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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The canons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_canons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_of_the_synod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_the_synod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Date of the synod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_the_synod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синод в Елвира – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синод в Елвира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concili_d%27Elvira" title="Concili d'Elvira – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concili d'Elvira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synode_von_Elvira" title="Synode von Elvira – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synode von Elvira" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_de_Elvira" title="Concilio de Elvira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concilio de Elvira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncilio_de_Elvira" title="Koncilio de Elvira – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koncilio de Elvira" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سینود الویرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینود الویرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concile_d%27Elvire" title="Concile d'Elvire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concile d'Elvire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinode_Elvira" title="Sinode Elvira – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinode Elvira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_di_Elvira" title="Concilio di Elvira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concilio di Elvira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvirai_zsinat" title="Elvirai zsinat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elvirai zsinat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synode_van_Elvira" title="Synode van Elvira – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synode van Elvira" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_w_Elwirze" title="Synod w Elwirze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synod w Elwirze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conc%C3%ADlio_de_Elvira" title="Concílio de Elvira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concílio de Elvira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эльвирский собор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эльвирский собор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvirski_sinod" title="Elvirski sinod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elvirski sinod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elviran_synodi" title="Elviran synodi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elviran synodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira_Sinodu" title="Elvira Sinodu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elvira Sinodu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ельвірський собор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ельвірський собор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Elvira&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Elvira">Council of Elvira</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian ecclesiastical synod held at Elvira in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenade,_Puerta_de_Elvira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grenade%2C_Puerta_de_Elvira.jpg/220px-Grenade%2C_Puerta_de_Elvira.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grenade%2C_Puerta_de_Elvira.jpg/330px-Grenade%2C_Puerta_de_Elvira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Grenade%2C_Puerta_de_Elvira.jpg/440px-Grenade%2C_Puerta_de_Elvira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>If the ancient Roman city of Elvira was located in the Albaicín district of Granada, as some think, the synod may have taken place just inside the Puerta de Elvira (eleventh-century), seen here.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Synod of Elvira</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Concilium Eliberritanum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Concilio de Elvira</i>) was an ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> held at Elvira in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> in southern Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennecke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennecke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its date has not been exactly determined but is believed to be in the first quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">fourth century</a>, approximately 305–6. It was one of three councils, together with the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Arles (314)">Synod of Arles (314)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Ancyra" title="Synod of Ancyra">Synod of Ancyra</a>, that first approached the character of general councils and prepared the way for the first <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a>. It was attended by nineteen bishops and twenty-six presbyters, mostly resident in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a>. Deacons and laymen were also present.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eighty-one canons are recorded, although it is believed that many were added at later dates. All concern order, discipline and conduct among the Christian community. Canon 36, <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">forbidding the use of images in churches</a>, became a bone of contention between Catholic and Protestant scholars after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. </p><p>It is one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">pre-ecumenical ancient church councils and synods</a>. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia refers to this as a "council," conveying a wider scope than a synod.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican refers to it using both terms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_and_purpose">Place and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Place and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The place of meeting, Eliberri, rendered as Elvira,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not far from the modern <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, if not, as A.W. Dale<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Edgar Hennecke<sup id="cite_ref-Hennecke_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennecke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> think, actually identical with it. There the nineteen bishops and twenty-four presbyters, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthago_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthago Nova">Carthago Nova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assembled, probably at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosius of Córdoba">Hosius of Córdoba</a>, but under the presidency of Felix of Accitum (<a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a>) in Baetica, probably by virtue of his being the oldest bishop present,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a view to restoring order and discipline in the church. The canons which were adopted reflect with considerable fullness the internal life and external relations of the Spanish Church of the 4th century. The reputation of this council drew to its canons further canons that came to be associated with the Synod of Elvira. </p><p>Victor De Clercq<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes "that except for <a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosius of Córdoba">Hosius of Córdoba</a>, we know practically nothing about these men, nor do we know with certainty when and why the council was held, and that the church of Spain is one of the least known in pre-constantinian [sic] times". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_canons">The canons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The canons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maurice Meigne<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers that only the first twenty-one canons in the list that has been transmitted<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were promulgated at Elvira; the remainder having been added to the collection. </p><p>The social environment of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in Hispania may be inferred from the canons prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">marriage</a> and other intercourse with <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a>, closing the offices of <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duumvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Duumvir">duumvir</a> to Christians, forbidding all contact with <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and likewise participation in pagan festivals and public games. The state of morals is mirrored in the canons denouncing prevalent vices. The canons respecting the clergy exhibit the clergy as already a special class with particular privileges, as acting under a more exacting moral standard, with heavier penalties for delinquency. The <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> has acquired control of the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments (Catholic Church)">sacraments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacons">deacons</a> acting only under his orders; the episcopate appears as a unit, bishops being bound to respect one another's disciplinary decrees. </p><p>The canons are almost entirely concerned with the conduct of various elements of the Christian community, and have no theological content as such. Sanctions include long delays before baptism, exclusion from the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> for periods of months or years, or indefinitely, sometimes with an exception for the death-bed, though this is also specifically excluded in some cases. Periods of <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>, often for sexual offences, extend to 5 or 10 years: "Canon 5. If a woman beats her servant and causes death within three days, she shall undergo seven years' penance if the injury was inflicted on purpose and five years' if it was accidental. She shall not receive communion during this penance unless she becomes ill. If so, she may receive communion."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the canons which pertain to Jews served to maintain a separation between the two communities. Canon 15 prohibited marriage with pagans, while Canon 16 prohibited marriage of Christians with Jews. Canon 78 threatens Christians who commit adultery with Jews with <a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracism</a>. Canon 49 forbade the blessing of Christian crops by Jews, and Canon 50 forbade the sharing of meals by Christians and Jews. </p><p>Among the early canons (which are possibly the only original ones), Canon 1 forbade giving holy communion to lapsed Christians even <i>in articulo mortis</i>, an unusually severe application of <a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianist principles</a>, which had divided the church since the recovery from mid 3rd-century persecutions: compare the severity of <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprian of Carthage">Cyprian of Carthage</a>. The subject of this leading canon is a major indication for a date following recent persecution. </p><p>Among the later canons, of especial note are Canon 33, enjoining <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> upon all clerics, married or not, and all who minister at the altar (the most ancient canon of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also relating to the subject of clerical celibacy is Canon 27, which calls for bishops and other clergy to refrain from living with women unless they are of relation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This canon is believed to be condemning the practice of <a href="/wiki/Syneisaktism" title="Syneisaktism">Syneisaktism</a>, or spiritual marriage, which was growing more and more popular among ascetic men and women. </p><p>Canon 36 states, "It has seemed good that images should not be in churches so that what is venerated and worshiped not be painted on the walls."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It allegedly <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">forbids pictures</a> in churches (compare the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic Controversy">Iconoclastic Controversy</a> in the East); according to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> this canon "has often been quoted by Protestants as an argument against image worship as idolatrous; while Roman Catholic writers explain it either as a prohibition of representations of the deity only, or as a prudential measure against heathen desecration of holy things".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canon 36 was the first official statement on art by the Christian Church and so of special interest in the history of Early Christian and medieval art, even if it represents Church policy only within the limits of the synod's jurisdiction of Spain. </p><p>Canon 38, permits lay <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> under certain conditions, and Canon 53, forbids one bishop restoring a person <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> by another. </p><p>Other provisions relating to images forbade Christian slave-owners from allowing their pagan slaves to keep their personal idols, or "if this is impossible to enforce, they must at least avoid the idols and remain pure. If this does not happen, they are alienated from the church" (Canon 41). Canon 60 says "If someone smashes an idol and is then punished by death, he or she may not be placed in the list of martyrs, since such action is not sanctioned by the Scriptures or by the apostles." Canon 34 says "Candles are not to be burned in a cemetery during the day. This practice is related to paganism and is harmful to Christians. Those who do this are to be denied the communion of the church". Other canons imposed "the rigorous form of fasting" every Saturday (Canon 26), forbade the baptism of chariot racers or stage performers (Canon 62), and many tightly control the reception of former pagan priests into the Christian church and clergy (Canons, 2,3,4,55). </p><p>Several canons relate only to the behaviour of women, such as Canon 67: "A woman who is baptized or is a catechumen must not associate with hairdressers or men with long hair..." Canon 81 reads: "A woman may not write to other lay Christians without her husband's consent. A woman may not receive letters of friendship addressed to her only and not to her husband as well." However married former prostitutes are not to suffer delays in baptism on that account (Canon 44). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_of_the_synod">Date of the synod</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Date of the synod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The solution of the question of the date hinges upon the interpretation of the canons, that is, upon whether they are to be taken as reflecting a recent persecution, or as redacted in a time of peace, that is either after or before the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">persecution under Diocletian</a>. Thus the earliest investigators, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Duchesne" title="Louis Duchesne">Louis Duchesne</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Victor De Clercq,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue for a date between 300 and 303, i.e. before the persecution under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>; others for a date between 303 and 314, after the persecution, but before the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Arles (314)">Synod of Arles (314)</a>; a few others argue for a date between the synod of Arles and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a>, (325). <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Dale" title="Robert William Dale">Robert William Dale</a> follow early compilers of the canons <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Mansi" title="Giovanni Domenico Mansi">Giovanni Domenico Mansi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hardouin" title="Jean Hardouin">Jean Hardouin</a> in agreement upon 305 or 306, while Hennecke<sup id="cite_ref-Hennecke_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennecke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concludes that "the whole attitude points to a time of peace, not to one immediately following a persecution; the complete absence of any provisions as to the case of the lapsed is enough to preclude the modern theory as to the date". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scanty documentation of the Synod of Elvira was first assembled by Ferdinand de Mendoza, <i>De confirmando Concilio IIIiberitano ad Clementem VIII</i>, 1593. </p><p>The canons are available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716202800/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Canon%20Law/ElviraCanons.htm">in English</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurchtexts.com/main/elvira/canons_of_elvira_01.shtml">in Latin (with dictionary lookup links)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hennecke noted that Legio (Leon) and Saragoza were represented, but not Tarragona.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A possible translation is also: "There shall be no pictures in the church, lest what is worshipped and adored should be depicted on the walls."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hennecke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hennecke_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennecke_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennecke_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHennecke" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Hennecke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Hennecke (page does not exist)">Hennecke, Edgar</a>, "Elvira, Synod of", <a href="/wiki/Schaff-Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge"><i>Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i></a> (3rd ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elvira%2C+Synod+of&rft.btitle=Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.edition=3rd&rft.aulast=Hennecke&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation cs2">Schaff, Philip, <i>History of the Christian Church</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05395b.htm"><i>Catholic encyclopedia</i></a>, New Advent, 1913</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05395b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cclergy/documents/rc_con_cclergy_doc_31011994_directory_en.html"><i>Congregation of the clergy</i></a>, The Vatican: Roman curia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congregation+of+the+clergy&rft.place=The+Vatican&rft.pub=Roman+curia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcclergy%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cclergy_doc_31011994_directory_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Eliberri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliberri">Eliberri</a>, Elimberri</i> or <i>Ilumberri</i> was an ancient cognate of today Basque <i>Hiriberri</i> or <i>Irunberri</i> that mean 'new domain', 'new town.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dale 1882.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWace" class="citation cs2">Wace, Henry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Hosius%20(1),%20a%20confessor%20under%20Maximian">"Hosius (1)"</a>, <i>Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hosius+%281%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Christian+Biography+and+Literature&rft.aulast=Wace&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fwace%2Fbiodict.html%3Fterm%3DHosius%2520%281%29%2C%2520a%2520confessor%2520under%2520Maximian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Clercq1975" class="citation cs2">De Clercq, Victor (March 1975), "Samuel Laeuchli, <i>Power and Sexuality: The Emergence of Canon Law at the Synod of Elvira</i>", <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i> (review), vol. 29, p. 76</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+Laeuchli%2C+Power+and+Sexuality%3A+The+Emergence+of+Canon+Law+at+the+Synod+of+Elvira&rft.btitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1975-03&rft.aulast=De+Clercq&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Concile ou collection d'Elvire," <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_eccl%C3%A9siastique" title="Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique">Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique</a></i> <b>70</b> (1975) pp 361-387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Problems of the textual transmission of the canons are discussed in Hamilton Hess, <i>The Early Development of Canon Law and the Council of Serdica</i> (Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford: 2002) pp 40-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg1976" class="citation cs2">Grigg, Robert (December 1976), "Aniconic Worship and the Apologetic Tradition: A Note on Canon 36 of the Council of Elvira", <i>Church History</i>, vol. 45, pp. 428–33</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aniconic+Worship+and+the+Apologetic+Tradition%3A+A+Note+on+Canon+36+of+the+Council+of+Elvira&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.pages=428-33&rft.date=1976-12&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span> finds