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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> 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</li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serer_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serer_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Serer religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serer_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sacred music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Interfaith marriage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A9" title="تزاوج بين أتباع أديان مختلفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تزاوج بين أتباع أديان مختلفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinl%C9%99raras%C4%B1_nikah" title="Dinlərarası nikah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dinlərarası nikah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreligi%C3%B6se_Ehe" title="Interreligiöse Ehe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interreligiöse Ehe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio_interreligioso" title="Matrimonio interreligioso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matrimonio interreligioso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreligia_geedzeco" title="Interreligia geedzeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interreligia geedzeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازدواج بین ادیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازدواج بین ادیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariage_interreligieux" title="Mariage interreligieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mariage interreligieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EA%B0%84_%EA%B2%B0%ED%98%BC" title="종교간 결혼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종교간 결혼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միջկրոնական ամուսնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջկրոնական ամուսնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अंतरधार्मिक विवाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरधार्मिक विवाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernikahan_beda_agama" title="Pernikahan beda agama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pernikahan beda agama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%93%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נישואים בין-דתיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נישואים בין-דתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegyes_h%C3%A1zass%C3%A1g" title="Vegyes házasság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegyes házasság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="आंतरधर्मीय विवाह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरधर्मीय विवाह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemengd_huwelijk" title="Gemengd huwelijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemengd huwelijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%A9%9A" title="異宗婚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="異宗婚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بین العقیدہ شادی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین العقیدہ شادی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Межконфессиональный брак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межконфессиональный брак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Међуверски брак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међуверски брак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="కులాంతర వివాహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కులాంతర వివాహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1" title="Міжрелігійний шлюб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжрелігійний шлюб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بین العقیدہ شادی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین العقیدہ شادی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="跨宗教婚姻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="跨宗教婚姻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q368881#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Interfaith_marriage" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Marriage between spouses professing different religions</div> <p> <b>Interfaith marriage</b>, sometimes called <b>interreligious marriage</b> or "<b>mixed marriage</b>", is <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> between spouses professing different <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>. Although interfaith marriages are often established as <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriages</a>, in some instances they may be established as a <a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious aspects of marriage">religious marriage</a>. This depends on <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious doctrine</a> of each of the two parties' religions; some prohibit interfaith marriage, and among others there are varying degrees of permissibility. </p><p>Several major religions are mute on the issue, and still others allow it with requirements for ceremony and custom. For <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> groups, resistance to interfaith marriage may be a form of <a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">self-segregation</a>. </p><p>In an interfaith marriage, each partner typically adheres to their own religion. One issue which can arise in such unions is the choice of faith in which to raise the children. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_right">Human right</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human right"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Article 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, men and women who have attained the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> have the right to marry "without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of Article 16 is incorporated verbatim in Article 23 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, the references to religious and racial limitations is omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 17, clause two, of the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a> says that all men and women have the right to marry, subject to the conditions of domestic law "insofar as such conditions do not affect the principle of nondiscrimination established in this Convention."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Pew Research Center Religious Landscape Study, interfaith marriage has become increasingly common in the United States during the past decades. While of marriages performed before 1960, 81% of marriages were between spouses from the same religious denomination, 11% were between spouses of different Christian denominations, 5% were between a Christian and a religiously unaffiliated spouse, and 3% were other mixed forms of interfaith marriages, the corresponding figures for marriages performed in the period of 2010-2014 were 61%, 15%, 18% and 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interfaith marriages are least common among Hindus, Mormons and Muslims, and most common among religiously unaffiliated people, mainline Protestants and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joan_Boocock_Lee" title="Joan Boocock Lee">Joan Boocock Lee</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian">Episcopalian</a> British American actress who was married to Jewish-American comic book creator <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> until her death, stated that the couple faced difficulty <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Adoption in the United States">adopting a child</a> in the mid-20th century United States.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act,_1954" title="Special Marriage Act, 1954">Special Marriage Act, 1954</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Love jihad">Love jihad</a></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noblemarriage.com/blog/can-a-muslim-marry-a-non-muslim/">Interfaith marriage</a> is controversial in some areas, especially disapproval of relationships between Hindus and Muslims. Advertisements and films depicting Hindu-Muslim relationships have attracted condemnation and legal action.<sup id="cite_ref-conversation_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conversation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu-Muslim couples have experienced harassment, including posting personal details on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 and 2021, several Indian states with <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a> governments passed laws prohibiting forced conversions, and requiring notification of intent to marry and a waiting period, and allowing anyone to object to the union. Interfaith marriages have been taken as an inherent indication of a forced conversion, despite some individuals stating they will not be converting in order to marry.<sup id="cite_ref-crux_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crux-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laws have been used to arrest and in some cases torture Muslim men who have married Hindu women.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing vigilante violence and after facing long delays and uncooperative lawyers and government officials, some couples have fled to other states to get married, often losing their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court" title="Gujarat High Court">Gujarat High Court</a> limited the scope of that state's law on the grounds of freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-crux_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crux-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion in Saudi Arabia</a> is heavily restricted, with the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi Islam">Wahhabi Islam</a> as the state religion. Public celebration or advocacy of any other religion is generally prohibited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, marriages are performed by delegated religious authorities. As such, most interfaith marriages are <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> not performed without a recognized conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-lerner2011p214_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lerner2011p214-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system is largely a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman Millet</a> system in which different communities were allowed to control their own internal affairs. In the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> religion there is no marriage between Druze and non-Druze and in traditional Judaism there is no marriage between a Jew and a Gentile. Thus, interfaith marriages in which one of the spouses is Jewish or Druze, are not recognized by the state. Muslim <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadis</a> sometimes perform marriage ceremonies of a Muslim with a Jewish or Christian woman, and Christian priests in special cases perform marriage ceremonies of a Christian or Christian woman with a non-Christian, and in other cases they are recognized retrospectively, and in any case the state recognizes these marriages. All interfaith marriages performed in other countries are recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-thejewishweek.