=Creation+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84068-059-1&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rwbAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1976" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Michael (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIVZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Surrealism and the cinema: (open-eyed screening)</i></a>. A. S. Barnes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01498-7"><bdi>978-0-498-01498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrealism+and+the+cinema%3A+%28open-eyed+screening%29&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-498-01498-7&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIVZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R6_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R6_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R6_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1981" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Linda (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZtZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Figures of desire: a theory and analysis of surrealist film</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00878-8"><bdi>978-0-252-00878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Figures+of+desire%3A+a+theory+and+analysis+of+surrealist+film&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-252-00878-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZtZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R7_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R7_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R7_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoineTaminiaux2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moine, Raphaëlle; Taminiaux, Pierre (2006). "Surrealist Cinema to Surrealism in Cinema: Does a Surrealist Genre Exist in Film?". <i>Yale French Studies</i> (109): 98–114. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149288">4149288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+French+Studies&rft.atitle=Surrealist+Cinema+to+Surrealism+in+Cinema%3A+Does+a+Surrealist+Genre+Exist+in+Film%3F&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=98-114&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4149288%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moine&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABlle&rft.au=Taminiaux%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720014401/http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/filmoteca-dali/films-and-video-art/8/spellbound">"Spellbound"</a>. <i>Salvador Dalí Foundation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HERO+magazine&rft.atitle=Charlie+Kaufman%3A+exploring+existential+concepts+through+mindfuck+surrealism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhero-magazine.com%2Farticle%2F179295%2Fcharlie-kaufman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealist+cinema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Surrealism" title="Template:Surrealism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Surrealism" title="Template talk:Surrealism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Surrealism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Agar" title="Eileen Agar">Eileen Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Jean Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget" title="Eugène Atget">Eugène Atget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bellmer" title="Hans Bellmer">Hans Bellmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Andr%C3%A9_Boiffard" title="Jacques-André Boiffard">Jacques-André Boiffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brandt" title="Bill Brandt">Bill Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Brauner" title="Victor Brauner">Victor Brauner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Brennan" title="Fanny Brennan">Fanny Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Bridgwater" title="Emmy Bridgwater">Emmy Bridgwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brunius" title="Jacques Brunius">Jacques Brunius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahun" title="Claude Cahun">Claude Cahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Carrington" title="Leonora Carrington">Leonora Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithell_Colquhoun" title="Ithell Colquhoun">Ithell Colquhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_Dal%C3%AD" title="Gala Dalí">Gala Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dallaire" title="Jean Dallaire">Jean Dallaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Delvaux" title="Paul Delvaux">Paul Delvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Óscar Domínguez">Óscar Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Dotremont" title="Christian Dotremont">Christian Dotremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duhamel" title="Marcel Duhamel">Marcel Duhamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Echtermeyer" title="Curt Echtermeyer">Curt Echtermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor_Fini" title="Leonor Fini">Leonor Fini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Onslow_Ford" title="Gordon Onslow Ford">Gordon Onslow Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Franc%C3%A9s" title="Esteban Francés">Esteban Francés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Alberto Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(sculptor)" title="Julio González (sculptor)">Julio González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Graverol" title="Jane Graverol">Jane Graverol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9rold" title="Jacques Hérold">Jacques Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Hugo" title="Valentine Hugo">Valentine Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerome_Kamrowski" title="Gerome Kamrowski">Gerome Kamrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wifredo_Lam" title="Wifredo Lam">Wifredo Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Lamba" title="Jacqueline Lamba">Jacqueline Lamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Maddox" title="Conroy Maddox">Conroy Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Malkine" title="Georges Malkine">Georges Malkine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mari%C3%ABn" title="Marcel Mariën">Marcel Mariën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Matta" title="Roberto Matta">Roberto Matta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_Medek" title="Mikuláš Medek">Mikuláš Medek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Mellor" title="Oscar Mellor">Oscar Mellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Melville" title="John Melville">John Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._T._Mesens" title="E. L. T. Mesens">E. L. T. Mesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Miller" title="Lee Miller">Lee Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ret_Oppenheim" title="Méret Oppenheim">Méret Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen" title="Wolfgang Paalen">Wolfgang Paalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Palencia" title="Benjamín Palencia">Benjamín Palencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Penrose" title="Roland Penrose">Roland Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_del_Renzio" title="Toni del Renzio">Toni del Renzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Sage" title="Kay Sage">Kay Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Seligmann" title="Kurt Seligmann">Kurt Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souris" title="André Souris">André Souris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stejskal" title="Martin Stejskal">Martin Stejskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_%C5%A0tyrsk%C3%BD" title="Jindřich Štyrský">Jindřich Štyrský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tabard" title="Maurice Tabard">Maurice Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Tanguy" title="Yves Tanguy">Yves Tanguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning" title="Dorothea Tanning">Dorothea Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Teige" title="Karel Teige">Karel Teige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristians_Tonny" title="Kristians Tonny">Kristians Tonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyen" title="Toyen">Toyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Valentin" title="Albert Valentin">Albert Valentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedios_Varo" title="Remedios Varo">Remedios Varo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Walker" title="James F. Walker">James F. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radojica_%C5%BDivanovi%C4%87_Noe" title="Radojica Živanović Noe">Radojica Živanović Noe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unica_Z%C3%BCrn" title="Unica Zürn">Unica Zürn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and<br />theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Moses_Alexandre" title="Maxime Moses Alexandre">Maxime Moses Alexandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Louis Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Baron" title="Jacques Baron">Jacques Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monny_de_Boully" title="Monny de Boully">Monny de Boully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Caillois" title="Roger Caillois">Roger Caillois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Calas" title="Nicolas Calas">Nicolas Calas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Crevel" title="René Crevel">René Crevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Daumal" title="René Daumal">René Daumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Robert Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vratislav_Effenberger" title="Vratislav Effenberger">Vratislav Effenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Gauthier" title="Renée Gauthier">Renée Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Gilbert-Lecomte" title="Roger Gilbert-Lecomte">Roger Gilbert-Lecomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Goll" title="Yvan Goll">Yvan Goll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Gracq" title="Julien Gracq">Julien Gracq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Hamoir" title="Irène Hamoir">Irène Hamoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Hugnet" title="Georges Hugnet">Georges Hugnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Kaplan" title="Nelly Kaplan">Nelly Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Kr%C3%A1l" title="Petr Král">Petr Král</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont" title="Comte de Lautréamont">Comte de Lautréamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lecomte" title="Marcel Lecomte">Marcel Lecomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Leiris" title="Michel Leiris">Michel Leiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Limbour" title="Georges Limbour">Georges Limbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Malet" title="Léo Malet">Léo Malet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Mansour" title="Joyce Mansour">Joyce Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Mati%C4%87" title="Dušan Matić">Dušan Matić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Melville_(art_critic)" title="Robert Melville (art critic)">Robert Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nil" title="René Ménil">René Ménil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Morise" title="Max Morise">Max Morise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Naville" title="Pierre Naville">Pierre Naville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nezval" title="Vítězslav Nezval">Vítězslav Nezval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Noug%C3%A9" title="Paul Nougé">Paul Nougé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_P%C4%83un" title="Paul Păun">Paul Păun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret" title="Benjamin Péret">Benjamin Péret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastko_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Rastko Petrović">Rastko Petrović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ponge" title="Francis Ponge">Francis Ponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy" title="Pierre Reverdy">Pierre Reverdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Risti%C4%87_(surrealist)" title="Marko Ristić (surrealist)">Marko Ristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sadoul" title="Georges Sadoul">Georges Sadoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Scutenaire" title="Louis Scutenaire">Louis Scutenaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Soupault" title="Philippe Soupault">Philippe Soupault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Watson_Taylor_(surrealist)" title="Simon Watson Taylor (surrealist)">Simon Watson Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thirion" title="André Thirion">André Thirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vach%C3%A9" title="Jacques Vaché">Jacques Vaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Van_Hirtum" title="Marianne Van Hirtum">Marianne Van Hirtum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Vitrac" title="Roger Vitrac">Roger Vitrac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9phale" title="Acéphale">Acéphale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Automatistes" title="Les Automatistes">Les Automatistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Surrealists" title="Birmingham Surrealists">Birmingham Surrealists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Surrealist_Group" title="British Surrealist Group">British Surrealist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Surrealist_Research" title="Bureau of Surrealist Research">Bureau of Surrealist Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Imagists" title="Chicago Imagists">Chicago Imagists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Surrealist_Group" title="Chicago Surrealist Group">Chicago Surrealist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dau_al_Set" title="Dau al Set">Dau al Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Cock_Society" title="Fighting Cock Society">Fighting Cock Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firesign_Theatre" title="The Firesign Theatre">The Firesign Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goon_Show" title="The Goon Show">The Goons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_d%27Elx" title="Grup d'Elx">Grup d'Elx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mandr%C3%A1gora" title="La Mandrágora">La Mandrágora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refus_Global" title="Refus Global">Refus Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Surrealist_Group_in_Stockholm" title="The Surrealist Group in Stockholm">The Surrealist Group in Stockholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_automatism" title="Surrealist automatism">Surrealist automatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealist cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealist music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_techniques" title="Surrealist techniques">Surrealist techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_du_Surr%C3%A9alisme" title="Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme">Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_International_Surrealist_Exhibition" title="London International Surrealist Exhibition">London International Surrealist Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_surrealists" title="Women surrealists">Women surrealists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoiac-critical_method" title="Paranoiac-critical method">Paranoiac-critical method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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