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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Orthodox Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Protestantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Indian religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indian religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Provenance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_and_Sinosphere_Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_and_Sinosphere_Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Chinese and Sinosphere Traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chinese_and_Sinosphere_Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chinese and Sinosphere Traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chinese_and_Sinosphere_Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korean_Juche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korean_Juche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 North Korean Juche </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korean_Juche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Traditional religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditional religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Polynesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_tolerance_and_intolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_tolerance_and_intolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religious tolerance and intolerance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_tolerance_and_intolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Idolatry</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وثنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وثنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatr%C3%ADa" title="Idolatría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idolatría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtl%C9%99r%C9%99_sitayi%C5%9F" title="Bütlərə sitayiş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bütlərə sitayiş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="মূর্তিপূজা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মূর্তিপূজা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatriya" title="Idolatriya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Idolatriya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Идолопоклонничество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Идолопоклонничество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatria" title="Idolatria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Idolatria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modloslu%C5%BEba" title="Modloslužba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modloslužba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tze" title="Götze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Götze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ειδωλολατρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ειδωλολατρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatr%C3%ADa" title="Idolatría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idolatría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolismo" title="Idolismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Idolismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatria" title="Idolatria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idolatria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بت‌پرستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بت‌پرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol%C3%A2trie" title="Idolâtrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Idolâtrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Idolatry" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%83%81%EC%88%AD%EB%B0%B0" title="우상숭배 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우상숭배" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կռապաշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կռապաշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="मूर्तिपूजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूर्तिपूजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolopoklonstvo" title="Idolopoklonstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Idolopoklonstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyembahan_berhala" title="Penyembahan berhala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyembahan berhala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatria" title="Idolatria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Idolatria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatria" title="Idolatria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idolatria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86" title="ಮೂರ್ತಿಪೂಜೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂರ್ತಿಪೂಜೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idololatria" title="Idololatria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Idololatria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elku_piel%C5%ABg%C5%A1ana" title="Elku pielūgšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elku pielūgšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Идолопоклонство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Идолопоклонство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanompoan-tsampy" title="Fanompoan-tsampy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanompoan-tsampy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8" title="വിഗ്രഹാരാധന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിഗ്രഹാരാധന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatrija" title="Idolatrija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Idolatrija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="मूर्तिपूजा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मूर्तिपूजा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="وثنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وثنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhala" title="Berhala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Berhala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgodendienst" title="Afgodendienst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afgodendienst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="मूर्तिपूजा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मूर्तिपूजा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E5%83%8F%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9D" title="偶像崇拝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="偶像崇拝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgudsdyrkelse" title="Avgudsdyrkelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avgudsdyrkelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butparastlik" title="Butparastlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Butparastlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%82wochwalstwo" title="Bałwochwalstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bałwochwalstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatria" title="Idolatria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idolatria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatrie" title="Idolatrie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Idolatrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Идолопоклонство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Идолопоклонство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idhujtaria" title="Idhujtaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Idhujtaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Idolatry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="بت پرستي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بت پرستي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatrija" title="Idolatrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Idolatrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بتپەرستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بتپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Идолопоклонство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Идолопоклонство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatria" title="Idolatria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Idolatria" 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B" title="การบูชาเทวรูป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบูชาเทวรูป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putperestlik" title="Putperestlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Putperestlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ідолопоклонство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідолопоклонство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Idol worship" redirects here. For the American hip hop group, see <a href="/wiki/Idle_Warship" title="Idle Warship">Idle Warship</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"False idols" redirects here. For the Tricky album, see <a href="/wiki/False_Idols" title="False Idols">False Idols</a>. For the Veil of Maya album, see <a href="/wiki/False_Idol_(album)" title="False Idol (album)">False Idol (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Blake_-_Moses_Indignant_at_the_Golden_Calf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/William_Blake_-_Moses_Indignant_at_the_Golden_Calf.jpg/220px-William_Blake_-_Moses_Indignant_at_the_Golden_Calf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/William_Blake_-_Moses_Indignant_at_the_Golden_Calf.jpg/330px-William_Blake_-_Moses_Indignant_at_the_Golden_Calf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/William_Blake_-_Moses_Indignant_at_the_Golden_Calf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Moses Indignant at the Golden Calf, painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, 1799–1800</figcaption></figure> Idolatry is the <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> of an idol as though it were a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halbertal1992p1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) idolatry connotes the worship of something or someone other than the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic God</a> as if it were God.<a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-5">[5]</a> In these monotheistic religions, idolatry has been considered as the "worship of <a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">false gods</a>" and is forbidden by texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-4">[4]</a> Other monotheistic religions may apply similar rules.<a href="#cite_note-mwdoniger497-6">[6]</a> For instance, the phrase <a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">false god</a> is a derogatory term used in Abrahamic religions to indicate <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> of non-Abrahamic <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagan religions</a>, as well as other competing entities or objects to which particular importance is attributed.<a href="#cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-7">[7]</a> Conversely, followers of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic religions</a> may regard the gods of various monotheistic religions as "false gods" because they do not believe that any real deity possesses the properties ascribed by monotheists to their sole deity. <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheists</a>, who do not believe in any deities, do not usually use the term false god even though that would encompass all deities from the atheist viewpoint. Usage of this term is generally limited to <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theists</a>, who choose to worship some deity or deities, but not others.<a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-4">[4]</a> In many <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, idols (<a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>) are considered as symbolism for the absolute but not <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">the Absolute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of spiritual ideas,<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-wernercort-9">[9]</a> or the embodiment of the divine.<a href="#cite_note-klausklost-10">[10]</a> It is a means to focus one's religious pursuits and worship (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gale_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-wernercort-9">[9]</a> In the traditional religions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Antiquity" title="History of Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia#Ancient" title="History of Asia">Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient America">Americas</a> and elsewhere, the reverence of <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> or statues has been a common practice since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, and idols have carried different meanings and significance in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">history of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halbertal1992p1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smart_2020-12">[12]</a> Moreover, the material depiction of a deity or more deities has always played an eminent role in all <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-7">[7]</a> The opposition to the use of any icon or image to represent ideas of reverence or worship is called <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The destruction of images as icons of veneration is called <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PrusacKolrud2014p1-14">[14]</a> and this has long been accompanied with violence between religious groups that forbid idol worship and those who have accepted icons, images and statues for veneration.<a href="#cite_note-AsseltGeest2007p8-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wink1997p317-16">[16]</a> The definition of idolatry has been a contested topic within Abrahamic religions, with many Muslims and most <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christians</a> condemning the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practice of venerating <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">the Virgin Mary</a> in many churches as a form of idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-Roggema2009p204-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolig2012p71-18">[18]</a> The history of religions has been marked with accusations and denials of idolatry. These accusations have considered statues and images to be devoid of symbolism. Alternatively, the topic of idolatry has been a source of disagreements between many religions, or within denominations of various religions, with the presumption that icons of one's own religious practices have meaningful symbolism, while another person's different religious practices do not.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-halbertal105-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_055.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_055.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_055.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_055.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_055.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_055.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_055.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> breaks the original <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">two stone tablets</a> inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>' worship of the Golden Calf; woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>, 1860.</figcaption></figure> The term idolatry comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word eidololatria (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BC%B0%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:εἰδωλολατρία">εἰδωλολατρία</a>), which itself is a compound of two words: eidolon (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BC%B4%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:εἴδωλον">εἴδωλον</a> "image/idol") and latreia (λατρεία "worship", related to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λάτρις">λάτρις</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The word eidololatria thus means "worship of idols", which in Latin appears first as idololatria, then in Vulgar Latin as idolatria, therefrom it appears in 12th century Old French as idolatrie, which for the first time in mid 13th century English appears as "idolatry".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Although the Greek appears to be a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">loan translation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> phrase avodat elilim, (עבודת אלילים) which is attested in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> (e.g., bChul., 13b, Bar.), the Greek term itself is not found in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, or in other <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jewish writings</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The original term used in early rabbinic writings is oved avodah zarah (AAZ, worship in strange service, or "pagan"), while avodat kochavim umazalot (AKUM, worship of planets and constellations) is not found in its early manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The later Jews used the term <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה‎, avodah zarah, meaning "foreign worship".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Idolatry has also been called idolism,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> iconolatry<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> or idolodulia in historic literature.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_and_ancient_civilizations">Prehistoric and ancient civilizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistoric and ancient civilizations">edit</a>]</div> The earliest so-called <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurines</a> have been dated to the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> era (35–40 ka onwards).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Archaeological evidence from the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> have yielded Neolithic era <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a> figures from 4th and 3rd millennium BC, idols in <a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">namaste</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] posture from Indus Valley civilization sites from the 3rd millennium BC, and much older <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> around the world show humans began producing sophisticated images.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> However, because of a lack of historic texts describing these, it is unclear what, if any connection with religious beliefs, these figures had,<a href="#cite_note-Moorey2003p1-32">[32]</a> or whether they had other meaning and uses, even as toys.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The earliest historic records confirming idols are from the ancient Egyptian civilization, thereafter related to the Greek civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2010p50-36">[36]</a> By the 2nd millennium BC two broad forms of cult image appear, in one images are zoomorphic (god in the image of animal or animal-human fusion) and in another anthropomorphic (god in the image of man).<a href="#cite_note-Moorey2003p1-32">[32]</a> The former is more commonly found in ancient Egypt influenced beliefs, while the anthropomorphic images are more commonly found in Indo-European cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2010p50-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams1997p44-37">[37]</a> Symbols of nature, useful animals or feared animals may also be included by both. The <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> from 4,000 to 2,500 BC period discovered in France, Ireland through Ukraine, and in Central Asia through South Asia, suggest that the ancient anthropomorphic figures included zoomorphic motifs.<a href="#cite_note-Adams1997p44-37">[37]</a> In Nordic and Indian subcontinent, bovine (cow, ox, -*gwdus, -*g'ou) motifs or statues, for example, were common.<a href="#cite_note-Sax2001p48-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In Ireland, iconic images included pigs.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a> was polytheistic, with large idols that were either animals or included animal parts. Ancient Greek civilization preferred human forms, with idealized proportions, for divine representation.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2010p50-36">[36]</a> The Canaanites of West Asia incorporated a golden calf into their pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-johnson21-41">[41]</a> The ancient philosophy and practices of the Greeks, thereafter Romans, were imbued with polytheistic idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urbano2013-43">[43]</a> They debate what is an image and if the use of image is appropriate. To <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, images can be a remedy or poison to the human experience.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson2008-44">[44]</a> To <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, states Paul Kugler, an image is an appropriate mental intermediary that "bridges between the inner world of the mind and the outer world of material reality", the image is a vehicle between sensation and reason. Idols are useful psychological catalysts, they reflect sense data and pre-existing inner feelings. They are neither the origins nor the destinations of thought but the intermediary in the human inner journey.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson2008-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Fervid opposition to the idolatry of the Greeks and Romans was of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> and later Islam, as evidenced by the widespread desecration and defacement of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures that have survived into the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Judaism" title="Idolatry in Judaism">Idolatry in Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Judaism" title="Aniconism in Judaism">Aniconism in Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decalogue_parchment_by_Jekuthiel_Sofer_1768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This is an image of a copy of the 1675 Ten Commandments, at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue, produced on parchment in 1768 by Jekuthiel Sofer, a prolific Jewish scribe in Amsterdam. It has Hebrew language writing in two columns separated between, and surrounded by, ornate flowery patterns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Decalogue_parchment_by_Jekuthiel_Sofer_1768.jpg/220px-Decalogue_parchment_by_Jekuthiel_Sofer_1768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Decalogue_parchment_by_Jekuthiel_Sofer_1768.jpg/330px-Decalogue_parchment_by_Jekuthiel_Sofer_1768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Decalogue_parchment_by_Jekuthiel_Sofer_1768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A 1768 synagogue <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> with the Ten Commandments by <a href="/wiki/Jekuthiel_Sofer" title="Jekuthiel Sofer">Jekuthiel Sofer</a>. Among other things, it prohibits idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> prohibits any form of idolatry<a href="#cite_note-Kogan1992p169-50">[50]</a> even if they are used to worship the one <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God of Judaism</a> as occurred during the sin of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a>. According to the second word of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">decalogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image</a>. The worship of foreign gods in any form or through icons is not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-Kogan1992p169-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-novak73-51">[51]</a> Many Jewish scholars such as Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a>, and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a> have elaborated on the issues of idolatry. One of the oft-cited discussions is the commentary of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (<a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>) on idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-novak73-51">[51]</a> According to the Maimonidean interpretation, idolatry in itself is not a fundamental sin, but the grave sin is the denial of God's <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a> that occurs with the belief that God can be corporeal. In the Jewish belief, the only image of God is man, one who lives and thinks; God has no visible shape, and it is absurd to make or worship images; instead man must worship the invisible God alone.