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thejewishweek.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hitbolelut,</i> meaning <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, is a term used mainly to refer with prejudice to <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jews</a> who marry outside of the Jewish people. The term has strong resonance in Israel and with many Jews worldwide as marrying outside historically meant leaving the Jewish community to be absorbed by the dominant culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Endelman275_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endelman275-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps because of these norms, interfaith marriages between a Jewish individual and a non-Jewish individual are extremely rare in Israel. One <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study, conducted in 2014-2015, indicated that only about two percent of Jewish individuals were part of an interfaith marriage. In addition, about 97 percent of Jews in the same stated that they would be not be completely comfortable with their child marrying a Muslim while 89 percent expressed similar views when asked about a hypothetical marriage to a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_religion">By religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, all religions are inspired by God and interfaith marriage is permitted. A <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_marriage" title="Baháʼí marriage">Baháʼí ceremony</a> should be performed with the non-Baháʼí rite (or ceremony). If both ceremonies are performed, the non-Baháʼí ceremony should not invalidate the Baháʼí ceremony; the Baháʼí partner remains a Baháʼí, and is not adopting the religion of the other partner in the ceremony. The Baháʼí partner should also abstain from vows (or statements) committing them to a declaration of faith in another religion or that are contrary to the principles of the Baháʼí Faith. The two ceremonies should be performed on the same day; their order is not important. The Baháʼí ceremony may be performed in the place of worship of the other religion if it is afforded respect equal to the non-Baháʼí ceremony and is clearly distinct from the non-Baháʼí ceremony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ev_Stadtkirche_Ravensburg_innen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ev_Stadtkirche_Ravensburg_innen.jpg/300px-Ev_Stadtkirche_Ravensburg_innen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ev_Stadtkirche_Ravensburg_innen.jpg/450px-Ev_Stadtkirche_Ravensburg_innen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ev_Stadtkirche_Ravensburg_innen.jpg/600px-Ev_Stadtkirche_Ravensburg_innen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pastor in Germany marries a young couple in a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Christianity" title="Interfaith marriage in Christianity">Interfaith marriage in Christianity</a></div> <p>In Christianity, an interfaith marriage is a marriage between a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> and a non-Christian (e.g. a wedding between a Christian man and a Jewish woman, or between a Christian woman and a Muslim man); it is to be distinguished between an <a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_marriage" title="Interdenominational marriage">interdenominational marriage</a> in which two baptized Christians belonging to two different <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> marry (e.g. a wedding between a Lutheran Christian and a Catholic Christian). Almost all Christian denominations permit interdenominational marriages, though with respect to interfaith marriage, many Christian denominations caution against it, citing verses of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#6:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 6:14–15</a>, while certain Christian denominations have made allowances for interfaith marriage, which is referenced in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#7:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 7:14–15</a>, verses where <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> addresses originally non-Christian couples in which one of the spouses became a Christian after the marriage had taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-Soards1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soards1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lukito2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukito2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JuergensmeyerRoof2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JuergensmeyerRoof2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hurtado2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">early Church Fathers</a> was that "interreligious marriage undermined the ecclesiological integrity of the Christian community" though as <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Christianity rapidly spread</a>, cases would arise among non-Christian couples in which one person <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Tradition" title="Apostolic Tradition">Apostolic Tradition</a></i>, an early Christian Church Order, references such an interfaith couple in its instructions on <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">ablutions</a> preceding them, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-Weitz2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weitz2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hippolytus_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hippolytus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Around midnight rise and wash your hands with water and pray. If you are married, pray together. But if your spouse is not yet baptized, go into another room to pray, and then return to bed. Do not hesitate to pray, for one who has been joined in marital relations is not impure.<sup id="cite_ref-Hippolytus_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hippolytus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The early Christian <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Elvira" title="Synod of Elvira">Council of Elvira</a> prohibited interreligious marriage "no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul."<sup id="cite_ref-Witte2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> in AD 410, ruled that "Christian women should not marry across religious boundaries" though it allowed for Christian men to marry "women of all nations" (<i>neshē men kul 'ammin</i>) in order that Christian men would "instruct them in the ways of Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-Weitz2018_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weitz2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural context at the time was that a couple's children would follow the religion of the father.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahanam2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahanam2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Synod of Elvira forbade Christian parents who permitted their daughters to marry nonbelievers to receive <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Holy Communion</a>, "even at the time of death".<sup id="cite_ref-Witte2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>, the local church congregation is tasked with supporting and including the interfaith couple in the life of the Church, "help[ing] parents make and live by commitments about the spiritual nurture of their children", and being inclusive of the children of the interfaith couple.<sup id="cite_ref-PCUSA2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCUSA2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pastor is to be available to help and counsel the interfaith couple in their life journey.<sup id="cite_ref-PCUSA2010_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCUSA2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> recognizes as sacramental, (1) the marriages between two baptized Protestants or between two baptized Orthodox Christians, as well as (2) marriages between baptized non-Catholic Christians and Catholic Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-Foster1999_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in the latter case, consent from the diocesan bishop must be obtained, with this termed "permission to enter into a mixed marriage".<sup id="cite_ref-Burke1999_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate (1), for example, "if two Lutherans marry in the Lutheran Church in the presence of a Lutheran minister, the Catholic Church recognizes this as a valid sacrament of marriage."<sup id="cite_ref-Foster1999_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, although the Catholic Church recognizes marriages between two non-Christians or those between a Catholic Christian and a non-Christian, these are not considered to be sacramental, and in the latter case, the Catholic Christian must seek permission from their bishop for the marriage to occur; this permission is known as "dispensation from <a href="/wiki/Disparity_of_cult" title="Disparity of cult">disparity of cult</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist Christianity</a>, the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline" title="Book of Discipline">Book of Discipline</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> discourages interfaith marriages, stating "Many Christians have married unconverted persons. This has produced bad effects; they have either been hindered for life, or have turned back to perdition."<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> authorizes its clergy to preside at interfaith marriages, it notes that <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#6:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 6:14</a> has been interpreted "as at least an ideal if not an absolute ban on such [interfaith] marriages as an issue of scriptural faithfulness, if not as an issue of Christian survival."