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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations_of_Comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations_of_Comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Observations of Comets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations_of_Comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مركبة بيونير الزهرة المدارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة بيونير الزهرة المدارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer-Venus_1" title="Pioneer-Venus 1 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pioneer-Venus 1" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_12" title="Pioneer 12 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pioneer 12" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4_%EA%B8%88%EC%84%B1_%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%84%A0" title="파이어니어 금성 궤도선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이어니어 금성 궤도선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer%E2%80%9312" title="Pioneer–12 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pioneer–12" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_1" title="Pioneer Venus 1 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pioneer Venus 1" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_1" title="Pioneer Venus 1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pioneer Venus 1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_1" title="Pioneer Venus 1 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pioneer Venus 1" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-1" title="Пионер-Венера-1 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пионер-Венера-1" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_1" title="Pioneer Venus 1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pioneer Venus 1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1978–1992)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/300px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/450px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="426" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's impression of <i>Pioneer 12</i> in orbit above Venus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pioneer Venus 1<br />Pioneer 12</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> orbiter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-051A">1978-051A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611468#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">10911</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-venus-1/">science.nasa.gov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><small>Total:</small><br />14 years, 4 months and 18 days<br /><small>Science phase:</small><br />13 years, 10 months and 4 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">Bus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">HS-507</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">582 kg (1,283 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">517 kg (1,140 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 × 2.5 × 1.2 m (8.2 × 8.2 × 3.9 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">312 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">May 20, 1978, 13:13:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1978-05-20UTC13:13Z</span>)</span> UTC <sup id="cite_ref-Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR</a> (AC-50)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_36" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 36">LC-36A</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Decommissioned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">October 8, 1992, 19:22<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1992-10-08UTC19:23Z</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decay date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 22, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-SC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cytherocentric_orbit" title="Cytherocentric orbit">Cytherocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">Semi-major axis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33,405.8 km (20,757.4 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.842</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Pericytherion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">181.6 km (112.8 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apocytherion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">66,630 km (41,400 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 hours</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 November 1979, 11:53:20 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">December 4, 1978</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer 13</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pioneer Venus Orbiter</b>, also known as <b>Pioneer Venus 1</b> or <b>Pioneer 12</b>, was a mission to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus project</a>. Launched in May 1978 atop an <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-Centaur</a> rocket, the spacecraft was inserted into an <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">elliptical orbit</a> around Venus on December 4, 1978. It returned data from Venus until October 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-SC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pv1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pv1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_and_arrival_at_Venus">Launch and arrival at Venus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Launch and arrival at Venus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Venus_1_orbit_attitude.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pioneer_Venus_1_orbit_attitude.gif/220px-Pioneer_Venus_1_orbit_attitude.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pioneer_Venus_1_orbit_attitude.gif/330px-Pioneer_Venus_1_orbit_attitude.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pioneer_Venus_1_orbit_attitude.gif/440px-Pioneer_Venus_1_orbit_attitude.gif 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Orbit attitude of Pioneer Venus 1 between 1978–1980 and 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched by an <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR</a> rocket, which flew from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_36" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 36">Launch Complex 36A</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>. The launch occurred at 13:13:00 (8:13 a.m. local time) on May 20, 1978, and deployed the Orbiter into <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a> for its coast to Venus. Venus orbit insertion occurred on December 4, 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Venus_1_at_KSC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pioneer_Venus_1_at_KSC.jpg/170px-Pioneer_Venus_1_at_KSC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pioneer_Venus_1_at_KSC.jpg/255px-Pioneer_Venus_1_at_KSC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pioneer_Venus_1_at_KSC.jpg/340px-Pioneer_Venus_1_at_KSC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Pioneer Venus 1 at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a>, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was based on the HS-507 <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft bus">bus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GSP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft was a flat cylinder, 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) in diameter and 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) long. All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end of the cylinder, except the <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a>, which was at the end of a 4.7 meters (15 ft) boom. A <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar array</a> extended around the circumference of the cylinder. A 1.09 metres (3 ft 7 in) despun dish <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (electronics)">antenna</a> provided <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S</a> and <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> communication with <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star 24</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket motor">solid rocket motor</a> was integrated into the spacecraft to provide the thrust to enter orbit around Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-GSP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> was held between 142 and 253 kilometres (88 and 157 mi) (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements. The spacecraft was in a 24-hour orbit with an <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> of 66,900 kilometers (41,600 mi). Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise to a maximum of 2,290 kilometres (1,420 mi) and then fall, to conserve fuel. </p><p>In 1991, the Radar Mapper was reactivated to investigate previously inaccessible southern portions of the planet, in conjunction with the recently arrived <i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i> spacecraft. In May 1992, Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis was held between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi), until the spacecraft's propellant was exhausted, after which the orbit <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">decayed</a> naturally. The spacecraft continued to return data until 8 October 1992, with the last signals being received at 19:22 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-pv1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pv1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pioneer Venus Orbiter disintegrated upon <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">entering</a> the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a> on October 22, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-SC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_map_with_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Venus_map_with_labels.jpg/190px-Venus_map_with_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Venus_map_with_labels.jpg/285px-Venus_map_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Venus_map_with_labels.jpg/380px-Venus_map_with_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A map of Venus produced from Pioneer data</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments with a total mass of 45 kilograms (99 lb):<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_clouds_seen_by_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Venus_clouds_seen_by_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg/190px-Venus_clouds_seen_by_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Venus_clouds_seen_by_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg/285px-Venus_clouds_seen_by_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Venus_clouds_seen_by_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg/380px-Venus_clouds_seen_by_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2189" /></a><figcaption>An image of Venus in ultraviolet light by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>a cloud photo-polarimeter (OCPP) to measure the vertical distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> imaging photo-polarimeter (IPP)</li> <li>a surface radar mapper (ORAD) to determine topography and surface characteristics. Observations could only be conducted when the probe was closer than 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) over the planet. A 20-watt <a href="/wiki/S-band" class="mw-redirect" title="S-band">S-band</a> signal (1.757 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">gigahertz</a>) was sent to the surface that reflected it, with the probe analyzing the echo. Resolution at <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> was 23 by 7 kilometres (14.3 mi × 4.3 mi).</li> <li>an infrared radiometer (OIR) to measure <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">IR</a> emissions from <a href="/wiki/Venus%27_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus' atmosphere">Venus' atmosphere</a></li> <li>an airglow <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> spectrometer (OUVS) to measure scattered and emitted UV light</li> <li>a neutral <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a> (ONMS) to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> analyzer (OPA) to measure properties of the solar wind</li> <li>a magnetometer (OMAG) to characterize the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> at Venus</li> <li>an electric field detector (OEFD) to study the solar wind and its interactions</li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> temperature probe (OETP) to study the thermal properties of the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a></li> <li>an ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) to characterize the ionospheric ion population</li> <li>a charged particle retarding potential analyzer (ORPA) to study ionospheric particles</li> <li>two <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> science experiments to determine the <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> field of Venus</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Radio_occultation" title="Radio occultation">radio occultation</a> experiment to characterize the atmosphere</li> <li>an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere</li> <li>a radio science atmospheric and solar wind <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> experiment</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma ray burst">gamma ray burst</a> (OGBD) detector to record gamma ray burst events</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter-orbit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter-orbit.png/190px-Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter-orbit.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter-orbit.png/285px-Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter-orbit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter-orbit.png/380px-Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter-orbit.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Orbit of the spacecraft Pioneer Venus Orbiter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Centaur_with_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Atlas_Centaur_with_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg/190px-Atlas_Centaur_with_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Atlas_Centaur_with_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg/285px-Atlas_Centaur_with_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Atlas_Centaur_with_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg/380px-Atlas_Centaur_with_Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>Launch of Pioneer Venus Orbiter with <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-Centaur</a> rocket.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png/190px-Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png/285px-Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png/380px-Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Trajectory of Pioneer Venus Orbiter.