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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مختبر الفيزياء التطبيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مختبر الفيزياء التطبيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Applied Physics Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorio_de_F%C3%ADsica_Aplicada" title="Laboratorio de Física Aplicada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laboratorio de Física Aplicada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="آزمایشگاه فیزیک کاربردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایشگاه فیزیک کاربردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Applied Physics Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Applied Physics Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המעבדה לפיזיקה יישומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המעבדה לפיזיקה יישומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Applied Physics Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%97%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学応用物理研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学応用物理研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Applied Physics Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лаборатория прикладной физики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаборатория прикладной физики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="約翰·霍普金斯大學應用物理實驗室 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·霍普金斯大學應用物理實驗室" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&params=39_09_55_N_76_53_50_W_region:US-MD_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°09′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°53′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.16528°N 76.89722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.16528; -76.89722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">University-affiliated research center</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/APL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="APL (disambiguation)">APL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Applied Physics Laboratory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JHU_APL_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JHU_APL_logo.png/220px-JHU_APL_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JHU_APL_logo.png/330px-JHU_APL_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JHU_APL_logo.png/440px-JHU_APL_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Unclassified / classified</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.09 billion<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Semmel" title="Ralph Semmel">Ralph Semmel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,800<sup id="cite_ref-aboutapl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutapl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Laurel,_Maryland" title="North Laurel, Maryland">Laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/">www<wbr />.jhuapl<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory</b> (or simply <b>Applied Physics Laboratory</b>, or <b>APL</b>) is a not-for-profit <a href="/wiki/University_Affiliated_Research_Center" title="University Affiliated Research Center">university-affiliated research center</a> (UARC) in <a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland" title="Howard County, Maryland">Howard County, Maryland</a>. It is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> and employs 8,700 people as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutapl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutapl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APL is the nation's largest <a href="/wiki/University_Affiliated_Research_Center" title="University Affiliated Research Center">UARC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lab serves as a technical resource for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, and other government agencies. APL has developed numerous systems and technologies in the areas of air and missile defense, surface and undersea naval warfare, <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a>, and space science and spacecraft construction.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While APL provides research and engineering services to the government, it is not a traditional <a href="/wiki/Defense_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense contractor">defense contractor</a>, as it is a UARC and a division of Johns Hopkins University. APL is a scientific and engineering research and development division, rather than an academic division, of Johns Hopkins. </p><p>Hopkins' <a href="/wiki/Whiting_School_of_Engineering" title="Whiting School of Engineering">Whiting School of Engineering</a> offers part-time graduate programs for Lab staff members through its Engineering for Professionals program. Courses are taught at seven locations in the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area">Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area</a>, including the APL Education Center.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APL was created in 1942 during World War II under the Office of Scientific Research and Development's Section T<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the Government's effort to mobilize the nation's science and engineering expertise within its universities. Its founding director was <a href="/wiki/Merle_Tuve" title="Merle Tuve">Merle Anthony Tuve</a>, who led Section T throughout the war. Section T was created on August 17, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official history<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, <i>Scientists Against Time</i>, APL was the name of Section T's main laboratory from 1942 onward, not the name of the organization overall.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section T's Applied Physics Laboratory succeeded in developing the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">variable-time proximity fuze</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that played a significant role in the Allied victory.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the fuze's success, the APL created the MK 57 gun director in 1944. Pleased with the APL's work, the Navy then tasked it with the mission to find a way to negate guided missile threats. From there on, the APL became very involved in wartime research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expected to disband at the end of the war, APL instead became heavily involved in the development of guided missile technology for the Navy. At governmental request, the University continued to maintain the Laboratory as a public service. </p><p>APL was originally located in <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a> in a used-car garage<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Wolfe Building at 8621 Georgia Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APL began moving to Laurel in 1954, with the construction of a two million dollar building and a $700,000 wing expansion in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final staff transitioned to the new facility in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before moving to Laurel, APL also maintained the "Forest Grove Station," north of Silver Spring on Georgia Avenue near today's <a href="/wiki/Forest_Glen_station" title="Forest Glen station">Forest Glen Metro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included a hypersonic wind tunnel. The Forest Grove Station was vacated and torn down in 1963 and flight simulations were moved to Laurel. In the 1960s, APL built a mobile automaton called the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Beast" title="Johns Hopkins Beast">Johns Hopkins Beast</a>. </p><p>The Laboratory's name comes from its origins in World War II, but APL's major strengths are <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> and technology application. More than three-quarters of the staff are technical professionals, and 25% have <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and math degrees. APL conducts programs in