<sup id="cite_ref-BurtonEdwards2010_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurtonEdwards2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, for those already in an interfaith marriage (including cases in which there is a non-Christian couple and one party <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converts to Christianity</a> after marriage), the Church notes that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> "addresses persons married to unbelievers and encourages them to stay married (see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#7:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 7:12–16</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-BurtonEdwards2010_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurtonEdwards2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Holiness_Association_of_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches">Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches</a> teaches that "For a Christian to marry an unbeliever is unscriptural. If one does marry an unconverted party and trouble follows, he/she cannot blame God for his/her wrongdoing but must expect to pay the penalty, for the marriage covenant is morally binding so long as both live and, therefore, may not be dissolved at will (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#7:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 7:39</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Marriage in Hinduism</a></div> <p>In Hinduism, texts like the <i><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i> do not have any views on interfaith marriages by differentiating between people of different religions. This is because there was no other known religion in the ancient period during their composition. Law books like the <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajnavalkya Smriti">Yajnavalkya Smriti</a></i>, and the <i>Parashara Smriti</i> speak of marriage rules among various <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)"><i>kula</i>s</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotras</a>,</i> i.e. marriage outside of <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a></i>. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a></i> system, marriage is normally between two individuals of the same <i>varna</i>. Marriages between men of higher birth and women of lower birth (<i>anuloma</i>) was sanctioned, but marriages between men of lower birth and women of higher birth (<i>pratiloma</i>) were frowned upon.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Hindu literature identified four <i>varnas</i>: <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishyas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a> requires that both the bride and the bridegroom belong only to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, to the exclusion of non-Indian religions, and if any of the two parties converts to any non-Hindu and non-Vedic religion, the marriage automatically becomes null and void.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Islam" title="Interfaith marriage in Islam">Interfaith marriage in Islam</a></div> <p>While the legality of interfaith marriage varies in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a>, in traditional <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> and traditional Islamic law <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation and Islam">Muslim women are forbidden from marrying non-Muslim men</a>, whereas Muslim men are permitted to marry Christian or Jewish women.<sup id="cite_ref-Elmali-Karakaya_2020_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elmali-Karakaya_2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is lawful for Muslim men to marry Jewish or Christian women but not a polytheist woman (<a href="/wiki/Quran_5:5" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 5:5">Quran 5:5</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a Muslim-Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the Christian spouse is not to be prevented from <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">attending church</a> for prayer and worship, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad">Ashtiname of Muhammad</a>, a treaty between Muslims and Christians recorded between <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, according to the traditional understanding of interfaith marriage in Islam, Muslim women are forbidden from intermarrying with non-Muslim men based on Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not marry polytheist woman until she believes; a slave believing woman is better than polytheist women though she allures you; Do not marry (your girls) to polytheist man until he believes: A man slave who believes is better than a polytheist man, even though he allures you. They do (but) beckon you to the Fire. But God beckons by His Grace to the Garden (of bliss) and forgiveness, and makes His Signs clear to mankind: so that they may understand.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_2:221" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 2:221">Quran 2:221</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O ye who believe! When there come to you believing women refugees, examine (and test) them: God knows best as to their Faith: if ye ascertain that they are Believers, then send them not back to the Unbelievers. They are not lawful wives for the Unbelievers, nor are the Unbelievers lawful husbands for them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_60:10" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 60:10">Quran 60:10</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In some societies outside the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">dar al-islam</a></i>, interfaith marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims are not uncommon, including marriages that contradict the historic Sunni understanding of <i><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijmāʿ</a></i> (the consensus of <i><a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">fuqāha</a></i>) as to the bounds of legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Elmali-Karakaya_2020_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elmali-Karakaya_2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghouse2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghouse2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeman2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeman2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">reformist and progressive Islam</a>, however, permits marriage between Muslim women and non-Muslim men;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeman2009_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeman2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic scholars opining this view include <a href="/wiki/Khaleel_Mohammed" title="Khaleel Mohammed">Khaleel Mohammed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daayiee_Abdullah" title="Daayiee Abdullah">Daayiee Abdullah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Jahangir2017_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahangir2017-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Muslim jurists in the most-prominent schools of Islamic jurisprudence ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i> that the marriage of a Muslim man to a Christian or Jewish woman is <i><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">makruh</a></i> (disapproved) if they live in a non-Muslim country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a> (634–644) denied interfaith marriage to Muslim men during his command of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-onislam.net_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onislam.net-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim-majority countries</a> allow interfaith marriages to Christian or Jewish women but not to Christian or Jewish men.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> for example, there is no civil personal status law. Conventionally, marriages are performed according to the sect the spouses belong to. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> allows marriages between Muslim women and non-Muslim men through secular laws.<sup id="cite_ref-fordham_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> since 16 September 2017, Muslim women can lawfully marry any man of any faith, or of <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, a non-Muslim must convert to Islam in order to marry a Muslim and the offspring of such unions are automatically Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kutty" title="Ahmad Kutty">Ahmad Kutty</a> has expressed disapproval of all interfaith marriages, citing Umar.<sup id="cite_ref-onislam.net_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onislam.net-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Canadian Islamic teacher <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Philips" title="Bilal Philips">Bilal Philips</a>, the verse permitting Muslim men to marry non-Muslim women is no longer valid for several reasons (including its misinterpretation).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Shabir_Ally" title="Shabir Ally">Shabir Ally</a> has also said that it is <i>makruh</i> for a Muslim man to marry outside his religion.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Islam">progressive Islam</a> permits marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men; Members opining this view include Muslim scholars <a href="/wiki/Khaleel_Mohammed" title="Khaleel Mohammed">Khaleel Mohammed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daayiee_Abdullah" title="Daayiee Abdullah">Daayiee Abdullah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Jahangir2017_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahangir2017-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">Interfaith marriage in Judaism</a></div> <p>Interfaith marriage in Judaism was historically viewed with disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains controversial. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">poskim</a></i> prohibit non-Jews to marry Jews, and discuss when the prohibition is from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and when it is rabbinical.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1236, <a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Coucy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses of Coucy">Moses of Coucy</a> encouraged Jewish men who had married Christian or Muslim women to divorce them.