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ronsō </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s:_Mainstream_popularity_and_yaoi_ronsō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–present:_Globalization_of_yaoi_and_BL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–present:_Globalization_of_yaoi_and_BL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 2000s–present: Globalization of yaoi and BL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–present:_Globalization_of_yaoi_and_BL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Concepts and themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts_and_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concepts and themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bishōnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishōnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bishōnen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishōnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seme_and_uke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seme_and_uke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Seme and uke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seme_and_uke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diminished_female_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diminished_female_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Diminished female characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diminished_female_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Gay equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Rape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tragedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tragedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Tragedy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tragedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres_and_related_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres_and_related_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Subgenres and related genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenres_and_related_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fan_works_(dōjinshi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_works_(dōjinshi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fan works (dōjinshi) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan_works_(dōjinshi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 English-language publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_English-language_yaoi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_English-language_yaoi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Original English-language yaoi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_English-language_yaoi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_dramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_dramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Audio dramas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_dramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_action_television_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_action_television_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Live action television and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_action_television_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audience_motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience_motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Audience motivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience_motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Legal issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boys' love</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ياوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ياوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%87" title="ইয়াওই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়াওই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaoi" title="Jaoi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jaoi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%8C%CE%B9" title="Γιαόι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιαόι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="یائویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یائویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B4" title="야오이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야오이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%B5" title="Յաոյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յաոյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99" title="יאוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaoi" title="Jaoi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaoi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaoi" title="Jaoi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jaoi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%84%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84" title="やおい – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="やおい" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%87" title="ୟାଓଇ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟାଓଇ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoy" title="Yaoy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yaoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Яой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaoi" title="Jaoi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jaoi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yaoi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaoi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fiction genre depicting male same-sex relationships</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the manga of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Boys_Love_(manga)" title="Boys Love (manga)">Boys Love (manga)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JackXArik.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/JackXArik.png/240px-JackXArik.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/JackXArik.png/360px-JackXArik.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/JackXArik.png/480px-JackXArik.png 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption>An example of BL-inspired artwork. The svelte, semi-<a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> physical features of the characters are typical of <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a> (literally "beautiful boys") common in BL media.</figcaption></figure> Boys' love (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: ボーイズラブ, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: bōizu rabu), also known by its abbreviation BL (ビーエル, bīeru), is a genre of fictional media originating in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> that depicts <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoerotic</a> relationships between male characters.<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> It is typically created by women for a female audience, distinguishing it from the equivalent genre of <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">homoerotic media created by and for gay men</a>, though BL does also attract a male audience and can be produced by male creators. BL spans a wide range of media, including <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_CDs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama CDs">drama CDs</a>, novels, video games, television series, films, and <a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">fan works</a>. Though depictions of homosexuality in Japanese media have a history dating to ancient times, contemporary BL traces its origins to male-male romance manga that emerged in the 1970s, and which formed a new subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo manga</a> (comics for girls). Several terms were used for this genre, including shōnen-ai (少年愛, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "boy love"), tanbi (耽美, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "aesthete" or "aesthetic"), and June (ジュネ, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[dʑɯne]</a>). The term yaoi (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjaʊi/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Boys%27_love.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Boys%27_love.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Boys' love.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Boys%27_love.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Boys%27_love.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Boys%27_love.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Boys' love.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">YOW-ee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: やおい <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[jaꜜo.i]</a>) emerged as a name for the genre in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the context of <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">dōjinshi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-published" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-published">self-published</a> works) culture as a portmanteau of yama nashi, ochi nashi, imi nashi ("no climax, no point, no meaning"), where it was used in a self-deprecating manner to refer to amateur fan works that focused on sex to the exclusion of plot and character development, and that often <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodied</a> mainstream manga and anime by depicting male characters from popular series in sexual scenarios. "Boys' love" was later adopted by Japanese publications in the 1990s as an umbrella term for male-male romance media marketed to women. Concepts and themes associated with BL include <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> men known as <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a>; diminished female characters; narratives that emphasize <a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">homosociality</a> and de-emphasize socio-cultural <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>; and depictions of rape. A defining characteristic of BL is the practice of pairing characters in relationships according to the roles of seme, the sexual <a href="/wiki/Top,_bottom_and_versatile#Top" class="mw-redirect" title="Top, bottom and versatile">top</a> or active pursuer, and uke, the sexual <a href="/wiki/Top,_bottom_and_versatile#Bottom" class="mw-redirect" title="Top, bottom and versatile">bottom</a> or passive pursued. BL has a robust global presence, having spread since the 1990s through international licensing and distribution, as well as through unlicensed circulation of works by <a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">BL fans</a> online. BL works, culture, and fandom have been studied and discussed by scholars and journalists worldwide. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1282279984">.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-heading{background:lavender;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122)}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist anime-and-manga"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/120px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/250px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Manga</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heta-uma" title="Heta-uma">Heta-uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(manga)" title="New Wave (manga)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demographic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boys' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">Doujin shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">Doujinshi printer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)">Moe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon">Nijikon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/20px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/40px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anime_and_manga" title="Template talk:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Multiple terms exist to describe Japanese and Japanese-influenced male-male romance fiction as a genre. In a 2015 survey of professional Japanese male-male romance fiction writers by Kazuko Suzuki, five primary subgenres were identified:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201593–118-2">[1]</a> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Shōnen-ai<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> (少年愛, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "boy love")</dt> <dd>While the term shōnen-ai historically connoted <a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">ephebophilia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a>, beginning in the 1970s it was used to describe a new genre of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo manga</a> (girls' manga) featuring romance between <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "beautiful boys"), a term for <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a> male characters.<a href="#cite_note-Welker06_842-5">[3]</a> Early shōnen-ai works were inspired by <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a>, the writings of <a href="/wiki/Taruho_Inagaki" title="Taruho Inagaki">Taruho Inagaki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Welker_review-6">[4]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a> genre.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer_p.82-7">[5]</a> Shōnen-ai often features references to literature, history, science, and philosophy;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999250-8">[6]</a> Suzuki describes the genre as being "pedantic" and "difficult to understand",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999252-9">[7]</a> with "philosophical and abstract musings" that challenged young readers who were often only able to understand the references and deeper themes as they grew older.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999251-10">[8]</a></dd> <dt>Tanbi<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a> (耽美, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "aesthete" or "aesthetic")</dt> <dd>Tanbi as a term and concept predates male-male romance manga that emerged in the 1970s, having originated to describe erotic highbrow literary fiction by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Jun'ichirō Tanizaki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a>. By the 1980s, magazines aimed at shōnen-ai fans were using the term to describe fiction by both amateur and professional writers published in those magazines, as well as to designate literature with themes of homoeroticism and implied homosexuality by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatsuhiko_Shibusawa" title="Tatsuhiko Shibusawa">Tatsuhiko Shibusawa</a>, and Mishima. Tanbi in this context is primarily used to describe prose fiction, but has also been used for manga and visual art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201552–53-13">[10]</a></dd> <dt>June (ジュネ, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Japanese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[dʑɯne]</a>)</dt> <dd>Derived from <a href="/wiki/June_(magazine)" title="June (magazine)">the eponymous male-male romance manga magazine</a> first published in 1978, the term was originally used to describe works that resembled the art style of manga published in that magazine.<a href="#cite_note-aestheticism_definitions-14">[11]</a> It has also been used to describe <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">amateur works</a> depicting male homosexuality that are original creations and not <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WhatIsBL-15">[12]</a> By the 1990s, the term had largely fallen out of use in favor of "boys' love"; it has been suggested that publishers wishing to get a foothold in the June market coined "boys' love" to disassociate the genre from the publisher of June.<a href="#cite_note-MizoguchiSubgenres-3">[2]</a></dd> <dt>Yaoi<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> (やおい)</dt> <dd>Coined in the late 1970s by manga artists <a href="/wiki/Yasuko_Sakata" title="Yasuko Sakata">Yasuko Sakata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Hatsu" title="Akiko Hatsu">Akiko Hatsu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Galbraith_11-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_Sexuality_Foreword-21">[17]</a> yaoi is a portmanteau of yama nashi, ochi nashi, imi nashi (山[場]なし、落ちなし、意味なし),<a href="#cite_note-22">[e]</a> which translates to "no climax, no point, no meaning".<a href="#cite_note-24">[f]</a> Initially used by artists as a self-deprecating and ironic euphemism,<a href="#cite_note-rjcdef-18">[15]</a> the portmanteau refers to how early yaoi works typically focused on sex to the exclusion of plot and character development;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999252-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorn2004171-25">[19]</a> it is also a subversive reference to the <a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">classical Japanese narrative structure</a> of introduction, development, twist, and conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-pedagogy-26">[20]</a></dd> <dt>Boys' love (ボーイズラブ, bōizu rabu)</dt> <dd>Typically written as the acronym BL (ビーエル, bīeru), or alternately as "boy's love" or "boys love", the term is a <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">wasei-eigo</a> construction derived from the literal English translation of shōnen-ai.<a href="#cite_note-PLOS_One_2018-27">[21]</a> First used in 1991 by the magazine Image in an effort to collect these disparate genres under a single term, the term became widely popularized in 1994 after being used by the magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puff_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puff (magazine) (page does not exist)">Puff</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%B1%E3%81%B5" class="extiw" title="ja:ぱふ">ja</a>].<a href="#cite_note-WhatIsBL-15">[12]</a> "BL" is the common term used to describe male-male romance media marketed to women in Japan and much of Asia, though its usage in the West is inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-WhatIsBL-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Futekiya-28">[22]</a></dd></dl> Despite attempts by researchers to codify differences between these subgenres, in practice these terms are used interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-PLOS_One_2018-27">[21]</a> Kazumi Nagaike and Tomoko Aoyama note that while BL and yaoi are the most common generic terms for this kind of media, they specifically avoid attempts at defining subgenres, noting that the differences between them are ill-defined and that even when differentiated, the subgenres "remain thematically intertwined."<a href="#cite_note-PLOS_One_2018-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagaikeAoyama2015120-29">[23]</a> In Suzuki's investigation of these subgenres, she notes that "there is no appropriate and convenient Japanese shorthand term to embrace all subgenres of male-male love fiction by and for women."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201593–118-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_One_2018-27">[21]</a> Yaoi has been used as an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> in the West for Japanese-influenced comics with male-male relationships,<a href="#cite_note-aestheticism_definitions-14">[11]</a> and was preferentially used by American manga publishers for works of this kind due to the belief that the term "boys' love" carries the implication of <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PLOS_One_2018-27">[21]</a> In Japan, yaoi is used to denote dōjinshi and works that focus on sex scenes.<a href="#cite_note-aestheticism_definitions-14">[11]</a> In all usages, yaoi and boys' love excludes <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">gay manga (bara)</a>, a genre which also depicts gay male sexual relationships, but is written for and mostly by gay men.<a href="#cite_note-aestheticism_definitions-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pedagogy-26">[20]</a> In the West, the term shōnen-ai is sometimes used to describe titles that focus on romance over explicit sexual content, while yaoi is used to describe titles that primarily feature sexually explicit themes and subject material.<a href="#cite_note-What_Girls_Like?-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-06-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith_11-20">[16]</a> Yaoi can also be used by Western fans as a label for anime or manga-based <a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">slash fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> The Japanese use of yaoi to denote only works with explicit scenes sometimes clashes with the Western use of the word to describe the genre as a whole, creating confusion between Japanese and Western audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Futekiya-28">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1970:_The_origins_of_shōnen-ai">Before 1970: The origins of shōnen-ai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before 1970: The origins of shōnen-ai">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoriMari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MoriMari.jpg/250px-MoriMari.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MoriMari.jpg/330px-MoriMari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MoriMari.jpg/340px-MoriMari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mari_Mori" title="Mari Mori">Mari Mori</a>, whose tanbi novels laid the foundation for many of the common genre tropes of shōnen-ai</figcaption></figure> Homosexuality and <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">history in Japan dating to ancient times</a>, as seen in practices such as <a href="/wiki/Shud%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudō">shudō</a> (衆道, same-sex love between <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> and their companions) and <a href="/wiki/Kagema" title="Kagema">kagema</a> (陰間, male sex workers who served as apprentice <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> actors).