CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>International Ultraviolet Explorer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cbcebec5-2760-4dd1-9134-0961c49cc1b0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"International_Ultraviolet_Explorer","wgTitle":"International Ultraviolet Explorer","wgCurRevisionId":1259342549,"wgRevisionId":1259342549,"wgArticleId":2235270,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Source attribution","Webarchive template wayback links","Webarchive template archiveis links","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use American English from November 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from November 2021","Space telescopes","Ultraviolet telescopes","European Space Agency satellites","NASA space probes", "Satellites orbiting Earth","1978 in spaceflight","Spacecraft launched in 1978"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"International_Ultraviolet_Explorer","wgRelevantArticleId":2235270,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled": false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q51509","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="729"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="486"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="389"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="International Ultraviolet Explorer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-International_Ultraviolet_Explorer rootpage-International_Ultraviolet_Explorer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+Ultraviolet+Explorer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+Ultraviolet+Explorer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+Ultraviolet+Explorer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+Ultraviolet+Explorer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Motivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Design and aims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Construction and engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Mirror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Commissioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ground support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Data transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scientific results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Solar System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SN_1987A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SN_1987A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>SN 1987A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SN_1987A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_interstellar_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_interstellar_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The interstellar medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_interstellar_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_Galactic_Nuclei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_Galactic_Nuclei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Active Galactic Nuclei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_Galactic_Nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_Package" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_Package"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ultraviolet Spectrograph Package</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_Package-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particle_Flux_Monitor_(Spacecraft)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle_Flux_Monitor_(Spacecraft)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Particle Flux Monitor (Spacecraft)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particle_Flux_Monitor_(Spacecraft)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_termination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_termination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mission termination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_termination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission termination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_termination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Impact on astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Ultraviolet Explorer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مستكشف الأشعة فوق البنفسجية الدولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستكشف الأشعة فوق البنفسجية الدولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B4_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کاوشگر فرابنفش بین‌المللی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاوشگر فرابنفش بین‌المللی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0_%ED%83%90%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A0" title="국제 자외선 탐사선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 자외선 탐사선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUE" title="IUE – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IUE" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUE" title="IUE – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IUE" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUE" title="IUE – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IUE" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="International Ultraviolet Explorer" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="國際紫外線探測衛星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國際紫外線探測衛星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51509#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&oldid=1259342549" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&id=1259342549&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Ultraviolet_Explorer"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Ultraviolet_Explorer"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51509" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Astronomical observatory satellite</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">International Ultraviolet Explorer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif/300px-International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif/450px-International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="282" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">International Ultraviolet Explorer (Explorer 57) satellite</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Explorer 57<br />IUE<br />SAS-D</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">SERC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-012A">1978-012A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51509#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">10637</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=22">ESA Science and Technology</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue">NASA IUE Archive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">18 years, 8 months, 4 days (achieved)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3 years (planned)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data">Explorer LVII</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft type</th><td class="infobox-data">International Ultraviolet Explorer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">Bus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SAS (Small Astronomy Satellite)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">669 kg (1,475 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">424 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1978, 17:36:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">Thor-Delta 2914</a>,<br />(Thor 628 / Delta 138)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Kennedy Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17">LC-17A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entered service</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1978</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1996, at 18:44 UTC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">70.0° West</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Main telescope</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope" title="Ritchey–Chrétien telescope">Ritchey-Chretien</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain reflector</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">45 cm (18 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal ratio</th><td class="infobox-data">f/15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wavelengths</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> 115 to 320 nm</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Instruments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Particle Flux Monitor (Spacecraft)<br />Ultraviolet Spectrograph Package</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IUE_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/IUE_insignia.png/200px-IUE_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/IUE_insignia.png/300px-IUE_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/IUE_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="331" /></a></span><br />ESA patch for the <i>IUE</i> mission <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorer Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">ISEE-1</a> (Explorer 56)</div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Heat_Capacity_Mapping_Mission" title="Heat Capacity Mapping Mission">HCMM</a> (Explorer 58) →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>International Ultraviolet Explorer</b> (<b>IUE</b> or <b>Explorer 57</b>, formerly SAS-D),<sup id="cite_ref-Display_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Display-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space observatory</a> primarily designed to take <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. The satellite was a collaborative project between <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">Science and Engineering Research Council</a> (SERC, formerly UKSRC) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), formerly <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (ESRO). The mission was first proposed in early 1964, by a group of scientists in the United Kingdom, and was launched on 26 January 1978, 17:36:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> aboard a NASA <a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">Thor-Delta 2914</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>. The mission lifetime was initially set for 3 years, but in the end, it lasted 18 years, with the satellite being shut down in 1996. The switch-off occurred for financial reasons, while the telescope was still functioning at near original efficiency. </p><p>It was the first space observatory to be operated in real-time by astronomers who visited the ground stations in the United States and Spain. Astronomers made over 104,000 observations using the IUE, of objects ranging from <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> bodies to distant <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a>. Among the significant scientific results from IUE data were the first large-scale studies of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar winds</a>, accurate measurements of the way <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">interstellar dust</a> absorbs light, and measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a> which showed that it defied stellar evolution theories as they then stood. When the mission ended, it was considered the most successful astronomical satellite ever.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_Science_&_Technology:_Summary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_Science_&_Technology:_Summary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivation">Motivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> can perceive light with wavelengths between roughly 350 (violet) and 700 (red) <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometres</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> light has wavelengths between roughly 10 nm and 350 nm. UV light can be harmful to human beings and is strongly absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>. This makes it impossible to observe UV emission from <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical objects">astronomical objects</a> from the ground. Many types of objects emit copious quantities of UV radiation, though: the hottest and most massive stars in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> can have surface temperatures high enough that the vast majority of their light is emitted in the UV. <a href="/wiki/Active_Galactic_Nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Galactic Nuclei">Active Galactic Nuclei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a> all emit UV radiation strongly, and many <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">chemical elements</a> have strong <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a> in the UV so that UV absorption by the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> provides a powerful tool for studying its composition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet astronomy</a> was impossible before the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>, and some of the first <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescopes</a> were UV telescopes designed to observe this previously inaccessible region of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. One particular success was the second <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">Orbiting Astronomical Observatory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a>), which had a number of 20 cm (7.9 in) UV telescopes on board. It was launched in 1968 and took the first UV observations of 1200 objects, mostly stars.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of OAO-2 motivated astronomers to consider larger missions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception">Conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUE_control_console.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/IUE_control_console.jpg/220px-IUE_control_console.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/IUE_control_console.jpg/330px-IUE_control_console.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/IUE_control_console.jpg/440px-IUE_control_console.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>A shell of a control and display unit for the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The orbiting ultraviolet satellite which ultimately became the IUE mission was first proposed in 1964 by British astronomer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(astronomer)" title="Robert Wilson (astronomer)">Robert Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (ESRO) was planning a <i>Large Astronomical Satellite</i> (LAS), and had sought proposals from the astronomical community for its aims and design. Wilson headed a British team which proposed an ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Optical_spectrometer" title="Optical spectrometer">spectrograph</a>, and their design was recommended for acceptance in 1966. </p><p>However, management problems and cost overruns led to the cancellation of the LAS program in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's team scaled down their plans and submitted a more modest proposal to ESRO, but this was not selected as the Cosmic Ray satellite was given precedence. Rather than give up on the idea of an orbiting UV telescope, they instead sent their plans to NASA astronomer <a href="/wiki/Leo_Goldberg" title="Leo Goldberg">Leo Goldberg</a>, and in 1973 the plans were approved. The proposed telescope was renamed the <i>International Ultraviolet Explorer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_and_aims">Design and aims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design and aims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telescope was designed from the start to be operated in real-time, rather than by remote control. This required that it would be launched into a <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> – that is, one with a period equal to one <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sidereal day</a> of 23 h 56 m. A satellite in such an orbit remains visible from a given point on the Earth's surface for many hours at a time, and can thus transmit to a single ground station for a long period of time. Most space observatories in Earth orbit, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, are in a <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> in which they spend most of their time operating autonomously because only a small fraction of the Earth's surface can see them at a given time. Hubble, for example, orbits the Earth at an altitude of approximately 600 km (370 mi), while a geosynchronous orbit has an average altitude of 36,000 km (22,000 mi). </p><p>As well as allowing continuous communications with ground stations, a geosynchronous orbit also allows a larger portion of the sky to be viewed continuously. Because the distance from Earth is greater, the Earth occupies a much smaller portion of the sky as seen from the satellite than it does from low Earth orbit. </p><p>A launch into a geosynchronous orbit requires much more energy for a given weight of payload than a launch into a low Earth orbit. This meant that the telescope had to be relatively small, with a 45 cm (18 in) primary mirror, and a total weight of 312 kg (688 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubble, in comparison, weighs 11.1 tonnes and has a 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) mirror. The largest ground-based telescope, the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a>, has a primary mirror 10.4 m (34 ft) across. A smaller mirror means less light-gathering power, and less spatial resolution, compared to a larger mirror. </p><p>The stated aims of the telescope at the start of the mission were:<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-aims_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-aims-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To obtain high-resolution spectra of stars of all spectral types to determine their physical characteristics;</li> <li>To study gas streams in and around binary star system;</li> <li>To observe faint stars, galaxies and quasars at low resolution, interpreting these spectra by reference to high-resolution spectra;</li> <li>To observe the spectra of planets and comets;</li> <li>To make repeated observations of objects with variable spectrum;</li> <li>To study the modification of starlight caused by interstellar dust and gas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_engineering">Construction and engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUEtelescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IUEtelescope.jpg/220px-IUEtelescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IUEtelescope.jpg/330px-IUEtelescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IUEtelescope.jpg/440px-IUEtelescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The core of the science hardware of the IUE: the telescope tube and sunshade extend above the pivot point of the support stand, the cameras are just below, and some of the mirrors and diffraction gratings are at the bottom. The box extending from the midpoint of the assembly covers the location of the spacecraft gyroscopes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUEtelescope-schema.