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1844, the reform <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Conference_of_Brunswick" title="Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick">Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick</a> permitted Jews to marry "any adherent of a monotheistic religion" if children of the marriage were raised Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-JewEncInter_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewEncInter-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conference was controversial; one of its resolutions called on members to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a> prayer, which opens the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One member of the conference later changed his opinion, becoming an opponent of intermarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Judaism does not consider marriage between a Jew by birth and a convert as intermarriage;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblical passages which apparently support intermarriage, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (son of Jacob)">Joseph</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asenath" title="Asenath">Asenath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Boaz" title="Boaz">Boaz</a>, were regarded by classical rabbis as having occurred after the non-Jewish spouse had converted.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some still considered Canaanites forbidden to marry even after conversion, although this did not necessarily apply to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> refuses to accept intermarriage and tries to avoid facilitating them. <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> does not sanction intermarriage but encourages acceptance of the non-Jewish spouse by the family in the hope that such acceptance will lead to the spouse's <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2014 the <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_of_Conservative_Judaism" title="United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism">United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_Youth" title="United Synagogue Youth">United Synagogue Youth</a> controversially modified a binding rule that its leaders would not <a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">date</a> <a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">non-Jews</a>, replacing it with a "recogni[tion of] the importance of dating within the Jewish community."<sup id="cite_ref-A7-intermarriage_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A7-intermarriage-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> Judaism do not generally regard the authority of classical rabbis; many <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> from these denominations are willing to officiate at interfaith marriages,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some try to persuade intermarried couples to raise their children as Jews. In 1870, some Reform Jews published the opinion that intermarriage is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">Reconstructionist Rabbinical College</a> voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> the first major movement within Judaism to allow rabbis to have relationships with non-Jewish partners.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a> is a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life, defining Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people. The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Humanistic_Judaism" title="Society for Humanistic Judaism">Society for Humanistic Judaism</a> answers the question, "Is intermarriage contributing to the demise of Judaism?" on its website: "Intermarriage is the positive consequence of a free and open society. If the Jewish community is open, welcoming, embracing, and pluralistic, we will encourage more people to identify with the Jewish people rather than fewer. Intermarriage could contribute to the continuity of the Jewish people."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 19th century, intermarriage was relatively rare; less than one-tenth of one percent of the Jews of Algeria, for example, practiced <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 20th century, rates of Jewish intermarriage have increased. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from 1996 to 2001, nearly half (47 percent) of marriages involving Jews were intermarriages with non-Jewish partners<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a similar proportion—44 percent—as in the early 20th century in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the religious authorities, which are the only entities authorized to perform weddings in Israel, can only perform marriages within the confines of whatever religion they are a religious figure for. Therefore, interfaith couples can usually be legally married in Israel only if one of the partners converts to the religion of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-thejewishweek.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thejewishweek.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interfaith couples from Israel and Lebanon often travel to Cyprus to be legally wed.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serer_religion">Serer religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Serer religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In orthodox <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious faith</a>), interfaith and <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial</a> marriages are forbidden. Banishment and disinheritance may be levied against a <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> who disobeys the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Serer_Race_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_Race-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Serer-Noon</a> (a sub-group of the Serer people) adhere strongly to this teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Serer_Race_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_Race-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite some <i><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a></i> allowing weddings <a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj#Anand_Karaj_of_a_Sikh_with_a_non-Sikh" title="Anand Karaj">between a Sikh and a non-Sikh</a>, the vast majority oppose it. As per the 1945 Sikh Rehat Maryada (Code of Conduct), an interfaith anand karaj is not allowed within the Sikh faith.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10th Sikh Guru had indicated within <a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh</a> that "a Sikh’s daughter must be married to a Sikh". In 2014, the Sikh Council in the UK developed a consistent approach towards marriages in Gurdwaras where one partner is not of Sikh origin, following a two-year consultation with Gurdwara Sahib Committees, Sikh Organisations, and individuals. The resulting guidelines were approved by the General Assembly of Sikh Council UK on 11 October 2014, and state that Gurdwaras are encouraged to ensure that both parties to an Anand Karaj wedding are Sikhs, but that where a couple chooses to undertake a civil marriage they should be offered the opportunity to hold an <i>Ardas</i>, <i>Sukhmani Sahib Path</i>, <i>Akhand Path</i>, or other service to celebrate their marriage in the presence of family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Sahib_Leamington_and_Warwick#Conflict" title="Gurdwara Sahib Leamington and Warwick">Some gurdwaras</a> permit mixed marriages, which has led to controversy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some traditional <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> in India disapprove of and discourage interfaith marriages, and female adherents who marry outside the faith are often considered to be excommunicated. When a female adherent marries a partner from another religion, they go through the risk of not being able to enter the <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple#Atash_Adaran" title="Fire temple">Agyaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Atash Behrams</a>. In the past, their partner and children were forbidden from entering Zoroastrian religious buildings; this is often still observed. A loophole was found to avoid such expulsion: the offspring (especially born out of wedlock) of a Parsi man and a non-Parsi woman were often "adopted" by the Parsi father and tacitly accepted into the religion. Alternatively in a few cases such as that of <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_RD_Tata" title="Suzanne RD Tata">Suzanne RD Tata</a>, the non-Zoroastrian spouse has been allowed to convert Zoroastrianism by undergoing the <a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">navjote</a> ritual<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interfaith marriages may skew Zoroastrian demographics, since the number of adherents is low. </p><p>According to Indian law (where most Parsis live), only the father of the child must be a Zoroastrian for the child (or children) to be accepted into the faith. This has been debated, since the religion promotes gender equality (which the law violates). Zoroastrians in North America and Europe defy the rule, and children of a non-Zoroastrian father are accepted as Zoroastrians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sacred_music">Sacred music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sacred music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern times various composers have written sacred music for use during interfaith marriage ceremonies including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirty_Fishing" title="Flirty Fishing">Flirty Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_marriage" title="Interdenominational marriage">Interdenominational marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Love jihad">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_religious_belonging" title="Multiple religious belonging">Multiple religious belonging</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a16">"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fudhr%2Findex.shtml%23a16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm">"AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS"</a>. <i>cidh.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cidh.org&rft.atitle=AMERICAN+CONVENTION+ON+HUMAN+RIGHTS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidh.org%2FBasicos%2FEnglish%2FBasic3.American%2520Convention.