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bats2008b133-134-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellandWelker20156-7-34">[28]</a> The country shifted away from a tolerance of homosexuality amid <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Era">Meiji Era</a> (1868–1912), and moved towards hostile social attitudes towards homosexuality and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">anti-sodomy laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bats2008b136-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellandWelker20157-36">[30]</a> In the face of this legal and cultural shift, artists who depicted male homosexuality in their work typically did so through <a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">subtext</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellandWelker20157-8-37">[31]</a> Illustrations by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kash%C5%8D_Takabatake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashō Takabatake (page does not exist)">Kashō Takabatake</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%95%A0%E8%8F%AF%E5%AE%B5" class="extiw" title="ja:高畠華宵">ja</a>] in the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">shōnen manga</a> (boys' comics) magazine Nihon Shōnen formed the foundation of what would become the aesthetic of <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a>: boys and young men, often in <a href="/wiki/Homosocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosocial">homosocial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homoerotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoerotic">homoerotic</a> contexts, who are defined by their "ambivalent passivity, fragility, ephemerality, and softness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley201522-38">[32]</a> The 1961 novel A Lovers' Forest by tanbi writer <a href="/wiki/Mari_Mori" title="Mari Mori">Mari Mori</a>, which follows the relationship between a professor and his younger male lover, is regarded as an influential precursor to the shōnen-ai genre.<a href="#cite_note-Welker_review-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-39">[33]</a> Mori's works were influenced by <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Gothic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic literature">Gothic literature</a>, and laid the foundation for many of the common <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> of shōnen-ai, yaoi, and BL: western exoticism, educated and wealthy characters, significant age differences among couples, and fanciful or even <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surreal</a> settings.<a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-39">[33]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">gekiga</a> (劇画) emerged in the late 1950s, which sought to use manga to tell serious and grounded stories aimed at adult audiences. Gekiga inspired the creation of manga that depicted realistic human relationships, and opened the way for manga that explored human sexuality in a non-pornographic context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrient2008b7-40">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hideko_Mizuno" title="Hideko Mizuno">Hideko Mizuno</a>'s 1969 <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo manga</a> (girls' comics) series <a href="/wiki/Fire!_(manga)" title="Fire! (manga)">Fire!</a> (1969–1971), which eroticized its male protagonists and depicted male homosexuality in American <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> culture, is noted as an influential work in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201545-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s:_From_shōnen-ai_to_yaoi">1970s and 1980s: From shōnen-ai to yaoi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s: From shōnen-ai to yaoi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagio_Moto_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Hagio_Moto_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moto_Hagio" title="Moto Hagio">Moto Hagio</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Year_24_Group" title="Year 24 Group">Year 24 Group</a> and a major figure in the shōnen-ai genre</figcaption></figure> Contemporary Japanese homoerotic romance manga originated in the 1970s as a subgenre of shōjo manga.<a href="#cite_note-PLOS_One_2018-27">[21]</a> The decade saw the arrival of a new generation of shōjo manga artists, most notable among them the <a href="/wiki/Year_24_Group" title="Year 24 Group">Year 24 Group</a>. The Year 24 Group contributed significantly to the development of the shōjo manga, introducing a greater diversity of themes and subject material to the genre that drew inspiration from by Japanese and European literature, cinema, and history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201544-42">[36]</a> Members of the group, including <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Takemiya" title="Keiko Takemiya">Keiko Takemiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moto_Hagio" title="Moto Hagio">Moto Hagio</a>, created works that depicted male homosexuality: <a href="/wiki/Sanr%C5%ABmu_Nite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanrūmu Nite">In The Sunroom</a> (1970) by Takemiya is considered the first work of the genre that would become known as shōnen-ai, followed by Hagio's The November Gymnasium (1971).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201547-43">[37]</a> Takemiya, Hagio, <a href="/wiki/Toshie_Kihara" title="Toshie Kihara">Toshie Kihara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryoko_Yamagishi" title="Ryoko Yamagishi">Ryoko Yamagishi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Kurimoto" title="Kaoru Kurimoto">Kaoru Kurimoto</a> were among the most significant shōnen-ai artists of this era;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201551-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_Sexuality_Foreword-21">[17]</a> notable works include <a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_Thomas" title="The Heart of Thomas">The Heart of Thomas</a> (1974–1975) by Hagio and <a href="/wiki/Kaze_to_Ki_no_Uta" title="Kaze to Ki no Uta">Kaze to Ki no Uta</a> (1976-1984) by Takemiya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201551-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toku_Mechademia-46">[40]</a> Works by these artists typically featured tragic romances between androgynous bishōnen in historic European settings.<a href="#cite_note-Welker06_842-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201545-41">[35]</a> Though these works were nominally aimed at an audience of adolescent girls and young women, they also attracted adult gay and lesbian readers.<a href="#cite_note-Welker06_842-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellandWelker20159-47">[41]</a> During this same period, the first <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">gay manga</a> magazines were published: <a href="/wiki/Barazoku" title="Barazoku">Barazoku</a>, the first commercially circulated gay men's magazine in Japan, was published in 1971, and served as a major influence on Takemiya and the development of shōnen-ai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201562-48">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">dōjinshi</a> (self-published works) subculture emerged contemporaneously in the 1970s (see <a href="#Fan_works_(dōjinshi)">Media</a> below),<a href="#cite_note-Drawn_Together-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-yaoi_redrawing-50">[44]</a> and in 1975, the first <a href="/wiki/Comiket" title="Comiket">Comiket</a> was held as a gathering of amateur artists who produce dōjinshi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201554-51">[45]</a> The term yaoi, initially used by some creators of male-male romance dōjinshi to describe their creations ironically, emerged to describe amateur works that were influenced by shōnen-ai and gay manga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201555–56-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matsui-53">[47]</a> Early yaoi dōjinshi produced for Comiket were typically <a href="/wiki/Derivative_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative works">derivative works</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> as popular subjects as a result of the influence of Fire!;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201554-51">[45]</a> yaoi dōjinshi were also more sexually explicit than shōnen-ai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201554–56-54">[48]</a> In reaction to the success of shōnen-ai and early yaoi, publishers sought to exploit the market by creating magazines devoted to the genre. Young female illustrators cemented themselves in the manga industry by publishing yaoi works, with this genre later becoming "a transnational subculture."<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-welker-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu-57">[51]</a> Publishing house <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magazine Magazine (page does not exist)">Magazine Magazine</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:マガジン・マガジン">ja</a>], which published the gay manga magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabu_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabu (magazine) (page does not exist)">Sabu</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%95%E3%81%B6_(%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C)" class="extiw" title="ja:さぶ (雑誌)">ja</a>], launched the magazine <a href="/wiki/June_(magazine)" title="June (magazine)">June</a> in 1978, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minori_Shobo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minori Shobo (page does not exist)">Minori Shobo</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AE%E3%82%8A%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" class="extiw" title="ja:みのり書房">ja</a>] launched <a href="/wiki/Allan_(magazine)" title="Allan (magazine)">Allan</a> in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201561-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201559–60-59">[53]</a> Both magazines initially specialized in shōnen-ai, which Magazine Magazine described as "halfway between tanbi literature and pornography,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201559-60">[54]</a> and also published articles on homosexuality, literary fiction, illustrations, and amateur yaoi works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201560-62-61">[55]</a> The success of June was such that the term June-mono or more simply June began to compete with the term shōnen-ai to describe works depicting male homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201562-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrient2008b5-7-62">[56]</a> By the late 1980s, the popularity of professionally published shōnen-ai was declining, and yaoi published as dōjinshi was becoming more popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorn2004170-63">[57]</a> Mainstream shōnen manga with Japanese settings such as <a href="/wiki/Captain_Tsubasa" title="Captain Tsubasa">Captain Tsubasa</a> became popular source material for derivative works by yaoi creators, and the genre increasingly depicted Japanese settings over western settings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201557-64">[58]</a> Works influenced by shōnen-ai in the 1980s began to depict older protagonists and adopted a realist style in both plot and artwork, as typified by manga such as <a href="/wiki/Banana_Fish" title="Banana Fish">Banana Fish</a> (1985–1994) by <a href="/wiki/Akimi_Yoshida" title="Akimi Yoshida">Akimi Yoshida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomoi_(manga)" title="Tomoi (manga)">Tomoi</a> (1986) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakuni_Akisato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakuni Akisato (page does not exist)">Wakuni Akisato</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="ja:秋里和国">ja</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201551-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellandWelker20159-47">[41]</a> The 1980s also saw the proliferation of yaoi into <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">drama CDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novels</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201564-65-65">[59]</a> the 1982 anime adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Patalliro!" title="Patalliro!">Patalliro!</a> was the first television anime to depict shōnen-ai themes, while Kaze to Ki no Uta and <a href="/wiki/Earthian" title="Earthian">Earthian</a> were adapted into anime in the <a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">original video animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a>) format in 1987 and 1989, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Bollmann-66">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s:_Mainstream_popularity_and_yaoi_ronsō">1990s: Mainstream popularity and yaoi ronsō</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990s: Mainstream popularity and yaoi ronsō">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clamp_at_Anime_Expo_2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clamp_at_Anime_Expo_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Clamp_at_Anime_Expo_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clamp_at_Anime_Expo_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Clamp_at_Anime_Expo_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clamp_at_Anime_Expo_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Clamp_at_Anime_Expo_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>The manga artist group <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(manga_artists)" title="Clamp (manga artists)">Clamp</a>, whose works were among the first yaoi-influenced media to be encountered by Western audiences</figcaption></figure> The growing popularity of yaoi attracted the attention of manga magazine editors, many of whom recruited yaoi dōjinshi authors to their publications;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201563-67">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zetsuai_1989" title="Zetsuai 1989">Zetsuai 1989</a> (1989–1991) by <a href="/wiki/Minami_Ozaki" title="Minami Ozaki">Minami Ozaki</a>, a yaoi series published in the shōjo magazine <a href="/wiki/Margaret_(magazine)" title="Margaret (magazine)">Margaret</a>, was originally a Captain Tsubasa dōjinshi created by Ozaki that she adapted into an original work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999261-68">[62]</a> By 1990, seven Japanese publishers included yaoi content in their offerings, which kickstarted the commercial publishing market of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer_p.82-7">[5]</a> Between 1990 and 1995, thirty magazines devoted to yaoi were established: <a href="/wiki/Magazine_Be_%C3%97_Boy" title="Magazine Be × Boy">Magazine Be × Boy</a>, founded in 1993, became one of the most influential yaoi manga magazines of this era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201564-69">[63]</a> The manga in these magazines were influenced by realist stories like Banana Fish, and moved away from the shōnen-ai standards of the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201564-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrient2008b10-70">[64]</a> Shōnen-ai works that were published during this period were typically comedies rather than melodramas, such as <a href="/wiki/Gravitation_(manga)" title="Gravitation (manga)">Gravitation</a> (1996–2002) by <a href="/wiki/Maki_Murakami" title="Maki Murakami">Maki Murakami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-71">[65]</a> Consequently, yaoi and "boys' love" (BL) came to be the most popular terms to describe works depicting male-male romance, eclipsing shōnen-ai and June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201564-65-65">[59]</a> An increasing proportion of shōjo manga in the 1990s began to integrate yaoi elements into their plots. The manga artist group <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(manga_artists)" title="Clamp (manga artists)">Clamp</a>, which itself began as a group creating yaoi dōjinshi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbergt2008113–115-72">[66]</a> published multiple works containing yaoi elements during this period, such as <a href="/wiki/RG_Veda" title="RG Veda">RG Veda</a> (1990–1995), <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Babylon" title="Tokyo Babylon">Tokyo Babylon</a> (1991–1994), and <a href="/wiki/Cardcaptor_Sakura" title="Cardcaptor Sakura">Cardcaptor Sakura</a> (1996–2000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvius200820-23-73">[67]</a> When these works were released in North America, they were among the first yaoi-influenced media to be encountered by Western audiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvius200820-23-73">[67]</a> BL gained popularity in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> in the late 1990s; the country subsequently outlawed the publishing and distribution of BL works.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> The mid-1990s saw the so-called "yaoi debate" or yaoi ronsō (やおい論争), a debate held primarily in a series of essays published in the feminist magazine Choisir from 1992 to 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHishida2015214-75">[69]</a> In an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a>, Japanese gay writer Masaki Satō criticized the genre as <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a> for not depicting gay men accurately,<a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-39">[33]</a> and called fans of yaoi "disgusting women" who "have a perverse interest in sexual intercourse between men."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHishida2015214-75">[69]</a> A years-long debate ensued, with yaoi fans and artists contending that yaoi is entertainment for women that does not seek to be a realistic depiction of homosexuality, and instead serves as a refuge from the misogyny of Japanese society.<a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-39">[33]</a> The scholarly debate that the yaoi ronsō engendered led to the formation of the field of "BL studies", which focus on the study of BL and the relationship between women and BL.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagaikeAoyama2015121-76">[70]</a> It additionally impacted creators of yaoi: author Chiyo Kurihara abandoned yaoi to focus on heterosexual pornography as a result of the yaoi ronsō, while Hisako Takamatsu took into account the arguments of the genre's critics to create works more accommodating of a gay audience.<a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-39">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–present:_Globalization_of_yaoi_and_BL">2000s–present: Globalization of yaoi and BL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000s–present: Globalization of yaoi and BL">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animate_Ikebukuro_20120613_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Animate_Ikebukuro_20120613_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Animate_Ikebukuro_20120613_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Animate_Ikebukuro_20120613_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Animate_Ikebukuro_20120613_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Animate_Ikebukuro_20120613_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Animate_Ikebukuro_20120613_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="2707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otome_Road" title="Otome Road">Otome Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro" title="Ikebukuro">Ikebukuro</a> became a major cultural destination for yaoi fandom in the 2000s.</figcaption></figure> The economic crisis caused by the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Decade (Japan)">Lost Decade</a> came to affect the manga industry in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but did not particularly impact the yaoi market; on the contrary, yaoi magazines continued to proliferate during this period, and sales of yaoi media increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrient2008b10-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201565-66-77">[71]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Otome_Road" title="Otome Road">Otome Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro" title="Ikebukuro">Ikebukuro</a> emerged as a major cultural destination for yaoi fandom, with multiple stores dedicated to shōjo and yaoi goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201565-78">[72]</a> The 2000s also saw an increase in male readers of yaoi, with a 2008 bookstore survey finding that between 25 and 30 percent of yaoi readers were male.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bats2008b142-79">[73]</a> The 2000s saw significant growth of yaoi in international markets, beginning with the founding of the American <a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">anime convention</a> <a href="/wiki/Yaoi-Con" title="Yaoi-Con">Yaoi-Con</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201567-80">[74]</a> The first officially-licensed English-language translations of yaoi manga were published in the North American market in 2003 (see <a href="#English-language_publishing">Media</a> below);<a href="#cite_note-bonking-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrient2008b11-82">[76]</a> the market expanded rapidly before contracting in 2008 as a result of the global <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, but continued to grow slowly in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelker201567-80">[74]</a> South Korea saw the development of BL in the form of <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Martin_and_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin and John">Martin and John</a> (2006) by Park Hee-jung and Crush on You (2006) by Lee Kyung-ha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvius200836-37-83">[77]</a> The 2010s and 2020s saw an increase in the popularity of yaoi and BL media in China and Thailand in the form of <a href="/wiki/Web_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Web novel">web novels</a>, live-action films, and live-action television dramas (see <a href="#Live_action_television_and_film">Media</a> below). Though "boys' love" and "BL" have become the generic terms for this material across Asia, in Thailand, BL dramas are sometimes referred to as "Y" or "Y series" as a shorthand for yaoi.