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable alternance"> <caption>Instrument details </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Complete designation </th> <th scope="col">Type </th> <th scope="col">Manufacturer </th> <th scope="col">Responsible scientist </th> <th scope="col">Mass </th> <th scope="col">Electrical consumption </th></tr> <tr> <td>OCPP</td> <td>Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter</td> <td>Photo polarimeter</td> <td>GISS</td> <td>J. Hansen (later L. Travis)</td> <td align="center">5 kg (11 lb)</td> <td align="center">5.4 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>ORAD</td> <td>Orbiter Radar Mapper Instrument</td> <td>Radar</td> <td>MIT</td> <td>G. Pettengill</td> <td align="center">9 kg (20 lb)</td> <td align="center">18 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OIR</td> <td>Orbiter Infrared Radiometer</td> <td>Infrared radiometer</td> <td>JPL</td> <td>F. Taylor</td> <td align="center">5.9 kg (13 lb)</td> <td align="center">5.2 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OUVS</td> <td>Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer</td> <td>Ultraviolet spectrometer</td> <td>LASP</td> <td>A.I.F. Stewart</td> <td align="center">3.1 kg (6.8 lb)</td> <td align="center">1.7 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>ONMS</td> <td>Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer</td> <td>Neutral mass spectrometer</td> <td>GSFC</td> <td>H. Neimann</td> <td align="center">3.8 kg (8.4 lb)</td> <td align="center">12 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OPA</td> <td>Orbiter Plasma Analyzer</td> <td>Analzer plasma</td> <td>ARC</td> <td>J. Wolfe (later A. Barnes)</td> <td align="center">3.9 kg (8.6 lb)</td> <td align="center">5 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OMAG</td> <td>Orbiter Magnetometer</td> <td>Magnetometer</td> <td>UCLA</td> <td>C. Russell</td> <td align="center">2 kg (4.4 lb)</td> <td align="center">2.2 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OEFD</td> <td>Orbiter Electric Field Detector</td> <td>Measure the electric fields of Venus</td> <td>TRW</td> <td>F. Scarf</td> <td align="center">0.8 kg (1.8 lb)</td> <td align="center">0.7 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OETP</td> <td>Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe</td> <td>Electron temperature gauge</td> <td>GSFC</td> <td>L. Brace</td> <td align="center">2.2 kg (4.9 lb)</td> <td align="center">4.8 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OIMS</td> <td>Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer</td> <td>Ion mass spectrometer</td> <td>GSFC</td> <td>H. Taylor</td> <td align="center">3 kg (6.6 lb)</td> <td align="center">1.5 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>ORPA</td> <td>Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer</td> <td>Ion charge meter</td> <td>LPARL</td> <td>W. Knudsen</td> <td align="center">2.8 kg (6.2 lb)</td> <td align="center">2.4 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>OGBD</td> <td>Orbiter Gamma-Ray Burst Detector</td> <td>Gamma-ray burst detector</td> <td>LASL</td> <td>W. Evans</td> <td align="center">2.8 kg (6.2 lb)</td> <td align="center">1.3 W </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="6">-</td> <td>Venus (ORO)</td> <td rowspan="6">Radio science</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>A. Kliore (JPL)</td> <td align="center" rowspan="6">–</td> <td align="center" rowspan="6">- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orbiter Dual-Frequency Experiments (OGPE)</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>T. Croft (SRI) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atmospheric and Solar Wind Turbulence Experiment (OTUR)</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>T. Croft (JPL) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD)</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>G. Keating (LRC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiment (OIDD)</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>R. Phillips (JPL) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiment (OCM)</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>I. Shapiro (MIT) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><small>LASP: <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Atmospheric_and_Space_Physics" title="Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics">Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Boulder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>); UCLA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California in Los Angeles">University of California in Los Angeles</a>; JPL: <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>; MIT: <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>; GSFC: <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> GISS: <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a>; LRC: <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a>; ARC: <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a>; LASL: <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>; SRI: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The spacecraft conducted <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar altimetry">radar altimetry</a> observations allowing the first global topographic map of the Venusian surface to be constructed. </p><p>The instruments can also be classified by what they are meant to measure or analyze:<sup id="cite_ref-PVO_Mission_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PVO_Mission-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Composition and structure of the atmosphere <ul><li>Large Probe Mass Spectrometer (LNMS)</li> <li>Large Probe Gas Chromatograph (LGC)</li> <li>Bus Neutral Mass Spectrometer (BNMS)</li> <li>Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS)</li> <li>Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS)</li> <li>Large/Small Probe Atmosphere Structure (LAS/SAS)</li> <li>Atmospheric Propagation Experiments (OGPE)</li> <li>Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD)</li></ul></li> <li>Clouds <ul><li>Large/Small Probe Nephelometer (LN/SN)</li> <li>Large Probe Cloud Particle Size Spectrometer (LCPS)</li> <li>Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimenter (OCPP)</li></ul></li> <li>Thermal balance <ul><li>Large Probe Solar Flux Radiometer (LSFR)</li> <li>Large Probe Infrared Radiometer (LIR)</li> <li>Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer (SNFR)</li> <li>Orbiter Infrared Radiometer (OIR)</li></ul></li> <li>Dynamics <ul><li>Differential Long Baseline Interferometry (DLBI)</li> <li>Doppler Tracking of Probes (MWIN)</li> <li>Atmospheric Turbulence Experiments (MTUR/OTUR)</li></ul></li> <li>Solar wind and ionosphere <ul><li>Bus Ion Mass Spectrometer (BIMS)</li> <li>Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer (OIMS)</li> <li>Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe (OETP)</li> <li>Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer (ORPA)</li> <li>Orbiter Magnetometer (OMAG)</li> <li>Orbiter Plasma Analyzer (OPA)</li> <li>Orbiter Electric Field Detector (OEFD)</li> <li>Orbiter Dual-Frequency Occultation Experiments (ORO)</li></ul></li> <li>Surface and interior <ul><li>Orbiter Radar Mapper (ORAD)</li> <li>Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiments (OIDD)</li> <li>Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiments (OCM)</li></ul></li> <li>High-energy astronomy <ul><li>Orbiter Gamma Burst Detector (OGBD)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations_of_Comets">Observations of Comets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Observations of Comets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Halley_by_Pioneer_12_118532main_AC86-0107-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Comet_Halley_by_Pioneer_12_118532main_AC86-0107-5.jpg/220px-Comet_Halley_by_Pioneer_12_118532main_AC86-0107-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Comet_Halley_by_Pioneer_12_118532main_AC86-0107-5.jpg/330px-Comet_Halley_by_Pioneer_12_118532main_AC86-0107-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Comet_Halley_by_Pioneer_12_118532main_AC86-0107-5.jpg/440px-Comet_Halley_by_Pioneer_12_118532main_AC86-0107-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2777" /></a><figcaption>Comet Halley by Pioneer Venus Orbiter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Wilson_by_Pioneer_12_118534main_AC87-0264-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Comet_Wilson_by_Pioneer_12_118534main_AC87-0264-1.jpg/220px-Comet_Wilson_by_Pioneer_12_118534main_AC87-0264-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Comet_Wilson_by_Pioneer_12_118534main_AC87-0264-1.jpg/330px-Comet_Wilson_by_Pioneer_12_118534main_AC87-0264-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Comet_Wilson_by_Pioneer_12_118534main_AC87-0264-1.jpg/440px-Comet_Wilson_by_Pioneer_12_118534main_AC87-0264-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">Comet Wilson</a> by Pioneer Venus Orbiter</figcaption></figure> <p>From its orbit of Venus, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was able to observe <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> when it was unobservable from Earth due to its proximity to the sun during February 1986. UV spectrometer observations monitored the loss of water from the comet's nucleus at perihelion on February 9.