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IUEtelescope-schema.png/220px-IUEtelescope-schema.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IUEtelescope-schema.png/330px-IUEtelescope-schema.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IUEtelescope-schema.png/440px-IUEtelescope-schema.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Simplified optical diagram of the telescope</figcaption></figure> <p>The telescope was constructed as a joint project between NASA, ESRO (which became ESA in 1975) and the United Kingdom's SERC. SERC provided the <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Vidicon cameras</a> for the spectrographs as well as software for the scientific instruments. ESA provided the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">solar arrays</a> to power the spacecraft as well as a ground observing facility in <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Villafranca del Castillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. NASA contributed the telescope, spectrograph, and spacecraft as well as launching facilities and a second ground observatory in <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt, Maryland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> (GSFC). </p><p>According to the agreement setting up the project the observing time would be divided between the contributing agencies with 2/3 to NASA, 1/6 to ESA and 1/6 to the UK's SERC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirror">Mirror</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mirror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telescope mirror was a reflector of the <a href="/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope" title="Ritchey–Chrétien telescope">Ritchey–Chrétien telescope</a> type, which has <a href="/wiki/Hyperbola" title="Hyperbola">hyperbolic</a> primary and secondary mirrors. The primary was 45 cm (18 in) across. The telescope was designed to give high-quality images over a 16 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcminute</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> (about half the apparent diameter of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>). The primary mirror was made of <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, and the secondary of <a href="/wiki/Fused_silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused silica">fused silica</a> – materials chosen for their light weight, moderate cost, and optical quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUEasembled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/IUEasembled.jpg/220px-IUEasembled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/IUEasembled.jpg/330px-IUEasembled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/IUEasembled.jpg/440px-IUEasembled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Fully assembled IUE with the telescope tube on top and <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panel</a> extended</figcaption></figure> <p>The instrumentation on board consisted of the Fine Error Sensors (FES), which were used for pointing and guiding the telescope, a high-resolution and a low-resolution spectrograph, and four detectors. </p><p>There were two Fine Error Sensors (FES), and their first purpose was to image the field of view of the telescope in <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">visible light</a>. They could detect stars down to 14th <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a>, about 1500 times fainter than can be seen with the naked eye from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The image was transmitted to the ground station, where the observer would verify that the telescope was pointing at the correct field, and then acquire the exact object to be observed. If the object to be observed was fainter than 14th magnitude, the observer would point the telescope at a star that could be seen, and then apply "blind" offsets, determined from the coordinates of the objects. The accuracy of the pointing was generally better than 2 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcsecond</a> for blind offsets<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FES acquisition images were the telescope's only imaging capability; for UV observations, it only recorded <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectrum</a>. For this, it was equipped with two spectrographs. They were called the Short Wavelength Spectrograph (SWS) and the Long Wavelength Spectrograph (LWS) and covered wavelength ranges of 115 to 200 nanometres and 185 to 330 nm respectively. Each spectrograph had both high and low-resolution modes, with <a href="/wiki/Spectral_resolution" title="Spectral resolution">spectral resolutions</a> of 0.02 and 0.60-nm respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-MAST_instrument_description_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAST_instrument_description-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spectrographs could be used with either of two apertures. The larger aperture was a slot with a field of view roughly 10 × 20 arcseconds; the smaller aperture was a circle about 3 arcseconds in diameter. The quality of the telescope optics was such that <a href="/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source">point sources</a> appeared about 3 arcseconds across, so the use of the smaller aperture required very accurate pointing, and it did not necessarily capture all of the light from the object. The larger aperture was therefore most commonly used, and the smaller aperture was only used when the larger field of view would have contained unwanted emission from other objects.<sup id="cite_ref-MAST_instrument_description_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAST_instrument_description-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two cameras for each spectrograph, one designated the primary and the second being redundant in case of failure of the first. The cameras were named LWP, LWR, SWP and SWR where P stands for prime, R for redundant and LW/SW for long/short <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>. The cameras were <a href="/wiki/Television_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Television camera">television cameras</a>, sensitive only to visible light, and light gathered by the telescope and spectrographs first fell on a UV-to-visible converter. This was a <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, which was inert when exposed to visible light, but which gave off <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> when struck by UV <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>. The electrons were then detected by the TV cameras. The signal could be integrated for up to many hours, before being transmitted to Earth at the end of the exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_2914_launching_IUE_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Delta_2914_launching_IUE_spacecraft.jpg/220px-Delta_2914_launching_IUE_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Delta_2914_launching_IUE_spacecraft.jpg/330px-Delta_2914_launching_IUE_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Delta_2914_launching_IUE_spacecraft.jpg/440px-Delta_2914_launching_IUE_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2265" /></a><figcaption>Delta 2914 launching IUE spacecraft on 26 January 1978 from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IUE was launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> on a Thor-Delta launch vehicle, on 26 January 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-MAST_history_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAST_history-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was launched into a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_orbit" title="Transfer orbit">transfer orbit</a>, from which its onboard launch vehicle fired it into its planned geosynchronous orbit. The orbit was inclined by 28.6° to the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and had an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> of 0.24, meaning that the satellite's distance from Earth varied between 25,669 km (15,950 mi) and 45,887 km (28,513 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ground_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground track">ground track</a> was initially centered at a longitude of approximately 70° West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioning">Commissioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commissioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first 60 days of the mission were designated as the commissioning period. This was divided into three main stages. Firstly, as soon as its instruments were switched on, the IUE observed a small number of high-priority objects, to ensure that some data had been taken in the event of an early failure. The first spectrum, of the star <a href="/wiki/Eta_Ursae_Majoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta Ursae Majoris">Eta Ursae Majoris</a>, was taken for calibration purposes three days after launch.<sup id="cite_ref-MAST_history_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAST_history-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first science observations targeted objects including the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, the planets from <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, hot stars including <a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a>, cool giant stars including <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani" title="Epsilon Eridani">Epsilon Eridani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>, and galaxies including <a href="/wiki/Messier_81" title="Messier 81">Messier 81</a> (M81) and <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87</a> (M87).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, the spacecraft systems were tested and optimized. The telescope was focused, and the prime and redundant cameras in both channels were tested. It was found that the SWR camera did not work properly, and so the SWP camera was used throughout the mission. Initially, this camera suffered from significant electronic noise, but this was traced to a sensor used to align the telescope after launch. Once this sensor was switched off, the camera performed as expected.<sup id="cite_ref-MAST_history_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAST_history-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cameras were then adjusted for best performance, and the slewing and guiding performance of the telescope was evaluated and optimized <sup id="cite_ref-Nature_1978_in-flight_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_1978_in-flight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, image quality and spectral resolution were studied and characterized, and the performance of the telescope, spectrographs and cameras were calibrated using observations of well-known <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_1978_in-flight_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_1978_in-flight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these three phases were completed, the "routine phase" of operations began on 3 April 1978. Optimization, evaluation and calibration operations were far from complete, but the telescope was understood well enough for routine science observations to begin.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_1978_in-flight_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_1978_in-flight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUE-IRAS-comet.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IUE-IRAS-comet.gif/220px-IUE-IRAS-comet.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IUE-IRAS-comet.gif/330px-IUE-IRAS-comet.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IUE-IRAS-comet.gif/440px-IUE-IRAS-comet.gif 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock</a> was the 7th comet discovered in 1983. This figure combines an FES image showing its diffuse tail and the long-wavelength redundant (LWR) spectrum depicting the molecular emission lines of sulfur (S<sub>2</sub>) and hydroxyl (OH).</figcaption></figure> <p>Use of the telescope was divided between NASA, ESA and United Kingdom in approximate proportion to their relative contributions to the satellite construction: two-thirds of the time was available to NASA, and one-sixth each to ESA and United Kingdom. Telescope time was obtained by submitting proposals, which were reviewed annually. Each of the three agencies considered applications separately for its allocated observing time.<sup id="cite_ref-IUE_newsletter_5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUE_newsletter_5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers of any nationality could apply for telescope time, choosing whichever agency they preferred to apply to. If an astronomer was awarded time, then when their observations were scheduled, they would travel to the ground stations which operated the satellite, so that they could see and evaluate their data as it was taken. This mode of operation was very different from most space facilities, for which data is taken with no real-time input from the astronomer concerned, and instead resembled the use of ground-based telescopes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_support">Ground support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ground support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most of its lifetime, the telescope was operated in three eight-hour shifts each day, two from the U.S. ground station at the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, and one from the ESA ground station at <a href="/wiki/Villanueva_de_la_Ca%C3%B1ada" title="Villanueva de la Cañada">Villanueva de la Cañada</a> near <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its elliptical orbit, the spacecraft spent part of each day in the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a>, during which time science observations suffered from higher background noise. This time occurred during the second U.S. shift each day and was generally used for calibration observations and spacecraft "housekeeping", as well as for science observations that could be done with short exposure times.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twice-daily transatlantic handovers required telephone contact between Spain and the United States to coordinate the switch. Observations were not coordinated between the stations so that the astronomers taking over after the handover would not know where the telescope would be pointing when their shift started. This sometimes meant that observing shifts started with a lengthy pointing maneuver, but allowed maximum flexibility in scheduling of observing blocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transmission">Data transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Data transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data was transmitted to Earth in real-time at the end of each science observation. The camera read-out formed an image of 768 × 768 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Analogue-to-digital_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogue-to-digital converter">analogue-to-digital converter</a> resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> of <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8 bits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data was then transmitted to Earth via one of six transmitters on the spacecraft; four were <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-band</a> transmitters, placed at points around the spacecraft such that no matter what its attitude, one could transmit to the ground, and two were <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">Very high frequency</a> (VHF) transmitters, which could sustain a lower <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, but consumed less power, and also transmitted in all directions. The VHF transmitters were used when the spacecraft was in the Earth's shadow and thus reliant on battery power instead of solar power.<sup id="cite_ref-final_report_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_report-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In normal operations, observers could hold the telescope in position and wait approximately 20 minutes for the data to be transmitted, if they wanted the option of repeating the observation, or they could slew to the next target and then start the data transmission to Earth while observing the next target. The data transmitted were used for "quick look" purposes only, and full calibration was carried out by IUE staff later. Astronomers were then sent their data on <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> by post, about a week after processing. From the date of the observation, the observers had a six-month proprietary period during which only they had access to the data. After six months, it became public.<sup id="cite_ref-obs_guide_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obs_guide-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_results">Scientific results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scientific results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUEobservations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/IUEobservations.png/220px-IUEobservations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/IUEobservations.png/330px-IUEobservations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/IUEobservations.png/440px-IUEobservations.