<a href="#cite_note-ABCNews-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-85">[79]</a> Thai Series Y explicitly adapts the content of Japanese BL to the Thai local context and in recent years has become increasingly popular with fans around the world who often view Thai BL as separate to its Japanese antecedents.<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[80]</a> Thai BL also deliberately borrows from <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> celebrity culture in the development of its own style of idols known as khu jin (imaginary couples) who are designed to be paired together by Thai BL's predominantly female fans.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> For cultural anthropologist Thomas Baudinette, BL series produced in Thailand represent the next stage in the historic development of BL, which is increasingly becoming "dislocated" from Japan among international fans' understanding of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[82]</a> While BL fandom in China traces back to the late 1990s as <a href="/wiki/Danmei" title="Danmei">danmei</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> reading of the Japanese term tanbi),<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> state regulations in China made it difficult for danmei writers to publish their works online, with a 2009 ordinance by the National Publishing Administration of China banning most danmei online fiction.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> In 2015, laws prohibiting depictions of same-sex relationships in television and film were implemented in China.<a href="#cite_note-VarietyChina-91">[85]</a> The growth in <a href="/wiki/Streaming_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming service provider">streaming service providers</a> in the 2010s is regarded as a driving force behind the production of BL dramas across Asia, as online distribution provides a platform for media containing non-heterosexual material, which is frequently not permitted on <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-85">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_and_themes">Concepts and themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concepts and themes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishōnen">Bishōnen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bishōnen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">Bishōnen</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_03_(cropped)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="David Bowie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_03_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png/120px-David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_03_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_03_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png/250px-David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_03_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="465" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rn_Andr%C3%A9sen_dans_Mort_%C3%A0_Venise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Björn Andrésen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rn_Andr%C3%A9sen_dans_Mort_%C3%A0_Venise.jpg/120px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Andr%C3%A9sen_dans_Mort_%C3%A0_Venise.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rn_Andr%C3%A9sen_dans_Mort_%C3%A0_Venise.jpg/250px-Bj%C3%B6rn_Andr%C3%A9sen_dans_Mort_%C3%A0_Venise.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BandoTamasaburoV_Nihonbashi_Dec2012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bandō Tamasaburō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BandoTamasaburoV_Nihonbashi_Dec2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-BandoTamasaburoV_Nihonbashi_Dec2012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BandoTamasaburoV_Nihonbashi_Dec2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-BandoTamasaburoV_Nihonbashi_Dec2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="902" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Musician <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Andr%C3%A9sen" title="Björn Andrésen">Björn Andrésen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Band%C5%8D_Tamasabur%C5%8D_V" title="Bandō Tamasaburō V">Bandō Tamasaburō</a> influenced depictions of bishōnen characters in shōjo and BL manga.</div></div></div></div> The protagonists of BL are often <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a> (美少年, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "beautiful boy"), "highly idealised" boys and young men who blend both <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">feminine</a> qualities.<a href="#cite_note-Kinsella_Otaku_1990s-92">[86]</a> Bishōnen as a concept can be found disparately throughout <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, but its specific aesthetic manifestation in 1970s shōjo manga (and subsequently in shōnen-ai manga) drew influence from popular culture of the era, including <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Orbaugh-93">[87]</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Andr%C3%A9sen" title="Björn Andrésen">Björn Andrésen</a>'s portrayal of Tadzio in the 1971 film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(film)" title="Death in Venice (film)">Death in Venice</a>, and kabuki <a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata">onnagata</a> <a href="/wiki/Band%C5%8D_Tamasabur%C5%8D_V" title="Bandō Tamasaburō V">Bandō Tamasaburō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Though bishōnen are not exclusive to BL, the <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a> of bishōnen is often exploited to explore notions of sexuality and gender in BL works.<a href="#cite_note-Orbaugh-93">[87]</a> The late 2010s saw the increasing popularity of masculine men in BL that are reminiscent of the body types typical in <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">gay manga</a>, with growing emphasis on stories featuring muscular bodies and older characters.<a href="#cite_note-ChilChil-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-June1-96">[90]</a> A 2017 survey by BL publisher <a href="/wiki/Digital_Manga#Digital_Manga_Publishing" title="Digital Manga">Juné Manga</a> found that while over 80% of their readership previously preferred bishōnen body types exclusively, 65% now enjoy both bishōnen and muscular body types.<a href="#cite_note-June2-97">[91]</a> Critics and commentators have noted that this shift in preferences among BL readers, and subsequent creation of works that feature characteristics of both BL and gay manga, represents a blurring of the distinctions between the genres;<a href="#cite_note-June1-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-TCAF-98">[92]</a> anthropologist Thomas Baudinette notes in his fieldwork that gay men in Japan "saw no need to sharply disassociate BL from [gay manga] when discussing their consumption of 'gay media'."<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seme_and_uke">Seme and uke</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seme and uke">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg/250px-Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg/330px-Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg/500px-Lesson_1_Private_Tutor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>Artwork depicting a seme (top) and uke (bottom) couple</figcaption></figure> The two participants in a BL relationship (and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">yuri</a>)<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Seme_(martial_arts)" title="Seme (martial arts)">seme</a> (攻め, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "top", as derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ichidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichidan">ichidan</a> verb "to attack") and <a href="/wiki/Uke_(martial_arts)" title="Uke (martial arts)">uke</a> (受け, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "bottom", as derived from the ichidan verb "to receive").<a href="#cite_note-Kinsella_Otaku_1990s-92">[86]</a> These terms originated in <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, and were later appropriated as Japanese <a href="/wiki/LGBT_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT slang">LGBT slang</a> to refer to the insertive and receptive partners in <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zanghellini-101">[95]</a> Aleardo Zanghellini suggests that the martial arts terms have special significance to a Japanese audience, as an archetype of the gay male relationship in Japan includes <a href="/wiki/Shud%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudō">same-sex love between samurai and their companions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zanghellini-101">[95]</a> He suggests that the samurai archetype is responsible for age differences and hierarchical variations in power of some relationships portrayed in BL.<a href="#cite_note-Zanghellini-101">[95]</a> The seme is often depicted as restrained, physically powerful, and protective; he is generally older and taller,<a href="#cite_note-yaoi101-102">[96]</a> with a stronger chin, shorter hair, smaller eyes, and a more stereotypically masculine and "<a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">macho</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999253-103">[97]</a> demeanour than the uke. The seme usually pursues the uke, who often has softer, androgynous, feminine features with bigger eyes and a smaller build, and is often physically weaker than the seme.<a href="#cite_note-Boston-104">[98]</a> The roles of seme and uke can alternatively be established by who is dominant in the relationship; a character can take the uke role even if he is not presented as feminine, simply by being juxtaposed against and pursued by a more dominant and masculine character.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> Anal sex is ubiquitous in BL,<a href="#cite_note-revisited-106">[100]</a> and is typically rendered explicitly and not merely implied;<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> Zanghellini notes that illustrations of anal sex almost always position the characters to face each other rather than "<a href="/wiki/Doggy_style" title="Doggy style">doggy style</a>", and that the uke rarely <a href="/wiki/Fellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellates">fellates</a> the seme, but instead receives the sexual and romantic attentions of the seme.<a href="#cite_note-Zanghellini-101">[95]</a> Though McLelland notes that authors are typically "interested in exploring, not repudiating" the dynamics between the seme and uke,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland200524-108">[102]</a> not all works adhere to seme and uke tropes.<a href="#cite_note-Yowie-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-girly_uke-110">[104]</a> The possibility of <a href="/wiki/Top,_bottom_and_versatile#Versatile" class="mw-redirect" title="Top, bottom and versatile">switching roles</a> is often a source of playful teasing and sexual excitement for the characters,<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> indicating an interest among many genre authors in exploring the <a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">performative</a> nature of the roles.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-06-31">[25]</a> Riba (リバ), a shorthand for "reversible" (リバーシブル), is used to describe couples where the seme and uke roles are not strictly defined.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> Occasionally, authors will forego the stylisations of the seme and uke to portray both lovers as "equally attractive handsome men", or will subvert expectations of dominance by depicting the active pursuer in the relationship as taking the passive role during sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999253-103">[97]</a> In other cases, the uke is presented as more sexually aggressive than the seme; in these instances, the roles are sometimes referred to as osoi uke (襲い受け, "attacking uke") and hetare seme (ヘタレ攻め, "wimpy seme").<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diminished_female_characters">Diminished female characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diminished female characters">edit</a>]</div> Historically, female characters had minor roles in BL, or were absent altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Akibayaoi-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher_2002-115">[109]</a> Suzuki notes that mothers in particular are often portrayed in a negative light; she suggests this is because the character and reader alike are seeking to substitute the absence of unconditional maternal love with the "forbidden" all-consuming love presented in BL.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999259–260-116">[110]</a> In dōjinshi parodies based on existing works that include female characters, the female's role is typically either minimized or the character is killed off;<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher_2002-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukari_Fujimoto" title="Yukari Fujimoto">Yukari Fujimoto</a> noted that in these parodies, "it seems that yaoi readings and likeable female characters are mutually exclusive."<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nariko_Enomoto" title="Nariko Enomoto">Nariko Enomoto</a>, a BL author, suggests that women are typically not depicted in BL as their presence adds an element of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> that distracts from a fantasy narrative.<a href="#cite_note-OtakuSexuality-119">[113]</a> Since the late 2000s, women have appeared more frequently in BL works as supporting characters.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> Lunsing notes that early shōnen-ai and yaoi were often regarded as <a href="/wiki/Misogynistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynistic">misogynistic</a>, with the diminished role of female characters cited as evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">internalized misogyny</a> of the genre's largely female readership.<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a> He suggests that the decline of these misogynistic representations over time is evidence that authors and readers "overcame this hate, possibly thanks to their involvement with yaoi."<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_equality">Gay equality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gay equality">edit</a>]</div> BL stories are often strongly <a href="/wiki/Homosocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosocial">homosocial</a>, giving men freedom to bond and pursue shared goals together (as in <a href="/wiki/Dojinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dojinshi">dojinshi</a> adaptations of shōnen manga), or to rival each other (as in <a href="/wiki/Embracing_Love" title="Embracing Love">Embracing Love</a>). This spiritual bond and equal partnership is depicted as overcoming the male-female <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity#Gender_hierarchy" title="Hegemonic masculinity">gender hierarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nagaike03-121">[115]</a> As is typical in romance fiction, couples depicted in these stories often must overcome obstacles that are emotional or psychological rather than physical.<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_EEL-122">[116]</a> Akiko Mizoguchi notes that while early stories depicted homosexuality as a source of shame to heighten dramatic tension in this regard, beginning in the mid-2000s the genre began to depict gay identity with greater sensitivity and nuance, with series such as <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Blue_(manga)" title="Brilliant Blue (manga)">Brilliant Blue</a> featuring stories of <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">coming out</a> and the characters' gradual acceptance within the wider community.<a href="#cite_note-Mizoguchi10-123">[117]</a> BL typically depicts Japanese society as more accepting of LGBT people <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Japan">than it is in reality</a>, which Mizoguchi contends is a form of activism among BL authors.<a href="#cite_note-Mizoguchi10-123">[117]</a> Some longer-form stories such as <a href="/wiki/Fake_(manga)" title="Fake (manga)">Fake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kizuna:_Bonds_of_Love" title="Kizuna: Bonds of Love">Kizuna: Bonds of Love</a> have the couple form a family unit, depicting them cohabiting and adopting children.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> It is also possible that they marry and have children, as in <a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a> publications.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Fujimoto cites <a href="/wiki/Ossan%27s_Love" title="Ossan's Love">Ossan's Love</a> (2016–2018) and other BL television dramas that emerged in the 2010s as a "'missing link' to bridge the gap between BL fiction and gay people," arguing that when BL narratives are presented using human actors, it produces a "subconscious change in the perception of viewers" towards acceptance of homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-Nippon.com-126">[120]</a> Although gay male characters are empowered in BL, the genre frequently does not address the reality of socio-cultural <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>. According to Hisako Miyoshi, vice editor-in-chief for <a href="/wiki/Libre_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre Publishing">Libre Publishing</a>, while earlier works in the genre focused "more on the homosexual way of life from a realistic perspective", over time the genre has become less realistic and more comedic, and the stories are "simply for entertainment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bats2008a17–19-127">[121]</a> BL manga often have fantastical, historical or futuristic settings, and many fans consider the genre to be <a href="/wiki/Escapist_fiction" title="Escapist fiction">escapist fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shamoon_p.86-128">[122]</a> Homophobia, when it is presented as an issue at all,<a href="#cite_note-Yowie-109">[103]</a> is used as a plot device to heighten drama,<a href="#cite_note-Romance_by_Any_Other_Name-129">[123]</a> or to show the purity of the leads' love. <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Thorn" title="Rachel Thorn">Rachel Thorn</a> has suggested that as BL is primarily a romance genre, its readers may be turned off by political themes such as homophobia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorn2004173-130">[124]</a> BL author <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Tateno" title="Makoto Tateno">Makoto Tateno</a> expressed skepticism that realistic depictions of gay men's lives would become common in BL "because girls like fiction more than realism".<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> Alan Williams argues that the lack of a gay identity in BL is due to BL being <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a>, stating that "a common utterance in the genre—when a character claims that he is 'not gay, but just in love with a man'—has both homophobic (or <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modern</a>) temporal undertones but also <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">non-identitarian</a> (postmodern) ones."<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> In 2019, BL manga magazine editors have stated that stories where a man is concerned about coming out as gay have become uncommon and the trope can be seen as outdated if used as a source of conflict between the characters.<a href="#cite_note-pixivision_2019-07-09-133">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape">Rape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rape">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Eroticized depictions of rape</a> are often associated with BL.<a href="#cite_note-Nagaike03-121">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a> is understood as a means of expressing commitment to a partner, and in BL, the "apparent violence" of rape is transformed into a "measure of passion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999257–258-134">[128]</a> Rape scenes in BL are rarely presented as crimes with an assaulter and a victim: scenes where a seme rapes an uke are not depicted as symptomatic of the violent desires of the seme, but rather as evidence of the uncontrollable attraction felt by the seme towards the uke. Such scenes are often a <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> used to make the uke see the seme as more than just a good friend, and typically result in the uke falling in love with the seme.<a href="#cite_note-Nagaike03-121">[115]</a> While Japanese society often shuns or looks down upon women who are raped in reality, the BL genre depicts men who are raped as still "imbued with innocence" and are typically still loved by their rapists after the act, a trope that may have originated with <a href="/wiki/Kaze_to_Ki_no_Uta" title="Kaze to Ki no Uta">Kaze to Ki no Uta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999257–258-134">[128]</a> Kristy Valenti of <a href="/wiki/The_Comics_Journal" title="The Comics Journal">The Comics Journal</a> notes that rape narratives typically focus on how "irresistible" the uke is and how the seme "cannot control himself" in his presence, thus absolving the seme of responsibility for his rape of the uke. She notes this is likely why the <a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">narrative climax</a> of many BL stories depicts the seme recognizing, and taking responsibility for, his sexual desires.