fundamental and applied research; exploratory and advanced development; test and evaluation; and systems engineering and integration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_contributions">Wartime contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wartime contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1950s and the 1960s APL worked with the US Navy in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bumblebee" title="Operation Bumblebee">Operation Bumblebee</a> Program on the <a href="/wiki/Talos_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Talos missile">Talos missile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartar_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartar missile">Tartar missile</a>, Terrier, and <a href="/wiki/RIM-2_Terrier" title="RIM-2 Terrier">RIM-2 Terrier</a> Surface to Air Missile systems. The follow-on <a href="/wiki/RIM-50_Typhon" title="RIM-50 Typhon">RIM-50 Typhon</a> Missile Project, based on improved Talos and Tartar Missiles, while successful, was cancelled in 1963 due to high costs and was eventually developed into the now well-known <a href="/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System" title="Aegis Combat System">Aegis Combat System</a> based on an improved Terrier. </p><p>In 1990, APL became involved with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> and was involved in the <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Gulf Crisis Room</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> among other efforts. In the same decade (1992), APL, along with Johns Hopkins University, developed an algorithm that allowed for automatic mammogram analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pershing">Pershing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pershing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, the US Army contracted with APL to develop and implement a test and evaluation program for the <a href="/wiki/Pershing_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing missile">Pershing missile</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APL developed the Pershing Operational Test Program (OTP), provided technical support to the <a href="/wiki/Pershing_Operational_Test_Unit" title="Pershing Operational Test Unit">Pershing Operational Test Unit</a> (POTU), identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Applied Physics Laboratory is located in <a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland" title="Laurel, Maryland">Laurel, Maryland</a>, and spans 461 acres with more than 30 buildings on site. Additional auxiliary campuses exist in the surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campus includes multiple cutting-edge innovation and collaboration spaces as well as state-of-the-art labs and test facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, APL opened an interdisciplinary research center, known as Building 201, with 263,000 square feet of space, a 200-person auditorium and more than 90,000 square feet of specialized laboratory space.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building also includes a four-story atrium filled with natural light, a STEM Center and a combination of 100 huddle, conference and auditorium breakout rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>APL hired its first full-time sustainability manager in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_internships">Education and internships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education and internships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APL is also home to a Johns Hopkins graduate program in engineering and applied sciences, called Engineering for Professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courses are taught at seven locations in the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area">Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area</a>, including the APL Education Center.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>APL's <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> includes several internships and programs, including the Maryland MESA program, which is an after-school program for students in grades 3-12; APL STEM in the Community, which focuses on STEM community outreach; the STEM Academy, which is an after-school course program for middle and high school students (grades 8-12); and APL's Student Program to Inspire, Relate and Enrich (ASPIRE), which allows high school juniors and seniors to experience and explore STEM careers before college.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of APL's 80th anniversary in 2022, there were hundreds of projects spanning the Lab's 12 mission areas, that focus on solving complex research, engineering and analytical problems that present critical challenges to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Projects span from those in APL's more traditional areas of work, including air and missile defense, undersea warfare, to newer projects such as homeland security, artificial intelligence and cyber operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense">Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> continues to be APL's primary long-term sponsor. The Laboratory performs work for the <a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency" title="Missile Defense Agency">Missile Defense Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>, intelligence agencies, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>), and others. The Laboratory supports NASA through space science, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> design and fabrication, and mission operations. APL has made significant contributions in the areas of air defense, strike and power projection, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> security, antisubmarine warfare, strategic systems evaluation, command and control, distributed information and display systems, sensors, information processing, and space systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg/350px-Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg/525px-Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg/700px-Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a> celebrating the successful flyby of the <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> system by <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> in 2015 in the APL Mission Operations Center.</figcaption></figure> <p>APL has built and operated many spacecraft, including the <a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a> navigation system, <a href="/wiki/Geosat" title="Geosat">Geosat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a>, <a href="/wiki/TIMED" title="TIMED">TIMED</a>, <a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> mission to <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> mission to the outer corona of the Sun,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s APL began building robotic <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>. It won the contract to build NEAR for one third the price that <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL), NASA's traditional supplier, estimated. APL's bid caused NASA to create the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a> to solicit competing proposals for other missions. In 2019, the APL-proposed <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a> mission was selected as the fourth NASA <a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program#Dragonfly_(New_Frontiers_4)" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foust_2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foust_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2019_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2019-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragonfly is a relocatable lander in an X8 octocopter configuration that will explore Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> by flying between landing sites to move around the moon's surface. In November 2021, APL launched the <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> (DART) mission, which struck the smaller body of a binary asteroid system in September 2022 and was the first NASA planetary defense mission.