that the hostility to <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, forbidding the introduction of images into the churches is based on Christian <a href="/wiki/Apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologist">apologists</a>' use of pagan sources denouncing the veneration of images, rather than on the prohibition in <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></i>, which it fails to cite. He instances the contemporaneous apologists <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordham" class="citation cs2">Fordham, <i>Canon 5</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canon+5&rft.au=Fordham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee1988" class="citation cs2">Frazee, Charles A (1988), "The Origins of Clerical Celibacy in the Western Church", <i>Church History</i>, <b>57</b> (Supplement Centennial): 108–26, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3165654">10.2307/3165654</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165654">3165654</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Clerical+Celibacy+in+the+Western+Church&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=Supplement+Centennial&rft.pages=108-26&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3165654&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3165654%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hefele, Karl Joseph von, Joseph Hergenröther, Alois Knöpfler, and Henri Leclercq. 1907. Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux. 236. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.llmcdigital.org/default.aspx?redir=87181">http://www.llmcdigital.org/default.aspx?redir=87181</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716202800/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Canon%20Law/ElviraCanons.htm"><i>Elvira canons</i></a>, Cua, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/canon%20Law/ElviraCanons.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-16, <q>Placuit picturas in ecclesia esse non debere, ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elvira+canons&rft.pub=Cua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.cua.edu%2Fpennington%2Fcanon%2520Law%2FElviraCanons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, <q>This canon has often been urged against the veneration of images as practised in the Catholic Church. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Joseph_Binterim" title="Anton Joseph Binterim">Binterim</a>, De Rossi, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Hefele</a> interpret this prohibition as directed against the use of images in overground churches only, lest the pagans should caricature sacred scenes and ideas; <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Funk" title="Franz Xaver von Funk">Von Funk</a>, Termel, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Leclercq" title="Henri Leclercq">Dom Leclerq</a> opine that the council did not pronounce as to the liceity or non-liceity of the use of images, but as an administrative measure simply forbade them, lest new and weak converts from paganism should incur thereby any danger of relapse into idolatry, or be scandalized by certain superstitious excesses in no way approved by the ecclesiastical authority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation cs2">Schaff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xv.html">"55"</a>, <i>History</i>, vol. II, The Christian Classics Ethereal Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=55&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=The+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.au=Schaff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc2.v.vi.xv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne1887" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Duchesne" title="Louis Duchesne">Duchesne, Louis</a> (1887), "Le concile d'Elvira et les flamines chrétiennes" [The Elvira council and the Christian…], <i>Mélanges Renier</i> (in French), Paris: 159–74</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9langes+Renier&rft.atitle=Le+concile+d%27Elvira+et+les+flamines+chr%C3%A9tiennes&rft.pages=159-74&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Duchesne&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Clercq (1954), <i>Ossius of Cordova</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Mansi" title="Giovanni Domenico Mansi">Giovanni Domenico Mansi</a>, <i>Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio</i> (Florence and Venice, 1758–98) vol.II.ii.1-406; reprint (Paris) 1906 Reprints the account of Ferdinand de Mendoza, pp. 57–397.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hardouin" title="Jean Hardouin">Jean Hardouin</a>, <i>Conciliorum collectio regia maxima</i> i. pp. 247–258.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>, <i>Conciliengeschichte</i> I, pp. 148–192 (2nd ed. 1873) (English translation, i. pp. 131 sqq.)</li> <li>Alfred W. Dale, <i>The Synod of Elvira and Christian Life in the Fourth Century</i> (London, 1882)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Hennecke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Hennecke (page does not exist)">Edgar Hennecke</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Schaff-Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a></i> (3rd ed), sv. "Elvira", especially bibliography.</li> <li>Samuel Laeuchli, <i>Power and Sexuality: The Emergence of Canon Law at the Synod of Elvira</i> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press) 1972. Power dynamics, sexual controls and the emergence of a clerical elite.</li> <li>Conrad Rudolph, "Communal Identity and the Earliest Christian Legislation on Art: Canon 36 of the Synod of Elvira," <i>Perspectives for an Architecture of Solitude</i>, ed. Terryl Kinder (2004) 1-7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xv.html"><i>History of the Christian Church</i>, vol. II "Ante-Nicene Christianity AD 100–325"</a> Section 55. "The Councils of Elvira, Arles, and Ancyra."</li> <li>José F. Ubina. Le concile d'Elvire et l'esprit du paganisme // Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. V. 19. No. 19-1, 1993 pp. 309–318. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/showPage.do;?urn=dha_0755-7256_1993_num_19_1_2089">Available online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Elvira&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716202800/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Canon%20Law/ElviraCanons.htm">CUA.EDU: Council of Elvira</a>: text of 81 canons in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurchtexts.com/main/elvira/canons_of_elvira_01.shtml">The 81 Canons in Latin (with dictionary lookup links)</a> at www.earlychurchtexts.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05395b.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: Council of Elvira</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Elvira,_Synod_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elvira, Synod of">Elvira, Synod of</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elvira%2C+Synod+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=301&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynod+of+Elvira" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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