<a href="#cite_note-novak73-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The commandments in the Hebrew Bible against idolatry forbade the practices and gods of ancient <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> states that God has no shape or form, is utterly incomparable, is everywhere and cannot be represented in a physical form of an idol.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Biblical scholars have historically focused on the textual evidence to construct the history of idolatry in Judaism, a scholarship that post-modern scholars have increasingly begun deconstructing.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a> This biblical <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemics</a>, states Naomi Janowitz, a professor of Religious Studies, has distorted the reality of Israelite religious practices and the historic use of images in Judaism. The direct material evidence is more reliable, such as that from the archaeological sites, and this suggests that the Jewish religious practices have been far more complex than what biblical polemics suggest. Judaism included images and cultic statues in the First Temple period, the Second Temple period, Late Antiquity (2nd to 8th century CE), and thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Nonetheless, these sorts of evidence may be simply descriptive of Ancient Israelite practices in some—possibly deviant—circles, but cannot tell us anything about the mainstream religion of the Bible which proscribes idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The history of Jewish religious practice has included idols and figurines made of ivory, <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> and seals.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> As more material evidence emerged, one proposal has been that Judaism oscillated between idolatry and iconoclasm. However, the dating of the objects and texts suggest that the two theologies and liturgical practices existed simultaneously. The claimed rejection of idolatry because of monotheism found in Jewish literature and therefrom in biblical Christian literature, states Janowitz, has been unreal abstraction and flawed construction of the actual history.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a> The material evidence of images, statues and figurines taken together with the textual description of <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherub</a> and "wine standing for blood", for example, suggests that symbolism, making religious images, icon and index has been integral part of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine2001-60">[60]</a> Every religion has some objects that represent the divine and stand for something in the mind of the faithful, and Judaism too has had its holy objects and symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religious_images_in_Christian_theology" title="Religious images in Christian theology">Religious images in Christian theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">Aniconism in Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMVB_-_Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Ricci_-_Sant_Benet_destruint_els_%C3%ADdols_-_8610.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BMVB_-_Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Ricci_-_Sant_Benet_destruint_els_%C3%ADdols_-_8610.tif/lossy-page1-220px-BMVB_-_Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Ricci_-_Sant_Benet_destruint_els_%C3%ADdols_-_8610.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BMVB_-_Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Ricci_-_Sant_Benet_destruint_els_%C3%ADdols_-_8610.tif/lossy-page1-330px-BMVB_-_Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Ricci_-_Sant_Benet_destruint_els_%C3%ADdols_-_8610.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BMVB_-_Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Ricci_-_Sant_Benet_destruint_els_%C3%ADdols_-_8610.tif/lossy-page1-440px-BMVB_-_Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Ricci_-_Sant_Benet_destruint_els_%C3%ADdols_-_8610.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">St. Benedict</a> destroying a pagan idol, by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rizi" title="Juan Rizi">Juan Rizi</a> (1600–1681)</figcaption></figure>Ideas on idolatry in Christianity are based on the first of <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">You shall have no other gods before me.<a href="#cite_note-Wray2011p164-61">[61]</a></blockquote> This is expressed in the Bible in Exodus 20:3, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_4:10" title="Matthew 4:10">Matthew 4:10</a>, Luke 4:8 and elsewhere, e.g.:<a href="#cite_note-Wray2011p164-61">[61]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the Lord your God. Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 26:1–2, King James Bible<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Christian view of idolatry may generally be divided into two general categories: the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> view which accepts the use of religious images,<a href="#cite_note-Flinn2007p358-63">[63]</a> and the views of many <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches that considerably restrict their use. However, many Protestants have used the image of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> as a symbol.<a href="#cite_note-Leora_Batnitzky_2009_147–156-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_K._Smith_2011_79–81-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:309px;max-width:309px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus,_Marija_Bistrica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus%2C_Marija_Bistrica.JPG/121px-Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus%2C_Marija_Bistrica.JPG" decoding="async" width="121" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus%2C_Marija_Bistrica.JPG/182px-Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus%2C_Marija_Bistrica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus%2C_Marija_Bistrica.JPG/242px-Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus%2C_Marija_Bistrica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="2264" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_di_Licodia_Madonna_del_Carmelo_Procession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Santa_Maria_di_Licodia_Madonna_del_Carmelo_Procession.jpg/180px-Santa_Maria_di_Licodia_Madonna_del_Carmelo_Procession.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Santa_Maria_di_Licodia_Madonna_del_Carmelo_Procession.jpg/270px-Santa_Maria_di_Licodia_Madonna_del_Carmelo_Procession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Santa_Maria_di_Licodia_Madonna_del_Carmelo_Procession.jpg/360px-Santa_Maria_di_Licodia_Madonna_del_Carmelo_Procession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The veneration of Mary, Jesus Christ, and the Black Madonna are common practices in the Catholic Church.</div></div></div></div> The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church have traditionally defended the use of icons. The debate on what images signify and whether reverence with the help of icons in church is equivalent to idolatry has lasted for many centuries, particularly from the 7th century until the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Halbertal1992p39-66">[66]</a> These debates have supported the inclusion of icons of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the Apostles, the iconography expressed in stained glass, regional saints and other symbols of Christian faith. It has also supported the practices such as the Catholic mass, burning of candles before pictures, Christmas decorations and celebrations, and festive or memorial processions with statues of religious significance to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Halbertal1992p39-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Craighen1914-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vance1989p5-68">[68]</a> St. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a>, in his "On the Divine Image", defended the use of icons and images, in direct response to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">Byzantine iconoclasm</a> that began widespread destruction of religious images in the 8th century, with support from emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> and continued by his successor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> during a period of religious war with the invading <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> John of Damascus wrote, "I venture to draw an image of the invisible God, not as invisible, but as having become visible for our sakes through flesh and blood", adding that images are expressions "for remembrance either of wonder, or an honor, or dishonor, or good, or evil" and that a book is also a written image in another form.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He defended the religious use of images based on the Christian doctrine of Jesus as an <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> St. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> cited John 1:14, stating that "the Word became flesh" indicates that the invisible God became visible, that God's glory manifested in God's one and only Son as Jesus Christ, and therefore God chose to make the invisible into a visible form, the spiritual incarnated into the material form.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Kraus_Pius_V_verehrt_den_Gekreuzigten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/August_Kraus_Pius_V_verehrt_den_Gekreuzigten.jpg/220px-August_Kraus_Pius_V_verehrt_den_Gekreuzigten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/August_Kraus_Pius_V_verehrt_den_Gekreuzigten.jpg/330px-August_Kraus_Pius_V_verehrt_den_Gekreuzigten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/August_Kraus_Pius_V_verehrt_den_Gekreuzigten.jpg/440px-August_Kraus_Pius_V_verehrt_den_Gekreuzigten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> praying with a crucifix, painting by August Kraus</figcaption></figure> The early defense of images included exegesis of Old and New Testament. Evidence for the use of religious images is found in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian art</a> and documentary records. For example, the veneration of the tombs and statues of martyrs was common among early Christian communities. In 397 St. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(St._Augustine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessions (St. Augustine)">Confessions</a> 6.2.2, tells the story of his mother making offerings for the tombs of martyrs and the oratories built in the memory of the saints.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #ccccff;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> Images function as the Bible for the illiterate, and incite people to piety and virtue. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>, 7th century<a href="#cite_note-Seaman2012p23-76">[76]</a></cite> </div> The Catholic defense mentions textual evidence of external acts of honor towards icons, arguing that there are a difference between adoration and veneration and that the veneration shown to icons differs entirely from the adoration of God. Citing the Old Testament, these arguments present examples of forms of "veneration" such as in Genesis 33:3, with the argument that "adoration is one thing, and that which is offered in order to venerate something of great excellence is another". These arguments assert, "the honor given to the image is transferred to its prototype", and that venerating an image of Christ does not terminate at the image itself – the material of the image is not the object of worship – rather it goes beyond the image, to the prototype.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seaman2012p23-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Christian veneration of images is not contrary to the first commandment which proscribes idols. Indeed, "the honor rendered to an image passes to its prototype," and "whoever venerates an image venerates the person portrayed in it." The honor paid to sacred images is a "respectful veneration," not the adoration due to God alone:</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Religious worship is not directed to images in themselves, considered as mere things, but under their distinctive aspect as images leading us on to God incarnate. The movement toward the image does not terminate in it as image, but tends toward that whose image it is.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></blockquote> It also points out the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Idolatry not only refers to false pagan worship. It remains a constant temptation to faith. Idolatry consists in divinizing what is not God. Man commits idolatry whenever he honors and reveres a creature in place of God, whether this be gods or demons (for example, satanism), power, pleasure, race, ancestors, the state, money, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Catechism-80">[80]</a></blockquote> The manufacture of images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and Christian saints, along with prayers directed to these has been widespread among the Catholic faithful.<a href="#cite_note-Jones1898p1-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox_Church">Orthodox Church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthodox Church">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has differentiated between <a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dulia_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulia (Latin)">dulia</a>. A latria is the <a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">worship</a> due God, and latria to anyone or anything other than God is doctrinally forbidden by the Orthodox Church; however dulia has been defined as veneration of religious images, statues or icons which is not only allowed but obligatory.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> This distinction was discussed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> in section 3.25 of Summa Theologiae.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg/220px-Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg/330px-Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg/440px-Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The veneration of images of Mary is called <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotion</a> (above: Lithuania), a practice questioned in the majority of Protestant Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> In Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic</a> literature, the proper and improper use of images is extensively discussed. Exegetical Orthodox literature points to icons and the manufacture by Moses (under God's commandment) of <a href="/wiki/Nehushtan" title="Nehushtan">the Bronze Snake</a> in Numbers 21:9, which had the grace and power of God to heal those bitten by real snakes. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> was cited as evidence of the ritual object above which Yahweh was present.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Veneration of icons through <a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">proskynesis</a> was codified in 787 AD by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Ecumenical Council">Seventh Ecumenical Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-giakalis1-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> This was triggered by the Byzantine Iconoclasm controversy that followed raging Christian-Muslim wars and a period of iconoclasm in West Asia.<a href="#cite_note-giakalis1-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The defense of images and the role of the Syrian scholar <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> was pivotal during this period. The Eastern Orthodox Church has ever since celebrated the use of icons and images. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite Catholics</a> also accepts icons in their <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> The idolatry debate has been one of the defining differences between papal Catholicism and anti-papal Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-Milton2002p186-92">[92]</a> The anti-papal writers have prominently questioned the worship practices and images supported by Catholics, with many Protestant scholars listing it as the "one religious error larger than all others". The sub-list of erring practices have included among other things the veneration of Virgin Mary, the Catholic mass, the invocation of saints, and the reverence expected for and expressed to pope himself.<a href="#cite_note-Milton2002p186-92">[92]</a> The charges of supposed idolatry against the Roman Catholics were leveled by a diverse group of Protestants, from <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> in Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-Milton2002p186-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg/220px-Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg/330px-Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg/440px-Altar_and_bible_st_Johns_Lutheran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Altar</a> with Christian Bible and <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> on it, in a Lutheran Protestant church</figcaption></figure> Protestants did not abandon all icons and symbols of Christianity. They typically avoid the use of images, except the cross, in any context suggestive of veneration. The cross remained their central icon.<a href="#cite_note-Leora_Batnitzky_2009_147–156-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_K._Smith_2011_79–81-65">[65]</a> Technically both major branches of Christianity have had their icons, states <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Eire" title="Carlos Eire">Carlos Eire</a>, a professor of religious studies and history, but its meaning has been different to each and "one man's devotion was another man's idolatry".<a href="#cite_note-Eire1989p5-94">[94]</a> This was particularly true not only in the intra-Christian debate, states Eire, but also when soldiers of Catholic kings replaced "horrible <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> idols" in the American colonies with "beautiful crosses and images of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Mary</a> and the saints".<a href="#cite_note-Eire1989p5-94">[94]</a> Protestants often accuse Catholics of idolatry, <a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">iconolatry</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> such language was common to all Protestants. In some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> groups denounced all forms of religious objects, regardless of whether it was a statue or sculpture, or image, including the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> were accused of idolatry by inquisitors.<a href="#cite_note-Mankey_2022_p._24-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">body of Christ on the cross</a> is an ancient symbol used within the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> Churches, in contrast with some Protestant groups, which use only a simple cross. In Judaism, the reverence to the icon of Christ in the form of cross has been seen as idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-Batnitzky2000p145-97">[97]</a> However, some Jewish scholars disagree and consider Christianity to be based on Jewish belief and not truly idolatrous.<a href="#cite_note-OU-Avoda_Zarah-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (Islam)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasphemy and Islam">Blasphemy and Islam</a></div> In Islamic sources, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triliteral_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral root">triliteral root</a>: sh-r-k) can refer to "idolatry", though it is most widely used to denote "association of partners with God".<a href="#cite_note-britshirk-99">[99]</a> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">Kufr</a> (k-f-r) can also include idolatry (among other forms of disbelief).<a href="#cite_note-Waldman1968p442-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campo2009p420-101">[101]</a> The one who practices shirk is called mushrik (plural mushrikun) in the Islamic scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-Hawting1999p67-102">[102]</a> The Quran forbids idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-Hawting1999p67-102">[102]</a> Over 500 mentions of kufr and shirk are found in the Quran,<a href="#cite_note-Waldman1968p442-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firestone1999p88-103">[103]</a> and both concepts are strongly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-britshirk-99">[99]</a> The Islamic concept of idolatry extends beyond polytheism, and includes some Christians and Jews as muširkūn (idolaters) and kafirun (infidels).<a href="#cite_note-Goddard2000p28-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leaman2006p144-105">[105]</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Those who say, “Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary,” have certainly fallen into disbelief. The Messiah ˹himself˺ said, “O Children of Israel! Worship Allah—my Lord and your Lord.” Whoever associates others with Allah ˹in worship˺ will surely be forbidden Paradise by Allah. Their home will be the Fire. And the wrongdoers will have no helpers. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah">Surah Al-Ma'idah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=72">5:72</a></cite></div></blockquote> Shia classical theology differs in the concept of Shirk. According to Twelver theologians, the attributes and names of God have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of these attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to entail polytheism. It would be even incorrect to say God knows by his knowledge which is in his essence but God knows by his knowledge which is his essence. Also God has no physical form and he is insensible.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The border between theoretical Tawhid and Shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the Tawhid and <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk</a> in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness).<a href="#cite_note-MM-107">[107]</a> Ismailis go deeper into the definition of Shirk, declaring they don't recognize any sort of ground of being by the esoteric potential to have intuitive knowledge of the human being. Hence, most <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a> have no problem with <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbols">religious symbols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_art#islamic_art" title="Religious art">artworks</a>, and with reverence for <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Walis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasūl">Rasūls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="Imams">Imams</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> strongly prohibits all form of idolatry, which is part of the sin of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: شرك); širk comes from the Arabic root <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Š</a>-<a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">K</a> (ش ر ك), with the general meaning of "to share". In the context of the Qur'an, the particular sense of "sharing as an equal partner" is usually understood as "attributing a partner to Allah". Shirk is often translated as idolatry and polytheism.<a href="#cite_note-britshirk-99">[99]</a> In the Qur'an, shirk and the related word (plural <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar#Stem_formation" title="Arabic grammar">Stem IV</a> active participle) mušrikūn (مشركون) "those who commit shirk" refers to the enemies of Islam (as in verse 9.1–15). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg/220px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg/330px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg/440px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>"Muhammad at the Ka'ba" from the <a href="/wiki/Siyer-i_Nebi" title="Siyer-i Nebi">Siyer-i Nebi</a>. Muhammad is shown with veiled face, <abbr>c.</abbr> 1595.</figcaption></figure> Within Islam, shirk is sin that can only be forgiven if the person who commits it asks God for forgiveness; if the person who committed it dies without repenting God may forgive any <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_of_sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic views of sin">sin</a> except for committing shirk. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In practice, especially among strict conservative interpretations of Islam, the term has been greatly extended and means deification of anyone or anything other than the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">singular God</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Salafi-Wahhabi interpretation, it may be used very widely to describe behaviour that does not literally constitute worship, including <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">use of images of sentient beings</a>, building a structure over a grave, associating partners with God, giving his characteristics to others beside him, or not believing in his characteristics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 19th century Wahhabis regarded idolatry punishable with the death penalty, a practice that was "hitherto unknown" in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Valentine2014p47-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hawting1999p1-109">[109]</a> However, Classical Orthodox Sunni thought used to be rich in Relics and Saint veneration, as well as pilgrimage to their shrines. Ibn Taymiyya, a medieval theologian that influenced modern days Salafists, was put in prison for his negation of veneration of relics and Saints, as well as pilgrimage to Shrines, which was considered unorthodox by his contemporary theologians. According to Islamic tradition, over the millennia after <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>'s death, his progeny and the local tribes who settled around the <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">oasis of Zam-Zam</a> gradually turned to polytheism and idolatry. Several idols were placed within the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> representing deities of different aspects of nature and different tribes. Several heretical rituals were adopted in the Pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>) including doing naked circumambulation.<a href="#cite_note-Ishaq2-110">[110]</a> In her book, Islam: A Short History, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> asserts that the Kaaba was officially dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> deity, and contained 360 idols that probably represented the days of the year.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong-111">[111]</a> But by Muhammad's day, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, the High God. Allah was never represented by an idol.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian peninsula, whether Christian or pagan, would converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj, marking the widespread conviction that Allah was the same deity worshipped by monotheists.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong-111">[111]</a> Guillaume in his translation of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, an early biographer of Muhammad, says the Ka'aba might have been itself addressed using a feminine grammatical form by the Quraysh.<a href="#cite_note-Ishaq-113">[113]</a> Circumambulation was often performed naked by men and almost naked by women.<a href="#cite_note-Ishaq2-110">[110]</a> It is disputed whether al-Lat and Hubal were the same deity or different. Per a hypothesis by <a href="/wiki/Uri_Rubin" title="Uri Rubin">Uri Rubin</a> and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated by Quraysh and the Kaaba was first dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lat</a>, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the gods of Quraysh was installed in Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provenance">Provenance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Provenance">edit</a>]</div> The first attested date in peer-reviewed academic literature for the worship of <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> (Sanskrit) or <a href="/wiki/Vigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigraha">vigraha</a> (Sanskrit) in India is not clear, as different sources have different opinions and interpretations. However, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a> (circa 2500 - 1500 BCE) may have produced some of the earliest murtis or vigrahas in India, as evidenced by various terracotta and bronze figurines found in the archaeological sites. Some of these figurines have been interpreted as representations of deities, such as the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a>, which depicts a horned figure surrounded by animals and possibly identified with <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. Another example is the bronze statuette of a <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">Dancing Girl</a>, which some scholars have associated with <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>. However, these interpretations are not universally accepted, and some scholars have argued that the Indus Valley Civilization did not practice murti or vigraha worship, but rather used symbols and signs to express their religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-oneindia.com-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (circa 1500 - 500 BCE) is traditionally considered as the origin of Hinduism proper, but it also did not emphasize murti or vigraha worship, as the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> was mainly focused on fire sacrifices and hymns to various gods and goddesses. However, some <a href="/wiki/Vedic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic texts">Vedic texts</a> do mention the use of clay or wooden images for ritual purposes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> (circa 8th - 6th century BCE), which describes how a clay image of <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> (the creator god) was made and consecrated for the <a href="/wiki/Agnicayana_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnicayana ritual">agnicayana ritual</a>. Another example, is the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a> (circa 8th - 6th century BCE), which mentions how a wooden image of <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> (the god of water and law) was installed in a temple and worshipped by the king. These examples suggest that murti or vigraha worship was not unknown in the Vedic period, but it was not widespread nor dominant.<a href="#cite_note-oneindia.com-115">[115]</a> The post-Vedic period (circa 500 BCE - 300 CE) witnessed the emergence and development of various religious movements and schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and others. This period also saw the rise of murti or vigraha worship as a prominent feature of Hinduism, as evidenced by various literary and archaeological sources. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> (circa 5th - 4th century BCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (circa 4th - 3rd century BCE) contain several references to murti or vigraha worship, such as <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> worshipping a <a href="/wiki/Shiva_linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva linga">Shiva linga</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rameshwaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameshwaram">Rameshwaram</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> installing an image of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>. Another example, is the Buddhist text <a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalitavistara Sutra">Lalitavistara Sutra</a> (circa 3rd century BCE - 3rd century CE), which mentions how Buddha's mother Maya dreamt of a white elephant entering her womb, and how <a href="/wiki/King_Suddhodana" class="mw-redirect" title="King Suddhodana">King Suddhodana</a> made an image of this elephant and worshipped it. Moreover, many stone and metal sculptures of various deities and saints have been found from this period onwards, such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Rathas" title="Pancha Rathas">Pancha Rathas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> (circa 7th century CE), which depict five chariots dedicated to different gods and goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-oneindia.com-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> The oldest forms of the ancient religions of India apparently made no use of idols. While the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic literature</a> leading up to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is extensive, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>, and has been dated to have been composed over a period of centuries (1200 BC to 200 BC),<a href="#cite_note-Salmond2006p15-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> appears not to have used idols up to around 500 BC at least. The early Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> (pre-200 BC) traditions suggest no evidence of idolatry. The Vedic literature mentions many gods and goddesses, as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (votive ritual using fire), but it does not mention images or their worship.<a href="#cite_note-Salmond2006p15-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The ancient Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts discuss the nature of existence, whether there is or is not a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> such as in the <a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, they describe meditation, they recommend the pursuit of simple monastic life and self-knowledge, they debate the nature of absolute reality as <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a>, yet the ancient Indian texts mention no use of images. Indologists such as the <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" title="Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar">Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Horace Hayman Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_W._Jamison" title="Stephanie W. Jamison">Stephanie Jamison</a> and other scholars state that "there is no evidence for icons or images representing god(s)" in the ancient religions of India. Use of idols developed among the Indian religions later,<a href="#cite_note-Salmond2006p15-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> perhaps first in Buddhism, where large images of the Buddha appear by the 1st century AD. According to John Grimes, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, Indian thought denied even dogmatic idolatry of its scriptures. Everything has been left to challenge, arguments and enquiry, with the medieval Indian scholar <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a> stating that not all scripture is authoritative, only scripture which "reveals the identity of the individual self and the supreme self as the non-dual Absolute".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism" title="Aniconism in Buddhism">Aniconism in Buddhism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:320px;max-width:320px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg/156px-Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg/234px-Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg/312px-Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Di_Lac_Worship_Tam_Thai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Di_Lac_Worship_Tam_Thai.JPG/156px-Di_Lac_Worship_Tam_Thai.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Di_Lac_Worship_Tam_Thai.JPG/234px-Di_Lac_Worship_Tam_Thai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Di_Lac_Worship_Tam_Thai.JPG/312px-Di_Lac_Worship_Tam_Thai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Buddhists praying before a statue in Tibet (left) and Vietnam</div></div></div></div> According to Eric Reinders, icons and idolatry have been an integral part of Buddhism throughout its later history.<a href="#cite_note-Pellizzi2005p61-120">[120]</a> Buddhists, from Korea to Vietnam, Thailand to Tibet, Central Asia to South Asia, have long produced temples and idols, altars and malas, relics to amulets, images to ritual implements.<a href="#cite_note-Pellizzi2005p61-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-pori153-122">[122]</a> The images or relics of Buddha are found in all Buddhist traditions, but they also feature gods and goddesses such as those in Tibetan Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Pellizzi2005p61-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Bhakti (called Bhatti in Pali) has been a common practice in <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, where offerings and group prayers are made to <a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a> and particularly images of Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> notes that Bhakti has been a significant practice in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, and states, "there can be no doubt that deep devotion or bhakti / bhatti does exist in Buddhism and that it had its beginnings in the earliest days".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> According to Peter Harvey – a professor of Buddhist Studies, Buddha idols and idolatry spread into northwest Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and Afghanistan) and into Central Asia with Buddhist Silk Road merchants.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2013p194-127">[127]</a> The Hindu rulers of different Indian dynasties patronized both Buddhism and Hinduism from 4th to 9th century, building Buddhist icons and cave temples such as the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a> which featured Buddha idols.<a href="#cite_note-cohen83-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-malandra1993p13-130">[130]</a> From the 10th century, states Harvey, the raids into northwestern parts of South Asia by Muslim Turks destroyed Buddhist idols, given their religious dislike for idolatry. The iconoclasm was so linked to Buddhism, that the Islamic texts of this era in India called all idols as Budd.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2013p194-127">[127]</a> The desecration of idols in cave temples continued through the 17th century, states Geri Malandra, from the offense of "the graphic, anthropomorphic imagery of Hindu and Buddhist shrines".<a href="#cite_note-malandra1993p13-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In East Asia and Southeast Asia, worship in Buddhist temples with the aid of icons and sacred objects has been historic.<a href="#cite_note-Reinders2012p17-132">[132]</a> In Japanese Buddhism, for example, Butsugu (sacred objects) have been integral to the worship of the Buddha (kuyo), and such idolatry considered a part of the process of realizing one's Buddha nature. This process is more than meditation, it has traditionally included devotional rituals (butsudo) aided by the Buddhist clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Reinders2012p17-132">[132]</a> These practices are also found in Korea and China.<a href="#cite_note-pori153-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reinders2012p17-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:314px;max-width:314px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesh_mimarjanam_EDITED.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ganesh_mimarjanam_EDITED.jpg/150px-Ganesh_mimarjanam_EDITED.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ganesh_mimarjanam_EDITED.jpg/225px-Ganesh_mimarjanam_EDITED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ganesh_mimarjanam_EDITED.jpg/300px-Ganesh_mimarjanam_EDITED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1019" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Meerabai_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/156px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/234px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/312px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="590" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> statue during a contemporary festival (left), and Bhakti saint <a href="/wiki/Meera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera">Meera</a> singing before an image of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div></div></div></div> In Hinduism, an icon, image or statue is called <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> or pratima.<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Major Hindu traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smartism</a> favor the use of a murti (idol). These traditions suggest that it is easier to dedicate time and focus on <a href="/wiki/Spirituality#Hinduism" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> through <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> or non-anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> – a Hindu scripture, in verse 12.5, states that only a few have the time and mind to ponder and fix on the unmanifested Absolute (abstract formless Brahman), and it is much easier to focus on qualities, virtues, aspects of a manifested representation of god, through one's senses, emotions and heart, because the way human beings naturally are.<a href="#cite_note-Cortright2010p106-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A murti in Hinduism, states Jeaneane Fowler – a professor of Religious Studies specializing on Indian Religions, is itself not god, it is an "image of god" and thus a symbol and representation.<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a> A murti is a form and manifestation, states Fowler, of the formless Absolute.<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a> Thus a literal translation of murti as idol is incorrect, when idol is understood as superstitious end in itself. Just like the photograph of a person is not the real person, a murti is an image in Hinduism but not the real thing, but in both cases the image reminds of something of emotional and real value to the viewer.<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a> When a person worships a murti, it is assumed to be a manifestation of the essence or spirit of the deity, the worshipper's spiritual ideas and needs are meditated through it, yet the idea of ultimate reality – called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> in Hinduism – is not confined in it.<a href="#cite_note-fowler41-8">[8]</a> Devotional (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movement</a>) practices centered on cultivating a deep and personal bond of love with God, often expressed and facilitated with one or more murti, and includes individual or community hymns, <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japa</a> or singing (bhajan, <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtana</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">arati</a>). Acts of devotion, in major temples particularly, are structured on treating the murti as the manifestation of a revered guest,<a href="#cite_note-Gale_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-11">[11]</a> and the daily routine can include awakening the murti in the morning and making sure that it "is washed, dressed, and garlanded."<a href="#cite_note-klaus-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-note1-138">[Note 1]</a> In Vaishnavism, the building of a temple for the murti is considered an act of devotion, but non-murti symbolism is also common wherein the aromatic <a href="/wiki/Tulsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi">tulasi</a> plant or <a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">shaligrama</a> is an aniconic reminder of the spiritualism in Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-klaus-136">[136]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> tradition of Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> may be represented as a masculine idol, or half-man half woman <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a> form, in an anicon <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">linga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">yoni</a> form. The worship rituals associated with the murti, correspond to ancient cultural practices for a beloved guest, and the murti is welcomed, taken care of, and then requested to retire.<a href="#cite_note-willis96-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Christopher John Fuller states that an image in Hinduism cannot be equated with a deity and the object of worship is the divine whose power is inside the image, and the image is not the object of worship itself, Hindus believe everything is worthy of worship as it contains divine energy.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2004-141">[140]</a> The idols are neither random nor intended as superstitious objects, rather they are designed with embedded symbolism and iconographic rules which sets the style, proportions, the colors, the nature of items the images carry, their <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> and the legends associated with the deity.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2004-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-aliceboner7-143">[142]</a> The Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad states that the aim of the murti art is to inspire a devotee towards contemplating the Ultimate Supreme Principle (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>).<a href="#cite_note-aliceboner7-143">[142]</a> This text adds (abridged): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> From the contemplation of images grows delight, from delight faith, from faith steadfast devotion, through such devotion arises that higher understanding (parāvidyā) that is the royal road to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>. Without the guidance of images, the mind of the devotee may go ashtray and form wrong imaginations. Images dispel false imaginations. (... ) It is in the mind of Rishis (sages), who see and have the power of discerning the essence of all created things of manifested forms. They see their different characters, the divine and the demoniac, the creative and the destructive forces, in their eternal interplay. It is this vision of Rishis, of gigantic drama of cosmic powers in eternal conflict, which the Sthapakas (Silpins, murti and temple artists) drew the subject-matter for their work. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pippalada, Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Introduction by Alice Boner et al.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Some Hindu movements founded during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial era</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satya_Mahima_Dharma" title="Satya Mahima Dharma">Satya Mahima Dharma</a> reject idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gommateshwara,_Shravanabelagola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg/220px-Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg/330px-Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg/440px-Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gomateshwara_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomateshwara statue">Gomateshwara Bahubali statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></figcaption></figure> Devotional idolatry has been a prevalent ancient practice in various Jaina sects, wherein learned <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> (Jina) and human gurus have been venerated with offerings, songs and <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Āratī</a> prayers.