<a href="#cite_note-Valenti-135">[129]</a> Where the uke is raped by a third party, the relationship is shown to be emotionally supportive.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> Conversely, some stories such as <a href="/wiki/Under_Grand_Hotel" title="Under Grand Hotel">Under Grand Hotel</a> subvert the rape fantasy trope entirely by presenting rape as a negative and traumatic act.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> A 2012 survey of English-language BL fans found that just 15 percent of respondents reported that the presence of rape in BL media made them uncomfortable, as the majority of respondents could distinguish between the "fantasy, genre-driven rape" of BL and rape as a crime in reality.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-71">[65]</a> This "surprisingly high tolerance" for depictions of rape is contextualized by a <a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">content analysis</a>, which found that just 13 percent of all original Japanese BL available commercially in English contains depictions of rape. These findings are argued as "possibly belying the perception that rape is almost ubiquitous in BL/yaoi."<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-71">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tragedy">Tragedy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tragedy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragic</a> narratives that focused on the suffering of the protagonists were popular early June stories,<a href="#cite_note-Gravett-138">[132]</a> particularly stories that ended in one or both members of the central couple dying from <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dreamland_June-139">[133]</a> By the mid-1990s, <a href="/wiki/Happy_ending" title="Happy ending">happy endings</a> were more common;<a href="#cite_note-Dreamland_June-139">[133]</a> when tragic endings are shown, the cause is typically not an interpersonal conflict between the couple, but "the cruel and intrusive demands of an uncompromising outside world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland200069-140">[134]</a> Thorn theorizes that depictions of tragedy and abuse in BL exist to allow the audience "to come to terms in some way with their own experiences of abuse."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorn2004177-141">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subgenres_and_related_genres">Subgenres and related genres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subgenres and related genres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara (genre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a> (薔薇, "rose"), also known as gay manga (ゲイ漫画) or gei komi (ゲイコミ, "gay comics") is a genre focused on male <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">same-sex love</a>, as created primarily by <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a> for a gay male audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2000131-142">[136]</a> Gay manga typically focuses on <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculine</a> men with varying degrees of muscle, body fat, and <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a>, in contrast to the androgynous bishōnen of BL. <a href="/wiki/Graham_Kolbeins" title="Graham Kolbeins">Graham Kolbeins</a> writes in <a href="/wiki/Massive:_Gay_Erotic_Manga_and_the_Men_Who_Make_It" title="Massive: Gay Erotic Manga and the Men Who Make It">Massive: Gay Erotic Manga and the Men Who Make It</a> that while BL can be understood as a primarily <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> phenomenon, in that it depicts sex that is free of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> trappings of heterosexual pornography, gay manga is primarily an expression of gay male identity.<a href="#cite_note-MASSIVE-143">[137]</a> The early 2000s saw a degree of overlap between BL and gay manga in <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>-themed publications: the yaoi BDSM anthology magazine Zettai Reido (絶対零度) had several male contributors,<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-BLLAB-144">[138]</a> while several female BL authors have contributed stories to BDSM-themed gay manga anthologies or special issues,<a href="#cite_note-BLLAB-144">[138]</a> occasionally under male <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen names</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MASSIVE-143">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a> (ショタコン, shotakon) is a genre that depicts <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepubescent">prepubescent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">pubescent</a> boys in a romantic or pornographic context. Originating as an offshoot of yaoi in the early 1980s, the subgenre was later adopted by male readers and became influenced by <a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">lolicon</a> (works depicting prepubescent or pubescent girls);<a href="#cite_note-OtakuSexuality-119">[113]</a> the conflation of shotacon in its contemporary usage with BL is thus not universally accepted, as the genre constitutes material that marketed to both male and female audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-71">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a> is a male-male romance subgenre that originated from the American series <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)" title="Supernatural (American TV series)">Supernatural</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> and in the 2010s became a subgenre of both commercial and non-commercial BL.<a href="#cite_note-ANN-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> Stories in the genre are premised on societies wherein humans are divided into a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a> of dominant "alphas", neutral "betas", and submissive "omegas". These terms are derived from those used in <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/Alpha_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha (ethology)">social hierarchies in animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_23_May_2020-148">[142]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Dominance_and_submission" title="Dominance and submission">dom/sub</a> universe" subgenre emerged in 2017 and gained popularity in 2021. The subgenre uses <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> elements and also draws influences from Omegaverse, particularly the use of a caste system.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_boys%27_love_anime_and_manga" title="List of boys' love anime and manga">List of boys' love anime and manga</a></div> In 2003, 3.8% of weekly Japanese manga magazines were dedicated exclusively to BL. Notable ongoing and defunct magazines include <a href="/wiki/Magazine_Be_%C3%97_Boy" title="Magazine Be × Boy">Magazine Be × Boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/June_(magazine)" title="June (magazine)">June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craft_(Japanese_magazine)" title="Craft (Japanese magazine)">Craft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chara_(magazine)" title="Chara (magazine)">Chara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dear%2B" title="Dear+">Dear+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(Japanese_magazine)" title="Opera (Japanese magazine)">Opera</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciel_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciel (magazine) (page does not exist)">Ciel</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIEL_(%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C)" class="extiw" title="ja:CIEL (雑誌)">ja</a>], and Gush.<a href="#cite_note-Galbraith_11-20">[16]</a> Several of these magazines were established as companion publications to shōjo manga magazines, as they include material considered too explicit for an all-ages audience; Ciel was established as a companion to <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Asuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Asuka">Monthly Asuka</a>, while Dear+ was established as a companion to <a href="/wiki/Wings_(Japanese_magazine)" title="Wings (Japanese magazine)">Wings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> A 2008 assessment estimated that the Japanese commercial BL market grossed approximately ¥12 billion annually, with novel sales generating ¥250 million per month, manga generating ¥400 million per month, CDs generating ¥180 million per month, and video games generating ¥160 million per month.<a href="#cite_note-Nagaike-151">[145]</a> A 2010 report estimated that the Japanese BL market was worth approximately ¥21.3 billion in both 2009 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> In 2019, editors from Lynx, Magazine Be × Boy, and On BLUE have stated that, with the growth of BL artists in Taiwan and South Korea, they have recruited and published several of their works in Japan with expectations that the BL manga industry will diversify.<a href="#cite_note-pixivision_2019-07-09-133">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fan_works_(dōjinshi)">Fan works (dōjinshi)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fan works (dōjinshi)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">Dōjinshi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yukipon_SxH1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Yukipon_SxH1.jpg/220px-Yukipon_SxH1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Yukipon_SxH1.jpg/330px-Yukipon_SxH1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Yukipon_SxH1.jpg/440px-Yukipon_SxH1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>BL dōjinshi are typically <a href="/wiki/Derivative_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative works">derivative works</a> based on existing media, as in this <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan art</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severus_Snape" title="Severus Snape">Severus Snape</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> series.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">dōjinshi</a> (self-published <a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">fan works</a>) subculture emerged in the 1970s contemporaneously with BL subculture and Western <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-Drawn_Together-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-yaoi_redrawing-50">[44]</a> Characteristic similarities of fan works in both Japan and the West include non-adherence to a standard <a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">narrative structures</a> and a particular popularity of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> themes.<a href="#cite_note-Kinsella_Otaku_1990s-92">[86]</a> Early BL dōjinshi were amateur publications that were not controlled by media restrictions, were typically <a href="/wiki/Derivative_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative works">derivative works</a> based on existing manga and anime, and were often written by teenagers for an adolescent audience.<a href="#cite_note-yaoi_redrawing-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> Several legitimate manga artists produce or produced <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">dōjinshi</a>: the manga artist group <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(manga_artists)" title="Clamp (manga artists)">Clamp</a> began as an amateur dōjinshi circle creating yaoi works based on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Seiya" title="Saint Seiya">Saint Seiya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbergt2008113–115-72">[66]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Kodaka_Kazuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodaka Kazuma">Kodaka Kazuma</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fumi_Yoshinaga" title="Fumi Yoshinaga">Fumi Yoshinaga</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> have produced dōjinshi concurrently with professionally-published works. Many publishing companies review BL dōjinshi to recruit talented amateurs; this practice has led to careers in mainstream manga for <a href="/wiki/Youka_Nitta" title="Youka Nitta">Youka Nitta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shungiku_Nakamura" title="Shungiku Nakamura">Shungiku Nakamura</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Yōka_Nitta_interview-156">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bollmann-66">[60]</a> Typically, BL dōjinshi feature male-male pairings from non-romantic manga and anime. Much of the material derives from male-oriented shōnen and seinen works, which contain close male-male friendships perceived by fans to imply elements of <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoeroticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorn2004171-25">[19]</a> such as with <a href="/wiki/Captain_Tsubasa" title="Captain Tsubasa">Captain Tsubasa</a><a href="#cite_note-pedagogy-26">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Seiya" title="Saint Seiya">Saint Seiya</a>, two titles which popularized yaoi in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-yaoi_redrawing-50">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Shonen_Jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Shonen Jump">Weekly Shonen Jump</a> is known to have a large female readership who engage in BL readings;<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> publishers of shōnen manga may create "homoerotic-themed" merchandise as <a href="/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">fan service</a> to their BL fans.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> BL fans may "<a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">ship</a>" any male-male pairing, sometimes pairing off a favourite character, or create a story about two original male characters and incorporate established characters into the story.<a href="#cite_note-pedagogy-26">[20]</a> Any male character may become the subject of a BL dōjinshi, including characters from non-manga titles such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> video games such as <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">real people</a> such as actors and politicians. Amateur authors may also create characters out of <a href="/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism" title="Moe anthropomorphism">personifications</a> of abstract concepts (as in the personification of countries in <a href="/wiki/Hetalia:_Axis_Powers" title="Hetalia: Axis Powers">Hetalia: Axis Powers</a>) or complementary objects like <a href="/wiki/Salt_and_pepper" title="Salt and pepper">salt and pepper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> In Japan, the labeling of BL dōjinshi is typically composed of the two lead characters' names, separated by a <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a>, with the seme being first and the uke being second.<a href="#cite_note-Sagawa_interview-162">[156]</a> Outside of Japan, the 2000 broadcast of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_Wing" title="Mobile Suit Gundam Wing">Mobile Suit Gundam Wing</a> in North America on <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> is noted as crucial to the development of Western BL fan works, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> As BL fan fiction is often compared to the Western fan practice of <a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">slash</a>, it is important to understand the subtle differences between them. Levi notes that "the youthful teen look that so easily translates into androgyny in boys' love manga, and allows for so many layered interpretations of sex and gender, is much harder for slash writers to achieve."<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-language_publishing">English-language publishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: English-language publishing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.jpg/250px-Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.jpg/330px-Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.jpg/500px-Yaoi_Books_by_miyagawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Shelves of BL books and magazines at <a href="/wiki/Books_Kinokuniya" title="Books Kinokuniya">Books Kinokuniya</a> in San Francisco in 2009</figcaption></figure> The first officially-licensed English-language translations of yaoi manga were published in the North American market in 2003; by 2006, there were roughly 130 English-translated yaoi works commercially available,<a href="#cite_note-bonking-81">[75]</a> and by 2007, over 10 publishers in North America published yaoi.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> Notable English-language publishers of BL include <a href="/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz Media</a> under their SuBLime imprint, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Manga_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Manga Publishing">Digital Manga Publishing</a> under their 801 Media and Juné imprints, <a href="/wiki/Media_Blasters" title="Media Blasters">Media Blasters</a> under their Kitty Media imprint, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Seas_Entertainment" title="Seven Seas Entertainment">Seven Seas Entertainment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyopop" title="Tokyopop">Tokyopop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drawn_Together-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> Notable defunct English-language publishers of BL include <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Media" title="Central Park Media">Central Park Media</a> under their Be Beautiful imprint, <a href="/wiki/Broccoli_(company)" title="Broccoli (company)">Broccoli</a> under their Boysenberry imprint, and <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Publishing_(United_States)" title="Aurora Publishing (United States)">Aurora Publishing</a> under their <a href="/wiki/Deux_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Deux Press">Deux Press</a> imprint.<a href="#cite_note-Boston-104">[98]</a> Among the 135 yaoi manga published in North America between 2003 and 2006, 14% were rated for readers aged 13 years or over, 39% were rated for readers aged 15 or older, and 47% were rated for readers age 18 and up.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> Restrictions among American booksellers often led publishers to label books conservatively, often rating books originally intended for a mid-teen readership as 18+ and distributing them in shrinkwrap.<a href="#cite_note-Pagliassotti_BL_West-168">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Comic_Distributors" title="Diamond Comic Distributors">Diamond Comic Distributors</a> valued the sales of yaoi manga in the United States at approximately <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>6 million in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-10_August_2008-169">[163]</a> Marketing was significant in the transnational travel of BL from Japan to the United States, and led to BL to attract a following of <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> fans in the United States. The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">original video animation</a> adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Kizuna:_Bonds_of_Love" title="Kizuna: Bonds of Love">Kizuna: Bonds of Love</a> was distributed by Ariztical Entertainment, which specializes in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT cinema">LGBT cinema</a> and marketed the title as "the first gay male anime to be released on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> in the US."<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> The film was reviewed in the American LGBT magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a>, which compared the film to gay <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art house cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> A large portion of Western fans choose to <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">pirate</a> BL material because they are unable or unwilling to obtain it through sanctioned methods. <a href="/wiki/Scanlations" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanlations">Scanlations</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">fan translation</a> efforts of both commercially published Japanese works and amateur dojinshi are common.<a href="#cite_note-Wood2011-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_English-language_yaoi">Original English-language yaoi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Original English-language yaoi">edit</a>]</div> When yaoi initially gained popularity in the United States in the early 2000s, several American artists began creating <a href="/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">original English-language manga</a> for female readers featuring male-male couples referred to as "American yaoi". The first known commercially published original English-language yaoi comic is Sexual Espionage #1 by Daria McGrain, published by <a href="/wiki/Radio_Comix" title="Radio Comix">Sin Factory</a> in May 2002.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> As international artists began creating yaoi works, the term "American yaoi" fell out of use and was replaced by terms like "original English language yaoi",<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> "global yaoi", and "global BL".<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> The majority of publishers creating original English-language yaoi manga are now defunct, including <a href="/wiki/Yaoi_Press" title="Yaoi Press">Yaoi Press</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/DramaQueen" title="DramaQueen">DramaQueen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> and Iris Print.