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extended mission allowed the spacecraft controllers to make several comet observations that were never part of the original mission objectives. The tilt of the spacecraft was altered during these comet observations so that the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS) could view the comets rather than Venus. Comets <a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">Encke</a> (April 13–16, 1984), <a href="/wiki/Giacobini-Zinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacobini-Zinner">Giacobini-Zinner</a> (September 8–15, 1985), Halley (December 27, 1985 - March 9, 1986), <a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">Wilson</a> (March 13 - May 2, 1987), NTT (April 8, 1987), and McNaught (November 19–24, 1987) were all observed in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-PVO_Mission_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PVO_Mission-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions to Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: refs;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+-+NSSDCA+-+Spacecraft+-+Trajectory+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1978-051A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pv1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pv1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pv1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004114707/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Venus&MCode=Pioneer_Venus_01&Display=ReadMore">"Pioneer Venus 1"</a>. <i>Solar System Exploration</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Solar+System+Exploration&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Venus+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fprofile.cfm%3FSort%3DTarget%26Target%3DVenus%26MCode%3DPioneer_Venus_01%26Display%3DReadMore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs" class="citation web cs1">Krebs, Gunter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pioneer-12.htm">"Pioneer 12 (Pioneer Venus Orbiter, PVO)"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050112064044/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pioneer-12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=Pioneer+12+%28Pioneer+Venus+Orbiter%2C+PVO%29&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Fpioneer-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intro_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pioneer_venus.html">"Pioneer Venus Project Information"</a>. <i>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Venus+Project+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fpioneer_venus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PVO_Mission-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PVO_Mission_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PVO_Mission_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/data/PVO-V-OEFD-3--EFIELD-HIRES-V1.0/DOCUMENT/MISSION/MISSION.HTM">"PVO Mission Document"</a>. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PVO+Mission+Document&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fdata%2FPVO-V-OEFD-3--EFIELD-HIRES-V1.0%2FDOCUMENT%2FMISSION%2FMISSION.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellLuhmannScarf1985" class="citation web cs1">Russell, C.T.; Luhmann, J.G.; Scarf, F.L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227202025/http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/pioneerVenus_conjunct.pdf">"Pioneer Venus Observations during Comet Halley's Inferior Conjunction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Venus+Observations+during+Comet+Halley%27s+Inferior+Conjunction&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=C.T.&rft.au=Luhmann%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Scarf%2C+F.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Frussell%2Fpapers%2FpioneerVenus_conjunct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue1979" class="citation journal cs1">Donahue, T. M. (6 July 1979). "Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview". <i>Science</i>. <b>205</b> (4401): 41–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...205...41D">1979Sci...205...41D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.41">10.1126/science.205.4401.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1748508">1748508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17778895">17778895</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1600807">1600807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Venus+Results%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4401&rft.pages=41-44&rft.date=1979-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1600807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...205...41D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17778895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1748508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Colin, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Encounter with Venus: An Update". <i>Science</i>. <b>205</b> (4401): 44–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...205...44C">1979Sci...205...44C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.44">10.1126/science.205.4401.44</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1748509">1748509</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17778896">17778896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26297893">26297893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Encounter+with+Venus%3A+An+Update&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4401&rft.pages=44-46&rft.date=1979-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26297893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...205...44C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17778896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.44&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1748509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Colin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiffKirkYoungSommer1979" class="citation journal cs1">Seiff, Alvin; Kirk, Donn B.; Young, Richard E.; Sommer, Simon C.; Blanchard, Robert C.; Findlay, John T.; Kelly, G. M. (6 July 1979). 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(6 July 1979). "Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter". <i>Science</i>. <b>205</b> (4401): 90–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...205...90P">1979Sci...205...90P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.90">10.1126/science.205.4401.90</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1748526">1748526</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17778913">17778913</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12582229">12582229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Venus%3A+Preliminary+Topographic+and+Surface+Imaging+Results+from+the+Pioneer+Orbiter&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4401&rft.pages=90-93&rft.date=1979-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12582229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...205...90P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17778913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1748526%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pettengill&rft.aufirst=Gordon+H.&rft.au=Ford%2C+Peter+G.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Walter+E.&rft.au=Kaula%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Masursky%2C+Harold&rft.au=Eliason%2C+Eric&rft.au=McGill%2C+George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsSjogrenAbbottSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Roger J.; Sjogren, William L.; Abbott, Elsa A.; Smith, John C.; Wimberly, Ray N.; Wagner, Cari A. (6 July 1979). "Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis". <i>Science</i>. <b>205</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1748527">1748527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Gravity+Field+of+Venus%3A+A+Preliminary+Analysis&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1979-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1748527%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rft.au=Sjogren%2C+William+L.