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>IUE observations chart on a projection map of entire sky.</figcaption></figure> <p>The IUE allowed astronomers their first view of the ultraviolet light from many celestial objects and was used to study objects ranging from Solar System planets to distant quasars. During its lifetime, hundreds of astronomers observed with IUE, and during its first decade of operations, over 1500 <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> scientific articles based on IUE data were published. Nine symposia of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) were devoted to discussions of IUE results.<sup id="cite_ref-Kondo_1989_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kondo_1989-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_System">Solar System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> except <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> were observed; the telescope could not point at any part of the sky within 45° of the Sun, and Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">greatest angular distance from the Sun</a> is only about 28°. IUE observations of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> showed that the amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">sulfur monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> in its atmosphere declined by a large amount during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this decline is not yet fully understood, but one hypothesis is that a large <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> eruption had injected sulfur compounds into the atmosphere, and that they were declining following the end of the eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> in 1986, and was observed intensively with the IUE, as well as with a large number of other ground-based and satellite missions. UV spectra were used to estimate the rate at which the comet lost dust and gas, and the IUE observations allowed astronomers to estimate that a total of 3×10<sup>8</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> evaporated from the comet during its passage through the inner Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stars">Stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most significant results from IUE came in the studies of hot stars. A star that is hotter than about 10,000 K emits most of its radiation in the UV, and thus if it can only be studied in visible light, a large amount of information is being lost. The vast majority of all stars are cooler than the Sun, but the fraction that is hotter includes massive, highly luminous stars which shed enormous quantities of matter into interstellar space, and also <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> stars, which are the end stage of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> for the vast majority of all stars and which have temperatures as high as 100,000 K when they first form. </p><p>The IUE discovered many instances of white dwarf companions to <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> stars. An example of this kind of system is <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, and at visible wavelengths, the main sequence star is far brighter than the white dwarf. However, in the UV, the white dwarf can be as bright or brighter, as its higher temperature means it emits most of its radiation at these shorter wavelengths. In these systems, the white dwarf was originally the heavier star but has shed most of its mass during the later stages of its evolution. Binary stars provide the only direct way to measure the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of stars, from observations of their orbital motions. Thus, observations of binary stars where the two components are at such different stages of stellar evolution can be used to determine the relationship between the mass of stars and how they evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stars with masses of around ten times that of the Sun or higher have powerful <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar winds</a>. The Sun loses about 10<sup>−14</sup> solar masses per year in its <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, which travels at up to around 750 km/s (470 mi/s), but the massive stars can lose as much as a billion times more material each year in winds traveling at several thousand kilometers per second. These stars exist for a few million years, and during this time the stellar wind carries away a significant fraction of their mass and plays a crucial role in determining whether they explode as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> or not.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stellar mass loss was first discovered using rocket-borne telescopes in the 1960s, but the IUE allowed astronomers to observe a very large number of stars, allowing the first proper studies of how stellar mass loss is related to mass and luminosity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SN_1987A">SN 1987A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: SN 1987A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, a star in the <a href="/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Large Magellanic Cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</a> exploded as a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>. Designated <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a>, this event was of enormous importance to astronomy, as it was the closest known supernova to Earth, and the first visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler's star">Kepler's star</a> in 1604 – before the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>. The opportunity to study a supernova so much more closely than had ever been possible before triggered intense observing campaigns at all major astronomical facilities, and the first IUE observations were made about 14 hours after the discovery of the supernova.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IUE data were used to determine that the progenitor star had been a <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiant</a>, where theory had strongly expected a <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubble Space Telescope images revealed a <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a> surrounding the progenitor star which consisted of mass lost by the star long before it exploded; IUE studies of this material showed that it was rich in <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, which is formed in the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a> – a chain of nuclear reactions which produces most of the energy emitted by stars much more massive than the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers inferred that the star had been a red supergiant, and had shed a large amount of matter into space, before evolving into a blue supergiant and exploding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_interstellar_medium">The interstellar medium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The interstellar medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IUE was used extensively to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> (ISM). The ISM is normally observed by looking at background sources such as hot stars or quasars; interstellar material absorbs some of the light from the background source and so its composition and velocity can be studied. One of IUE's early discoveries was that the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is surrounded by a vast halo of hot gas, known as a <a href="/wiki/Galactic_corona" title="Galactic corona">galactic corona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hot gas, heated by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, extends several thousand <a href="/wiki/Light_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Light year">light years</a> above and below the plane of the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IUE data was also crucial in determining how the light from distant sources is affected by dust along the line of sight. Almost all astronomical observations are affected by this <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar extinction">interstellar extinction</a>, and correcting for it is the first step in most analyses of astronomical spectra and images. IUE data was used to show that within the galaxy, interstellar extinction can be well described by a few simple equations. The relative variation of extinction with wavelength shows little variation with direction; only the absolute amount of absorption changes. Interstellar absorption in other galaxies can similarly be described by fairly simple "laws".<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_Galactic_Nuclei">Active Galactic Nuclei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Active Galactic Nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IUE vastly increased astronomers' understanding of <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active galactic nuclei">active galactic nuclei</a> (AGN). Before its launch, <a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a>, the first known quasar, was the only AGN that had ever been observed at UV wavelengths. With IUE, UV spectra of AGN became widely available. </p><p>One particular target was <a href="/wiki/NGC_4151" title="NGC 4151">NGC 4151</a>, the brightest <a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxy" title="Seyfert galaxy">Seyfert galaxy</a>. Starting soon after IUE's launch, a group of European astronomers pooled their observing time to repeatedly observe the galaxy, to measure variations over time of its UV emission. They found that the UV variation was much greater than that seen at optical and infrared wavelengths. IUE observations were used to study the <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> at the centre of the galaxy, with its mass being estimated at between 50 and 100 million times that of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UV emission varied on timescales of a few days, implying that the region of emission was only a few <a href="/wiki/Light_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Light day">light days</a> across.<sup id="cite_ref-Kondo_1989_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kondo_1989-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quasar observations were used to probe intergalactic space. Clouds of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas in between the Earth and a given quasar will absorb some of its emission at the wavelength of <a href="/wiki/Lyman_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman alpha">Lyman alpha</a>. Because the clouds and the quasar are all at different distances from Earth, and moving at different velocities due to the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble flow">expansion of the universe</a>, the quasar spectrum has a "forest" of absorption features at wavelengths shorter than its own Lyman alpha emission. Before IUE, observations of this so-called Lyman-alpha forest were limited to very distant quasars, for which the <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> caused by the expansion of the universe brought it into optical wavelengths. IUE allowed nearer quasars to be studied, and astronomers used this data to determine that there are fewer hydrogen clouds in the nearby universe than there are in the distant universe. The implication is that over time, these clouds have formed into galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_Package">Ultraviolet Spectrograph Package</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ultraviolet Spectrograph Package"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This experiment included the ultraviolet spectrograph package carried by the IUE, consisting of two physically distinct echelle-spectrograph/camera units capable of astronomical observations. Each spectrograph was a three-element echelle system composed of an off-axis paraboloidal collimator, an echelle grating, and a spherical first-order grating that was used to separate the echelle orders and focus the spectral display on an image converter plus SEC Vidicon camera. There was a spare camera for each unit. The camera units were able to integrate the signal. The readout/preparation cycle for the cameras took approximately 20 minutes. Wavelength calibration was provided by the use of a hollow cathode comparison lamp. The photometric calibration was accomplished by observing standard stars whose spectral fluxes had previously been calibrated by other means. </p><p>Both echelle-spectrograph/camera units were capable of high-resolution (0.1 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Angstrom</a> (A)) or low-resolution (6 A) performance. The dual high/low-resolution capability was implemented by the insertion of a flat mirror in front of the echelle grating so that the only dispersion was provided by the spherical grating. As the SEC Vidicons could integrate the signal for up to many hours, data with a signal-to-noise ratio of 50 could be obtained for B0 stars of 9th and 14th magnitudes in the high- and low-resolution modes, respectively. </p><p>The distinguishing characteristic of the units was their wavelength coverage. One unit covered the wavelength range from 1192 to 1924 A in the high-resolution mode and 1135 to 2085 A in the low-resolution mode. For the other unit, the ranges were from 1893 to 3031 A and 1800 to 3255 A for the high-and low-resolution modes, respectively. Each unit also had its own choice of entrance apertures: either a 3-arcsecond hole or a 10- by 20-arcsecond slot. The 10- by 20-arcsecond slots could be blocked by a common shutter, but the 3-arcsecond aperture was always open. As a result, two aperture configurations were possible: (1) both 3-arcsecond apertures open and both 10- by 20-arcsecond slots closed, or (2) all four apertures open. With this instrumentation, the observational options open to an observer were long-wavelength and/or short-wavelength spectrograph, high or low resolution, and large or small apertures. Exposures could be made with the two spectrographs simultaneously, but the entrance apertures for each were distinct and separated in the sky by about 1 arcminute. An additional restriction was that data could be read out from only one camera at a time. However, one camera could be exposed while the other camera was being read out. The choice of high or low resolution could be made independently for the two spectrographs.<sup id="cite_ref-Experiment1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experiment1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particle_Flux_Monitor_(Spacecraft)"><span id="Particle_Flux_Monitor_.28Spacecraft.29"></span>Particle Flux Monitor (Spacecraft)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Particle Flux Monitor (Spacecraft)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The particle flux monitor experiment was placed in IUE to monitor the trapped electron fluxes that affected the sensitivity of the ultraviolet sensor in the IUE spectrograph package experiment, NSSDC ID 1978-012A-01. The particle flux monitor was a lithium-drifted silicon detector with a half-angle conical field of view of 16°. It had an aluminum absorber of 0.357 g/cm<sup>2</sup> in front of the collimator and a brass shield with a minimum thickness of 2.31 g/cm<sup>2</sup>. The effective energy threshold for electron measurements was 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>. The experiment was also sensitive to protons with energies greater than 15 MeV. The instrument was used as an operational tool to aid in determining background radiation and acceptable camera exposure time. The data were also useful as a monitor of the trapped radiation fluxes. The instrument was provided by Dr. C. Bostrom of the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. The instrument was turned off on 4 October 1991 because it was giving erroneous information.<sup id="cite_ref-Experiment2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experiment2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_termination">Mission termination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mission termination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IUE was designed to have a minimum lifetime of three years and carried consumables sufficient for a five-year mission. However, it lasted far longer than its design called for. Occasional hardware failures caused difficulties, but innovative techniques were devised to overcome them. For example, the spacecraft was equipped with six <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> to stabilize the spacecraft. Successive failures of these in 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985 and 1996 ultimately left the spacecraft with a single functional gyroscope. Telescope control was maintained with two gyros by using the telescope's Sun sensor to determine the spacecraft's attitude, and stabilization in three axes proved possible even after the fifth failure, by using the Sun sensor, the Fine Error Sensors and the single remaining gyroscope. Most other parts of the telescope systems remained fully functional throughout the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-final_report_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_report-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, budget concerns at NASA almost led to the termination of the mission, but instead the operations responsibilities were redivided, with ESA taking control for 16 hours a day, and GSFC for the remaining 8 only. The ESA 16 hours was used for science operations, while the GSFC 8 hours was used only for maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-final_report_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_report-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1996, further budget cuts led ESA to decide that it would no longer maintain the satellite. Operations ceased on 30 September 1996, and all the remaining <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> was discharged, the batteries were drained and switched off, and at 18:44 UTC on 30 September 1996, the radio transmitter was shut down and all contact with the spacecraft was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-final_report_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_report-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It continues to orbit the Earth in its geosynchronous orbit and will continue to do so more or less indefinitely as it is far above the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere of Earth</a>. Anomalies in the Earth's gravity due to its non-spherical shape meant that the telescope tended to drift West from its original location at approximately 70° West longitude towards approximately 110° West.