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a> was named in honor of APL after a flyby by the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosthetics">Prosthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prosthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, APL made history with the successful use of the Modular Prosthetic Limb — a fully artificial articulated arm and hand — by a bilateral shoulder-level <a href="/wiki/Amputee" class="mw-redirect" title="Amputee">amputee</a>. APL used pattern recognition algorithms to track which muscles were contracting and enable the prosthetics to move in conjunction with the amputee's body.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar technology was used in 2016 for a demonstration in which a paralyzed man was able to "fist-bump" <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> using signals sent from an implanted <a href="/wiki/Brain_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain chip">brain chip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limb returned sensory feedback from the arm to the wearer's brain. In 2023, APL announced that researchers have developed one of the world's smallest, most intense and fastest refrigeration devices, the wearable thin-film thermoelectric cooler (TFTEC), and teamed with neuroscientists to help amputees perceive a sense of temperature with their phantom limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology won an R&D 100 award in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drones">Drones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Drones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APL researches and produces <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> for the US military.<sup id="cite_ref-JHUDronesPanel_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHUDronesPanel-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its most recent projects is an unmanned aerial swarm that can be controlled by a single operator on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-AMD13Aug2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMD13Aug2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_college_laboratories_conducting_basic_defense_research" title="List of United States college laboratories conducting basic defense research">List of United States college laboratories conducting basic defense research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Adams_(entrepreneur)" title="James Adams (entrepreneur)">James Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Asher_Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Asher Alpher">Ralph Asher Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raquel_C._Bono" title="Raquel C. Bono">Raquel Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Boyd" title="Gwendolyn Boyd">Gwendolyn Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Braun" title="Robert D. Braun">Robert Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_M._Brennan" title="Anne M. Brennan">Anne Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brode" title="Robert Brode">Robert Brode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chabot" title="Nancy Chabot">Nancy Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Christy" title="James W. Christy">James Christy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dabbar" title="Paul Dabbar">Paul Dabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Danzig" title="Richard Danzig">Richard Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Denevi" title="Brett Denevi">Brett Denevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Disbrow" title="Lisa Disbrow">Lisa Disbrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Douglas" title="Andre Douglas">Andre Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Dutta" title="Ashutosh Dutta">Ashutosh Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Del_Castillo" title="Carlos Del Castillo">Carlos Del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Fox" title="Christine Fox">Christine Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Fox" title="Nicola Fox">Nicola Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Goldfein" title="David L. Goldfein">David Goldfein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_R._Hafstad" title="Lawrence R. Hafstad">Lawrence Hafstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_D._Haney" title="Cecil D. Haney">Cecil Haney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kaminski" title="Paul G. Kaminski">Paul Kaminski</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Koch" title="Christina Koch">Christina Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Krimigis" title="Stamatios Krimigis">Tom Krimigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Lord" title="Ellen Lord">Ellen Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lorenz" title="Ralph Lorenz">Ralph Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_McCrary" title="Victor McCrary">Victor McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_N._Miller" title="James N. Miller">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Murray_(scientist)" title="George M. Murray (scientist)">George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Murren" class="mw-redirect" title="Heather Murren">Heather Murren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_O%27Brien" title="Vivian O'Brien">Vivian O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Oostburg_Sanz" title="Paul L. Oostburg Sanz">Paul Oostburg Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Prockter" title="Louise Prockter">Louise Prockter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Roughead" title="Gary Roughead">Gary Roughead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Richardson_(admiral)" title="John M. Richardson (admiral)">John Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ryschkewitsch" title="Michael Ryschkewitsch">Michael Ryschkewitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Semmel" title="Ralph Semmel">Ralph Semmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciara_Sivels" title="Ciara Sivels">Ciara Sivels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Spudis" title="Paul Spudis">Paul Spudis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Stavridis" title="James G. Stavridis">James Stavridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_N._Stockton" title="Paul N. Stockton">Paul Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Strain" title="Rob Strain">Rob Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Turtle" title="Elizabeth Turtle">Elizabeth Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Tuve" title="Merle Tuve">Merle Tuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Robert Work</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secwww.jhuapl.edu/2022-Annual-Report/2022-Annual-Report.pdf">"2022 Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Annual+Report&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Applied+Physics+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecwww.jhuapl.edu%2F2022-Annual-Report%2F2022-Annual-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+Physics+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutapl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aboutapl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aboutapl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhuapl.edu/About">"About APL"</a>. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Demonstrating Expanded Control of UAV Swarm". <i>Aerospace Manufacturing and Design</i>. <q>Boeing and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) have demonstrated that an operator on the ground, using only a laptop and a military radio, can command an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) "swarm". Despite limited flight training, the operator was able to connect with autonomous UAVs, task them and obtain information without using a ground control station. [...] The demonstrations are conducted under a collaborative agreement between Boeing and JHU/APL, a University Affiliated Research Center and a division of Johns Hopkins University that has been addressing critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology for nearly 70 years. It maintains a staff of about 5,000 on its Laurel, Maryland, campus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aerospace+Manufacturing+and+Design&rft.atitle=Demonstrating+Expanded+Control+of+UAV+Swarm&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft.au=Manufacturing+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplied+Physics+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Applied_Physics_Laboratory&params=39_09_55_N_76_53_50_W_region:US-MD_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°09′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°53′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.16528°N 76.89722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.16528; 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Griffin">Michael D. Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Krimigis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Krimigis">Tom Krimigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Tuve" title="Merle Tuve">Merle Tuve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Johns_Hopkins_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002D72; color: white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Template:Johns Hopkins University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Template talk:Johns Hopkins University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Johns Hopkins University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Johns_Hopkins_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Johns Hopkins University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002D72; color: white;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanvyl_Krieger_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences">Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting_School_of_Engineering" title="Whiting School of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Bloomberg_School_of_Public_Health" title="Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Nursing" title="Johns Hopkins School of Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" title="School of Advanced International Studies">International Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAIS_Europe" title="SAIS Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carey_Business_School" title="Carey Business School">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Education" title="Johns Hopkins School of Education">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Johns_Hopkins_University_Research_Centers_and_Institutes" title="List of Johns Hopkins University Research Centers and Institutes">Others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Institute" title="Peabody Institute">Peabody Institute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002D72; color: white;width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_Campus_of_Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University">Homewood Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Club" title="Johns Hopkins Club">Johns Hopkins Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_Field" title="Homewood Field">Homewood Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_Museum" title="Homewood Museum">Homewood Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Evergreen House">Evergreen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute" title="Space Telescope Science Institute">Space Telescope Science Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Institute_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Institute Library">Peabody Institute Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Children%27s_Center" title="Johns Hopkins Children's Center">Johns Hopkins Children's Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002D72; color: white;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins" title="Johns Hopkins">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Johns_Hopkins_University_people" title="List of Johns Hopkins University people">Notable faculty and alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University#Presidents_of_the_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">University presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002D72; color: white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Publications</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_academic_journals" title="Category:Johns Hopkins University Press academic journals">journals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_books" title="Category:Johns Hopkins University Press books">books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University#Student_publications" title="Johns Hopkins University">Student publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002D72; color: white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays">Blue Jays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_football" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_women%27s_lacrosse" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays women's lacrosse">Women's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Conference" title="Centennial Conference">Centennial Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Loyola_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Loyola lacrosse rivalry">Loyola rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Maryland_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Maryland lacrosse rivalry">Maryland rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93McDaniel_football_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–McDaniel football rivalry">McDaniel rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Navy_football_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Navy football rivalry">Navy (football) rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Navy_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Navy lacrosse rivalry">Navy (lacrosse) rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Princeton_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Princeton lacrosse rivalry">Princeton rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Syracuse_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Syracuse lacrosse rivalry">Syracuse rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Virginia_lacrosse_rivalry" title="Johns Hopkins–Virginia lacrosse rivalry">Virginia rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002D72; color: white;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_News-Letter" title="The Johns Hopkins News-Letter">The News-Letter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Film_Festival" title="Johns Hopkins Film Festival">Johns Hopkins Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002D72; color: white;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Talented_Youth" title="Center for Talented Youth">Center for Talented Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Writing_Seminars" title="Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars">Writing Seminars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Eisenhower_Symposium" title="Milton S. Eisenhower Symposium">Eisenhower Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Symposium" title="Foreign Affairs Symposium">Foreign Affairs Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Shaw_Lectures_on_Diplomatic_History" title="Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History">Shaw Lectures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249373#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249373#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249373#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406301170">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151126521">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79125895">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604616205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1077742">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074305735">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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