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Elsa+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Wimberly%2C+Ray+N.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Cari+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APioneer+Venus+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pioneer_Venus_1" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pioneer Venus 1">Pioneer Venus 1</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pioneer_venus.html">NASA: Pioneer Venus Project Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925191131/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_Venus">Pioneer Venus Program Page</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19900013957">Kasprzak, W. 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style="width:1%">Early missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_0" title="Pioneer 0">Pioneer 0</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_1" title="Pioneer 1">Pioneer 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_2" title="Pioneer 2">Pioneer 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_3" title="Pioneer 3">Pioneer 3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-1" title="Pioneer P-1">Pioneer P-1 (W)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-3" title="Pioneer P-3">Pioneer P-3 (X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-30" title="Pioneer P-30">Pioneer P-30 (Y)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-31" title="Pioneer P-31">Pioneer P-31 (Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_5" title="Pioneer 5"><i>Pioneer 5</i> (P-2)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Program_-_AC82-0178.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pioneer 11 at Saturn"><img alt="Pioneer 11 at Saturn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pioneer_Program_-_AC82-0178.jpg/100px-Pioneer_Program_-_AC82-0178.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pioneer_Program_-_AC82-0178.jpg/150px-Pioneer_Program_-_AC82-0178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pioneer_Program_-_AC82-0178.jpg/200px-Pioneer_Program_-_AC82-0178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Pioneer 11 at Saturn</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 6</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 8</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 9</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_E" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venus missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus project</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Burgess" title="Eric Burgess">Eric Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Salzman_Sagan" title="Linda Salzman Sagan">Linda Salzman Sagan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_anomaly" title="Pioneer anomaly">Pioneer anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/80px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/120px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/160px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/80px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/120px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/160px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/80px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/120px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/160px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin-en</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe#Small_probes" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Balloon probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">2MV-1 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">2MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">2MV-2 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">3MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">482</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR (spacecraft)">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a><sup>‡</sup> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (2031–2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Venus missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat_UV_Experiment" title="CubeSat UV Experiment">CUVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(rover)" title="Zephyr (rover)">Zephyr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled <br /> or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automaton_Rover_for_Extreme_Environments" title="Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments">AREE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">HAVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_Observer_for_Venus_Reconnaissance" title="Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance">HOVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK#Mavr_(MArs_-_VeneRa)" title="TMK">TMK-Mavr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiting_Imaging_Radar" title="Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar">Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Volcano_Imaging_and_Climate_Explorer" title="Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer">VOICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Program overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">List of artificial objects on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Spectral_Rocket_Experiment" title="Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment">VeSpR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before any data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1977Orbital_launches_in_19781979_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1978" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1978"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1978" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1978"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1978" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1978"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1977Orbital_launches_in_19781979_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1977_in_spaceflight" title="1977 in spaceflight">← 1977</a></div><a href="/wiki/1978_in_spaceflight" title="1978 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1978</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1979_in_spaceflight" title="1979 in spaceflight">1979 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_974&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 974 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IVA_F-3" title="Intelsat IVA F-3">Intelsat IVA F-3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_27" title="Soyuz 27">Soyuz 27</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_975&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 975 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_976&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 976 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 977 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_978&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 978 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 979 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 980 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 981 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 982 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 983 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 984 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_985&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 985 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_1" title="Progress 1">Progress 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.20 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_986&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 986 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 4 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_987&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 987 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyokko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyokko (page does not exist)">Kyokko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 988 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6291 (page does not exist)">OPS 