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/02/interfaith-marriage/">"Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed"</a>. 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interfaith+marriage+is+common+in+U.S.%2C+particularly+among+the+recently+wed&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2015%2F06%2F02%2Finterfaith-marriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/02/interfaith-marriage/">"Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed"</a>. 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interfaith+marriage+is+common+in+U.S.%2C+particularly+among+the+recently+wed&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2015%2F06%2F02%2Finterfaith-marriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Boocock_Lee" title="Joan Boocock Lee">Joan Boocock Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> (2010). <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1091863/" class="extiw" title="imdbtitle:1091863"><i>With Great Power: The Stan Lee Story</i></a>. Event occurs at 0:47:20. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038407559">1038407559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+Great+Power%3A+The+Stan+Lee+Story&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038407559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conversation-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-conversation_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly2021" class="citation web cs1">Ganguly, Sumit (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-problem-with-indias-love-jihad-laws-152675">"The problem with India's 'love jihad' laws"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+problem+with+India%27s+%27love+jihad%27+laws&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-problem-with-indias-love-jihad-laws-152675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/communalism/hindu-muslim-couples-love-jihad-rightwing-marriage-notice">"To Harass Hindu-Muslim Couples, Rightwing Activists Are Now Using Their Marriage Documents"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=To+Harass+Hindu-Muslim+Couples%2C+Rightwing+Activists+Are+Now+Using+Their+Marriage+Documents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fcommunalism%2Fhindu-muslim-couples-love-jihad-rightwing-marriage-notice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crux-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crux_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crux_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2021/08/indian-court-strikes-down-provisions-against-interfaith-marriage/">Indian court strikes down provisions against interfaith marriage</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/14/muslims-targeted-under-indian-states-love-jihad-law">"Muslims targeted under Indian state's 'love jihad' law"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Muslims+targeted+under+Indian+state%27s+%27love+jihad%27+law&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fdec%2F14%2Fmuslims-targeted-under-indian-states-love-jihad-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/09/14/1037096376/a-new-law-in-india-is-making-it-harder-for-interfaith-couples-to-get-married">"A New Law In India Is Making It Harder For Interfaith Couples To Get Married"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=A+New+Law+In+India+Is+Making+It+Harder+For+Interfaith+Couples+To+Get+Married&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F09%2F14%2F1037096376%2Fa-new-law-in-india-is-making-it-harder-for-interfaith-couples-to-get-married&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56330206">"India's interfaith couples on edge after new law"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=India%27s+interfaith+couples+on+edge+after+new+law&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-56330206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lerner2011p214-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lerner2011p214_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna_Lerner2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanna Lerner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC"><i>Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50292-4"><bdi>978-1-139-50292-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Constitutions+in+Deeply+Divided+Societies&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50292-4&rft.au=Hanna+Lerner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMykpY_PRtmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/opinion/civil-marriage-now-504216">"Civil marriage now"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. 4 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Civil+marriage+now&rft.date=2017-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fcivil-marriage-now-504216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thejewishweek.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thejewishweek.com_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thejewishweek.com_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Chabin 2013-06-13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/celebrate/married-mediterranean-not-israel">Married On The Mediterranean — But Not In Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203024852/http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/celebrate/married-mediterranean-not-israel">Archived</a> 3 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Jewish Week. Retrieved 2015-10-01</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endelman275-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Endelman275_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndelman2015" class="citation book cs1">Endelman, Todd M. (2015). "7. Neither Jew nor Christian. New Religions, New Creeds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400866380-010/html"><i>Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400866380-010">10.1515/9781400866380-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866380" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866380"><bdi>9781400866380</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Neither+Jew+nor+Christian.+New+Religions%2C+New+Creeds&rft.btitle=Leaving+the+Jewish+Fold%3A+Conversion+and+Radical+Assimilation+in+Modern+Jewish+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400866380-010&rft.isbn=9781400866380&rft.aulast=Endelman&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400866380-010%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndelman2015" class="citation book cs1">Endelman, Todd (31 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400866380"><i>Leaving the Jewish Fold</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400866380">10.1515/9781400866380</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6638-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6638-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-6638-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaving+the+Jewish+Fold&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400866380&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6638-0&rft.aulast=Endelman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400866380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew_Research_Center2016" class="citation web cs1">Pew Research Center (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/intergroup-marriage-and-friendship/">"11. Intergroup marriage and friendship"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11.+Intergroup+marriage+and+friendship&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.au=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fintergroup-marriage-and-friendship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soards1999-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soards1999_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoards1999" class="citation book cs1">Soards, Marion L. (1999). <i>New International Biblical Commentary: 1 Corinthians</i>. Hendrickson. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943575-97-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943575-97-1"><bdi>978-0-943575-97-1</bdi></a>. <q>Although the church has attempted to work from these lines in formulating policies about so-called mixed marriages, the present verses do not deal with the majority of interfaith marriages as we know them in the late twentieth century. Paul is writing to first-century, first-generation converts, many of whom had religious backgrounds in paganism and many of whom might have spouses who were not believers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+International+Biblical+Commentary%3A+1+Corinthians&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-943575-97-1&rft.aulast=Soards&rft.aufirst=Marion+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukito2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lukito2012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukito2012" class="citation book cs1">Lukito, Ratno (6 August 2012). <i>Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28557-8"><bdi>978-1-136-28557-8</bdi></a>. <q>Furthermore, from the judges' understanding of Christian teaching, interfaith marriage is similarly disallowed in the New Testament (2 Corinthians 6:14).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Pluralism+in+Indonesia%3A+Bridging+the+Unbridgeable&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28557-8&rft.aulast=Lukito&rft.aufirst=Ratno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JuergensmeyerRoof2012-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JuergensmeyerRoof2012_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2012" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2012). <i>Encyclopedia of Global Religion</i>. SAGE. p. 563. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2729-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2729-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-2729-7</bdi></a>. <q>... most Christian churches support members who take part in intermarriage, citing 1 Corinthians 7:12-14.