<sup id="cite_ref-final_report_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_report-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mission, this drift was corrected by occasional rocket firings, but since the end of the mission the satellite has drifted uncontrolled to the West of its former location.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IUE archive is one of the most heavily used astronomical archives.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data were archived from the start of the mission, and access to the archive was free to anyone who wished to use it. However, in the early years of the mission, long before the advent of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and fast global data transmission links, access to the archive required a visit in person to one of two Regional Data Analysis Facilities (RDAFs), one at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a> and the other at <a href="/wiki/GSFC" class="mw-redirect" title="GSFC">GSFC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUE_newsletter_24_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUE_newsletter_24-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, it became possible to access the archive electronically, by dialing into a computer at Goddard Space Flight Center. The archive, then totaling 23 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Gb</a> of data, was connected to the computer on a mass storage device. A single user at a time could dial in and would be able to retrieve an observation in 10–30 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-IUE_newsletter_33_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUE_newsletter_33-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the mission entered its second decade, plans were made for its final archive. Throughout the mission, calibration techniques were improved, and the final software for data reduction yielded significant improvements over earlier calibrations. Eventually, the entire set of available raw data was recalibrated using the final version of the data reduction software, creating a uniform high-quality archive.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the archive is hosted at the <a href="/wiki/Mikulski_Archive_for_Space_Telescopes" title="Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes">Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute" title="Space Telescope Science Institute">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> and is available via the World Wide Web and APIs.<sup id="cite_ref-MAST_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAST-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_astronomy">Impact on astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impact on astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultraviolet_image_of_the_Cygnus_Loop_Nebula_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ultraviolet_image_of_the_Cygnus_Loop_Nebula_crop.jpg/220px-Ultraviolet_image_of_the_Cygnus_Loop_Nebula_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ultraviolet_image_of_the_Cygnus_Loop_Nebula_crop.jpg/330px-Ultraviolet_image_of_the_Cygnus_Loop_Nebula_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ultraviolet_image_of_the_Cygnus_Loop_Nebula_crop.jpg/440px-Ultraviolet_image_of_the_Cygnus_Loop_Nebula_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5208" /></a><figcaption>Ultraviolet view (mapped to blue visible light) of <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_Loop" title="Cygnus Loop">Cygnus Loop</a> by a later ultraviolet telescope.</figcaption></figure> <p>The IUE mission, by virtue of its very long duration and the fact that for most of its lifetime, it provided astronomers only access to UV light, had a major impact on astronomy. By the end of its mission, it was considered by far the most successful and productive space observatory mission.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_Science_&_Technology:_Summary_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_Science_&_Technology:_Summary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years after the end of the mission, its archive was the most heavily used dataset in astronomy, and IUE data has been used in over 250 <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> projects worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-bare_url_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bare_url-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 4,000 peer-reviewed papers have now been published based on IUE data, including some of the most cited astronomy papers of all time. The most cited paper based on IUE data is one analyzing the nature of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_reddening" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar reddening">interstellar reddening</a>, which has subsequently been cited over 5,500 times.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> has now been in orbit for 31 years (as of 2021) and Hubble data has been used in almost 10,000 peer-reviewed publications at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Origins_Spectrograph" title="Cosmic Origins Spectrograph">Cosmic Origins Spectrograph</a> was installed on HST by astronauts launched with the instrument by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, and this device records <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet spectroscopy">ultraviolet spectrum</a>, thus proving some ultraviolet observation ability in this period. Another ultraviolet space telescope, quite different in focus, was the wide-angle imaging <a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a> space telescope operated between 2003 and 2013. </p><p>Some telescope visions such as <a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanet_Imaging_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission">Habex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Large-Aperture_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope">Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope</a> (ATLAST) have included an ultraviolet capability, although it is not clear if they have any real prospects. In the 2010s, many telescope projects were struggling, and even some ground observatories saw their potential for being shut down ostensibly to save budget. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer program">Explorer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue">"International Ultraviolet Explorer - NASA IUE Archive"</a>. <i>Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbara+A.+Mikulski+Archive+for+Space+Telescopes&rft.atitle=International+Ultraviolet+Explorer+-+NASA+IUE+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.stsci.edu%2Fiue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Display-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Display_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-012A">"Display: IUE (Explorer 57) 1978-012A"</a>. NASA. 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Display%3A+IUE+%28Explorer+57%29+1978-012A&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1978-012A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA_Science_&_Technology:_Summary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESA_Science_&_Technology:_Summary_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESA_Science_&_Technology:_Summary_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31284">ESA Science & Technology: Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921225009/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31284">Archived</a> 2012-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sci.esa.int, Retrieved on 27 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade1999" class="citation journal cs1">Meade, Marilyn R. (1999). "A Second Catalog of Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 Filter Photometry: Ultraviolet Photometry of 614 Stars". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>118</b> (2): 1073–1085. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....118.1073M">1999AJ....118.1073M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300955">10.1086/300955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202088500">202088500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Second+Catalog+of+Orbiting+Astronomical+Observatory+2+Filter+Photometry%3A+Ultraviolet+Photometry+of+614+Stars&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1073-1085&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202088500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300955&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999AJ....118.1073M&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsbm-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, C. (2004). "Sir Robert Wilson CBE 16 April 1927 – 2 September 2002: Elected F.R.S. 1975". <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>50</b>: 367–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2004.0024">10.1098/rsbm.2004.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70622851">70622851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Robert+Wilson+CBE+16+April+1927+%E2%80%93+2+September+2002%3A+Elected+F.R.S.+1975&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=367-386&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2004.0024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A70622851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/products/journals/aag/AAG_Feb03/aag_44134.htm">Sir Robert Wilson 1927–2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517005319/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/products/journals/aag/AAG_Feb03/aag_44134.htm">Archived</a> 17 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Blackwell Synergy Obituaries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature_1978-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_1978_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggessCarrEvansFischel1978" class="citation journal cs1">Boggess, A.; Carr, F. A.; Evans, D. C.; Fischel, D.; Freeman, H. R.; Fuechsel, C. F.; Klinglesmith, D. A.; Krueger, V. L.; et al. (1978). "The IUE spacecraft and instrumentation". <i>Nature</i>. <b>275</b> (5679): 372–377. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.275..372B">1978Natur.275..372B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275372a0">10.1038/275372a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4195046">4195046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+IUE+spacecraft+and+instrumentation&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5679&rft.pages=372-377&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4195046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F275372a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.275..372B&rft.aulast=Boggess&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Carr%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Fischel%2C+D.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+H.+R.&rft.au=Fuechsel%2C+C.+F.&rft.au=Klinglesmith%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Krueger%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Longanecker%2C+G.+W.&rft.au=Moore%2C+J.+V.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Rebar%2C+F.&rft.au=Sizemore%2C+K.+O.&rft.au=Sparks%2C+W.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Vitagliano%2C+H.+D.&rft.au=West%2C+D.+K.&rft.au=MacChetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Fitton%2C+B.&rft.au=Barker%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Dunford%2C+E.&rft.au=Gondhalekar%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+V.+A.+W.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+M.+B.&rft.au=Sandford%2C+M.+C.+W.&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Ward%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+B.+E.&rft.au=Boksenberg%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-aims-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESA-aims_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31288">ESA Science & Technology: Objectives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921224944/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31288">Archived</a> 21 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sci.esa.int (9 July 2003) Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument/obs_guide/node16.html#SECTION00660000000000000000">3.6 Blind Offsets and Faint Object Acquisition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806021509/https://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument/obs_guide/node16.html#SECTION00660000000000000000">Archived</a> 6 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archive.stsci.edu (30 September 1996) Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAST_instrument_description-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAST_instrument_description_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAST_instrument_description_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument.html">MAST IUE Scientific Instrument</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212111534/http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Archive.stsci.edu (9 January 2007) Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAST_history-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAST_history_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAST_history_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAST_history_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/history.html">MAST IUE Early History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210110059/http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/history.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Archive.stsci.edu Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeapBoggessHolmKlinglesmith1978" class="citation journal cs1">Heap, S. R.; Boggess, A.; Holm, A.; Klinglesmith, D. A.; Sparks, W.; West, D.; Wu, C. C.; Boksenberg, A.; et al. (1978). "IUE observations of hot stars – HZ43, BD +75 deg 325, NGC 6826, SS Cygni, Eta Ca". <i>Nature</i>. <b>275</b> (5679): 385–388. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.275..385H">1978Natur.275..385H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275385a0">10.1038/275385a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4189507">4189507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=IUE+observations+of+hot+stars+%E2%80%93+HZ43%2C+BD+%2B75+deg+325%2C+NGC+6826%2C+SS+Cygni%2C+Eta+Ca&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5679&rft.pages=385-388&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4189507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F275385a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.275..385H&rft.aulast=Heap&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft.au=Boggess%2C+A.&rft.au=Holm%2C+A.&rft.au=Klinglesmith%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Sparks%2C+W.&rft.au=West%2C+D.&rft.au=Wu%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Boksenberg%2C+A.&rft.au=Willis%2C+A.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.&rft.au=MacChetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Selvelli%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Stickland%2C+D.&rft.au=Greenstein%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Hutchings%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Viotti%2C+R.&rft.au=Whelan%2C+J.+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinskyAyresBasriMorrison1978" class="citation journal cs1">Linsky, J. L.; Ayres, T. R.; Basri, Gibor S.; Morrison, N. D.; Boggess, A.; Schiffer, F. H.; Holm, A.; Cassatella, A.; et al. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275389a0">"IUE observations of cool stars: α Aurigae, HR1099, λ Andromedae, and ε Eridani"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>275</b> (5679): 389–394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.275..389L">1978Natur.275..389L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275389a0">10.1038/275389a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4198750">4198750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=IUE+observations+of+cool+stars%3A+%CE%B1+Aurigae%2C+HR1099%2C+%CE%BB+Andromedae%2C+and+%CE%B5+Eridani&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5679&rft.pages=389-394&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4198750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F275389a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.275..389L&rft.aulast=Linsky&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Ayres%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Basri%2C+Gibor+S.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+N.+D.&rft.au=Boggess%2C+A.&rft.au=Schiffer%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Holm%2C+A.&rft.au=Cassatella%2C+A.&rft.au=Heck%2C+A.&rft.au=MacChetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Stickland%2C+D.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.&rft.au=Blanco%2C+C.&rft.au=Dupree%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+C.&rft.au=Wing%2C+R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F275389a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupreeDavisGurskyHartmann1978" class="citation journal cs1">Dupree, A. K.; Davis, R. J.; Gursky, H.; Hartmann, L. W.; Raymond, J. C.; Boggess, A.; Holm, A.; Kondo, Y.; et al. (1978). "IUE observations of X-ray sources – HD153919 /4U1700-37/, HDE226868 /Cyg X-1/, H". <i>Nature</i>. <b>275</b> (5679): 400–403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.275..400D">1978Natur.275..400D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275400a0">10.1038/275400a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253313">4253313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=IUE+observations+of+X-ray+sources+%E2%80%93+HD153919+%2F4U1700-37%2F%2C+HDE226868+%2FCyg+X-1%2F%2C+H&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5679&rft.pages=400-403&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4253313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F275400a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.275..400D&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Davis%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Gursky%2C+H.