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Manga_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Manga Publishing">Digital Manga Publishing</a> last published original English-language yaoi manga in 2012;<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> outside of the United States, German publisher <a href="/wiki/Carlsen_Verlag" title="Carlsen Verlag">Carlsen Manga</a> also published original yaoi works.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_dramas">Audio dramas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Audio dramas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:June_Cassette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/June_Cassette.jpg/220px-June_Cassette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/June_Cassette.jpg/330px-June_Cassette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/June_Cassette.jpg/440px-June_Cassette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Tsuzumigafuchi, the first yaoi audio drama, was released on cassette in 1988.</figcaption></figure> BL <a href="/wiki/Audio_dramas" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio dramas">audio dramas</a>, occasionally referred to as "drama CDs", "sound dramas", or "BLCDs", are recorded <a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">voice performances</a> of male-male romance scenarios performed by primarily male voice actors. They are typically adaptations of original BL manga and novels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201593-185">[179]</a> The first BL audio dramas were released in the 1980s, beginning with Tsuzumigafuchi in 1988, which was published as a "June cassette".<a href="#cite_note-:3-186">[180]</a> BL audio dramas proliferated beginning in the 1990s with the rise in popularity of <a href="/wiki/Compact_discs" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact discs">compact discs</a>, peaking at 289 total CDs released in 2008, which dropped to 108 CDs in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:3-186">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_action_television_and_film">Live action television and film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Live action television and film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_BL_dramas" title="List of BL dramas">List of BL dramas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> While Japanese BL manga has been adapted into live action films and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_television_drama" title="Japanese television drama">television dramas</a> since the early 2000s, these works were marketed towards a niche audience of <a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">BL fans</a> rather than towards a general audience.<a href="#cite_note-PostSeven-187">[181]</a> When these works were adapted for a general audience, same-sex romance elements were typically downplayed or removed entirely, as in the live-action television adaption of <a href="/wiki/Antique_Bakery" title="Antique Bakery">Antique Bakery</a> that aired on <a href="/wiki/Fuji_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji TV">Fuji TV</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-pixivision_2019-07-09-133">[127]</a> The development of Japanese live-action television dramas that focus on BL and same-sex romance themes explicitly was spurred by the critical and commercial success of the <a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a> television drama <a href="/wiki/Ossan%27s_Love" title="Ossan's Love">Ossan's Love</a> (2016), which features an all-male <a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">love triangle</a> as its central plot conceit.<a href="#cite_note-Nippon.com-126">[120]</a> While Ossan's Love is an original series, it influenced the creation of live-action BL works adapted from manga that are marketed towards mass audiences; notable examples include the television dramas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pornographer_(manga)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pornographer (manga) (page does not exist)">The Novelist</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:ポルノグラファー">ja</a>] (2018) on <a href="/wiki/Fuji_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji TV">Fuji TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/What_Did_You_Eat_Yesterday%3F" title="What Did You Eat Yesterday?">What Did You Eat Yesterday?</a> (2019) on <a href="/wiki/TV_Tokyo" title="TV Tokyo">TV Tokyo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[g]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry Magic">Cherry Magic</a> (2020) on TV Tokyo, and the live-action film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/The_Cornered_Mouse_Dreams_of_Cheese" title="The Cornered Mouse Dreams of Cheese">The Cornered Mouse Dreams of Cheese</a> (2020).<a href="#cite_note-PostSeven-187">[181]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Kadokawa_Corporation" title="Kadokawa Corporation">Kadokawa Corporation</a> employee Kaoru Azuma established Tunku, Kadokawa's label for publishing live-action BL drama series, partnering with <a href="/wiki/MBS_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="MBS TV">MBS TV</a> to create the programming block <a href="/wiki/Drama_Shower" title="Drama Shower">Drama Shower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pixivision_2022-07-15-189">[182]</a> The label was created to promote Japanese BL dramas based on existing BL novels and manga due to the growing popularity of BL caused by Ossan's Love.<a href="#cite_note-pixivision_2022-07-15-189">[182]</a> While creating Tunku, Azuma stated that she noticed that prejudice against boys' love has dwindled, and that many people have seemed to accept the genre as "normal".<a href="#cite_note-pixivision_2022-07-15-189">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> The Thai romantic drama film <a href="/wiki/Love_of_Siam" title="Love of Siam">Love of Siam</a> (2007), which features a gay male romance storyline, found unexpected mainstream success upon its release and grossed over <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">TH฿</a>40 million at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Love_Sick:_The_Series" title="Love Sick: The Series">Love Sick: The Series</a> (2014–2015), the first Thai television series to feature two gay characters as the lead roles.<a href="#cite_note-TimeOutThai-191">[184]</a> Cultural anthropologist Thomas Baudinette argues that Love Sick: The Series represented a "watershed moment" in the depiction of queer romance in Thai media, exploring how the series adapted tropes from Japanese BL to create a new genre of media.<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[80]</a> While Japanese BL manga attracted an audience in Thailand as early as the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-ThaiAudience-192">[185]</a> the success of Love of Siam and Love Sick kick-started the production of domestic BL dramas: between 2014 and 2020, 57 television series in the BL genre were produced and released in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-SCMPThailand-193">[186]</a> Major producers of Thai BL include <a href="/wiki/GMMTV" title="GMMTV">GMMTV</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/GMM_Grammy" title="GMM Grammy">GMM Grammy</a>, which has produced <a href="/wiki/2gether_(Thai_TV_series)" title="2gether (Thai TV series)">2gether: The Series</a> (2020), <a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Thousand_Stars" title="A Tale of Thousand Stars">A Tale of Thousand Stars</a> (2021), <a href="/wiki/SOTUS:_The_Series" title="SOTUS: The Series">SOTUS: The Series</a> (2016–2017), <a href="/wiki/Dark_Blue_Kiss" title="Dark Blue Kiss">Dark Blue Kiss</a> (2019), and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Love_(TV_series)" title="Theory of Love (TV series)">Theory of Love</a> (2019);<a href="#cite_note-Vice-194">[187]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_Corporation" title="Line Corporation">Line Corporation</a>, which produces BL dramas in Thailand for distribution on its <a href="/wiki/Line_TV" title="Line TV">Line TV</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-85">[79]</a> The genre has seen some backlash from conservative elements in Thai society: in 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission">National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission</a> introduced new guidelines around material containing "sexually explicit or suggestive" scenes, while public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/MCOT" title="MCOT">MCOT</a> cancelled the BL series <a href="/wiki/Love_by_Chance_(Thai_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Love by Chance (Thai TV series)">Love by Chance</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-ABCNews-84">[78]</a> Thai BL dramas are noted as having gained popularity in Indonesia, where LGBT representation in domestic television is less common;<a href="#cite_note-SCMPThailand-193">[186]</a> as well as in the Philippines, where many fans view BL as an originally Thai form of popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-:1-88">[82]</a> The coming-of-age BL series, <a href="/wiki/I_Told_Sunset_About_You" title="I Told Sunset About You">I Told Sunset About You</a> (2020) was awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_International_Drama_Awards" title="Seoul International Drama Awards">Seoul International Drama Awards</a> as the International Drama of the Year in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> It has been suggested that BL dramas could become a source of Thai cultural <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> in Southeast Asia and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-TimeOutThai-191">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> There are no specific <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">censorship policies in China</a> concerning depictions of LGBT subject material in media; nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> reports that such material is "deemed sensitive and is inconsistently but regularly removed" from distribution.<a href="#cite_note-VarietyChina-91">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Addicted_(web_series)" title="Addicted (web series)">Addicted</a> (2016), the first Chinese BL web series, accumulated 10 million views before being pulled from the streaming platform <a href="/wiki/IQiyi" class="mw-redirect" title="IQiyi">iQiyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vice-194">[187]</a> In reaction to state censorship, Chinese BL works typically depict male-male romance as homoerotic subtext: the web novel <a href="/wiki/Guardian_(web_series)" title="Guardian (web series)">Guardian</a> (2012) depicted a romance between its two lead male characters, though when it was adapted into a television drama on the streaming platform <a href="/wiki/Youku" title="Youku">Youku</a> in 2018, the relationship was rendered as a close, homoerotic friendship.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianChina-197">[190]</a> The 2015 BL <a href="/wiki/Xianxia" title="Xianxia">xianxia</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_of_Demonic_Cultivation" title="Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation">Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation</a> was adapted into <a href="/wiki/Mo_Dao_Zu_Shi" title="Mo Dao Zu Shi">an animated series</a> in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/The_Untamed_(TV_series)" title="The Untamed (TV series)">a live-action series</a> in 2019, both of which similarly revise the nature of the relationship between the lead male characters. Consequently, fans of both Guardian and The Untamed discussed the series' male homoerotic content under the hashtag "<a href="/wiki/Socialist_fraternal_kiss" title="Socialist fraternal kiss">socialist brotherhood</a>" or "socialist bromance" to avoid detection from state censors.<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> In South Korea, the web series <a href="/wiki/Where_Your_Eyes_Linger" title="Where Your Eyes Linger">Where Your Eyes Linger</a> launched as the first domestically-produced BL series in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> The BL genre didn't receive much traction in the country until 2022, when the series <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Error_(TV_series)" title="Semantic Error (TV series)">Semantic Error</a> achieved a major domestic success and became a <a href="/wiki/Social_phenomenon" title="Social phenomenon">social phenomenon</a> in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> The unexpected success of the series introduced the BL genre to the mainstream South Korean audience, which subsequently resulted in a rising production of South Korean BL dramas and films.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> In Taiwan, the BL anthology series <a href="/wiki/HIStory_(web_series)" title="HIStory (web series)">HIStory</a> premiered in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> In the Philippines, BL television dramas gained popularity through the broadcast of foreign BL dramas such as <a href="/wiki/2gether_(Thai_TV_series)" title="2gether (Thai TV series)">2gether</a> and Where Your Eyes Linger.<a href="#cite_note-Philippines-203">[196]</a> This spurred the creation of domestically-produced BL dramas, such as <a href="/wiki/Gameboys" title="Gameboys">Gameboys</a> (2020),<a href="#cite_note-Philippines-203">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hello_Stranger_(web_series)" title="Hello Stranger (web series)">Hello Stranger</a> (2020),<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oh,_Mando!" title="Oh, Mando!">Oh, Mando!</a> (2020);<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> the 2020 film <a href="/wiki/The_Boy_Foretold_by_the_Stars" title="The Boy Foretold by the Stars">The Boy Foretold by the Stars</a> billed itself as "the first Filipino BL movie".<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_boys%27_love_anime_and_manga#Other_media" title="List of boys' love anime and manga"> List of boys' love video games</a></div> BL <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> typically consist of <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">eroge</a> oriented around male-male couples. The first BL game to receive an officially-licensed English-language release was <a href="/wiki/Enzai:_Falsely_Accused" title="Enzai: Falsely Accused">Enzai: Falsely Accused</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/JAST_USA" title="JAST USA">JAST USA</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> That same year, the company published <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Obedience" title="Absolute Obedience">Absolute Obedience</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Hirameki_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirameki International">Hirameki International</a> licensed <a href="/wiki/Animamundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Animamundi">Animamundi</a>; the later game, although already nonexplicit, was censored for US release to achieve a "mature" rather than "adults only" <a href="/wiki/ESRB" class="mw-redirect" title="ESRB">ESRB</a> rating, removing some of both the sexual and the violent content.<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> Compared to BL manga, fewer BL games have been officially translated into English; the lack of interest by publishers in licensing further titles has been attributed to widespread copyright infringement of both licensed and unlicensed games.<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></div> Suzuki notes that "demographic analyses of BL media are underdeveloped and thus much needed in yaoi/BL studies,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki2015115-211">[204]</a> but acknowledges that "the overwhelming majority of BL readers are women."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki2015115-211">[204]</a> 80% of the BL audience is female,<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> while the membership of <a href="/wiki/Yaoi-Con" title="Yaoi-Con">Yaoi-Con</a>, a now-defunct American yaoi <a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">convention</a>, was 85% female.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> It is usually assumed that all female fans are <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a>, but in Japan there is a presence of lesbian manga authors<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a> and lesbian, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">questioning</a> female readers.<a href="#cite_note-Bent-215">[208]</a> A 2008 survey of English-speaking readers of BL indicated that 50-60% of female readers self-identify as heterosexual.<a href="#cite_note-Levi-216">[209]</a> Although the genre is marketed to and consumed primarily by girls and women, there is a gay,<a href="#cite_note-bonking-81">[75]</a> bisexual,<a href="#cite_note-Yoo-217">[210]</a> and heterosexual male<a href="#cite_note-mon_amour-218">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland2000249-220">[213]</a> readership as well. A 2007 survey of BL readers among patrons of a United States library found about one quarter of respondents were male;<a href="#cite_note-Brenner-221">[214]</a> two online surveys found approximately ten percent of the broader English-speaking BL readership were male.<a href="#cite_note-Pagliassotti_BL_West-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levi-216">[209]</a> Lunsing suggests that younger Japanese gay men who are offended by "pornographic" content in gay men's magazines may prefer to read BL instead.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> Some gay men, however, are put off by the feminine art style or unrealistic depictions of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Japan">LGBT culture in Japan</a> and instead prefer <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">gay manga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a> which some perceive to be more realistic.<a href="#cite_note-pedagogy-26">[20]</a> Lunsing notes that some of the BL narrative elements criticized by <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual men">homosexual men</a>, such as rape fantasies, misogyny, and characters' non-identification as gay, are also present in gay manga.<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a> In the mid-1990s, estimates of the size of the Japanese BL fandom ranged from 100,000 to 500,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a> By April 2005, a search for non-Japanese websites resulted in 785,000 <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, 49,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, 22,400 <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, 11,900 <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and 6,900 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLelland200514-223">[216]</a> In January 2007, there were approximately five million hits for yaoi.<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> Female fans of BL are often referred to as fujoshi (腐女子, lit. "rotten girl"), a derogatory insult that was later <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">reappropriated</a> as a self-descriptive term.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> The male equivalent is fudanshi (腐男子, lit. "rotten boy") or fukei (腐兄, "rotten older brother"), both of which are puns of similar construction to fujoshi.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audience_motivation">Audience motivation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Audience motivation">edit</a>]</div> BL works, culture, and fandom have been studied and discussed by scholars and journalists worldwide, especially after translations of BL became commercially available outside Japan in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorn2004169-228">[221]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Manga!_Manga!_The_World_of_Japanese_Comics" title="Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics">Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</a>, the 1983 book by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_L._Schodt" title="Frederik L. Schodt">Frederik L. Schodt</a> that was the first substantial English-language work on manga, Schodt observes that portrayals of gay male relationships had used and further developed bisexual themes already extant in shōjo manga to appeal to their female audience.<a href="#cite_note-Schodt83-229">[222]</a> Japanese critics have viewed BL as a genre that permits their audience to avoid adult <a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female sexuality</a> by distancing sex from their own bodies,<a href="#cite_note-Ueno89-230">[223]</a> as well as to create fluidity in perceptions of gender and sexuality and rejects "socially mandated" <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a> as a "first step toward feminism".<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> Kazuko Suzuki, for example, believes that the audience's aversion to or contempt for masculine <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexism</a> is something which has consciously emerged as a result of the genre's popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1999246-232">[225]</a> Mizoguchi, writing in 2003, feels that BL is a "female-gendered space", as the writers, readers, artists and most of the editors of BL are female.<a href="#cite_note-MizoguchiSubgenres-3">[2]</a> BL has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Romance_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance novels">romance novels</a> by English-speaking librarians.<a href="#cite_note-yaoi101-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romance_by_Any_Other_Name-129">[123]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gravett" title="Paul Gravett">Paul Gravett</a> summarized the dominant theories for the popularity of BL with a female audience: that Japanese women were disillusioned or bored with classic male-female relationships in fiction, that the bishōnen populating the genre were a backlash against male sex fantasies of a feminized ideal of adolescent girls, that the genre offered a safe space for sexual fantasies with the free choice of identification figure in the relationship, and that the male characters in BL are interpreted by female readers as girls, thus making the stories expressions of readers' same-sex fantasies.