<a href="#cite_note-johncort-148">[147]</a> Like other major Indian religions, Jainism has premised its spiritual practices on the belief that "all knowledge is inevitably mediated by images" and human beings discover, learn and know what is to be known through "names, images and representations". Thus, idolatry has been a part of the major sects of Jainism such as Digambara and Shvetambara.<a href="#cite_note-Cort2010p3-149">[148]</a> The earliest archaeological evidence of the idols and images in Jainism is from <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, and has been dated to be from the first half of the 1st millennium AD.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The creation of idols, their consecration, the inclusion of Jaina layperson in idols and temples of Jainism by the Jaina monks has been a historic practice.<a href="#cite_note-Cort2010p3-149">[148]</a> However, during the iconoclastic era of Islamic rule, between the 15th and 17th century, a Lonka sect of Jainism emerged that continued pursuing their traditional spirituality but without the Jaina arts, images and idols.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is a monotheistic Indian religion, and Sikh temples are devoid of idols and icons for God.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Yet, Sikhism strongly encourages devotion to God.<a href="#cite_note-deol11-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-singha110-155">[154]</a> Some scholars call <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti</a> sect of Indian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzen-157">[156]</a> In Sikhism, "Nirguni Bhakti" is emphasised – devotion to a divine without <a href="/wiki/Gunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunas">Gunas</a> (qualities or form),<a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzen-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardip-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> but its scripture also accepts representations of God with formless (nirguni) and with form (saguni), as stated in Adi Granth 287.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Sikhism condemns worshipping images or statues as if it were God,<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> but have historically challenged the iconoclastic policies and Hindu temple destruction activities of Islamic rulers in India.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Sikhs house their scripture and revere the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> as the final <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Guru</a> of Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> It is installed in Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> (temple), many Sikhs bow or prostrate before it on entering the gurdwara.<a href="#cite_note-note1-138">[Note 1]</a> Guru Granth Sahib is ritually installed every morning, and put to bed at night in many Gurdwaras.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Bani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> wrote "I am idol-breaker" on line 95 of his <a href="/wiki/Zafarnama_(letter)" title="Zafarnama (letter)">Zafarnamah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_and_Sinosphere_Traditions">Chinese and Sinosphere Traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chinese and Sinosphere Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (August 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> In Japan, there are images of some <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> (i.e. deities) such as those of <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fūjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raijin" title="Raijin">Raijin</a> at the Buddhist temple <a href="/wiki/Sanj%C5%ABsangen-d%C5%8D" title="Sanjūsangen-dō">Sanjūsangen-dō</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korean_Juche">North Korean Juche</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: North Korean Juche">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> instituted <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">worship of himself</a> amongst the citizens of North Korea, and this act is considered the only instance of a modern country deifying its ruler.<a href="#cite_note-He_Feng_2013_p._62-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floru_2017_p._7-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vantage_Point_1982_p.-177">[176]</a> As many citizens frequently bow before statues and portraits of him, scholars have considered the Juche state religion to be a form of idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_2005_p._182-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yeo_Chubb_2018_p._262-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rees_1976_p.-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_religions">Traditional religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_05.jpg/100px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_05.jpg/150px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_05.jpg/200px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="3386" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_female_worshipper_with_child,_Yoruba_people,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_6011.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kneeling_female_worshipper_with_child%2C_Yoruba_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6011.1.JPG/122px-Kneeling_female_worshipper_with_child%2C_Yoruba_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6011.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kneeling_female_worshipper_with_child%2C_Yoruba_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6011.1.JPG/183px-Kneeling_female_worshipper_with_child%2C_Yoruba_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6011.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kneeling_female_worshipper_with_child%2C_Yoruba_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6011.1.JPG/244px-Kneeling_female_worshipper_with_child%2C_Yoruba_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6011.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="2972" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">An Orisha deity (left) and an artwork depicting a kneeling female worshipper with child, by <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a></div></div></div></div> Africa has numerous ethnic groups, and their diverse religious idea have been grouped as African Traditional Religions, sometimes abbreviated to ATR. These religions typically believe in a Supreme Being which goes by different regional names, as well as spirit world often linked to ancestors, and mystical magical powers through divination.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Idols and their worship have been associated with all three components in the African Traditional Religions.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> According to J.O. Awolalu, proselytizing Christians and Muslims have mislabelled idol to mean false god, when in the reality of most traditions of Africa, the object may be a piece of wood or iron or stone, yet it is "symbolic, an emblem and implies the spiritual idea which is worshipped".<a href="#cite_note-awolalu1-183">[182]</a> The material objects may decay or get destroyed, the emblem may crumble or substituted, but the spiritual idea that it represents to the heart and mind of an African traditionalist remains unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-awolalu1-183">[182]</a> Sylvester Johnson – a professor of African American and Religious Studies, concurs with Awolalu, and states that the colonial era missionaries who arrived in Africa, neither understood the regional languages nor the African theology, and interpreted the images and ritualism as "epitome of idolatry", projecting the iconoclastic controversies in Europe they grew up with, onto Africa.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> First with the arrival of Islam in Africa, then during the Christian colonial efforts, the religiously justified wars, the colonial portrayal of idolatry as proof of savagery, the destruction of idols and the seizure of idolaters as slaves marked a long period of religious intolerance, which supported religious violence and demeaning caricature of the African Traditional Religionists.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> The violence against idolaters and idolatry of Traditional Religion practicers of Africa started in the medieval era and continued into the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firestone1999p20-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gopin2002-190">[189]</a> The charge of idolatry by proselytizers, state Michael Wayne Cole and Rebecca Zorach, served to demonize and dehumanize local African populations, and justify their enslavement and abuse locally or far off plantations, settlements or for forced domestic labor.<a href="#cite_note-ColeZorach2009p17-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inti_Raymi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inti_Raymi2.jpg/220px-Inti_Raymi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inti_Raymi2.jpg/330px-Inti_Raymi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inti_Raymi2.jpg/440px-Inti_Raymi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a>, a winter solstice festival of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca people">Inca people</a>, reveres <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a> – the sun deity. Offerings include round bread and maize beer.<a href="#cite_note-parkerstanton501-193">[192]</a></figcaption></figure> Statues, images and temples have been a part of the Traditional Religions of the indigenous people of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-morill79-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seaman2013p140-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-cole77-196">[195]</a> The Incan, Mayan and Aztec civilizations developed sophisticated religious practices that incorporated idols and religious arts.<a href="#cite_note-cole77-196">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca culture</a>, for example, has believed in <a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a> (also called Pachacutec) as the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> and nature deities such as <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun deity</a>), and Mama Cocha the goddess of the sea, lakes, rivers and waters.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-littleton726-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p27-199">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telamones_Tula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Telamones_Tula.jpg/220px-Telamones_Tula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Telamones_Tula.jpg/330px-Telamones_Tula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Telamones_Tula.jpg/440px-Telamones_Tula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Aztec Tula <a href="/wiki/Atlantean_figures" title="Atlantean figures">Atlantean statues</a> (above) have been called as symbols of idolatry, but may have just been stone images of warriors.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a> has been the supreme <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>, also revered as the god of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, water, fertility and wind.<a href="#cite_note-littleton797-201">[200]</a> The Mayan people built <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramids" title="Mesoamerican pyramids">step pyramid temples</a> to honor Kukulkan, aligning them to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s position on the spring <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-littleton843-202">[201]</a> Other deities found at Mayan archaeological sites include <a href="/wiki/Chac-Xib-Chac" title="Chac-Xib-Chac">Xib Chac</a> – the benevolent male rain deity, and <a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a> – the benevolent female earth, weaving and pregnancy goddess.<a href="#cite_note-littleton843-202">[201]</a> A deity with aspects similar to Kulkulkan in the Aztec culture has been called <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-littleton797-201">[200]</a> Missionaries came to the Americas with the start of Spanish colonial era, and the Catholic Church did not tolerate any form of native idolatry, preferring that the icons and images of Jesus and Mary replace the native idols.<a href="#cite_note-Eire1989p5-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-morill79-194">[193]</a> Aztec, for example, had a written history which included those about their Traditional Religion, but the Spanish colonialists destroyed this written history in their zeal to end what they considered as idolatry, and to convert the Aztecs to Catholicism. The Aztec Indians, however, preserved their religion and religious practices by burying their idols under the crosses, and then continuing their idol worship rituals and practices, aided by the syncretic composite of atrial crosses and their idols as before.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> During and after the imposition of Catholic Christianity during <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonialism</a>, the Incan people retained their original beliefs in deities through <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>, where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuznar2011p45-207">[206]</a> The male deity Inti became accepted as the Christian God, but the Andean rituals centered around idolatry of Incan deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Incan people.<a href="#cite_note-kuznar2011p45-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brian_M._Fagan_1996_345-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesia">Polynesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Polynesia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian people</a> have had a range of polytheistic theologies found across the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The Polynesian people produced idols from wood, and congregated around these idols for worship.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> The Christian missionaries, particularly from the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> such as John Williams, and others such as the Methodist Missionary Society, characterized these as idolatry, in the sense of islanders worshipping false gods. They sent back reports which primarily focussed on "overthrow of pagan idolatry" as evidence of their Christian sects triumph, with fewer mentions of actual converts and baptism.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_tolerance_and_intolerance">Religious tolerance and intolerance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religious tolerance and intolerance">edit</a>]</div> The term false god is often used throughout the Abrahamic scriptures (<a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) to single out <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a><a href="#cite_note-JE-213">[212]</a> (interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a><a href="#cite_note-EI-214">[213]</a> (interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>) as the only true <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-4">[4]</a> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> itself recognizes and reports that originally the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> were not monotheists but actively engaged in idolatry and worshipped many foreign, non-Jewish Gods besides Yahweh and/or instead of him,<a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-215">[214]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz</a>, and more, and continued to do so until their return from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a><a href="#cite_note-JE-213">[212]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hebrew religion">Ancient Hebrew religion</a>). Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, eventually shifted into a strict, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive monotheism">exclusive monotheism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-5">[5]</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">sole veneration</a> of Yahweh,<a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Toorn-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gruber_2013-218">[217]</a> the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God.<a href="#cite_note-222">[Note 2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">vast majority of religions in history</a> have been and/or are still polytheistic, worshipping many diverse deities.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-223">[221]</a> Moreover, the material depiction of a deity or more deities has always played an eminent role in all <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-7">[7]</a> The claim to worship the "one and only true God" came to most of the world with the arrival of Abrahamic religions and is the distinguishing characteristic of their monotheistic worldview,<a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2012-224">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> whereas virtually all the other religions in the world have been and/or are still <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-223">[221]</a> Some Neopagan religions such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> utilize statues of deities within their worship experience.<a href="#cite_note-Raeburn_2001_p._24-226">[224]</a> The accusations and presumption that all idols and images are devoid of symbolism, or that icons of one's own religion are "true, healthy, uplifting, beautiful symbolism, mark of devotion, divine", while of other person's religion are "false, an illness, superstitious, grotesque madness, evil addiction, satanic, and cause of all incivility" is more a matter of subjective personal interpretation, rather than objective impersonal truth.<a href="#cite_note-janowitz239-19">[19]</a> Regina Schwartz and some other contemporary scholars state allegations that idols only represent false gods, followed by iconoclastic destruction is only little more than religious intolerance.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> wrote in his essay <a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a> (1779) that the worship of different gods and idols in Pagan religions is premised on <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>, tolerance, and acceptance of diverse representations of the divine. In contrast, Abrahamic monotheistic religions are intolerant, have attempted to destroy <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and have <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">violently forced others to accept and worship their conception of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-halbertal105-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Christian depictions of idolatry</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ten_Commandments_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol. The first commandment listed is interpreted as prohibiting idolatry, but the nature of the meaning of idolatry in the Biblical law in Christianity is disputed."><img alt="The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ten_Commandments_Monument.jpg/124px-Ten_Commandments_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ten_Commandments_Monument.jpg/186px-Ten_Commandments_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ten_Commandments_Monument.jpg/248px-Ten_Commandments_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="817" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> on a monument on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol" title="Texas State Capitol">Texas State Capitol</a>. The first commandment listed is interpreted as prohibiting idolatry, but the nature of the meaning of idolatry in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a> is disputed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:9647_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Serpente_di_Basilio_II_(1007)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze snake (formerly believed to be the one set up by Moses), in the main nave of Sant'Ambrogio basilica in Milan, Italy, a gift from Byzantine emperor Basil II (1007). It stands on an Ancient Roman granite pillar. Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25 April 2007."><img alt="Bronze snake (formerly believed to be the one by Moses), nave of Sant'Ambrogio basilica in Milan, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/9647_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Serpente_di_Basilio_II_%281007%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/160px-9647_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Serpente_di_Basilio_II_%281007%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/9647_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Serpente_di_Basilio_II_%281007%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/240px-9647_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Serpente_di_Basilio_II_%281007%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/9647_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Serpente_di_Basilio_II_%281007%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/320px-9647_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Serpente_di_Basilio_II_%281007%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1129" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze snake (formerly believed to be the one set up by Moses), in the main nave of Sant'Ambrogio basilica in Milan, Italy, a gift from Byzantine emperor Basil II (1007). It stands on an Ancient Roman granite pillar. Picture by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Dall%27Orto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Dall'Orto (page does not exist)">Giovanni Dall'Orto</a>, 25 April 2007.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldCalf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin"><img alt="The Adoration of the Golden Calf by artist Nicolas Poussin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GoldCalf.jpg/160px-GoldCalf.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GoldCalf.jpg/240px-GoldCalf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GoldCalf.jpg/320px-GoldCalf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="620" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf" title="The Adoration of the Golden Calf">The Adoration of the Golden Calf</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Buddhist devotion</a> – prayer ritual in Buddhism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambana">Dambana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_T%C3%ADo" title="El Tío">El Tío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena" title="Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena">Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja (Hinduism)</a> – prayer ritual in Hinduism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note1-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note1_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note1_138-1">b</a> Such idol caring practices are found in other religions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus_of_Prague" title="Infant Jesus of Prague">Infant Jesus of Prague</a> is venerated in many countries of the Catholic world. In the <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> Church it is housed, it is ritually cared for, cleaned and dressed by the sisters of the Carmelites Church, changing the Infant Jesus' clothing to one of the approximately hundred costumes donated by the faithfuls as gift of devotion.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melton2001i-166">[165]</a> The idol is worshipped with the faithful believing that it renders favors to those who pray to it.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2001i-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand2003p87-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Such ritualistic caring of the image of baby Jesus is found in other churches and homes in Central Europe and Portugal / Spain influenced Christian communities with different names, such as Menino Deus.