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+L.+W.&rft.au=Raymond%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Boggess%2C+A.&rft.au=Holm%2C+A.&rft.au=Kondo%2C+Y.&rft.au=Wu%2C+C.-C.&rft.au=MacChetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Sandford%2C+M.+C.+W.&rft.au=Willis%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.&rft.au=Ciatti%2C+F.&rft.au=Hatchings%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=Jugaku%2C+J.&rft.au=Morton%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Treves%2C+A.&rft.au=Van+Den+Heuvel%2C+E.+P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoksenbergSnijdersWilsonBenvenuti1978" class="citation journal cs1">Boksenberg, A.; Snijders, M. A. J.; Wilson, R.; Benvenuti, P.; Clavell, J.; MacChetto, F.; Penston, M.; Boggess, A.; et al. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275404a0">"IUE observations of extragalactic objects"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>275</b> (5679): 404–414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.275..404B">1978Natur.275..404B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275404a0">10.1038/275404a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4165228">4165228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=IUE+observations+of+extragalactic+objects&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5679&rft.pages=404-414&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4165228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F275404a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.275..404B&rft.aulast=Boksenberg&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Snijders%2C+M.+A.+J.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.&rft.au=Benvenuti%2C+P.&rft.au=Clavell%2C+J.&rft.au=MacChetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Penston%2C+M.&rft.au=Boggess%2C+A.&rft.au=Gull%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Gondhalekar%2C+P.&rft.au=Lane%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Turnrose%2C+B.&rft.au=Wu%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Burton%2C+W.+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.&rft.au=Bertola%2C+F.&rft.au=Capaccioli%2C+M.&rft.au=Elvius%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Fosbury%2C+R.&rft.au=Tarenghi%2C+M.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+M.-H.&rft.au=Hackney%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+C.&rft.au=Perola%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Roeder%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F275404a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneHamrickBoggessEvans1978" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, A. L.; Hamrick, E.; Boggess, A.; Evans, D. C.; Gull, T. R.; Schiffer, F. H.; Turnrose, B.; Perry, P.; et al. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275414a0">"IUE observations of solar system objects"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>275</b> (5679): 414–415. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.275..414L">1978Natur.275..414L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275414a0">10.1038/275414a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4176112">4176112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=IUE+observations+of+solar+system+objects&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5679&rft.pages=414-415&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4176112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F275414a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.275..414L&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Hamrick%2C+E.&rft.au=Boggess%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Gull%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Schiffer%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Turnrose%2C+B.&rft.au=Perry%2C+P.&rft.au=Holm%2C+A.&rft.au=MacChetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Gondhalekar%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Hunt%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.&rft.au=Owen%2C+T.+C.&rft.au=Moos%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Tomasko%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Gehrels%2C+T.&rft.au=Conway%2C+R.&rft.au=Barth%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F275414a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature_1978_in-flight-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_1978_in-flight_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_1978_in-flight_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_1978_in-flight_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggessBohlinEvansFreeman1978" class="citation journal cs1">Boggess, A.; Bohlin, R. C.; Evans, D. C.; Freeman, H. R.; Gull, T. R.; Heap, S. R.; Klinglesmith, D. A.; Longanecker, G. R.; et al. (1978). "In-flight performance of the IUE". <i>Nature</i>. <b>275</b> (5679): 377–385. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.275..377B">1978Natur.275..377B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F275377a0">10.1038/275377a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4152997">4152997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=In-flight+performance+of+the+IUE&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5679&rft.pages=377-385&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4152997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F275377a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.275..377B&rft.aulast=Boggess&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bohlin%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Evans%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+H.+R.&rft.au=Gull%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Heap%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Klinglesmith%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Longanecker%2C+G.+R.&rft.au=Sparks%2C+W.&rft.au=West%2C+D.+K.&rft.au=Holm%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Perry%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Schiffer%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Turnrose%2C+B.+E.&rft.au=Wu%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Lane%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Linsky%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Savage%2C+B.+D.&rft.au=Benvenuti%2C+P.&rft.au=Cassatella%2C+A.&rft.au=Clavel%2C+J.&rft.au=Heck%2C+A.&rft.au=MacChetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Penston%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Selvelli%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Dunford%2C+E.&rft.au=Gondhalekar%2C+P.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+M.+B.&rft.au=Sandford%2C+M.+C.+W.&rft.au=Stickland%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUE_newsletter_5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUE_newsletter_5_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/newsletters/Vol05/">Index of /iue/newsletters/Vol05</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806021509/https://archive.stsci.edu/iue/newsletters/Vol05/">Archived</a> 6 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archive.stsci.edu (9 January 2007) Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31315">ESA Science & Technology: Ground Operations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921225116/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31315">Archived</a> 21 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sci.esa.int Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument/ops_details.html">IUE Operations in Detail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708064430/http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument/ops_details.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Archive.stsci.edu Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-final_report-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-final_report_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_report_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_report_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_report_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_report_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdc.laeff.inta.es/ines/docs/contents.html">INES Project Documentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904041522/http://sdc.laeff.inta.es/ines/docs/contents.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sdc.laeff.inta.es (6 July 2001) Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obs_guide-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obs_guide_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument/obs_guide/guide.html">IUE Newsletter No. 47 – IUE Observing Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212233045/http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/instrument/obs_guide/guide.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Archive.stsci.edu Retrieved on 27 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kondo_1989-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kondo_1989_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kondo_1989_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Astrophysical contributions of the International Ultraviolet Explorer, 1989, ARA&A, 27, 397 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ARA&A..27..397K">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806021427/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ARA%26A..27..397K/abstract">Archived</a> 6 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaEspositoSkinner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Na, C. Y.; Esposito, L. W.; Skinner, T. E. (1990). "International Ultraviolet Explorer observations of Venus SO2 and SO". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>95</b>: 7485. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JGR....95.7485N">1990JGR....95.7485N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJD095iD06p07485">10.1029/JD095iD06p07485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=International+Ultraviolet+Explorer+observations+of+Venus+SO2+and+SO&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=7485&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJD095iD06p07485&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990JGR....95.7485N&rft.aulast=Na&rft.aufirst=C.+Y.&rft.au=Esposito%2C+L.+W.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaBarkerSternEsposito1993" class="citation journal cs1">Na, C. Y.; Barker, E. S.; Stern, S. A.; Esposito, L. W. (1993). "SO2 on Venus: IUE, HST and ground-based measurements, and the active volcanism connection". <i>Lunar and Planetary Institute, Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference</i>. <b>24</b>: 1043. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LPI....24.1043N">1993LPI....24.1043N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute%2C+Twenty-Fourth+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference&rft.atitle=SO2+on+Venus%3A+IUE%2C+HST+and+ground-based+measurements%2C+and+the+active+volcanism+connection&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=1043&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993LPI....24.1043N&rft.aulast=Na&rft.aufirst=C.+Y.&rft.au=Barker%2C+E.+S.&rft.au=Stern%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Esposito%2C+L.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanFestouAhearnArpigny1987" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, P. D.; Festou, M. C.; Ahearn, M. F.; Arpigny, C.; Butterworth, P. S.; Cosmovici, C. B.; Danks, A. C.; Gilmozzi, R.; <a href="/wiki/William_M._Jackson_(chemist)" title="William M. Jackson (chemist)">Jackson, W. M.</a>; et al. (1987). "IUE observations of comet P/Halley: Evolution of the ultraviolet spectrum between September 1985 and July 1986". <i>Exploration of Halley's Comet</i>. Vol. 187. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987A&A...187..325F">1987A&A...187..325F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-82971-0_59">10.1007/978-3-642-82971-0_59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-82973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-82973-4"><bdi>978-3-642-82973-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IUE+observations+of+comet+P%2FHalley%3A+Evolution+of+the+ultraviolet+spectrum+between+September+1985+and+July+1986&rft.btitle=Exploration+of+Halley%27s+Comet&rft.pages=325&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-82971-0_59&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987A%26A...187..325F&rft.isbn=978-3-642-82973-4&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rft.au=Festou%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Ahearn%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Arpigny%2C+C.&rft.au=Butterworth%2C+P.+S.&rft.au=Cosmovici%2C+C.+B.&rft.au=Danks%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Gilmozzi%2C+R.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+W.+M.&rft.au=McFadden%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Patriarchi%2C+P.&rft.au=Schleicher%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Tozzi%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Wallis%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+H.+A.&rft.au=Woods%2C+T.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbergBarstowBurleigh2003" class="citation journal cs1">Holberg, J. B.; Barstow, M. A.; Burleigh, M. R. (2003). "An Archive of IUE Low-Dispersion Spectra of the White Dwarf Stars". <i>Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>147</b> (1): 145. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJS..147..145H">2003ApJS..147..145H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.626.5601">10.1.1.626.5601</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F374886">10.1086/374886</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33541">33541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=An+Archive+of+IUE+Low-Dispersion+Spectra+of+the+White+Dwarf+Stars&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.626.5601%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F374886&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJS..147..145H&rft.aulast=Holberg&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Barstow%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Burleigh%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaederMeynet2008" class="citation journal cs1">Maeder, A.; Meynet, G. (2008). "Mass Loss and the Evolution of Massive Stars". <i>ASP Conference Series</i>. <b>388</b>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ASPC..388....3M">2008ASPC..388....3M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASP+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Mass+Loss+and+the+Evolution+of+Massive+Stars&rft.volume=388&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ASPC..388....3M&rft.aulast=Maeder&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Meynet%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarthPrinja1989" class="citation journal cs1">Howarth, I. D.; Prinja, R. K. (1989). "The stellar winds of 203 Galactic O stars – A quantitative ultraviolet survey". <i>Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>69</b>: 527. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJS...69..527H">1989ApJS...69..527H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F191321">10.1086/191321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=The+stellar+winds+of+203+Galactic+O+stars+%E2%80%93+A+quantitative+ultraviolet+survey&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=527&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F191321&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ApJS...69..527H&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rft.au=Prinja%2C+R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarmanyOlsonvan_SteenbergConti1981" class="citation journal cs1">Garmany, C. D.; Olson, G. L.; van Steenberg, M. E.; Conti, P. S. (1981). "Mass loss rates from O stars in OB associations". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>250</b>: 660. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ApJ...250..660G">1981ApJ...250..660G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F159413">10.1086/159413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Mass+loss+rates+from+O+stars+in+OB+associations&rft.volume=250&rft.pages=660&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F159413&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981ApJ...250..660G&rft.aulast=Garmany&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rft.au=Olson%2C+G.+L.&rft.au=van+Steenberg%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Conti%2C+P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirshnerSonnebornCrenshawNassiopoulos1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kirshner, Robert P.; Sonneborn, George; Crenshaw, D. Michael; Nassiopoulos, George E. (1987). "Ultraviolet observations of SN 1987A". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>320</b>: 602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...320..602K">1987ApJ...320..602K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F165579">10.1086/165579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+observations+of+SN+1987A&rft.volume=320&rft.pages=602&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F165579&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987ApJ...320..602K&rft.aulast=Kirshner&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft.au=Sonneborn%2C+George&rft.au=Crenshaw%2C+D.+Michael&rft.au=Nassiopoulos%2C+George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmozziCassatellaClavelFransson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmozzi, R.; Cassatella, A.; Clavel, J.; Fransson, C.; Gonzalez, R.; Gry, C.; Panagia, N.; Talavera, A.; Wamsteker, W. (1987). "The progenitor of SN1987A". <i>Nature</i>. <b>328</b> (6128): 318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.328..318G">1987Natur.328..318G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F328318a0">10.1038/328318a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4320418">4320418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+progenitor+of+SN1987A&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=6128&rft.pages=318&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4320418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F328318a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Natur.328..318G&rft.aulast=Gilmozzi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Cassatella%2C+A.