6291</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 989 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ume_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ume 2 (page does not exist)">Ume 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 990 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5111" title="OPS 5111">OPS 5111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6031&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6031 (page does not exist)">OPS 6031</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 991 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 991</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_28" title="Soyuz 28">Soyuz 28</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-39 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 992 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_3" title="Landsat 3">Landsat 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR_8" title="OSCAR 8">OSCAR 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Interaction_Experiment_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma Interaction Experiment 1 (page does not exist)">PIX-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 993 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 994 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0460&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0460 (page does not exist)">OPS 0460</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7858&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7858 (page does not exist)">OPS 7858</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 995 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 995</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9439 (page does not exist)">OPS 9439</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9440&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9440 (page does not exist)">OPS 9440</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 996 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 997 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 998 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 999 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1000 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IVA_F-6" title="Intelsat IVA F-6">Intelsat IVA F-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1001" title="Kosmos 1001">Kosmos 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1002&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1002 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8790&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8790 (page does not exist)">OPS 8790</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri 1 (page does not exist)">Yuri 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1003 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Capacity_Mapping_Mission" title="Heat Capacity Mapping Mission">HCMM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6183&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6183 (page does not exist)">OPS 6183</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1004 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_Test_Satellite_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbital Test Satellite 2 (page does not exist)">OTS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1005 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1006 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5112" title="OPS 5112">OPS 5112</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1007 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1008 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1009 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1009</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1010 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1011 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1012&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1012 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1012</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.13L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.13L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.13L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-40 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1013 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1014 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1015 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1016 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1017 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1018 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1019 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1020 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1021&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1021 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1021</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9454&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9454 (page does not exist)">OPS 9454</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1022 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4515&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4515 (page does not exist)">OPS 4515</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_29" title="Soyuz 29">Soyuz 29</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_3" title="GOES 3">GOES 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1023 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_30" title="Soyuz 30">Soyuz 30</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1024" title="Kosmos 1024">Kosmos 1024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1025&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1025 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1025</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comstar_1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comstar 1C (page does not exist)">Comstar 1C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1026&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1026 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_2" title="Progress 2">Progress 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOS-2">GEOS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-41 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.14L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.14L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.14L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1027&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1027 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1027</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7310&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7310 (page does not exist)">OPS 7310</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1028 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1028</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_3" title="Progress 3">Progress 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ISEE-3</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.15L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.15L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.15L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-41 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-41</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_31" title="Soyuz 31">Soyuz 31</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1029&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1029 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1030" title="Kosmos 1030">Kosmos 1030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1031&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1031 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jikiken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jikiken (page does not exist)">Jikiken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1032&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1032 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1032</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1033&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1033 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_4" title="Progress 4">Progress 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1034 