<a href="#cite_note-Bertrand2003p87-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-reinhardt147-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic god</a> <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> is indeed the most ancient predecessor to the Abrahamic god,<a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Toorn-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2000-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2003-220">[219]</a> this specifically refers to the ancient ideas <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> once encompassed in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hebrew religion">Ancient Hebrew religion</a>, such as being a <a href="/wiki/Storm_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm god">storm-</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_god" class="mw-redirect" title="War god">war-god</a>, living on mountains, or controlling the weather.<a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_der_Toorn-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2000-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2003-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Thus, in this page's context, "Yahweh" is used to refer to God as conceived in the Ancient Hebrew religion, and should not be referenced when describing his later worship in today's Abrahamic religions. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Halbertal1992p1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halbertal1992p1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbertal1992p1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoshe_HalbertalAvishai_MargalitNaomi_Goldblum1992" class="citation book cs1">Moshe Halbertal; Avishai Margalit; Naomi Goldblum (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idolatry00halb">Idolatry</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idolatry00halb/page/n24">1</a>–8, 85–86, 146–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44313-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44313-6"><bdi>978-0-674-44313-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idolatry&rft.pages=1-8%2C+85-86%2C+146-148&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44313-6&rft.au=Moshe+Halbertal&rft.au=Avishai+Margalit&rft.au=Naomi+Goldblum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidolatry00halb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiBernardo2008" class="citation journal cs1">DiBernardo, Sabatino (2008). "American Idol(atry): A Religious Profanation". The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. 19 (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjrpc.19.1.001">10.3138/jrpc.19.1.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion+and+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=American+Idol%28atry%29%3A+A+Religious+Profanation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjrpc.19.1.001&rft.aulast=DiBernardo&rft.aufirst=Sabatino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Idolatry (...) in the first commandment denotes the notion of worship, adoration, or reverence of an image of God." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoorthuis2007" class="citation book cs1">Poorthuis, Marcel (2007). "6. Idolatry and the Mirror: Iconoclasm as a Prerequisite for Inter-Human Relations". Iconoclasm and Iconoclash, Chapter 6. Idolatry and the Mirror: Iconoclasm As A Prerequisite For Inter-Human Relations. BRILL Academic. pp. 125–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004161955.i-538.53">10.1163/ej.9789004161955.i-538.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161955" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161955"><bdi>9789004161955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Idolatry+and+the+Mirror%3A+Iconoclasm+as+a+Prerequisite+for+Inter-Human+Relations&rft.btitle=Iconoclasm+and+Iconoclash%2C+Chapter+6.+Idolatry+and+the+Mirror%3A+Iconoclasm+As+A+Prerequisite+For+Inter-Human+Relations&rft.pages=125-140&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004161955.i-538.53&rft.isbn=9789004161955&rft.aulast=Poorthuis&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelini_2021-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelini2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angelini, Anna (2021). "Les dieux des autres: entre «démons» et «idoles»". L'imaginaire du démoniaque dans la Septante: Une analyse comparée de la notion de "démon" dans la Septante et dans la Bible Hébraïque. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism (in French). Vol. 197. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 184–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004468474_008">10.1163/9789004468474_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4"><bdi>978-90-04-46847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+dieux+des+autres%3A+entre+%C2%ABd%C3%A9mons%C2%BB+et+%C2%ABidoles%C2%BB&rft.btitle=L%27imaginaire+du+d%C3%A9moniaque+dans+la+Septante%3A+Une+analyse+compar%C3%A9e+de+la+notion+de+%22d%C3%A9mon%22+dans+la+Septante+et+dans+la+Bible+H%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.pages=184-224&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004468474_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46847-4&rft.aulast=Angelini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leone_2016-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_2016_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeone2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leone, Massimo (Spring 2016). Asif, Agha (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1561609/136254/Massimo%20Leone%202016%20-%20Smashing%20Idols.pdf">"Smashing Idols: A Paradoxical Semiotics"</a> (PDF). Signs and Society. 4 (1). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> on behalf of the Semiosis Research Center at <a href="/wiki/Hankuk_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Hankuk University of Foreign Studies">Hankuk University of Foreign Studies</a>: 30–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F684586">10.1086/684586</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4497">2326-4497</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1561609">2318/1561609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4489">2326-4489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53408911">53408911</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923020328/https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1561609/136254/Massimo%20Leone%202016%20-%20Smashing%20Idols.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs+and+Society&rft.atitle=Smashing+Idols%3A+A+Paradoxical+Semiotics&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-56&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1561609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53408911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2326-4497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F684586&rft.issn=2326-4489&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unito.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F2318%2F1561609%2F136254%2FMassimo%2520Leone%25202016%2520-%2520Smashing%2520Idols.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwdoniger497-6"><a href="#cite_ref-mwdoniger497_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/497">497</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrohnLützenkirchen2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frohn, Elke Sophie; Lützenkirchen, H.-Georg (2007). 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The Brill Dictionary of Religion. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041">10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004124332" title="Special:BookSources/9789004124332"><bdi>9789004124332</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240180055">240180055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idol&rft.btitle=The+Brill+Dictionary+of+Religion&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240180055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041&rft.isbn=9789004124332&rft.aulast=Frohn&rft.aufirst=Elke+Sophie&rft.au=L%C3%BCtzenkirchen%2C+H.-Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler41-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler41_8-7">h</a> Jeaneane D. Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8">978-1-898723-60-8</a>, pages 41–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-wernercort-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wernercort_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wernercort_9-1">b</a> Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700702350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700702350">978-0700702350</a>, pages 45-46; John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979664-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979664-9">978-0-19-979664-9</a>, pages 80–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-klausklost-10"><a href="#cite_ref-klausklost_10-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> (2010), A Survey of Hinduism, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4">978-0-7914-7082-4</a>, pages 264–267 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay_Jones2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). Gale Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 11. Thomson Gale. pp. 7493–7495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865980-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865980-0"><bdi>978-0-02-865980-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=7493-7495&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865980-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smart_2020-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Smart_2020_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) [26 July 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">"Polytheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205729/https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polytheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpolytheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/aniconism">Aniconism</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-PrusacKolrud2014p1-14"><a href="#cite_ref-PrusacKolrud2014p1_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarina_PrusacKristine_Kolrud2014" class="citation book cs1">Marina Prusac; Kristine Kolrud (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5934XvxHz-IC">Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity</a>. Ashgate. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7033-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-7033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconoclasm+from+Antiquity+to+Modernity&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7033-5&rft.au=Marina+Prusac&rft.au=Kristine+Kolrud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5934XvxHz-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsseltGeest2007p8-15"><a href="#cite_ref-AsseltGeest2007p8_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem_J._van_AsseltPaul_Van_GeestDaniela_Muller2007" class="citation book cs1">Willem J. van Asselt; Paul Van Geest; Daniela Muller (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_NEq76VrYYC">Iconoclasm and Iconoclash: Struggle for Religious Identity</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 8–9, 52–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16195-5"><bdi>978-90-04-16195-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconoclasm+and+Iconoclash%3A+Struggle+for+Religious+Identity&rft.pages=8-9%2C+52-60&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16195-5&rft.au=Willem+J.+van+Asselt&rft.au=Paul+Van+Geest&rft.au=Daniela+Muller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_NEq76VrYYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink1997p317-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Wink1997p317_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink1997" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA317">Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 317–324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10236-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10236-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10236-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World&rft.pages=317-324&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10236-1&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75FlxDhZWpwC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roggema2009p204-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Roggema2009p204_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Roggema2009" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Roggema (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sN9TS9PPIuwC&pg=PA204">The Legend of Sergius Bahira: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 204–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16730-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16730-8"><bdi>978-90-04-16730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+Sergius+Bahira%3A+Eastern+Christian+Apologetics+and+Apocalyptic+in+Response+to+Islam&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16730-8&rft.au=Barbara+Roggema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsN9TS9PPIuwC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolig2012p71-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolig2012p71_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErich_Kolig2012" class="citation book cs1">Erich Kolig (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YMu8WADEhwC&pg=PA71">Conservative Islam: A Cultural Anthropology</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 71 with footnote 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7424-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-7424-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Islam%3A+A+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pages=71+with+footnote+2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7424-1&rft.au=Erich+Kolig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YMu8WADEhwC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-janowitz239-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janowitz239_19-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanowitz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Janowitz, Naomi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9wn4p4b5">"Good Jews Don't: Historical and Philosophical Constructions of Idolatry"</a>. History of Religions. 47 (2/3): 239–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F524212">10.1086/524212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170216039">170216039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Good+Jews+Don%27t%3A+Historical+and+Philosophical+Constructions+of+Idolatry&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=239-252&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F524212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170216039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Janowitz&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F9wn4p4b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-halbertal105-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halbertal105_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halbertal105_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshe_HalbertalDonniel_Hartman2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Moshe Halbertal; Donniel Hartman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJjUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Monotheism and Violence</a>. Vol. Judaism and the Challenges of Modern Life. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 105–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9668-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-9668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monotheism+and+Violence&rft.pages=105-112&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9668-3&rft.au=Moshe+Halbertal&rft.au=Donniel+Hartman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJjUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker2005" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-3375">"Idolatry"</a>. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861053-3"><bdi>978-0-19-861053-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idolatry&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861053-3&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800947-e-3375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Douglas Harper (2015), Etymology Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=idolatry">Idolatry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Webster1841" class="citation book cs1">Noah Webster (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqNHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA857">An American Dictionary of the English Language</a>. BL Hamlen. p. 857.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=857&rft.pub=BL+Hamlen&rft.date=1841&rft.au=Noah+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqNHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1994" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sacha (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishidentityin00ster">Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings</a>. BRILL. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishidentityin00ster/page/9">9</a> with footnotes 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004100121" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004100121"><bdi>978-9004100121</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Identity+in+Early+Rabbinic+Writings&rft.pages=9+with+footnotes+47-48&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9004100121&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sacha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishidentityin00ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Idolatry">"Idolatry" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idolatry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=288&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/idolism">idolism</a>, Merriam Webster; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Ephirim-Donkor2012" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Ephirim-Donkor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndxOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">African Religion Defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan</a>. University Press of America. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6058-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6058-7"><bdi>978-0-7618-6058-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Religion+Defined%3A+A+Systematic+Study+of+Ancestor+Worship+among+the+Akan&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-6058-7&rft.au=Anthony+Ephirim-Donkor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndxOAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iconolatry">iconolatry</a>, Merriam Webster; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmar_Waibl1997" class="citation book cs1">Elmar Waibl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWybcPCe4YC&pg=PA42">Dictionary of philosophical terms</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 42 see Bilderverehrung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-097454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-097454-6"><bdi>978-3-11-097454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+philosophical+terms&rft.pages=42+see+Bilderverehrung&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-11-097454-6&rft.au=Elmar+Waibl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyWybcPCe4YC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._ThorntonSusan_B._Varenne2006" class="citation book cs1">John F. Thornton; Susan B. Varenne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGHKcZI3XAMC&pg=PA11">Steward of God's Covenant: Selected Writings</a>. Random House. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9648-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9648-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-9648-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steward+of+God%27s+Covenant%3A+Selected+Writings&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-9648-0&rft.au=John+F.+Thornton&rft.au=Susan+B.+Varenne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGHKcZI3XAMC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">; See John Calvin (1537) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/calvin-the-institutes-of-the-christian-religion">The Institutes of the Christian Religion</a>, Quote: "The worship which they pay to their images they cloak with the name of εἰδωλοδυλεία (idolodulia), and deny to be εἰδωλολατρεία (idolatria). So they speak, holding that the worship which they call dulia may, without insult to God, be paid to statues and pictures. (...) For the Greek word λατρεύειν having no other meaning than to worship, what they say is just the same as if they were to confess that they worship their images without worshipping them. They cannot object that I am quibbling upon words. (...) But how eloquent soever they may be, they will never prove by their eloquence that one and the same thing makes two. Let them show how the things differ if they would be thought different from ancient idolaters." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-cave-art-debate-100617099/">"The Cave Art Debate"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Cave+Art+Debate&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-cave-art-debate-100617099%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_G._Lesure2011" class="citation book cs1">Richard G. Lesure (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WyW9RK6l8b0C&pg=PA11">Interpreting Ancient Figurines: Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49615-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49615-5"><bdi>978-1-139-49615-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Ancient+Figurines%3A+Context%2C+Comparison%2C+and+Prehistoric+Art&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49615-5&rft.au=Richard+G.+Lesure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWyW9RK6l8b0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> National Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=36&id=1&lk=dp1">Seated Male in Namaskar pose</a>, New Delhi, Government of India; S Kalyanaraman (2007), Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982897102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982897102">978-0982897102</a>, pages 234–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-Moorey2003p1-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moorey2003p1_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moorey2003p1_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Roger_Stuart_Moorey2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Roger Stuart Moorey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPuDxBBoHEQC&pg=PA1">Idols of the People: Miniature Images of Clay in the Ancient Near East</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726280-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726280-1"><bdi>978-0-19-726280-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idols+of+the+People%3A+Miniature+Images+of+Clay+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726280-1&rft.au=Peter+Roger+Stuart+Moorey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsPuDxBBoHEQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> S. Diamant (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103292">A Prehistoric Figurine from Mycenae</a>, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 69 (1974), pages 103–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> JÜRGEN THIMME (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41319151">DIE RELIGIÖSE BEDEUTUNG DER KYKLADENIDOLE</a>, Antike Kunst, 8. Jahrg., H. 2. (1965), pages 72–86 (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_BeckleyElspeth_Waters2008" class="citation book cs1">Colin Beckley; Elspeth Waters (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eT3XAAAAMAAJ">Who Holds the Moral High Ground?</a>. Societas Imprint Academic. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-103-0"><bdi>978-1-84540-103-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Holds+the+Moral+High+Ground%3F&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Societas+Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-103-0&rft.au=Colin+Beckley&rft.au=Elspeth+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeT3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2010p50-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2010p50_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2010p50_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2010p50_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Johnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Johnson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcuKoT9OhrIC&pg=PA50">Moses and Multiculturalism</a>. University of California Press. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26254-6"><bdi>978-0-520-26254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26254-6&rft.au=Barbara+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcuKoT9OhrIC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1997p44-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1997p44_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1997p44_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Q._Adams1997" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Q. Adams (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Routledge. pp. 44, 125–133, 544–545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=44%2C+125-133%2C+544-545&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sax2001p48-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Sax2001p48_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoria_Sax2001" class="citation book cs1">Boria Sax (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3Gr7qTarfIC">The Mythical Zoo: An Encyclopedia of Animals in World Myth, Legend, and Literature</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-612-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-612-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythical+Zoo%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Animals+in+World+Myth%2C+Legend%2C+and+Literature&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-612-5&rft.au=Boria+Sax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3Gr7qTarfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Q._Adams1997" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Q. Adams (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Routledge. pp. 124, 129–130, 134, 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=124%2C+129-130%2C+134%2C+137-138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Bonwick1894" class="citation book cs1">James Bonwick (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishdruidsando01bonwgoog">Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions</a>. Griffith, Farran. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishdruidsando01bonwgoog/page/n243">230</a>–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Druids+and+Old+Irish+Religions&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Griffith%2C+Farran&rft.date=1894&rft.au=James+Bonwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishdruidsando01bonwgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson21-41"><a href="#cite_ref-johnson21_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Johnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Johnson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcuKoT9OhrIC">Moses and Multiculturalism</a>. University of California Press. pp. 21–22, 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26254-6"><bdi>978-0-520-26254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=21-22%2C+50-51&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26254-6&rft.au=Barbara+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcuKoT9OhrIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvia_Estienne2015" class="citation book cs1">Sylvia Estienne (2015). <a href="/wiki/Rubina_Raja" title="Rubina Raja">Rubina Raja</a> and Jörg Rüpke (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOldBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379">A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 379–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5000-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5000-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-5000-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+Religion+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=379-384&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5000-5&rft.au=Sylvia+Estienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiOldBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbano2013-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Urbano2013_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_P._Urbano2013" class="citation book cs1">Arthur P. 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Catholic University of America Press. pp. 212–213 with footnotes 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2162-5"><bdi>978-0-8132-2162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Life&rft.pages=212-213+with+footnotes+25-26&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2162-5&rft.au=Arthur+P.+Urbano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ8TAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson2008-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson2008_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson2008_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kugler2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kugler (2008). <a href="/wiki/Polly_Young-Eisendrath" title="Polly Young-Eisendrath">Polly Young-Eisendrath</a>; Terence Dawson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dZUM7ogtQYC&pg=PA78">The Cambridge Companion to Jung</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82798-0"><bdi>978-1-139-82798-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jung&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82798-0&rft.au=Paul+Kugler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dZUM7ogtQYC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Norris1997" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Norris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRfpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106">New Idols of the Cave: On the Limits of Anti-realism</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 106–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5093-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5093-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-5093-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Idols+of+the+Cave%3A+On+the+Limits+of+Anti-realism&rft.pages=106-110&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5093-0&rft.au=Christopher+Norris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNRfpAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Sansone2016" class="citation book cs1">David Sansone (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVUWDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275">Ancient Greek Civilization</a>. 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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 48 (2): 267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00033346">10.1017/s0041977x00033346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162882785">162882785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+iconoclasm%2C+and+the+declaration+of+doctrine&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00033346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162882785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=G.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cf.uba.uva.nl/nl/publicaties/treasures/page/p34.html">"UBA: Rosenthaliana 1768"</a> [English: 1768: The Ten Commandments, copied in Amsterdam Jekuthiel Sofer] (in Dutch). 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Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8147-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8147-1"><bdi>978-0-8476-8147-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Strauss+and+Judaism%3A+Jerusalem+and+Athens+Critically+Revisited&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8147-1&rft.au=David+Novak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5Gs-jYQ3AEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHava_Tirosh-SamuelsonAaron_W._Hughes2015" class="citation book cs1">Hava Tirosh-Samuelson; Aaron W. 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BRILL Academic. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30842-8"><bdi>978-90-04-30842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Green%3A+Hasidism+for+Tomorrow&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30842-8&rft.au=Hava+Tirosh-Samuelson&rft.au=Aaron+W.+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoShzCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalom_Goldman2012" class="citation book cs1">Shalom Goldman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeHZeY7isJkC">Wiles of Women/The Wiles of Men, The: Joseph and Potiphar's Wife in Ancient Near Eastern, Jewish, and Islamic Folklore</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 64–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0431-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-0431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiles+of+Women%2FThe+Wiles+of+Men%2C+The%3A+Joseph+and+Potiphar%27s+Wife+in+Ancient+Near+Eastern%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Islamic+Folklore&rft.pages=64-68&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0431-8&rft.au=Shalom+Goldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeHZeY7isJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Joshua_Heschel2005" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Joshua Heschel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAGK8GiNrQgC&pg=PA74">Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 73–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0802-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-0802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavenly+Torah%3A+As+Refracted+Through+the+Generations&rft.pages=73-75&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0802-0&rft.au=Abraham+Joshua+Heschel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAGK8GiNrQgC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_L._KidnerMaria_BucurRalph_Mathisen2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; et al. 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Cengage. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00480-5"><bdi>978-0-618-00480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Europe%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Culture%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1790&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-00480-5&rft.au=Frank+L.+Kidner&rft.au=Maria+Bucur&rft.au=Ralph+Mathisen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsroFl-rIRhYC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Insoll2002" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Insoll (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTqCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Archaeology and World Religion</a>. Routledge. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59798-7"><bdi>978-1-134-59798-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+World+Religion&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-59798-7&rft.au=Timothy+Insoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTqCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuven_Chaim_Klein2018" class="citation book cs1">Reuven Chaim Klein (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1946351466">God versus Gods: Judaism in the Age of Idolatry</a>. Mosaica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1946351463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1946351463"><bdi>978-1946351463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+versus+Gods%3A+Judaism+in+the+Age+of+Idolatry&rft.pub=Mosaica+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1946351463&rft.au=Reuven+Chaim+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1946351466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Allen Shapiro (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11603/1923">Judean pillar figurines: a study</a>, MA Thesis, Advisor: Barry Gittlen, Towson University, United States </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Neis2013" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Neis (29 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjAWBQAAQBAJ">The Sense of Sight in Rabbinic Culture</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03251-4"><bdi>978-1-107-03251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Sight+in+Rabbinic+Culture&rft.pages=99-100+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03251-4&rft.au=Rachel+Neis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjAWBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine2001-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Fine2001_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalman_Bland2001" class="citation book cs1">Kalman Bland (2001). 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Princeton University Press. pp. 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05787-3"><bdi>978-0-691-05787-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+Practice%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+Through+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05787-3&rft.au=Kalman+Bland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DohYOD34VlXEC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wray2011p164-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wray2011p164_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wray2011p164_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._J._Wray2011" class="citation book cs1">T. J. Wray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAewArzQ624C">What the Bible Really Tells Us: The Essential Guide to Biblical Literacy</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1293-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-1293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Bible+Really+Tells+Us%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Biblical+Literacy&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1293-0&rft.au=T.+J.+Wray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAewArzQ624C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrance_Shaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Terrance Shaw (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAsMFyVX8_AC&pg=PA74">The Shaw's Revised King James Holy Bible</a>. Trafford Publishing. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-1667-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-1667-5"><bdi>978-1-4251-1667-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaw%27s+Revised+King+James+Holy+Bible&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4251-1667-5&rft.au=Terrance+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAsMFyVX8_AC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flinn2007p358-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Flinn2007p358_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_K._Flinn2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank K. Flinn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxEONS0FFlsC&pg=PA358">Encyclopedia of Catholicism</a>. Infobase. pp. 358–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7565-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-7565-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholicism&rft.pages=358-359&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7565-2&rft.au=Frank+K.+Flinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxEONS0FFlsC%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leora_Batnitzky_2009_147–156-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leora_Batnitzky_2009_147–156_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leora_Batnitzky_2009_147–156_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeora_Batnitzky2009" class="citation book cs1">Leora Batnitzky (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lZYGuU7wCAC&pg=PA147">Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 147–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2358-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2358-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idolatry+and+Representation%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Franz+Rosenzweig+Reconsidered&rft.pages=147-156&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2358-1&rft.au=Leora+Batnitzky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lZYGuU7wCAC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryan_K._Smith_2011_79–81-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_K._Smith_2011_79–81_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_K._Smith_2011_79–81_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_K._Smith2011" class="citation book cs1">Ryan K. 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University of North Carolina Press. pp. 79–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7728-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7728-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-7728-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Arches%2C+Latin+Crosses%3A+Anti-Catholicism+and+American+Church+Designs+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=79-81&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7728-9&rft.au=Ryan+K.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoMJo0kJQTsC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halbertal1992p39-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halbertal1992p39_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbertal1992p39_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshe_HalbertalAvishai_MargalitNaomi_Goldblum1992" class="citation book cs1">Moshe Halbertal; Avishai Margalit; Naomi Goldblum (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idolatry00halb">Idolatry</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idolatry00halb/page/39">39</a>–40, 102–103, 116–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44313-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44313-6"><bdi>978-0-674-44313-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idolatry&rft.pages=39-40%2C+102-103%2C+116-119&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44313-6&rft.au=Moshe+Halbertal&rft.au=Avishai+Margalit&rft.au=Naomi+Goldblum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidolatry00halb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craighen1914-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Craighen1914_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._A._Craighen1914" class="citation book cs1">L. A. Craighen (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4tbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21">The Practice of Idolatry</a>. Taylor & Taylor. pp. 21–26, 30–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Idolatry&rft.pages=21-26%2C+30-31&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Taylor&rft.date=1914&rft.au=L.+A.+Craighen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4tbAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vance1989p5-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Vance1989p5_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_L._Vance1989" class="citation book cs1">William L. Vance (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasrome00vanc">America's Rome: Catholic and contemporary Rome</a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasrome00vanc/page/5">5</a>–8, 12, 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04453-9"><bdi>978-0-300-04453-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Rome%3A+Catholic+and+contemporary+Rome&rft.pages=5-8%2C+12%2C+17-18&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04453-9&rft.au=William+L.+Vance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasrome00vanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Gero1973" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Gero (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIEwAAAAYAAJ">Byzantine Iconoclasm During the Reign of Leo III: With Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources</a>. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Subsidia. pp. 1–7, 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042903876" title="Special:BookSources/9789042903876"><bdi>9789042903876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Iconoclasm+During+the+Reign+of+Leo+III%3A+With+Particular+Attention+to+the+Oriental+Sources&rft.pages=1-7%2C+44-45&rft.pub=Corpus+scriptorum+Christianorum+Orientalium%3A+Subsidia&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9789042903876&rft.au=Stephen+Gero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIEwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_John_(of_Damascus)1898" class="citation book cs1">Saint John (of Damascus) (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibnUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5">St. John Damascene on Holy Images: (pros Tous Diaballontas Tas Agias Eikonas)</a>. T. Baker. pp. 5–6, 12–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+John+Damascene+on+Holy+Images%3A+%28pros+Tous+Diaballontas+Tas+Agias+Eikonas%29&rft.pages=5-6%2C+12-17&rft.pub=T.+Baker&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Saint+John+%28of+Damascus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibnUAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_J._Hillerbrand2012" class="citation book cs1">Hans J. Hillerbrand (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmBUIcGW4T4C&pg=PA367">A New History of Christianity</a>. Abingdon. pp. 131–133, 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-1914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-1914-1"><bdi>978-1-4267-1914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=131-133%2C+367&rft.pub=Abingdon&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-1914-1&rft.au=Hans+J.+Hillerbrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmBUIcGW4T4C%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_Groschel2010" class="citation book cs1">Benedict Groschel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Usg9r1NZjcC&pg=PA58">I Am with You Always: A Study of the History and Meaning of Personal Devotion to Jesus Christ for Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians</a>. Ignatius. pp. 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-257-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-257-2"><bdi>978-1-58617-257-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+with+You+Always%3A+A+Study+of+the+History+and+Meaning+of+Personal+Devotion+to+Jesus+Christ+for+Catholic%2C+Orthodox%2C+and+Protestant+Christians&rft.pages=58-60&rft.pub=Ignatius&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-257-2&rft.au=Benedict+Groschel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Usg9r1NZjcC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_F._Hamburger2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey F. Hamburger (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5S0lDQAAQBAJ">St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology</a>. University of California Press. pp. 3, 18–24, 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22877-1"><bdi>978-0-520-22877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+John+the+Divine%3A+The+Deified+Evangelist+in+Medieval+Art+and+Theology&rft.pages=3%2C+18-24%2C+30-31&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22877-1&rft.au=Jeffrey+F.+Hamburger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5S0lDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_P._Byars2002" class="citation book cs1">Ronald P. Byars (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu_jMWKICzcC&pg=PA43">The Future of Protestant Worship: Beyond the Worship Wars</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22572-8"><bdi>978-0-664-22572-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Protestant+Worship%3A+Beyond+the+Worship+Wars&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22572-8&rft.au=Ronald+P.