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> Other commentators have suggested that more radical gender-political issues underlie BL. Parallels have been noted in the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Lesbianism_in_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbianism in pornography">lesbianism in pornography</a>,<a href="#cite_note-revisited-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-bonking-81">[75]</a> and BL has been called a form of "female <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">fetishism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> While early approaches to the popularity of the genre often referred to the role of women in patriarchal Japanese society, to which the genre offers a resistance and escape, this approach has been rejected by others who note that BL and BL-like media became popular outside of Japan in other social circumstances, such as <a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">slash fiction</a> in the west. Against this background, theories emphasizing pleasure gained support: BL could be compared to pornography or even considered a specifically female form of pornography, appealing to desires for eroticism, <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurism</a>, or a desire to push against established gender roles.<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariko_%C5%8Chara" title="Mariko Ōhara">Mariko Ōhara</a>, a science fiction writer, has said that she wrote <a href="/wiki/Kirk/Spock" title="Kirk/Spock">Kirk/Spock</a> fiction as a teen because she could not enjoy "conventional pornography, which had been made for men", and that she had found a "limitless freedom" in BL, much like in science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> In 1998, Shihomi Sakakibara asserted that yaoi fans, including himself, were gay <a href="/wiki/Transgender_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender men">transgender men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> Sandra Buckley believes that bishōnen narratives champion "the imagined potentialities of alternative [gender] differentiations",<a href="#cite_note-Buckley-238">[231]</a> while James Welker described the bishōnen character as "<a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>", commenting that manga critic Akiko Mizoguchi saw shōnen-ai as playing a role in how she herself had become a lesbian.<a href="#cite_note-Welker06-239">[232]</a> Dru Pagliassotti sees this and the yaoi ronsō as indicating that for Japanese gay and lesbian readers, BL is not as far removed from reality as heterosexual female readers like to claim.<a href="#cite_note-Pagliassotti_BL_West-168">[162]</a> Welker has also written that boys' love titles liberate the female audience "not just from patriarchy, but from gender dualism and heteronormativity".<a href="#cite_note-Welker06-239">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Some gay and lesbian commentators have criticized how gay identity is portrayed in BL, most notably in the yaoi ronsō or "yaoi debate" of 1992–1997 (see <a href="#1990s:_Mainstream_popularity_and_yaoi_ronsō">History</a> above).<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-39">[33]</a> A trope of BL that has attracted criticism is male protagonists who do not identify as gay, but are rather simply in love with each other, with <a href="/wiki/Comiket" title="Comiket">Comiket</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Yoshihiro_Yonezawa" title="Yoshihiro Yonezawa">Yoshihiro Yonezawa</a> once describing BL dōjinshi as akin to "girls playing with dolls".<a href="#cite_note-revisited-106">[100]</a> This is said to heighten the theme of all-conquering love,<a href="#cite_note-Akibayaoi-114">[108]</a> but is also condemned as a means of avoiding acknowledgement of <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Korean_Fandom-240">[233]</a> Criticism of the stereotypically feminine behaviour of the uke has also been prominent.<a href="#cite_note-girly_uke-110">[104]</a> Much of the criticism of BL originally rendered in the yaoi ronsō has similarly been voiced in the English-language fandom.<a href="#cite_note-Yowie-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Thorn" title="Rachel Thorn">Rachel Thorn</a> has suggested that BL and <a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">slash fiction</a> fans are discontented with "the standards of femininity to which they are expected to adhere and a <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social environment</a> that does not validate or sympathize with that discontent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorn2004180-244">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thorn1993-245">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Legal issues">edit</a>]</div> BL has been the subject of disputes on legal and moral grounds. Mark McLelland suggests that BL may become "a major battlefront for proponents and detractors of '<a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender free</a>' policies in employment, education and elsewhere",<a href="#cite_note-acute-246">[239]</a> while BL artist <a href="/wiki/Youka_Nitta" title="Youka Nitta">Youka Nitta</a> has said that "even in Japan, reading boys' love isn't something that parents encourage."<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> In Thailand, the sale of unauthorized reproductions of shōnen-ai manga to teenagers in 2001 led to media coverage and a <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> In 2006, an email campaign pressuring the <a href="/wiki/Sakai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai City">Sakai City Central Library</a> to remove BL works from circulation attracted national media attention, and promoted a debate over removal of BL works constituted a form of discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-acute-246">[239]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Osaka_City" title="Politics of Osaka City">Osaka Prefectural Government</a> included boys' love manga among with other books deemed potentially "harmful to minors" due to its sexual content,<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> which resulted in several magazines prohibited from being sold to people under 18 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-ann_2010-04-28-250">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anhui_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhui TV">Anhui TV</a> reported that in China, at least 20 young female authors writing danmei novels on an online novel website were arrested in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> In 2018, the pseudonymous Chinese BL novel author Tianyi was sentenced to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>10+1⁄2 years in prison under laws prohibiting the production of "obscene material for profit".<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> Hu, Ge and Wang summarise the trajectory of consorship over danmei from 2004 to the present, and suggest that the Chinese party-state has endeavoured to boost a discourse as regard danmei hatred in particular since 2021 as exemplifed in the ban of danmei-adapted web dramas and media representation of male effeminacy in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> Zanghellini notes that due to the "characteristics of the yaoi/BL genre" of showing characters who are often <a href="/wiki/Underage" class="mw-redirect" title="Underage">underage</a> engaging in romantic and sexual situations, <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Australia" title="Child pornography laws in Australia">child pornography laws in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Canada" title="Child pornography laws in Canada">Canada</a> "may lend themselves to targeting yaoi/BL work". He notes that in the <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child pornography laws in the United Kingdom">UK</a>, cartoons are exempt from child pornography laws unless they are used for <a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">child grooming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zanghellini-101">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/40px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/60px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_hole" title="Yaoi hole">Yaoi hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_paddle" title="Yaoi paddle">Yaoi paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary of anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-oriented_sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-oriented sexualism">Human-oriented sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Japan">LGBT rights in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">Homosexuality in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Ordinance_Regarding_the_Healthy_Development_of_Youths" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Ordinance Regarding the Healthy Development of Youths">Tokyo Metropolitan Ordinance Regarding the Healthy Development of Youths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Love_Manga" title="Boys' Love Manga">Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tweek_x_Craig" title="Tweek x Craig">Tweek x Craig</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Works featuring homoerotic relationships between female characters are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">yuri</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a> manga" was occasionally used in the 1970s, but fell out of use by the 1990s as works in this genre began to feature a broader range of protagonists beyond the traditional adolescent boys.<a href="#cite_note-MizoguchiSubgenres-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> In Chinese male-male romance fiction, <a href="/wiki/Danmei" title="Danmei">danmei</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> reading of the word tanbi) is used.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> In Japan, the term yaoi is occasionally written as "801", which can be read as yaoi through <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wordplay" title="Japanese wordplay">Japanese wordplay</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Kun%27yomi" title="Kun'yomi">short reading</a> of the number eight is "ya", zero can be read as "o" (a Western influence), while the short reading for one is "i".<a href="#cite_note-Aoyama_Eureka-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-rjcdef-18">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Kubota Mitsuyoshi says that <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> used yama nashi, ochi nashi, imi nashi to dismiss poor quality manga, and this was appropriated by the early yaoi authors.<a href="#cite_note-rjcdef-18">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The acronym yamete, oshiri ga itai (やめてお尻が痛い, "stop, my ass hurts!") is also less commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-23">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> While What Did You Eat Yesterday? is not a BL series, it is often discussed in the context of live-action BL media as it focuses on a gay male couple and series creator <a href="/wiki/Fumi_Yoshinaga" title="Fumi Yoshinaga">Fumi Yoshinaga</a> has authored multiple BL and BL-influenced works, notably Antique Bakery.<a href="#cite_note-Nippon.com-126">[120]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201593–118-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201593–118_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201593–118_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzuki2015">Suzuki 2015</a>, p. 93–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-MizoguchiSubgenres-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MizoguchiSubgenres_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MizoguchiSubgenres_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MizoguchiSubgenres_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAkiko2003" class="citation journal cs1">Akiko, Mizoguchi (2003). "Male-Male Romance by and for Women in Japan: A History and the Subgenres of Yaoi Fictions". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal. 25: 49–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.-Japan+Women%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Male-Male+Romance+by+and+for+Women+in+Japan%3A+A+History+and+the+Subgenres+of+Yaoi+Fictions&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Akiko&rft.aufirst=Mizoguchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welker06_842-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welker06_842_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welker06_842_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welker06_842_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Welker, James (2006). "Beautiful, Borrowed, and Bent: 'Boys' Love' as Girls' Love in Shôjo Manga'". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 31 (3): 842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F498987">10.1086/498987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144888475">144888475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Beautiful%2C+Borrowed%2C+and+Bent%3A+%27Boys%27+Love%27+as+Girls%27+Love+in+Sh%C3%B4jo+Manga%27&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=842&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F498987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144888475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Welker&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welker_review-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welker_review_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welker_review_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelker,_James" class="citation web cs1">Welker, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108052410/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue27/welker_review.htm">"Intersections: Review, Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre"</a>. 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Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 9 (5): 435–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21504857.2018.1512508">10.1080/21504857.2018.1512508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2150-4857">2150-4857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191635597">191635597</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202135157/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21504857.2018.1512508">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. 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Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+pornography+and+criminalization+of+BL+readers+and+authors+in+contemporary+China+%282010%E2%80%932019%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235527667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-2386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09502386.2021.1912805&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Meijiadai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09502386.2021.1912805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuGeWang2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Tingting; Ge, Liang; Wang, Cathy Yue (22 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2024.2357335">"A state against boys' love? Reviewing the trajectory of censorship over danmei"</a>. Continuum. 38 (2): 229–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2024.2357335">10.1080/10304312.2024.2357335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1030-4312">1030-4312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum&rft.atitle=A+state+against+boys%27+love%3F+Reviewing+the+trajectory+of+censorship+over+danmei&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10304312.2024.2357335&rft.issn=1030-4312&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Tingting&rft.au=Ge%2C+Liang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Cathy+Yue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10304312.2024.2357335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrient2008a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brient, Hervé, ed. 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(2015). Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628461190" title="Special:BookSources/978-1628461190"><bdi>978-1628461190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boys+Love+Manga+and+Beyond%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Community+in+Japan&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1628461190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hartley, Barbara (2015). "A Genealogy of Boys Love: The Gaze of the Girl and the Bishōnen Body in the Prewar Images of Takabatake Kashō". Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan: 21–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14325%2Fmississippi%2F9781628461190.003.0002">10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boys+Love+Manga+and+Beyond%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Community+in+Japan&rft.atitle=A+Genealogy+of+Boys+Love%3A+The+Gaze+of+the+Girl+and+the+Bish%C5%8Dnen+Body+in+the+Prewar+Images+of+Takabatake+Kash%C5%8D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14325%2Fmississippi%2F9781628461190.003.0002&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHishida2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hishida, Hitoshi (2015). "Representational Appropriation and the Autonomy of Desire in yaoi / BL". Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan: 210–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boys+Love+Manga+and+Beyond%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Community+in+Japan&rft.atitle=Representational+Appropriation+and+the+Autonomy+of+Desire+in+yaoi+%2F+BL&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hishida&rft.aufirst=Hitoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLellandWelker2015" class="citation book cs1">McLelland, Mark; Welker, James (2015). "An Introduction to Boys Love in Japan". 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"A Brief History of Shōnen'ai, Yaoi and Boys Love". Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan: 42–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14325%2Fmississippi%2F9781628461190.003.0003">10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628461190" title="Special:BookSources/9781628461190"><bdi>9781628461190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boys+Love+Manga+and+Beyond%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Community+in+Japan&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Sh%C5%8Dnen%27ai%2C+Yaoi+and+Boys+Love&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14325%2Fmississippi%2F9781628461190.003.0003&rft.isbn=9781628461190&rft.aulast=Welker&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLelland2000" class="citation book cs1">McLelland, Mark (2000). Male Homosexuality in Modern Japan: Cultural Myths and Social Realities. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1425-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1425-1"><bdi>0-7007-1425-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+Homosexuality+in+Modern+Japan%3A+Cultural+Myths+and+Social+Realities&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1425-1&rft.aulast=McLelland&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki1999" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki, Kazuko (1999). Inness, Sherrie (ed.). "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. London: Rowman & Littlefield: 243–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9136-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9136-5"><bdi>0-8476-9136-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium+Girls%3A+Today%27s+Girls+Around+the+World&rft.atitle=Pornography+or+Therapy%3F+Japanese+Girls+Creating+the+Yaoi+Phenomenon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8476-9136-5&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Kazuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorn2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Matt_Thorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel Matt Thorn">Thorn, Rachel</a> (2004). Kelly, William W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209060322/http://matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/outofhand/index.php">"Girls And Women Getting Out Of Hand: The Pleasure And Politics Of Japan's Amateur Comics Community"</a>. Fanning the Flames: Fans and Consumer Culture in Contemporary Japan. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York Press</a>: 169–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6032-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6032-0"><bdi>0-7914-6032-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/outofhand/index.php">the original</a> on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fanning+the+Flames%3A+Fans+and+Consumer+Culture+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.atitle=Girls+And+Women+Getting+Out+Of+Hand%3A+The+Pleasure+And+Politics+Of+Japan%27s+Amateur+Comics+Community&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7914-6032-0&rft.aulast=Thorn&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatt-thorn.com%2Fshoujo_manga%2Foutofhand%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngles2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Angles" title="Jeffrey Angles">Angles, Jeffrey</a> (2011). Writing the love of boys: origins of Bishōnen culture in modernist Japanese literature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-6970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-6970-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-6970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+love+of+boys%3A+origins+of+Bish%C5%8Dnen+culture+in+modernist+Japanese+literature&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-6970-7&rft.aulast=Angles&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAoyama2013" class="citation journal cs1">Aoyama, Tomoko (2013). "BL (Boys' Love) Literacy: Subversion, Resuscitation, and Transformation of the (Father's) Text". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal. 43 (1): 63–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwj.2013.0001">10.1353/jwj.2013.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143569303">143569303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.-Japan+Women%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=BL+%28Boys%27+Love%29+Literacy%3A+Subversion%2C+Resuscitation%2C+and+Transformation+of+the+%28Father%27s%29+Text&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwj.2013.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143569303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aoyama&rft.aufirst=Tomoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Aoyama, Tomoko (1988) "Male homosexuality as treated by Japanese women writers" in The Japanese Trajectory: Modernization and Beyond, <a href="/wiki/Gavan_McCormack" title="Gavan McCormack">Gavan McCormack</a>, Yoshio Sugimoto eds. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34515-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34515-4">0-521-34515-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrient2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brient, Hervé, ed. (2012). Le Yaoi articles, chroniques, entretiens et manga (in French) ([Seconde édition, mise à jour et développée]. ed.). Versailles: Éditions H. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-90728-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-90728-00-4"><bdi>979-10-90728-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Yaoi+articles%2C+chroniques%2C+entretiens+et+manga&rft.place=Versailles&rft.edition=%5BSeconde+%C3%A9dition%2C+mise+%C3%A0+jour+et+d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9e%5D.&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+H&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=979-10-90728-00-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Haggerty, George E. (2000). Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures. Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1880-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1880-4">978-0-8153-1880-4</a>.</li> <li>Kakinuma Eiko, Kurihara Chiyo et al. (eds.), Tanbi-Shosetsu, Gay-Bungaku Book Guide, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-89367-323-8" title="Special:BookSources/4-89367-323-8">4-89367-323-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Jaye_Lewis" title="Marilyn Jaye Lewis">Lewis, Marilyn Jaye</a> (editor), Zowie! It's Yaoi!: Western Girls Write Hot Stories of Boys' Love. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-910-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-910-8">1-56025-910-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeviMcHarryPagliassotti2010" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Antonia; McHarry, Mark; Pagliassotti, Dru, eds. (2010). <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Love_Manga:_Essays_on_the_Sexual_Ambiguity_and_Cross-Cultural_Fandom_of_the_Genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre">Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre</a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4195-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-4195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boys%27+Love+Manga%3A+Essays+on+the+Sexual+Ambiguity+and+Cross-Cultural+Fandom+of+the+Genre&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4195-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McHarry, Mark (2011). "Girls Doing Boys Doing Boys: Boys' Love, Masculinity and Sexual Identities". In Perper, Timothy and Martha Cornog (Eds.) Mangatopia: Essays on Anime and Manga in the Modern World. New York: ABC-Clio. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-908-2">978-1-59158-908-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLelland2011" class="citation journal cs1">McLelland, Mark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2166&context=artspapers">"Australia's 'Child-Abuse Materials' legislation, internet regulation and the juridification of the imagination"</a>. International Journal of Cultural Studies. 15 (5): 467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1367877911421082">10.1177/1367877911421082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41788106">41788106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+%27Child-Abuse+Materials%27+legislation%2C+internet+regulation+and+the+juridification+of+the+imagination&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=467&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1367877911421082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41788106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McLelland&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2166%26context%3Dartspapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McLelland, Mark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1229&context=artspapers">Australia's proposed internet filtering system : its implications for animation, comic and gaming (ACG) and slash fan communities</a> Media international Australia, incorporating Culture & policy, 134, 2010, 7-19</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagaike,_Kazumi2012" class="citation book cs1">Nagaike, Kazumi (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw52wwvOIegC&pg=PA6">Fantasies of Cross-Dressing: Japanese Women Write Male-Male Erotica</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21695-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21695-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasies+of+Cross-Dressing%3A+Japanese+Women+Write+Male-Male+Erotica&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21695-2&rft.au=Nagaike%2C+Kazumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw52wwvOIegC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ogi, Fusami (2001). "Beyond Shoujo, Blending Gender: Subverting the Homogendered World in Shoujo Manga (Japanese Comics for Girls)"". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Comic_Art" title="International Journal of Comic Art">International Journal of Comic Art</a>. 3 (2): 151–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comic+Art&rft.atitle=Beyond+Shoujo%2C+Blending+Gender%3A+Subverting+the+Homogendered+World+in+Shoujo+Manga+%28Japanese+Comics+for+Girls%29%22.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ogi&rft.aufirst=Fusami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPilcherMooreKannenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Pilcher, Tim; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Moore, Alan</a>; Kannenberg, Gene Jr. (2009). Erotic Comics 2: A Graphic History from the Liberated '70s to the Internet. <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams ComicArts</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-7277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-7277-3"><bdi>978-0-8109-7277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erotic+Comics+2%3A+A+Graphic+History+from+the+Liberated+%2770s+to+the+Internet&rft.pub=Abrams+ComicArts&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-7277-3&rft.aulast=Pilcher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Moore%2C+Alan&rft.au=Kannenberg%2C+Gene+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Saito, Kumiko (2011) "Desire in Subtext: Gender, Fandom, and Women's Male-Male Homoerotic Parodies in Contemporary Japan" in <a href="/wiki/Mechademia" title="Mechademia">Mechademia</a> 6.</li> <li>Solomon, Charles (30 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-30-et-solomon30-story.html">"Young men in love"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Welker, James (2011). "Flower Tribes and Female Desire: Complicating Early Female Consumption of Male Homosexuality in Shōjo Manga". <a href="/wiki/Mechademia" title="Mechademia">Mechademia</a>. 6 (1): 211–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmec.2011.0007">10.1353/mec.2011.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123677562">123677562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechademia&rft.atitle=Flower+Tribes+and+Female+Desire%3A+Complicating+Early+Female+Consumption+of+Male+Homosexuality+in+Sh%C5%8Djo+Manga&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmec.2011.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123677562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Welker&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoys%27+love" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Boys' love at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boys%27_love" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Boys' love">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yaoi" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Yaoi">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242488" class="extiw" title="d:Q242488">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chil-chil.net">Chil-Chil: Japanese BL Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_transgender,_queer_(LGBTQ)_media422" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ%2B_media" title="Template:LGBTQ+ media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ%2B_media" title="Template talk:LGBTQ+ media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ%2B_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ+ media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_transgender,_queer_(LGBTQ)_media422" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_media" title="LGBTQ media">Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) media</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_genre30" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By genre</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ+ themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_African_diasporic_mythologies" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in African diasporic mythologies">African diasporic mythologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_anime_and_manga" title="LGBTQ themes in anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_Chinese_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_comics" title="LGBTQ themes in comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoerotic_themes_in_Greek_and_Roman_mythology" title="Homoerotic themes in Greek and Roman mythology">Greek and Roman mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_Hindu_mythology" title="LGBTQ themes in Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_horror_fiction" title="LGBTQ themes in horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_mythology" title="LGBTQ themes in mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBTQ themes in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-themed_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-themed speculative fiction">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_Western_animation" title="LGBTQ themes in Western animation">Western animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BL/yaoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BL_dramas" title="List of BL dramas">List of dramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boys%27_love_anime_and_manga" title="List of boys' love anime and manga">List of anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(culture)" title="Class S (culture)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmei" title="Danmei">Danmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_teen_fiction" title="Gay teen fiction">Gay teen fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_romance" title="LGBTQ romance">LGBTQ romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femslash" title="Femslash">Femslash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-gender_world" title="Single-gender world">Single-gender world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_medium83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By medium</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_figures_in_fiction_and_myth" title="Lists of LGBTQ figures in fiction and myth">LGBTQ+ figures in fiction and myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay_novels_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" title="List of gay novels prior to the Stonewall riots">List of gay novels prior to the Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_writers" title="List of LGBTQ writers">List of LGBTQ writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_characters_in_modern_written_fiction" title="List of LGBTQ characters in modern written fiction">List of LGBTQ characters in modern written fiction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT literature in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT literature in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_the_Dutch-language_area" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT literature in the Dutch-language area">Dutch-language area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT literature in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT literature in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT literature in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature_in_Mexico" title="LGBTQ literature in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature_in_Singapore" title="LGBTQ literature in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature_in_Spain" title="LGBTQ literature in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Festivals/Awards16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals/Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Metropolis" title="Blue Metropolis">Blue Metropolis Violet Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_Book_Awards" title="Bisexual Book Awards">Bisexual Book Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayne_Ogilvie_Prize" title="Dayne Ogilvie Prize">Dayne Ogilvie Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Gaylactic Spectrum Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Awards" title="Lambda Literary Awards">Lambda Literary Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glad_Day_Bookshop" title="Glad Day Bookshop">Naked Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_%26_Sinners_LGBTQ%2B_Literary_Festival" title="Saints & Sinners LGBTQ+ Literary Festival">Saints and Sinners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Book_Award" title="Stonewall Book Award">Stonewall Book Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_Triangle" title="Publishing Triangle">Triangle Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality_in_American_film" title="History of homosexuality in American film">History of homosexuality in American film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaylaxicon" title="Gaylaxicon">Gaylaxicon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Related films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films_directed_by_women" title="List of LGBTQ-related films directed by women">Directed by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_by_storyline" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related films by storyline">By storyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related films by year">By year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ+ characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_with_LGBTQ_characters" title="List of animated films with LGBTQ characters">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_made-for-television_films_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of made-for-television films with LGBT characters">Made-for-television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_feature_films_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of feature films with LGBT characters">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_franchises_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of film franchises with LGBT characters">Franchises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_representation_in_children%27s_television" title="LGBTQ representation in children's television">Children's TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_news_and_information_television_programs_featuring_LGBT_subjects" title="List of news and information television programs featuring LGBT subjects">News and information programs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American_TV_episodes_with_LGBTQ+_themes98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of American television episodes with LGBT themes">American TV episodes with LGBTQ+ themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre%E2%80%93Stonewall_riots_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pre–Stonewall riots American television episodes with LGBT themes">Pre-Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 1970s American television episodes with LGBT themes">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1980s_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 1980s American television episodes with LGBT themes">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1990s_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 1990s American television episodes with LGBT themes">1990s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_network10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_and_LGBTQ_representation" title="Cartoon Network and LGBTQ representation">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_and_LGBTQ_representation_in_animation" title="Disney and LGBTQ representation in animation">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix_and_LGBTQ_representation_in_animation" title="Netflix and LGBTQ representation in animation">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_and_LGBTQ_representation" title="Nickelodeon and LGBTQ representation">Nickelodeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Characters64" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_programs_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of television programs with LGBT characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comedy television series with LGBT characters">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_and_variety_television_programs_with_LGBT_cast_members" title="List of comedy and variety television programs with LGBT cast members">Comedy and variety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reality_television_programs_with_LGBT_cast_members" title="List of reality television programs with LGBT cast members">Reality shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_characters_in_soap_operas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT characters in soap operas">Soap operas</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="Lists of dramatic television series with LGBT characters">Dramatic series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_1960s%E2%80%932000s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 1960s–2000s">1960s–2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2010%E2%80%932015" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2010–2015">2010–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2016%E2%80%932019" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2016–2019">2016–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2020s" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBTQ_characters" title="List of animated series with LGBTQ characters">Animated series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBTQ_characters#1970–1980s" title="List of animated series with LGBTQ characters">1970–1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBTQ_characters:_1990%E2%80%931999" title="List of animated series with LGBTQ characters: 1990–1999">1990s</a></li> <li>2000s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2000%E2%80%932004" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2000–2004">2000–04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2005%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2005–2009">2005–09</a></li></ul></li> <li>2010s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2010%E2%80%932014" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2010–2014">2010–14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2015%E2%80%932019" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2015–2019">2015–19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2020%E2%80%93present" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2020–present">2020s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2020%E2%80%932024" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2020–2024">2020–24</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_art_works_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of graphic art works with LGBT characters">Graphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation#Representations" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_characters_in_radio_and_podcasts" title="List of LGBTQ characters in radio and podcasts">Radio and podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_video_games" title="LGBTQ themes in video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_with_LGBTQ_characters" title="List of video games with LGBTQ characters">1980s–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_with_LGBT_characters:_2010s" title="List of video games with LGBT characters: 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_with_LGBT_characters:_2020s" title="List of video games with LGBT characters: 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomics_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of webcomics with LGBT characters">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_subgroup115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By subgroup</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_lesbians" title="Media portrayal of lesbians">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_bisexuality" title="Media portrayals of bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_pansexuality" title="Media portrayal of pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_asexuality" title="Media portrayal of asexuality">Asexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_lesbian_characters" title="List of fictional lesbian