&rft.au=Clavel%2C+J.&rft.au=Fransson%2C+C.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+R.&rft.au=Gry%2C+C.&rft.au=Panagia%2C+N.&rft.au=Talavera%2C+A.&rft.au=Wamsteker%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranssonCassatellaGilmozziKirshner1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fransson, C.; Cassatella, A.; Gilmozzi, R.; Kirshner, R. P.; Panagia, N.; Sonneborn, G.; Wamsteker, W. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F167022">"Narrow ultraviolet emission lines from SN 1987A – Evidence for CNO processing in the progenitor"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>336</b>: 429. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...336..429F">1989ApJ...336..429F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F167022">10.1086/167022</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Narrow+ultraviolet+emission+lines+from+SN+1987A+%E2%80%93+Evidence+for+CNO+processing+in+the+progenitor&rft.volume=336&rft.pages=429&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F167022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ApJ...336..429F&rft.aulast=Fransson&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Cassatella%2C+A.&rft.au=Gilmozzi%2C+R.&rft.au=Kirshner%2C+R.+P.&rft.au=Panagia%2C+N.&rft.au=Sonneborn%2C+G.&rft.au=Wamsteker%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F167022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavagede_Boer1979" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, B. D.; de Boer, K. S. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F182965">"Observational evidence for a hot gaseous Galactic corona"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>230</b>: 77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...230L..77S">1979ApJ...230L..77S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F182965">10.1086/182965</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Observational+evidence+for+a+hot+gaseous+Galactic+corona&rft.volume=230&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F182965&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979ApJ...230L..77S&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rft.au=de+Boer%2C+K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F182965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSembachSavage1992" class="citation journal cs1">Sembach, Kenneth R.; Savage, Blair D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F191734">"Observations of highly ionized gas in the Galactic halo"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>83</b>: 147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJS...83..147S">1992ApJS...83..147S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F191734">10.1086/191734</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Observations+of+highly+ionized+gas+in+the+Galactic+halo&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F191734&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992ApJS...83..147S&rft.aulast=Sembach&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Savage%2C+Blair+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F191734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCM-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCM_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardelliClaytonMathis1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cardelli, Jason A.; Clayton, Geoffrey C.; Mathis, John S. (1989). "The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>345</b>: 245. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...345..245C">1989ApJ...345..245C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F167900">10.1086/167900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+infrared%2C+optical%2C+and+ultraviolet+extinction&rft.volume=345&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F167900&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ApJ...345..245C&rft.aulast=Cardelli&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Geoffrey+C.&rft.au=Mathis%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howarth LMC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevotLequeuxPrevotMaurice1984" class="citation journal cs1">Prevot, M. L.; Lequeux, J.; Prevot, L.; Maurice, E.; Rocca-Volmerange, B. (1984). "The typical interstellar extinction in the Small Magellanic Cloud". <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>132</b>: 389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984A&A...132..389P">1984A&A...132..389P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+typical+interstellar+extinction+in+the+Small+Magellanic+Cloud&rft.volume=132&rft.pages=389&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984A%26A...132..389P&rft.aulast=Prevot&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Lequeux%2C+J.&rft.au=Prevot%2C+L.&rft.au=Maurice%2C+E.&rft.au=Rocca-Volmerange%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrichBoksenbergBromageClavel1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ulrich, M. H.; Boksenberg, A.; Bromage, G. E.; Clavel, J.; Elvius, A.; Penston, M. V.; Perola, G. C.; Pettini, M.; Snijders, M. A. J.; et al. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F206.1.221">"Observations of NGC 4151 with IUE. III – Variability of the strong emission lines from 1978 February to 1980 May"</a>. <i>MNRAS</i>. <b>206</b>: 221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984MNRAS.206..221U">1984MNRAS.206..221U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F206.1.221">10.1093/mnras/206.1.221</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MNRAS&rft.atitle=Observations+of+NGC+4151+with+IUE.+III+%E2%80%93+Variability+of+the+strong+emission+lines+from+1978+February+to+1980+May&rft.volume=206&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F206.1.221&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984MNRAS.206..221U&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft.au=Boksenberg%2C+A.&rft.au=Bromage%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Clavel%2C+J.&rft.au=Elvius%2C+A.&rft.au=Penston%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Perola%2C+G.+C.&rft.au=Pettini%2C+M.&rft.au=Snijders%2C+M.+A.+J.&rft.au=Tanzi%2C+E.+G.&rft.au=Tarenghi%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F206.1.221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Howarth, Ian (29 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAF2K_xc8CIC&pg=PA62">"An Ultraviolet Eye on the Sky"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Reed Business Information. pp. 62–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012233436/http://books.google.com/books?id=xAF2K_xc8CIC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=An+Ultraviolet+Eye+on+the+Sky&rft.pages=62-&rft.date=1987-01-29&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAF2K_xc8CIC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Experiment1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Experiment1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1978-012A-01">"Experiment: Ultraviolet Spectrograph Package"</a>. NASA. 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experiment%3A+Ultraviolet+Spectrograph+Package&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fexperiment%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1978-012A-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Experiment2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Experiment2_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1978-012A-02">"Experiment: Particle Flux Monitor (Spacecraft)"</a>. NASA. 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experiment%3A+Particle+Flux+Monitor+%28Spacecraft%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fexperiment%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1978-012A-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.n2yo.com/?s=10637">Live Real Time Satellite Tracking And Predictions: IUE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517012537/http://www.n2yo.com/?s=10637">Archived</a> 17 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> N2YO.com Retrieved on 7 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31297">ESA Science & Technology: Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921224853/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31297">Archived</a> 21 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sci.esa.int (9 July 2003) Retrieved on 27 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUE_newsletter_24-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUE_newsletter_24_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Thompson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/newsletters/Vol24/">"IUE Regional Data Analysis Facilities: Bulletin No. 1"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215094336/http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/newsletters/Vol24/">Archived</a> 15 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> IUE newsletter 24, June 1984, pp. 16–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUE_newsletter_33-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUE_newsletter_33_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IUE newsletter 33, September 1987, "Direct Access to the IUE Spectral Archive", E. Sullivan, R. C. Bohlin, S. Heap, & J. Mead, pp. 57–65 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/newsletters/Vol33/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211181253/http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/newsletters/Vol33/">Archived</a> 11 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsLinskey1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholls, Joy S.; Linskey, Jeffrey L. (1996). "The Final Archive and Recalibration of the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) Satellite". <i>Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>111</b>: 517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..517N">1996AJ....111..517N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F117803">10.1086/117803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Final+Archive+and+Recalibration+of+the+International+Ultraviolet+Explorer+%28IUE%29+Satellite&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=517&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F117803&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996AJ....111..517N&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Joy+S.&rft.au=Linskey%2C+Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Ultraviolet+Explorer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAST-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAST_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/iue">Mast Iue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215003927/http://archive.stsci.edu/iue">Archived</a> 15 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Archive.stsci.edu Retrieved on 27 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/hst/bibliography/pubstat.html">HST Publication Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514172346/http://archive.stsci.edu/hst/bibliography/pubstat.html">Archived</a> 14 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archive.stsci.edu (3 March 1992) Retrieved on 27 August 2011</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Explorers_Program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Explorers_Program" title="Template:Explorers Program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Explorers_Program" title="Template talk:Explorers Program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Explorers_Program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Explorers Program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Explorers_Program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers Program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Explorers_Program_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Explorers Program missions">List of Explorers Program missions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1958–1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_2" title="Explorer 2">2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_3" title="Explorer 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_4" title="Explorer 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_5" title="Explorer 5">5</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-1 (satellite)">S-1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_6" title="Explorer 6">6 (S-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_7" title="Explorer 7">7 (S-1A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-46A" class="mw-redirect" title="S-46A">S-46A</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_8" title="Explorer 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-56_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-56 (satellite)">S-56</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_9" title="Explorer 9">9 (S-56A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-45_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-45 (satellite)">S-45</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_10" title="Explorer 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">11 (S-15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-45A" class="mw-redirect" title="S-45A">S-45A</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-55_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-55 (satellite)">S-55</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_12" title="Explorer 12">12 (EPE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_13" title="Explorer 13">13 (S-55A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_14" title="Explorer 14">14 (EPE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_15" title="Explorer 15">15 (EPE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_16" title="Explorer 16">16 (S-55B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_17" title="Explorer 17">17 (AE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_18" title="Explorer 18">18 (IMP-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_19" title="Explorer 19">19 (AD-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-66A" class="mw-redirect" title="S-66A">S-66A (BE-A)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_20" title="Explorer 20">20 (IE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_21" title="Explorer 21">21 (IMP-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_22" title="Explorer 22">22 (BE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_23" title="Explorer 23">23 (S-55C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_24" title="Explorer 24">24 (AD-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injun_(satellite)" title="Injun (satellite)">25 (Injun 4, IE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_26" title="Explorer 26">26 (EPE-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_27" title="Explorer 27">27 (BE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_28" title="Explorer 28">28 (IMP-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_29" title="Explorer 29">29 (GEOS-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solrad_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Solrad 8">30 (Solrad 8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_31" title="Explorer 31">31 (DME-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_32" title="Explorer 32">32 (AE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_33" title="Explorer 33">33 (IMP-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_34" title="Explorer 34">34 (IMP-F)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">35 (IMP-E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_36" title="Explorer 36">36 (GEOS-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solrad_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Solrad 9">37 (Solrad 9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_38" title="Explorer 38">38 (RAE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_39" title="Explorer 39">39 (AD-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injun_(satellite)" title="Injun (satellite)">40 (Injun 5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_41" title="Explorer 41">41 (IMP-G)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_43" title="Explorer 43">43 (IMP-I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solrad_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Solrad 10">44 (Solrad 10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_45" title="Explorer 45">45 (SSS-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_46" title="Explorer 46">46 (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_47" title="Explorer 47">47 (IMP-H)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">48 (SAS-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49 (RAE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_50" title="Explorer 50">50 (IMP-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_51" title="Explorer 51">51 (AE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_52" title="Explorer 52">52 (Hawkeye 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">53 (SAS-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_54" title="Explorer 54">54 (AE-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_55" title="Explorer 55">55 (AE-E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="DADE-A">DADE-A</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="DADE-B">DADE-B</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">56 (ISEE-1)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">57 (IUE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Capacity_Mapping_Mission" title="Heat Capacity Mapping Mission">58 (HCMM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">59 (ICE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_60" title="Explorer 60">60 (SAGE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Magsat">61 (Magsat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_Explorer" title="Dynamics Explorer">62 (DE-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_Explorer" title="Dynamics Explorer">63 (DE-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">64 (SME)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_Composition_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge Composition Explorer">65 (CCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">66 (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">67 (EUVE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><abbr