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pages=563&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Roof%2C+Wade+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurtado2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado2005_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (2 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA63">"To Live and Die for Jesus: Social and Political Consequences of Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity"</a>. <i>How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge, UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2861-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2861-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Live+and+Die+for+Jesus%3A+Social+and+Political+Consequences+of+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.btitle=How+on+Earth+Did+Jesus+Become+a+God%3F+Historical+Questions+about+Earliest+Devotion+to+Jesus&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan+and+Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2861-3&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXi5xIxgnNgcC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz2018-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz2018_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz2018_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2018" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Lev E. (24 May 2018). <i>Between Christ and Caliph: Law, Marriage, and Christian Community in Early Islam</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5027-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-5027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Christ+and+Caliph%3A+Law%2C+Marriage%2C+and+Christian+Community+in+Early+Islam&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-5027-5&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Lev+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hippolytus-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hippolytus_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hippolytus_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippolytus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjohnsarlingtonva.org/Customer-Content/saintjohnsarlington/CMS/files/EFM/Apostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf">"Apostolic Tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. St. John's Episcopal Church. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Tradition&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=St.+John%27s+Episcopal+Church&rft.au=Hippolytus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjohnsarlingtonva.org%2FCustomer-Content%2Fsaintjohnsarlington%2FCMS%2Ffiles%2FEFM%2FApostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witte2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witte2012_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte2012_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2012" class="citation book cs1">Witte, John (31 January 2012). <i>From Sacrament to Contract, Second Edition: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition</i>. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-192-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-192-9"><bdi>978-1-61164-192-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Council of Elvira also prohibited interreligious marriage: 15. Christian girls are not to marry pagans, no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul. 17. If parents allow their daughter to marry a pagan priest, they shall not receive communion even at the time of death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sacrament+to+Contract%2C+Second+Edition%3A+Marriage%2C+Religion%2C+and+Law+in+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61164-192-9&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahanam2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sahanam2009_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahanam2009" class="citation book cs1">Sahanam, L. E. (2009). <i>Belonging But Not Believing: Interfaith Marriage</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="ISPCK">ISPCK</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8458-088-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8458-088-4"><bdi>978-81-8458-088-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belonging+But+Not+Believing%3A+Interfaith+Marriage&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=ISPCK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8458-088-4&rft.aulast=Sahanam&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCUSA2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCUSA2010_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCUSA2010_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Interfaith Marriage</i>. <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>. 6 October 2010. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interfaith+Marriage&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Church+%28USA%29&rft.date=2010-10-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster1999-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foster1999_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster1999_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1999" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Michael Smith (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annulmentwedding00fost/page/83"><i>Annulment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annulmentwedding00fost/page/83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809138449" title="Special:BookSources/9780809138449"><bdi>9780809138449</bdi></a>. <q>The Catholic Church considers marriages of baptized Protestants to be valid marriages. So if two Lutherans marry in the Lutheran Church in the presence of a Lutheran minister, the Catholic Church recognizes this as a valid sacrament of marriage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annulment&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780809138449&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Michael+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannulmentwedding00fost%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke1999-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burke1999_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1999" class="citation book cs1">Burke, John (1999). <i>Catholic Marriage</i>. Paulines Publications Africa. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789966081063" title="Special:BookSources/9789966081063"><bdi>9789966081063</bdi></a>. <q>We might remind ourselves here that a marriage between a Catholic and a baptized person that takes place in the Catholic Church, or in another Church with permission from the diocesan bishop, is a sacramental union. Such a marriage is a life-long union and no power on earth can dissolve it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Marriage&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Paulines+Publications+Africa&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789966081063&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221104452/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/are-non-catholic-marriages-valid-in-the-eyes-of-the-catholic-church-what-if-a-catholi">"Are non-Catholic marriages valid in the eyes of the Catholic Church? What if a Catholic marries a non-Catholic?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a>. 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/are-non-catholic-marriages-valid-in-the-eyes-of-the-catholic-church-what-if-a-catholi">the original</a> on 21 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>Supernatural marriages exist only between baptized people, so marriages between two Jews or two Muslims are only natural marriages. Assuming no impediments, marriages between Jews or Muslims would be valid natural marriages. Marriages between two Protestants or two Eastern Orthodox also would be valid, presuming no impediments, but these would be supernatural (sacramental) marriages and thus indissoluble.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+non-Catholic+marriages+valid+in+the+eyes+of+the+Catholic+Church%3F+What+if+a+Catholic+marries+a+non-Catholic%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fquickquestions%2Fare-non-catholic-marriages-valid-in-the-eyes-of-the-catholic-church-what-if-a-catholi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWMC2014-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AWMC2014_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>. 2014. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection+%28Original+Allegheny+Conference%29&rft.place=Salem&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurtonEdwards2010-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BurtonEdwards2010_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurtonEdwards2010_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton-Edwards2010" class="citation web cs1">Burton-Edwards, Taylor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/blog/interfaith-marriage-pastoral-discernment-and-responsibility">"Interfaith Marriage: Pastoral Discernment and Responsibility"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interfaith+Marriage%3A+Pastoral+Discernment+and+Responsibility&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Burton-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcdiscipleship.org%2Fblog%2Finterfaith-marriage-pastoral-discernment-and-responsibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Declaration of Principles: Manual of the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Holiness_Association_of_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches">Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches</a>. 2017. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Principles%3A+Manual+of+the+Wesleyan+Holiness+Association+of+Churches&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Holiness+Association+of+Churches&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2005" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Bharati (15 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=142HAwAAQBAJ&dq=marriage+within+varna&pg=PA36"><i>Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods</i></a>. SAGE Publications India. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0264-9"><bdi>978-81-321-0264-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+India%3A+Colonial+and+Post-colonial+Periods&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0264-9&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Bharati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D142HAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmarriage%2Bwithin%2Bvarna%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia" class="citation book cs1">India, Parliament of. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955"><i>Hindu Marriage Act, 1955</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Marriage+Act%2C+1955&rft.aulast=India&rft.aufirst=Parliament+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHindu_Marriage_Act%2C_1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elmali-Karakaya_2020-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elmali-Karakaya_2020_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elmali-Karakaya_2020_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmali-Karakaya2020" class="citation book cs1">Elmali-Karakaya, Ayse (2020). "Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages". In Hood, Ralph W.; Cheruvallil-Contractor, Sariya (eds.). <i>Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms</i>. Vol. 31. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 388–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004443969_020">10.1163/9789004443969_020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44348-8"><bdi>978-90-04-44348-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1046-8064">1046-8064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234539750">234539750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+Married+to+a+Non-Muslim+Husband%3A+Religious+Identity+in+Muslim+Women%27s+Interfaith+Marriages&rft.btitle=Research+in+the+Social+Scientific+Study+of+Religion%3A+A+Diversity+of+Paradigms&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=388-410&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004443969_020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234539750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1046-8064&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44348-8&rft.aulast=Elmali-Karakaya&rft.aufirst=Ayse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leeman, A. B. (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf">"Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Law_Journal" title="Indiana Law Journal">Indiana Law Journal</a></i>. <b>84</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Maurer_School_of_Law" title="Indiana University Maurer School of Law">Indiana University Maurer School of Law</a>: 743–772. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-6665">0019-6665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52224503">52224503</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Interfaith+Marriage+in+Islam%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Legal+Theory+Behind+the+Traditional+and+Reformist+Positions&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=743-772&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0019-6665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52224503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leeman&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filj.law.indiana.edu%2Farticles%2F84%2F84_2_Leeman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D5">5:5</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2013_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2013" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar S. (11 January 2013). <i>Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise</i>. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92417-2"><bdi>978-1-134-92417-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Quran speaks favourably of the people of the Book. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the people of the Book irrespective of their religious label--Christian, Jew or Muslim. Muslims can marry with the people of the Book,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernism+and+Islam%3A+Predicament+and+Promise&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92417-2&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimaniAshton2019" class="citation book cs1">Timani, Hussam S.; Ashton, Loye Sekihata (29 November 2019). <i>Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology</i>. Springer Nature. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27308-8"><bdi>978-3-030-27308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Christian+Interreligious+Liberation+Theology&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.isbn=978-3-030-27308-8&rft.aulast=Timani&rft.aufirst=Hussam+S.&rft.au=Ashton%2C+Loye+Sekihata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saeed, Hassan (2004): <i>Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam</i>. Ashgate Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3082-1">978-0-7546-3082-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, Timothy P. (2005): <i>Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94971-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94971-8">0-415-94971-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altstein,Howard;Simon, Rita James (2003): <i>Global perspectives on social issues: marriage and divorce</i>. Lexington, Mass: LexingtonBooks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0588-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0588-4">0-7391-0588-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614045804/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_931.html">"Marriage to Saudis"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_931.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marriage+to+Saudis&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Ftravel%2Fcis_pa_tw%2Ftw%2Ftw_931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D221">2:221</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D60%3Averse%3D10">60:10</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghouse2017-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghouse2017_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhouse2017" class="citation web cs1">Ghouse, Mike (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/can-a-muslim-woman-marry-a-non-muslim-man_b_589aae92e4b061551b3e05a8">"Can A Muslim Woman Marry A Non-Muslim Man?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Can+A+Muslim+Woman+Marry+A+Non-Muslim+Man%3F&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Ghouse&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fcan-a-muslim-woman-marry-a-non-muslim-man_b_589aae92e4b061551b3e05a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeman2009-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeman2009_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeman2009_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeman2009">Leeman 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahangir2017-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jahangir2017_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jahangir2017_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir2017" class="citation web cs1">Jahangir, Junaid (21 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html">"Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Muslim+Women+Can+Marry+Outside+The+Faith&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Junaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2Fjunaid-jahangir%2Fmuslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onislam.net-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onislam.net_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onislam.net_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901212226/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/marriage/174258-marriage-to-a-christian-woman-unrestrictedly-permitted.html">"Marriage to a Christian Woman: Unrestrictedly Permitted?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/marriage/174258-marriage-to-a-christian-woman-unrestrictedly-permitted.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier22/D22-13-psl.rtf">the original</a> on 29 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Need+to+Unify+Personal+Status+Laws+in+Arab+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wluml.org%2Fenglish%2Fpubs%2Frtf%2Fdossiers%2Fdossier22%2FD22-13-psl.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fordham-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fordham_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub13019.pdf">TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY LOVING: NATIONALITY, GENDER, AND RELIGION IN THE MUSLIM WORLD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194930/http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub13019.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813113000/http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Society%20and%20Life/Citizen/Family/Marriage/ProcedureMarriageMuslimandNonMuslim/Pages/MarriageBetweenMuslimandNonMuslim.aspx">"Marriage Procedures Between Muslim and Non-Muslim"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Society%20and%20Life/Citizen/Family/Marriage/ProcedureMarriageMuslimandNonMuslim/Pages/MarriageBetweenMuslimandNonMuslim.aspx">the original</a> on 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marriage+Procedures+Between+Muslim+and+Non-Muslim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysia.gov.my%2FEN%2FRelevant%2520Topics%2FSociety%2520and%2520Life%2FCitizen%2FFamily%2FMarriage%2FProcedureMarriageMuslimandNonMuslim%2FPages%2FMarriageBetweenMuslimandNonMuslim.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7boA3baF2dg">"Marriage to Non Muslim - Contemporary Issues - Bilal Philips"</a>. YouTube. 14 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7boA3baF2dg">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marriage+to+Non+Muslim+-+Contemporary+Issues+-+Bilal+Philips&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7boA3baF2dg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228192858/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/society-and-family/interfaith-issues/461537-can-a-muslim-women-marry-a-non-muslim-man.html">"Can a Muslim Woman Marry a Non-Muslim Man?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/society-and-family/interfaith-issues/461537-can-a-muslim-women-marry-a-non-muslim-man.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+a+Muslim+Woman+Marry+a+Non-Muslim+Man%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onislam.net%2Fenglish%2Fask-about-islam%2Fsociety-and-family%2Finterfaith-issues%2F461537-can-a-muslim-women-marry-a-non-muslim-man.