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1035&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1035 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1035</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1036&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1036 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1036</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1037&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1037 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1037</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1038&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1038 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1038</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1039&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1039 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1039</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1040 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1040</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1041&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1041 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1041</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1042 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5113" title="OPS 5113">OPS 5113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1043&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1043 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1043</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.22 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIROS-N" title="TIROS-N">TIROS-N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1044&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1044 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1044</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.14L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.14L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.14L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_7" title="Nimbus 7">Nimbus 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMEO_(satellite)" title="CAMEO (satellite)">CAMEO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 18 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magion_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magion 1 (page does not exist)">Magion 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1045&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1045 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1045</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Sputnik_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Sputnik 1 (page does not exist)">RS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Sputnik_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Sputnik 2 (page does not exist)">RS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 7 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1046&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1046 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1047 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1047</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1048&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1048 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1048</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO_3C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO 3C (page does not exist)">NATO 3C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1049&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1049 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1049</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1050 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1051 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1051</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1052&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1052 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1052</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1053 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1053</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1054&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1054 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1054</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1055&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1055 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1056 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1056</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1057&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1057 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1057</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1058&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1058 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1059&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1059 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1059</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1060&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1060 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS_5114" title="OPS 5114">OPS 5114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9441&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9441 (page does not exist)">OPS 9441</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9442&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9442 (page does not exist)">OPS 9442</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1061&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1061 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1061</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1062 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik B1">Anik B1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRIMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DRIMS (page does not exist)">DRIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1063&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1063 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.11L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.11L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.11L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1064&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1064 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1064</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1065&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1065 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1065</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1066&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1066 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1066</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1067&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1067 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1067</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1068 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1068</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1069&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1069 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1069</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&oldid=1256856398">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter&oldid=1256856398</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1978_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1978 in spaceflight">1978 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_Venus" title="Category:Missions to Venus">Missions to Venus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pioneer_program" title="Category:Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Atlas-Centaur_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Centaur rockets">Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Centaur rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Destroyed_space_probes" title="Category:Destroyed space probes">Destroyed space probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1978" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1978">Spacecraft launched in 1978</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 22:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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