title="Medium-Class Explorers">MIDEX</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">69 (RXTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">71 (ACE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">77 (FUSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMAGE_(spacecraft)" title="IMAGE (spacecraft)">78 (IMAGE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">80 (WMAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-sky_Astrometric_Mapping_Explorer" title="Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">FAME</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">84 (Swift)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">85–89 (THEMIS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">92 (WISE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">95 (TESS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionospheric_Connection_Explorer" title="Ionospheric Connection Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">96 (ICON)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multi-slit_Solar_Explorer" title="Multi-slit Solar Explorer">MUSE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HelioSwarm" title="HelioSwarm">HelioSwarm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UVEX" title="UVEX">UVEX</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Small_Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Explorer program">SMEX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">68 (SAMPEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Auroral_Snapshot_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer">70 (FAST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">73 (TRACE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">74 (SWAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">75 (WIRE)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">81 (RHESSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">83 (GALEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">90 (AIM)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">91 (IBEX)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">93 (NuSTAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">94 (IRIS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">GEMS</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">97 (IXPE)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">PUNCH</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Reconnection_and_Cusp_Electrodynamics_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites">TRACERS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><abbr title="University-class Explorers">UNEX</abbr>/<abbr title="Missions of Opportunity">MO</abbr>/<abbr title="International Missions">I</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nitric_Oxide_Explorer" title="Student Nitric Oxide Explorer">72 (SNOE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TERRIERS" class="mw-redirect" title="TERRIERS">76 (TERRIERS)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">79 (HETE-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">INTEGRAL</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">82 (CHIPSat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CINDI" title="CINDI">CINDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWINS" title="TWINS"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">TWINS</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">NICER</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global-scale_Observations_of_the_Limb_and_Disk" title="Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">GOLD</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">XRISM</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUSTO_(telescope)" title="GUSTO (telescope)">GUSTO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Waves_Experiment" title="Atmospheric Waves Experiment">AWE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Radio_Interferometer_Space_Experiment" title="Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment">SunRISE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electrojet_Zeeman_Imaging_Explorer" title="Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer">EZIE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contribution_to_ARIEL_Spectroscopy_of_Exoplanets" title="Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets">CASE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_(transparent_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png/225px-Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png/300px-Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite_artist_concept_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Proposals" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_for_Heteroscale_Magnetosphere-Ionosphere_Coupling" title="Observatory for Heteroscale Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling">OHMIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere-Space_Transition_Region_Explorer" title="Atmosphere-Space Transition Region Explorer">ASTRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme-ultraviolet_Stellar_Characterization_for_Atmospheric_Physics_and_Evolution" title="Extreme-ultraviolet Stellar Characterization for Atmospheric Physics and Evolution">ESCAPE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">Green titles</span> indicates active current missions</li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">Grey titles</span> indicates cancelled missions</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate missions yet to launch</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_telescopes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_observatories" title="Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_observatories" title="Template talk:Space observatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_observatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_telescopes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio and Microwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Science_payloads" title="Chang'e 4">NCLE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stars-AO" title="Stars-AO">Aoi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRITE" title="BRITE">BRITE</a> constellation <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibari (satellite)">Hibari</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra (AXAF)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT (Insight)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXPE" title="IXPE">IXPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Valier_(satellite)" title="Max Valier (satellite)">Max Valier Sat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">LEIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (particle<br />or unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment#ISS-CREAM" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">Mini-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PETREL" title="PETREL">PETREL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">K-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26#Scientific_payload" title="Luna 26">LORD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASMINE_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="JASMINE (satellite)">JASMINE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-C_EUVST" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-C EUVST">Solar-C EUVST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVEX" title="UVEX">UVEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030+)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2032)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiji_Program_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiji Program in Space">Taiji</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2033)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed space observatories">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astro-1_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astro-1 Telescope (page does not exist)">Astro-1 Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel Imager">Fresnel Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(spacecraft)" title="FOCAL (spacecraft)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST-PMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanets_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanets Observatory">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory">HWO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertelescope">Hypertelescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_experiment)#iWF-MAXI" title="MAXI (ISS experiment)">iWF-MAXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">JEM-EUSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ultraviolet_Cosmic_Imager" title="Lunar Ultraviolet Cosmic Imager">LUCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">Nano-JASMINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_National_Reconnaissance_Office_space_telescope_donation_to_NASA" title="2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA">NRO donation to NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Binary_Black_Hole_Investigation_Satellite" title="Orbiting Binary Black Hole Investigation Satellite">ORBIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXSI_Sounding_Rocket" title="FOXSI Sounding Rocket">PhoENiX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar-D (page does not exist)">Solar-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" title="Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy">THEIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari (Astro-F)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors" title="Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors">ALEXIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_1" title="Ariel 1">Ariel 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962, 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_2" title="Ariel 2">Ariel 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_3" title="Ariel 3">Ariel 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_4" title="Ariel 4">Ariel 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_5" title="Ariel 5">Ariel 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel 6">Ariel 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">ATM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA (Astro-D)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">Astro-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Band_X-ray_Telescope" title="Broad Band X-ray Telescope">BBXRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">Astro-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Netherlands_Satellite" title="Astronomical Netherlands Satellite">ANS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton (CGRO)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN-2" title="CXBN-2">CXBN-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-54#Mission_highlights" title="STS-54">DXS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI#EPOCh" title="EPOXI">EPOCh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">Explorer 11</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">EUVE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">FUSE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–2007)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1992)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga (Astro-C)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho (CORSA-b)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA (MUSES-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_1" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1">HEAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki (SPRINT-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_3" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3">HEAO-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">IRTS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1998)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IXAE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGRI" title="LEGRI">LEGRI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment">MSX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019?)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-3_(Copernicus)" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-3 (Copernicus)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicSat" title="PicSat">PicSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1984)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">R/HESSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">RXTE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">SAMPEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">SAS-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">SAS-C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku (Astro-EII)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma (Astro-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_3" title="Vanguard 3">Vanguard 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001–2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yokoh (Solar-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2001)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hibernating <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Mission completed)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">SWAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost/Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-1" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-B" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN" title="CXBN">CXBN</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">WIRE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)#ASTRO-E" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Astro-E</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSUBAME_(satellite)" title="TSUBAME (satellite)">Tsubame</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi (Astro-H)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelita_(spacecraft)" title="Aelita (spacecraft)">Aelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation-X_Observatory" title="Constellation-X Observatory">Constellation-X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Energy Space Telescope">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-sky_Astrometric_Mapping_Explorer" title="Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer">FAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism">GEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Origins_Probe" title="Hubble Origins Probe">HOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_X-ray_Observatory" title="International X-ray Observatory">IXO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Dark_Energy_Mission" title="Joint Dark Energy Mission">JDEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_J" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO J">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_K" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO K">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">SIM & SIMlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">SNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Polarization_Observatory" title="Sky Polarization Observatory">SPOrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAUVEX" title="TAUVEX">TAUVEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">TPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS">XEUS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIPE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XIPE (page does not exist)">XIPE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_telescopes" title="List of proposed space telescopes">List of proposed space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetariums" title="List of planetariums">List of planetariums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Category:Space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1977Orbital_launches_in_19781979_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1978" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1978"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1978" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1978"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1978" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1978"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1977Orbital_launches_in_19781979_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1977_in_spaceflight" title="1977 in spaceflight">← 1977</a></div><a href="/wiki/1978_in_spaceflight" title="1978 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1978</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1979_in_spaceflight" title="1979 in spaceflight">1979 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_974&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 974 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IVA_F-3" title="Intelsat IVA F-3">Intelsat IVA F-3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_27" title="Soyuz 27">Soyuz 27</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_975&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 975 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_976&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 976 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 977 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_978&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 978 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 979 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 980 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 981 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 982 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 983 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 984 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_985&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 985 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_1" title="Progress 1">Progress 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.20 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_986&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 986 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 4 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IUE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_987&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 987 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyokko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyokko (page does not exist)">Kyokko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 988 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6291 (page does not exist)">OPS 6291</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 989 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ume_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ume 2 (page does not exist)">Ume 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 990 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5111" title="OPS 5111">OPS 5111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6031&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6031 (page does not exist)">OPS 6031</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 991 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 991</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_28" title="Soyuz 28">Soyuz 28</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-39 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 992 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_3" title="Landsat 3">Landsat 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR_8" title="OSCAR 8">OSCAR 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Interaction_Experiment_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma Interaction Experiment 1 (page does not exist)">PIX-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 993 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 994 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0460&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0460 (page does not exist)">OPS 0460</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7858&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7858 (page does not exist)">OPS 7858</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 995 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 995</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9439 (page does not exist)">OPS 9439</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9440&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9440 (page does not exist)">OPS 9440</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 996 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 997 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 998 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 999 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1000 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IVA_F-6" title="Intelsat IVA F-6">Intelsat IVA F-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1001" title="Kosmos 1001">Kosmos 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1002&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1002 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8790&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8790 (page does not exist)">OPS 8790</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri 1 (page does not exist)">Yuri 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1003 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Capacity_Mapping_Mission" title="Heat Capacity Mapping Mission">HCMM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6183&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6183 (page does not exist)">OPS 6183</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1004 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_Test_Satellite_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbital Test Satellite 2 (page does not exist)">OTS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1005 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1006 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5112" title="OPS 5112">OPS 5112</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1007 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1008 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1009 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1010 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1011 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1012&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1012 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1012</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.13L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.13L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.13L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-40 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1013 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1014 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1015 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1016 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1017 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1018 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1019 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1020 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1021&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1021 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1021</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9454&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9454 (page does not exist)">OPS 9454</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1022 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4515&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4515 (page does not exist)">OPS 4515</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_29" title="Soyuz 29">Soyuz 29</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_3" title="GOES 3">GOES 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1023 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_30" title="Soyuz 30">Soyuz 30</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1024" title="Kosmos 1024">Kosmos 1024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1025&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1025 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1025</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comstar_1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comstar 1C (page does not exist)">Comstar 1C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1026&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1026 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_2" title="Progress 2">Progress 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOS-2">GEOS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-41 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.14L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.14L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.14L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1027&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1027 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1027</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7310&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7310 (page does not exist)">OPS 7310</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1028 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1028</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_3" title="Progress 3">Progress 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ISEE-3</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.15L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.15L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.15L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-41 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-41</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_31" title="Soyuz 31">Soyuz 31</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1029&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1029 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1030" title="Kosmos 1030">Kosmos 1030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1031&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1031 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jikiken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jikiken (page does not exist)">Jikiken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1032&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1032 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1032</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1033&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1033 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_4" title="Progress 4">Progress 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1034 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1035&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1035 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1035</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1036&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1036 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1036</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1037&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1037 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1037</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1038&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1038 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1038</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1039&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1039 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1039</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1040 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1040</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1041&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1041 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1041</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1042 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5113" title="OPS 5113">OPS 5113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1043&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1043 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1043</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.22 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIROS-N" title="TIROS-N">TIROS-N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1044&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1044 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1044</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.14L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.14L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.14L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_7" title="Nimbus 7">Nimbus 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMEO_(satellite)" title="CAMEO (satellite)">CAMEO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 18 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magion_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magion 1 (page does not exist)">Magion 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1045&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1045 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1045</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Sputnik_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Sputnik 1 (page does not exist)">RS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Sputnik_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Sputnik 2 (page does not exist)">RS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 7 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1046&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1046 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1047 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1047</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1048&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1048 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1048</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO_3C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO 3C (page does not exist)">NATO 3C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1049&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1049 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1049</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1050 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1051 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1051</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1052&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1052 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1052</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1053 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1053</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1054&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1054 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1054</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1055&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1055 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1056 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1056</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1057&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1057 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1057</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1058&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1058 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1059&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1059 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1059</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1060&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1060 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5114" title="OPS 5114">OPS 5114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9441&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9441 (page does not exist)">OPS 9441</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9442&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9442 (page does not exist)">OPS 9442</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1061&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1061 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1061</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1062 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik B1">Anik B1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRIMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DRIMS (page does not exist)">DRIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1063&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1063 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.11L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.11L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.11L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1064&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1064 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1064</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1065&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1065 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1065</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1066&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1066 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1066</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1067&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1067 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1067</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1068 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1068</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1069&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1069 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1069</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51509#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316593130">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069073">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295317905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&oldid=1259342549">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&oldid=1259342549</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Space telescopes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ultraviolet_telescopes" title="Category:Ultraviolet telescopes">Ultraviolet telescopes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency_satellites" title="Category:European Space Agency satellites">European Space Agency satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_space_probes" title="Category:NASA space probes">NASA space probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites_orbiting_Earth" title="Category:Satellites orbiting Earth">Satellites orbiting Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1978_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1978 in spaceflight">1978 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1978" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1978">Spacecraft launched in 1978</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use American English from November 2021">Use American English from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2021">Use dmy dates from November 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 17:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Ultraviolet_Explorer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-j92nn","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.999","walltime":"1.304","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7691,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":389535,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10067,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":195769,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 956.900 1 -total"," 39.08% 373.919 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.68% 236.180 10 Template:Navbox"," 22.78% 217.941 7 Template:Infobox"," 19.05% 182.276 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.62% 139.881 1 Template:Infobox_spaceflight"," 13.93% 133.344 1 Template:Explorer_program"," 9.13% 87.379 4 Template:Cite_web"," 8.39% 80.295 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.81% 55.626 1 Template:Orbital_launches_in_1978"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.488","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9061206,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-cwgqk","timestamp":"20241124172511","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"International Ultraviolet Explorer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51509","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51509","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-14T21:11:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T17:25:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/48\/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer.gif","headline":"astronomical observatory satellite"}</script> </body> </html>