+Byars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYu_jMWKICzcC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenelm_Henry_Digby1841" class="citation book cs1">Kenelm Henry Digby (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joxbnoov0EkC&pg=PA408">Mores Catholici : Or Ages of Faith</a>. Catholic Society. pp. 408–410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mores+Catholici+%3A+Or+Ages+of+Faith&rft.pages=408-410&rft.pub=Catholic+Society&rft.date=1841&rft.au=Kenelm+Henry+Digby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djoxbnoov0EkC%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seaman2012p23-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seaman2012p23_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seaman2012p23_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatasha_T._SeamanHendrik_Terbrugghen2012" class="citation book cs1">Natasha T. Seaman; Hendrik Terbrugghen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LngM5fhurbMC&pg=PA23">The Religious Paintings of Hendrick Ter Brugghen: Reinventing Christian Painting After the Reformation in Utrecht</a>. Ashgate. pp. 23–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3495-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3495-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-3495-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Paintings+of+Hendrick+Ter+Brugghen%3A+Reinventing+Christian+Painting+After+the+Reformation+in+Utrecht&rft.pages=23-29&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-3495-5&rft.au=Natasha+T.+Seaman&rft.au=Hendrik+Terbrugghen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLngM5fhurbMC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorst_Woldemar_JansonAnthony_F._Janson2003" class="citation book cs1">Horst Woldemar Janson; Anthony F. Janson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&pg=PT386">History of Art: The Western Tradition</a>. Prentice Hall. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-182895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-182895-7"><bdi>978-0-13-182895-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Art%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-182895-7&rft.au=Horst+Woldemar+Janson&rft.au=Anthony+F.+Janson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMYHuvhWBH4C%26pg%3DPT386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Ede_Eze2011" class="citation book cs1">Henry Ede Eze (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2h3gcuWJTlcC&pg=PA11">Images in Catholicism ...idolatry?: Discourse on the First Commandment With Biblical Citations</a>. St. Paul Press. pp. 11–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9827966-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9827966-9-6"><bdi>978-0-9827966-9-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+in+Catholicism+...idolatry%3F%3A+Discourse+on+the+First+Commandment+With+Biblical+Citations&rft.pages=11-14&rft.pub=St.+Paul+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9827966-9-6&rft.au=Henry+Ede+Eze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2h3gcuWJTlcC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/para/2132.htm">Catechism of the Catholic Church - Paragraph # 2132</a>. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+Paragraph+%23+2132&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fpara%2F2132.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catechism-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Catechism_80-0">^</a> Catechism of The Catholic Church, passage 2113, p. 460, Geoffrey Chapman, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1898p1-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1898p1_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_W._L._Jones1898" class="citation book cs1">Thomas W. L. Jones (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEQQAAAAIAAJ">The Queen of Heaven: Màmma Schiavona (the Black Mother), the Madonna of the Pignasecea: a Delineation of the Great Idolatry</a>. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen+of+Heaven%3A+M%C3%A0mma+Schiavona+%28the+Black+Mother%29%2C+the+Madonna+of+the+Pignasecea%3A+a+Delineation+of+the+Great+Idolatry&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Thomas+W.+L.+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEQQAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_M._AshleyRobert_L._A._Clark2001" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen M. Ashley; Robert L. A. Clark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6M_9muo654C&pg=PA211">Medieval Conduct</a>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 211–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3576-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3576-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-3576-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Conduct&rft.pages=211-212&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3576-4&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Ashley&rft.au=Robert+L.+A.+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6M_9muo654C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Lonergan2016" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Lonergan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnqMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA310">The Incarnate Word: The Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan, Volume 8</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 310–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3111-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3111-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-3111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incarnate+Word%3A+The+Collected+Works+of+Bernard+Lonergan%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=310-314&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-3111-3&rft.au=Bernard+Lonergan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnqMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._Robert_William_Dibdin1851" class="citation book cs1">Rev. Robert William Dibdin (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandwarnedan00dibdgoog">England warned and counselled; 4 lectures on popery and tractarianism</a>. James Nisbet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandwarnedan00dibdgoog/page/n38">20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+warned+and+counselled%3B+4+lectures+on+popery+and+tractarianism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=James+Nisbet&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Rev.+Robert+William+Dibdin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglandwarnedan00dibdgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Waller2013" class="citation book cs1">Gary Waller (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzHL_q84028C&pg=PA153">Walsingham and the English Imagination</a>. Ashgate. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7860-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7860-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-7860-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walsingham+and+the+English+Imagination&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7860-7&rft.au=Gary+Waller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzHL_q84028C%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_Dabovich1898" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Dabovich (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21">The Holy Orthodox Church: Or, The Ritual, Services and Sacraments of the Eastern Apostolic (Greek-Russian) Church</a>. American Review of Eastern Orthodoxy. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780899810300" title="Special:BookSources/9780899810300"><bdi>9780899810300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Orthodox+Church%3A+Or%2C+The+Ritual%2C+Services+and+Sacraments+of+the+Eastern+Apostolic+%28Greek-Russian%29+Church&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=American+Review+of+Eastern+Orthodoxy&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=9780899810300&rft.au=Sebastian+Dabovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jJDAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich_BroichTheo_StemmlerGerd_Stratmann1984" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich Broich; Theo Stemmler; Gerd Stratmann (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNs9AAAAIAAJ">Functions of Literature</a>. Niemeyer. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-484-40106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-484-40106-8"><bdi>978-3-484-40106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functions+of+Literature&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-484-40106-8&rft.au=Ulrich+Broich&rft.au=Theo+Stemmler&rft.au=Gerd+Stratmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYNs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-giakalis1-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giakalis1_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giakalis1_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrosios_Giakalis2005" class="citation book cs1">Ambrosios Giakalis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6bYAAAAMAAJ">Images of the Divine: The Theology of Icons at the Seventh Ecumenical Council</a>. Brill Academic. pp. viii–ix, 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14328-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14328-9"><bdi>978-90-04-14328-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Divine%3A+The+Theology+of+Icons+at+the+Seventh+Ecumenical+Council&rft.pages=viii-ix%2C+1-3&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14328-9&rft.au=Ambrosios+Giakalis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6bYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Balima2008" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel Balima (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNfqjbX2GQgC&pg=PA72">Satanic Christianity and the Creation of the Seventh Day</a>. Dorrance. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-9280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-9280-2"><bdi>978-1-4349-9280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satanic+Christianity+and+the+Creation+of+the+Seventh+Day&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Dorrance&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4349-9280-2&rft.au=Gabriel+Balima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNfqjbX2GQgC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Patricia Crone (1980), Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Volume 2, pages 59–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Leslie_Houlden2003" class="citation book cs1">James Leslie Houlden (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17kzgBusXZIC&pg=PA369">Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 369–370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-856-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-856-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-856-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=369-370&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-856-3&rft.au=James+Leslie+Houlden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17kzgBusXZIC%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milton2002p186-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milton2002p186_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milton2002p186_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milton2002p186_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Milton2002" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Milton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stwluHDJsQgC&pg=PA186">Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89329-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89329-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+and+Reformed%3A+The+Roman+and+Protestant+Churches+in+English+Protestant+Thought&rft.pages=186-195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89329-9&rft.au=Anthony+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstwluHDJsQgC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Noyes2013" class="citation book cs1">James Noyes (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmcBAwAAQBAJ">The Politics of Iconoclasm: Religion, Violence and the Culture of Image-Breaking in Christianity and Islam</a>. Tauris. pp. 31–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-288-1"><bdi>978-0-85772-288-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Iconoclasm%3A+Religion%2C+Violence+and+the+Culture+of+Image-Breaking+in+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.pages=31-37&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-288-1&rft.au=James+Noyes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVmcBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eire1989p5-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eire1989p5_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eire1989p5_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eire1989p5_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_M._N._Eire1989" class="citation book cs1">Carlos M. N. Eire (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95sDFZbl4S4C">War Against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37984-7"><bdi>978-0-521-37984-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Against+the+Idols%3A+The+Reformation+of+Worship+from+Erasmus+to+Calvin&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37984-7&rft.au=Carlos+M.+N.+Eire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95sDFZbl4S4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1972" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, R. C. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puritanisminnort0000rich">Puritanism in north-west England: a regional study of the diocese of Chester to 1642</a>. Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puritanisminnort0000rich/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0477-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-0477-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritanism+in+north-west+England%3A+a+regional+study+of+the+diocese+of+Chester+to+1642&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0477-3&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuritanisminnort0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mankey_2022_p._24-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Mankey_2022_p._24_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankey2022" class="citation book cs1">Mankey, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwhUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT24">The Witches' Sabbath: An Exploration of History, Folklore & Modern Practice</a>. Llewellyn Worldwide, Limited. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-6717-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-6717-8"><bdi>978-0-7387-6717-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Sabbath%3A+An+Exploration+of+History%2C+Folklore+%26+Modern+Practice&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide%2C+Limited&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7387-6717-8&rft.aulast=Mankey&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwhUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batnitzky2000p145-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Batnitzky2000p145_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeora_Faye_Batnitzky2000" class="citation book cs1">Leora Faye Batnitzky (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOvdLMZLghUC&pg=PA145">Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04850-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04850-5"><bdi>978-0-691-04850-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idolatry+and+Representation%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Franz+Rosenzweig+Reconsidered&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04850-5&rft.au=Leora+Faye+Batnitzky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOvdLMZLghUC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OU-Avoda_Zarah-98"><a href="#cite_ref-OU-Avoda_Zarah_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinsaltz" class="citation web cs1">Steinsaltz, Rabbi Adin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/ou/print_this/73452">"Introduction - Masechet Avodah Zarah"</a>. The Coming Week's Daf Yomi. Retrieved 31 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Coming+Week%27s+Daf+Yomi&rft.atitle=Introduction+-+Masechet+Avodah+Zarah&rft.aulast=Steinsaltz&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Adin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fou%2Fprint_this%2F73452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Over time, however, new religions developed whose basis is in Jewish belief – such as Christianity and Islam – which are based on belief in the Creator and whose adherents follow commandments that are similar to some Torah laws (see the uncensored Rambam in his Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakhim 11:4). All of the rishonim agree that adherents of these religions are not idol worshippers and should not be treated as the pagans described in the Torah." </li> <li id="cite_note-britshirk-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britshirk_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britshirk_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britshirk_99-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/shirk">Shirk</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Quote: "Shirk, (Arabic: "making a partner [of someone]"), in Islam, idolatry, polytheism, and the association of God with other deities. The definition of Shirk differs in Islamic Schools, from Shiism and some classical Sunni Sufism accepting, sometimes, images, pilgrimage to shrines and veneration of relics and saints, to the more puritan Salafi-Wahhabi current, that condemns all the previous mentioned practices. The Quran stresses in many verses that God does not share his powers with any partner (sharik). It warns those who believe their idols will intercede for them that they, together with the idols, will become fuel for hellfire on the Day of Judgment (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=98">21:98</a>)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldman1968p442-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman1968p442_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman1968p442_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldman1968" class="citation journal cs1">Waldman, Marilyn Robinson (1968). "The Development of the Concept of Kufr in the Qur'ān". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (3): 442–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596869">10.2307/596869</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/596869">596869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Concept+of+Kufr+in+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=442-455&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F596869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F596869%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo2009p420-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Campo2009p420_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Eduardo_Campo2009" class="citation book cs1">Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase. pp. 420–421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=420-421&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.au=Juan+Eduardo+Campo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: "[Kafir] They included those who practiced idolatry, did not accept the absolute oneness of God, denied that Muhammad was a prophet, ignored God's commandments and signs (singular aya) and rejected belief in a resurrection and final judgment." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawting1999p67-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting1999p67_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawting1999p67_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._R._Hawting1999" class="citation book cs1">G. R. Hawting (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh134wJLwkIC&pg=PA67">The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–51, 67–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42635-0"><bdi>978-1-139-42635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Idolatry+and+the+Emergence+of+Islam%3A+From+Polemic+to+History&rft.pages=47-51%2C+67-70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42635-0&rft.au=G.+R.+Hawting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMh134wJLwkIC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firestone1999p88-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Firestone1999p88_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuven_Firestone1999" class="citation book cs1">Reuven Firestone (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6kVVeIkzDkC&pg=PA88">Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535219-1"><bdi>978-0-19-535219-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Origin+of+Holy+War+in+Islam&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535219-1&rft.au=Reuven+Firestone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6kVVeIkzDkC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard2000p28-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Goddard2000p28_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Goddard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Goddard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq2oLEvHzl8C&pg=PA28">A History of Christian-Muslim Relations</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-340-6"><bdi>978-1-56663-340-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian-Muslim+Relations&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-340-6&rft.au=Hugh+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBq2oLEvHzl8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: "in some verses it does appear to be suggested that Christians are guilty of both kufr and shirk. This is particularly the case in 5:72 ... In addition to 9:29, therefore, which has been discussed above and which refers to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to Christians in particular, suggesting that they both disbelieve (kafara) and are guilty of shirk." </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman2006p144-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaman2006p144_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Leaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Leaman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&pg=PA145">The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. pp. 144–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1"><bdi>978-0-415-32639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=144-146&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32639-1&rft.au=Oliver+Leaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisDgI0-0Ip4C%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Momen (1985), p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-107"><a href="#cite_ref-MM_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotahari1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Motahari, Morteza</a> (1985). Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe. Mizan Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909092922">909092922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Islamic+thought%3A+God%2C+man%2C+and+the+universe&rft.pub=Mizan+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909092922&rft.aulast=Motahari&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valentine2014p47-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Valentine2014p47_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Ross_Valentine2014" class="citation book cs1">Simon Ross Valentine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4omMCwAAQBAJ">Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-464-6"><bdi>978-1-84904-464-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+and+Fanaticism%3A+Wahhabism+in+Saudi+Arabia+and+Beyond&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-464-6&rft.au=Simon+Ross+Valentine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4omMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: "In reference to Wahhabi strictness in applying their moral code, Corancez writes that the distinguishing feature of the Wahhabis was their intolerance, which they pursued to hitherto unknown extremes, holding idolatry as a crime punishable by death". </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawting1999p1-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawting1999p1_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._R._Hawting1999" class="citation book cs1">G. R. Hawting (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh134wJLwkIC">The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–6, 80–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42635-0"><bdi>978-1-139-42635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Idolatry+and+the+Emergence+of+Islam%3A+From+Polemic+to+History&rft.pages=1-6%2C+80-86&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42635-0&rft.au=G.