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud Bavli, <a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a> 36b; <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations 12:1 and commentaries; Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> II:16:2 and commentaries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses of Coucy, <i>Sefer Mitzvot ha-Gadol</i>, 112, as per JE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncInter-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JewEncInter_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>, <i>Intermarriage</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Encyclopedia, "Conferences, Rabbinical"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Philippson, <i>Israelitische Religionslehre</i> (1865), 3:350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Berakhot</a> 28a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiddushin 5:4 (Tosefta)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> III:4:10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis Rabbah, 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations, 12:22 and Maggid Mashnah ad. loc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism</i>, <i>Statement on Intermarriage</i>, Adopted on March 7, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A7-intermarriage-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A7-intermarriage_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFendel2014" class="citation news cs1">Fendel, Hillel (26 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189151">"Conservative Judaism Youth Group Relaxes Inter-Dating Rules"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Interfaith+couples+go+to+Cyprus+to+wed&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Foct%2F21%2Finterfaith-couples-go-to-cyprus-to-wed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serer_Race-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serer_Race_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serer_Race_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Sérères</a>: L'Exemple Le de la <a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s_Region" title="Thiès Region">Région de Thiès</a>", [in] <i>Ethiopiques</i> n°54, revue semestrielle, de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7., 2e semestre (1991)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?page=imprimer-article&id_article=1253">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630093306/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?page=imprimer-article&id_article=1253">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaurlife.org/2016/09/14/inter-faith-anand-karaj/">"The Inter-Faith Anand Karaj"</a>. 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Inter-Faith+Anand+Karaj&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaurlife.org%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Finter-faith-anand-karaj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikh_Council_UK2014" class="citation web cs1">Sikh Council UK (25 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikh24.com/2014/10/25/sikh-council-uk-develops-guidelines-of-approach-to-inter-faith-marriages-in-gurdwaras/">"Sikh Council UK Develops Guidelines of Approach to Inter-Faith Marriages in Gurdwaras"</a>. <i>Sikh24.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sikh24.com&rft.atitle=Sikh+Council+UK+Develops+Guidelines+of+Approach+to+Inter-Faith+Marriages+in+Gurdwaras&rft.date=2014-10-25&rft.au=Sikh+Council+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikh24.com%2F2014%2F10%2F25%2Fsikh-council-uk-develops-guidelines-of-approach-to-inter-faith-marriages-in-gurdwaras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoroastrians.net/2010/12/17/conversion-allowed-in-zoroastrianism/">"Conversion Allowed in Zoroastrianism ?"</a>. <i>zoroastrians.net</i>. 17 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zoroastrians.net&rft.atitle=Conversion+Allowed+in+Zoroastrianism+%3F&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzoroastrians.net%2F2010%2F12%2F17%2Fconversion-allowed-in-zoroastrianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterfaith+marriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf">Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection score "Processional March (1951, Revised for Organ 1968)" Folder 18 p. 10 archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special collections on esm.rochester.edu</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Interfaith Marriage: Share and Respect with Equality,</i> Dr. Dilip Amin, Mount Meru publishing</li> <li><i>This is My Friend, This is My Beloved: A Pastoral Letter on Human Sexuality</i> (Jewish) Elliot N. Dorff, The Rabbinical Assembly</li> <li><i>It All Begins with a Date: Jewish Concerns about Intermarriage: Jewish Concerns about Intermarriage</i>, Alan Silverstein, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a>, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56821-542-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56821-542-8">1-56821-542-8</a></li> <li>Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism, Statement on Intermarriage. Adopted on March 7, 1995</li> <li>'Why Marry Jewish: Surprising Reasons for Jews to Marry Jews', Doron Kornbluth, [Targum/Feldheim], 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56871-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56871-250-2">1-56871-250-2</a></li> <li>'Dear Rabbi, Why Can't I Marry Her?', Eliezer Shemtov, [Targum/Feldheim], 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56871-410-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56871-410-6">1-56871-410-6</a></li> <li>Strange Wives: Intermarriage in the biblical world, Stanley Ned Rosenbaum and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Secher" title="Allen Secher">Allen Secher</a>, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0986322601" title="Special:BookSources/0986322601">0986322601</a></li> <li><i>Intimate Diversity: an Anglican Practical Theology of Interreligious Marriage,</i> Paul Aidan Smith, [Brill], 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46032-4">978-90-04-46032-4</a></li> <li><i>Being Both: Embracing Two Religions in One Interfaith Family</i>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Katz_Miller" title="Susan Katz Miller">Susan Katz Miller</a>, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807013199" title="Special:BookSources/9780807013199">9780807013199</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interfaith_marriage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123110214/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09698a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Mixed Marriage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8137-intermarriage/">Jewish Encyclopedia: Intermarriage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=145413">More on the Jewish view on Intermarriage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/12561">The Marriage Imbroglio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfaithfamily.com">Resources for Interfaith Families where one partner is Jewish</a> from <a href="/wiki/Interfaithfamily.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfaithfamily.com">Interfaithfamily.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interfaith marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirari_vos" title="Mirari vos">Mirari vos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Moral relativism</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaith_space" title="Multifaith space">Multifaith space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_religious_belonging" title="Multiple religious belonging">Multiple religious belonging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennialism">Perennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a 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title="Jacques Dupuis (Jesuit)">Jacques Dupuis (Jesuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">John Hick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj_Muhammad_Legenhausen" title="Hajj Muhammad Legenhausen">Hajj Muhammad Legenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Knitter" title="Paul F. Knitter">Paul F. Knitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_marriages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_marriages" title="Template talk:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_marriages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary marriage">Temporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedlease" title="Wedlease">Wedlease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephite_marriage" title="Josephite marriage">Josephite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vivaaha</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_marriage" title="Brahma marriage">Brahma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daiva_marriage" title="Daiva marriage">Daiva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaa_marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaa marriage (page does not exist)">Arsha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajapatya_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatya marriage">Prajapatya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">Gandharva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asura_marriage" title="Asura marriage">Asura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">Rakshasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paishacha_marriage" title="Paishacha marriage">Paishacha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic wedding ceremony">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogic_marriage" title="Yogic marriage">Yogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">Manus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen marriage">Teen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sister_exchange" title="Sister exchange">Sister exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai">Miai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circumstantial<br />basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_France" title="Posthumous marriage in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_Germany" title="Posthumous marriage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Chinese ghost marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Ghost marriage in South Sudan">Ghost marriage in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial marriage">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Convenience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">Green card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Allowance_for_Housing" title="Basic Allowance for Housing">Marriage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sologamy" title="Sologamy">Sologamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="De facto marriage">De facto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">Consanguine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-surname_marriage" title="Same-surname marriage">Same-surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Inter-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interfaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">Plural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexless_marriage" title="Sexless marriage">Sexless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia">Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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