characters">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_characters_in_fiction" title="Gay characters in fiction">Gay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_gay_characters" title="List of fictional gay characters">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_bisexual_characters" title="List of fictional bisexual characters">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pansexual_characters" title="List of fictional pansexual characters">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_characters_in_fiction" title="Non-binary characters in fiction">Non-binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_non-binary_characters" title="List of fictional non-binary characters">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_characters_in_fiction" title="Intersex characters in fiction">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_intersex_characters" title="List of fictional intersex characters">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_asexual_characters" title="List of fictional asexual characters">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_aromantic_characters" title="List of fictional aromantic characters">List of fictional aromantic characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_polyamorous_characters" title="List of fictional polyamorous characters">Polyamorous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_fiction" title="List of lesbian fiction">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets_portraying_sexual_relations_between_women" title="List of poets portraying sexual relations between women">Poets portraying sexual relations between women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pulp_fiction" title="Lesbian pulp fiction">Pulp fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pulp_fiction" title="Gay pulp fiction">Pulp fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_literature" title="Bisexual literature">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_literature" title="Intersex literature">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_characters_in_animation" title="List of lesbian characters in animation">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay_characters_in_animation" title="List of gay characters in animation">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexual_characters_in_animation" title="List of bisexual characters in animation">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cross-dressing_characters_in_animated_series" title="List of cross-dressing characters in animated series">Cross-dressing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_lesbian_characters" title="List of feature films with lesbian characters">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_gay_characters" title="List of feature films with gay characters">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_bisexual_characters" title="List of feature films with bisexual characters">Bisexual</a></li> <li>Transgender <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">List of transgender characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">List of feature films with transgender characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_representation_in_film" title="Intersex representation in film">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_characters_in_television" title="List of lesbian characters in television">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_kiss_episode" title="Lesbian kiss episode">Lesbian kiss episode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay_characters_in_television" title="List of gay characters in television">Gay</a></li> <li>Bisexual <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexual_characters_in_television" title="List of bisexual characters in television">List of bisexual characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_characters_in_television" title="List of transgender characters in television">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_representation_in_television" title="Intersex representation in television">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pornography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erotica" title="Lesbian erotica">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">Gay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_in_gay_pornographic_films" title="List of actors in gay pornographic films">Actors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_pornography" title="Bisexual pornography">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pornography" title="Transgender pornography">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonfiction_books_about_homosexuality" title="List of nonfiction books about homosexuality">List of nonfiction books about homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">List of transgender publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also8" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_News" title="Gay News">Gay News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">Homoeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_marketing" title="LGBTQ marketing">LGBTQ marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Gay_Novels" title="Lost Gay Novels">Lost Gay Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_coding" title="Queer coding">Queer coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Queer erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/15px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/23px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/30px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_portrayals_in_mass_media" title="Category:LGBTQ portrayals in mass media">Category</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px&#124;LGBT_flag_30px&#124;Flag_of_Japan_Lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_and_transgender_topics_in_Japan227" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBT_in_Japan" title="Template:LGBT in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBT_in_Japan" title="Template talk:LGBT in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBT_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBT in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px&#124;LGBT_flag_30px&#124;Flag_of_Japan_Lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_and_transgender_topics_in_Japan227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay_Pride_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LGBT flag"><img alt="LGBT flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gay_Pride_Flag.svg/40px-Gay_Pride_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gay_Pride_Flag.svg/60px-Gay_Pride_Flag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="316" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Japan"><img alt="Flag of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> topics in Japan</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities in Japan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Akita_Prefecture" title="LGBTQ rights in Akita Prefecture">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Ibaraki_Prefecture" title="LGBTQ rights in Ibaraki Prefecture">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Tokyo" title="LGBTQ rights in Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Understanding_Promotion_Act" title="LGBT Understanding Promotion Act">LGBT Understanding Promotion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Japan" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan">Recognition of same-sex unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partnership_oath_in_Japan" title="Partnership oath in Japan">Partnership oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_boy_trial" title="Blue boy trial">Blue boy trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">Homosexuality in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shud%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudō">Shudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata">Onnagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagema" title="Kagema">Kagema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakash%C5%AB" title="Wakashū">Wakashū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_mythology#Amaterasu's_queerness" title="LGBTQ themes in mythology">Amaterasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_mythology#Cross-dressing_in_Japanese_Mythology" title="LGBTQ themes in mythology">Sōsei Genri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jing%C5%AB" title="Empress Jingū">Empress Jingū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_Takeru" title="Yamato Takeru">Yamato Takeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion#Japanese-Ryukyuan_religions" title="Transgender people and religion">transgender shamans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyamakui_no_Kami" title="Oyamakui no Kami">Oyamakui no Kami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heian_literature" title="Heian literature">Heian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_Nikki" title="Tosa Nikki">Tosa Nikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pillow_Book" title="The Pillow Book">The Pillow Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torikaebaya_Monogatari" title="Torikaebaya Monogatari">Torikaebaya Monogatari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torikaebaya_Monogatari" title="Torikaebaya Monogatari">Ima Torikaebaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariake_no_Wakare" title="Ariake no Wakare">Ariake no Wakare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_who_Loved_Insects" title="The Lady who Loved Insects">The Lady who Loved Insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Japanese_literature" title="Medieval Japanese literature">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chigo_Monogatari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chigo Monogatari">Chigo Monogatari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Edo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_an_Amorous_Woman" title="The Life of an Amorous Woman">The Life of an Amorous Woman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Tokyo" title="LGBTQ culture in Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badi_(magazine)" title="Badi (magazine)">Badi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barazoku" title="Barazoku">Barazoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Dōkō">Dōkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Japan_News" title="Gay Japan News">Gay Japan News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-men_(magazine)" title="G-men (magazine)">G-men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoko-machi_Map" title="Otoko-machi Map">Otoko-machi Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_(magazine)" title="Samson (magazine)">Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aomori_International_LGBT_Film_Festival" title="Aomori International LGBT Film Festival">Aomori International LGBT Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Queer_Film_Festival" title="Asian Queer Film Festival">Asian Queer Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_March" title="Rainbow March">Rainbow March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Reel_Tokyo" title="Rainbow Reel Tokyo">Rainbow Reel Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gay villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tokyo – <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Ni-ch%C5%8Dme" title="Shinjuku Ni-chōme">Shinjuku Ni-chōme</a></li> <li>Nana-chome & Higashi-Ueno (<a href="/wiki/Ueno" title="Ueno">Ueno</a>)</li> <li>Taito Ward (<a href="/wiki/Asakusa" title="Asakusa">Asakusa</a>)</li> <li>Minato Ward (<a href="/wiki/Shinbashi" title="Shinbashi">Shinbashi</a>)</li> <li>Toshima Ward (<a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro" title="Ikebukuro">Ikebukuro</a>)</li> <li>Hokkaido – <a href="/wiki/Susukino" title="Susukino">Susukino</a></li> <li>Kanagawa – Nogecho (<a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>)</li> <li>Aichi – <a href="/wiki/Sakae,_Nagoya" title="Sakae, Nagoya">Sakae, Nagoya</a></li> <li>Osaka – <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dyamach%C5%8D" title="Dōyamachō">Doyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namba" title="Namba">Namba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinsekai" title="Shinsekai">Shinsekai</a></li> <li>Hiroshima – Nagarekawa (<a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima City</a>)</li> <li>Fukuoka – Haruyoshi (<a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka City</a>)</li> <li>Okinawa – Sakurazaka (<a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha City</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_anime_and_manga" title="LGBTQ themes in anime and manga">LGBTQ themes in anime and manga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Gay manga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(culture)" title="Class S (culture)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futanari" title="Futanari">Futanari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCCUR_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCCUR (organization)">OCCUR (organization)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see Exploitation film template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_Japan227" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_Japan227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Animation industry in Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_of_Japanese_Animations" title="The Association of Japanese Animations">The Association of Japanese Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Animation_Creators_Association" title="Japanese Animation Creators Association">Japanese Animation Creators Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Kobe" title="Animation Kobe">Animation Kobe Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animax_Anison_Grand_Prix" title="Animax Anison Grand Prix">Animax Anison Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Anime Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy_Prize_for_Animation_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year">Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Media_Arts_Festival" title="Japan Media Arts Festival">Japan Media Arts Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Film_Award_for_Best_Animation_Film" title="Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film">Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype Anime Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cfuji_Nobur%C5%8D_Award" title="Ōfuji Noburō Award">Ōfuji Noburō Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiyu_Awards" title="Seiyu Awards">Seiyu Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugoi_Japan_Award" title="Sugoi Japan Award">Sugoi Japan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award" title="Tokyo Anime Award">Tokyo Anime Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation (ONA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation (OVA)</a></li> <li>Television <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_night_anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night anime">Late night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futanari" title="Futanari">Futanari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anime programming blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animeism" title="Animeism">Animeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(TV_programming_block)" title="Noise (TV programming block)">Noise</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noitamina" title="Noitamina">Noitamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%2BUltra" title="+Ultra">+Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Animage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">List of anime directors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animedia" title="Animedia">Animedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsud%C5%8D_Shashin" title="Katsudō Shashin">Katsudō Shashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinema_Junpo" title="Kinema Junpo">Kinema Junpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Anime">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/20px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/40px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&oldid=1283615983">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boys%27_love&oldid=1283615983</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boys%27_love" title="Category:Boys' love">Boys' love</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hentai" title="Category:Hentai">Hentai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sh%C5%8Dnen-ai" title="Category:Shōnen-ai">Shōnen-ai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_genres" title="Category:Anime and manga genres">Anime and manga genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_terminology" title="Category:Anime and manga terminology">Anime and manga terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gay_male_mass_media" title="Category:Gay male mass media">Gay male mass media</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gay_male_erotica" title="Category:Gay male erotica">Gay male erotica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gay_art" title="Category:Gay art">Gay art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_sex_terms" title="Category:Japanese sex terms">Japanese sex terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_terminology" title="Category:LGBTQ terminology">LGBTQ terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ-related_mass_media_in_Japan" title="Category:LGBTQ-related mass media in Japan">LGBTQ-related mass media in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ-related_anime_and_manga" title="Category:LGBTQ-related anime and manga">LGBTQ-related anime and manga</a></li><li><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-sngbp","wgBackendResponseTime":376,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.608","walltime":"2.987","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28498,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1054940,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":115516,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":857679,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2497.824 1 -total"," 37.68% 941.208 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.08% 401.567 77 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.33% 307.935 45 Template:Transl"," 10.17% 253.904 80 Template:Sfn"," 9.98% 249.315 71 Template:Cite_web"," 9.45% 236.103 45 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[\"CITEREFHishida2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuGeWang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngulsrudAllen2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIshida2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshiiKiddKolbeins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshikawa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamm2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamm2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatarinaCandraMochtar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazumi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenapan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimbergt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKincaid2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKishimoto2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoaysomboon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomatsu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLees2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLees_Sharon-Ann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeviMcHarryPagliassotti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLissa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLoo2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLoo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunsing2001\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFOrbaugh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagliassotti2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPilcherBrooks2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilcherMooreKannenberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakakibara1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalek2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchodt1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchodt1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamoon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSihombing2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimona2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzuki1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzuki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzuki2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylvius2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakemiya1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamaki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToku2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToku2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUeno1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValenti2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonJirik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonJirik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWei2014\"] = 1,\n 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web\"] = 71,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Film genres\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Ill\"] = 8,\n [\"JPY\"] = 6,\n [\"LGBT in Japan\"] = 1,\n [\"LGBTQ fiction\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 30,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 80,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sisterlinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 45,\n [\"Use British English Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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