+R.+Hawting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMh134wJLwkIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ishaq2-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ishaq2_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ishaq2_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n67/mode/1up">Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196360331" title="Special:BookSources/9780196360331"><bdi>9780196360331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Ishaq%27s+Sirat+Rasul+Allah+%E2%80%93+The+Life+of+Muhammad+Translated+by+A.+Guillaume&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=88-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780196360331&rft.aulast=Ibn+Ishaq&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume%2FThe_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume%23page%2Fn67%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Armstrong2002" class="citation book cs1">Karen Armstrong (2002). Islam: A Short History. Random House Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6618-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-6618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6618-3&rft.au=Karen+Armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219070127/http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e128">"Allah – Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e128">the original</a> on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2018. <q>Only god in Mecca not represented by idol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com&rft.atitle=Allah+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ishaq-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Ishaq_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n65/mode/1up">Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. The text reads "O God, do not be afraid", the second footnote reads "The feminine form indicates the Ka'ba itself is addressed"</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 85 footnote 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196360331" title="Special:BookSources/9780196360331"><bdi>9780196360331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Ishaq%27s+Sirat+Rasul+Allah+%E2%80%93+The+Life+of+Muhammad+Translated+by+A.+Guillaume.+The+text+reads+%22O+God%2C+do+not+be+afraid%22%2C+the+second+footnote+reads+%22The+feminine+form+indicates+the+Ka%27ba+itself+is+addressed%22&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=85+footnote+2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780196360331&rft.aulast=Ibn+Ishaq&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume%2FThe_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume%23page%2Fn65%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Julien_Robin2012" class="citation book cs1">Christian Julien Robin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA304">Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity</a>. OUP USA. pp. 304–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195336931" title="Special:BookSources/9780195336931"><bdi>9780195336931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+Ethiopia.+In+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=304-305&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195336931&rft.au=Christian+Julien+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKRybwb17WMC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oneindia.com-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oneindia.com_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oneindia.com_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oneindia.com_115-2">c</a> Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oneindia.com/india/why-india-is-a-land-of-murti-and-vigraha-and-not-idols-and-idolators-as-perceived-by-the-west-3455405.html">https://www.oneindia.com/india/why-india-is-a-land-of-murti-and-vigraha-and-not-idols-and-idolators-as-perceived-by-the-west-3455405.html</a> (accessed: Wednesday September 27, 2023) </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmond2006p15-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salmond2006p15_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmond2006p15_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmond2006p15_116-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel_Salmond2006" class="citation book cs1">Noel Salmond (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vu50CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Hindu Iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati, and Nineteenth-Century Polemics against Idolatry</a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 15–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-128-3"><bdi>978-1-55458-128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Iconoclasts%3A+Rammohun+Roy%2C+Dayananda+Sarasvati%2C+and+Nineteenth-Century+Polemics+against+Idolatry&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-128-3&rft.au=Noel+Salmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvu50CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Payne2015" class="citation book cs1">Richard Payne (2015). Michael Witzel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIShCgAAQBAJ">Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–5, 143–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935158-9"><bdi>978-0-19-935158-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homa+Variations%3A+The+Study+of+Ritual+Change+Across+the+Longue+Dur%C3%A9e&rft.pages=1-5%2C+143-148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935158-9&rft.au=Richard+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIShCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">; Phyllis Granoff (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1004883605055">Other people's rituals: Ritual Eclecticism in early medieval Indian religious</a>, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 28, Issue 4, pages 399–424 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Stephanie W. Jamison (2011), The Ravenous Hyenas and the Wounded Sun: Myth and Ritual in Ancient India, Cornell University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801477324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801477324">978-0801477324</a>, pages 15-17 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Grimes1994" class="citation book cs1">John Grimes (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ySff1LxPHp8C&pg=PA60">Problems and Perspectives in Religious Discourse</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1791-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-1791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+and+Perspectives+in+Religious+Discourse&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1791-1&rft.au=John+Grimes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DySff1LxPHp8C%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pellizzi2005p61-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pellizzi2005p61_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellizzi2005p61_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellizzi2005p61_120-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Reinders2005" class="citation book cs1">Eric Reinders (2005). Francesco Pellizzi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMLvFIplLAC&pg=PA61">Anthropology and Aesthetics, Volume 48: Autumn 2005</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87365-766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87365-766-2"><bdi>978-0-87365-766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+and+Aesthetics%2C+Volume+48%3A+Autumn+2005&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87365-766-2&rft.au=Eric+Reinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlMLvFIplLAC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Minoru Kiyota (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233958">Tathāgatagarbha Thought: A Basis of Buddhist Devotionalism in East Asia</a>, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2/3, pages 207–231 </li> <li id="cite_note-pori153-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pori153_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pori153_122-1">b</a> Pori Park (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23943371">Devotionalism Reclaimed: Re-mapping Sacred Geography in Contemporary Korean Buddhism</a>, Journal of Korean Religions, Vol. 3, No. 2, pages 153–171 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Allan Andrews (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270396">Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History</a>, Numen, Vol. 40, No. 1, pages 16–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Donald Swearer (2003), Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition (Editors: Heine and Prebish), Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195146981" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195146981">978-0195146981</a>, pages 9–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Karen Pechelis (2011), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472511515" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472511515">978-1472511515</a>, pages 109–112 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700702350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700702350">978-0700702350</a>, pages 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey2013p194-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2013p194_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2013p194_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&pg=PA194">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen83-128"><a href="#cite_ref-cohen83_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Cohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Cohen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5IPMKb4WFUC&pg=PA83">Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity</a>. Routledge. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19205-2"><bdi>978-1-134-19205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Enlightenment%3A+Buddhism%2C+Religion%2C+Modernity&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-19205-2&rft.au=Richard+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5IPMKb4WFUC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: Hans Bakker's political history of the Vakataka dynasty observed that Ajanta caves belong to the Buddhist, not the Hindu tradition. That this should be so is already remarkable in itself. By all we know of Harisena he was a Hindu; (...). </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpink2006" class="citation book cs1">Spink, Walter M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UPqUHXlwXdcC">Ajanta: History and Development Volume 5: Cave by Cave</a>. Leiden: Brill Academic. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15644-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15644-9"><bdi>978-90-04-15644-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ajanta%3A+History+and+Development+Volume+5%3A+Cave+by+Cave&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15644-9&rft.aulast=Spink&rft.aufirst=Walter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUPqUHXlwXdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-malandra1993p13-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malandra1993p13_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-malandra1993p13_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeri_Hockfield_Malandra1993" class="citation book cs1">Geri Hockfield Malandra (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unfoldingmandala0000mala">Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unfoldingmandala0000mala/page/n22">1</a>–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1355-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1355-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-1355-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfolding+A+Mandala%3A+The+Buddhist+Cave+Temples+at+Ellora&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1355-5&rft.au=Geri+Hockfield+Malandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funfoldingmandala0000mala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA256">Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. Routledge. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1"><bdi>978-1-136-63979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63979-1&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Noelle+Watson&rft.au=Paul+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Some had been desecrated by zealous Muslims during their occupation of Maharashtra in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." </li> <li id="cite_note-Reinders2012p17-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reinders2012p17_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reinders2012p17_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reinders2012p17_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabio_RambelliEric_Reinders2012" class="citation book cs1">Fabio Rambelli; Eric Reinders (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVYWmJUPQooC">Buddhism and Iconoclasm in East Asia: A History</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–19, 23–24, 89–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8168-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-8168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Iconoclasm+in+East+Asia%3A+A+History&rft.pages=17-19%2C+23-24%2C+89-93&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8168-8&rft.au=Fabio+Rambelli&rft.au=Eric+Reinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVYWmJUPQooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398379/pratima">"pratima (Hinduism)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pratima+%28Hinduism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F398379%2Fpratima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortright2010p106-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Cortright2010p106_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrant_Cortright2010" class="citation book cs1">Brant Cortright (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rqIlNbelQ0AC&pg=PA106">Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8013-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8013-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-8013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integral+Psychology%3A+Yoga%2C+Growth%2C+and+Opening+the+Heart&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8013-7&rft.au=Brant+Cortright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrqIlNbelQ0AC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-12-04.html">"Bhagavad-Gita: Chapter 12, Verse 5"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhagavad-Gita%3A+Chapter+12%2C+Verse+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhagavad-gita.org%2FGita%2Fverse-12-04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klaus-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klaus_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klaus_136-1">b</a> Klaus Klostermaier (2007) Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, 2nd Edition, Oxford: OneWorld Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-163-1">978-1-85168-163-1</a>, pages 63–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation cs2">Fuller, C. 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Wipf and Stock. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3300-2"><bdi>978-1-4982-3300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grace+of+Playing%3A+Pedagogies+for+Leaning+into+God%27s+New+Creation&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3300-2&rft.au=Courtney+T.+Goto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUuPCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2001i-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2001i_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2001i_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2001" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jn9IPgAACAAJ">Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology: A-L</a>. Gale. p. Idolatry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-9488-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-9488-9"><bdi>978-0-8103-9488-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+%26+Parapsychology%3A+A-L&rft.pages=Idolatry&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-9488-9&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djn9IPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/ancient-religions/ancient-religion/idolatry">Alternate Link</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertrand2003p87-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand2003p87_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand2003p87_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRégis_Bertrand2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Régis Bertrand (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-zYAAAAMAAJ">La Nativité et le temps de Noël: XVIIe-XXe siècle</a> (in French). Publ. de l'Université de Provence. pp. 87–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85399-552-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85399-552-8"><bdi>978-2-85399-552-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Nativit%C3%A9+et+le+temps+de+No%C3%ABl%3A+XVIIe-XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pages=87-95&rft.pub=Publ.+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Provence&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-85399-552-8&rft.au=R%C3%A9gis+Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-zYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Margarita Simon Guillory (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/64444/GuilloryM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Creating Selves: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Self and Creativity in African American Religion</a>, PhD Thesis, Awarded by Rice University, Advisor: Anthony Pinn, pages 122–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-reinhardt147-169"><a href="#cite_ref-reinhardt147_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Reinhardt, Steven G. (2008). "Review: La Nativité et le temps de Noël, XVIIe-XXe siècle". The Catholic Historical Review. 94 (1): 147–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcat.2008.0002">10.1353/cat.2008.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159896901">159896901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+La+Nativit%C3%A9+et+le+temps+de+No%C3%ABl%2C+XVIIe-XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=147-149&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcat.2008.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159896901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancois_Soyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Francois Soyer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfgyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">Ambiguous Gender in Early Modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, Doctors and the Transgression of Gender Norms</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 212–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23278-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23278-5"><bdi>978-90-04-23278-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambiguous+Gender+in+Early+Modern+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+Inquisitors%2C+Doctors+and+the+Transgression+of+Gender+Norms&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23278-5&rft.au=Francois+Soyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfgyAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itinerante.pt/avessadas-e-menino-jesus-de-praga-a-comunhao-perfeita/?lang=en">Avessadas and the Infant Jesus of Prague</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725121511/http://itinerante.pt/avessadas-e-menino-jesus-de-praga-a-comunhao-perfeita/?lang=en">Archived</a> 25 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Portugal </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723134">978-1898723134</a>, page 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521450386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521450386">978-0521450386</a>, page 675 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Parsons1993" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Parsons (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vM--pQp5qBUC&pg=PA211">The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions</a>. Routledge. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08326-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08326-3"><bdi>978-0-415-08326-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Religious+Diversity%3A+Traditions&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08326-3&rft.au=Gerald+Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvM--pQp5qBUC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhitothemax.org/shabad?id=12797&highlight=140347">"Shabad the Lord is One and His Word is True.. ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਹ ॥ - SikhiToTheMax"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shabad+the+Lord+is+One+and+His+Word+is+True..+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82+%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80+%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80+%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B9+%E0%A5%A5+-+SikhiToTheMax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhitothemax.org%2Fshabad%3Fid%3D12797%26highlight%3D140347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-He_Feng_2013_p._62-175"><a href="#cite_ref-He_Feng_2013_p._62_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeFeng2013" class="citation book cs1">He, K.; Feng, H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAaHqijyLy8C&pg=PA62">Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific: Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-13119-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-13119-7"><bdi>978-1-135-13119-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospect+Theory+and+Foreign+Policy+Analysis+in+the+Asia+Pacific%3A+Rational+Leaders+and+Risky+Behavior&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-13119-7&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Feng%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAaHqijyLy8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floru_2017_p._7-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Floru_2017_p._7_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloru2017" class="citation book cs1">Floru, JP (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-EoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7">The Sun Tyrant: A Nightmare Called North Korea</a>. Biteback Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78590-288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78590-288-8"><bdi>978-1-78590-288-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun+Tyrant%3A+A+Nightmare+Called+North+Korea&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78590-288-8&rft.aulast=Floru&rft.aufirst=JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-EoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vantage_Point_1982_p.-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Vantage_Point_1982_p._177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5blwAAAAMAAJ">Vantage Point</a>. Naewoe Press. 1982. 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Oxford University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029099-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029099-3"><bdi>978-0-19-029099-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Regime%3A+Kim+Jong+Il+and+the+Looming+Threat+of+North+Korea&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-029099-3&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwjiBwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522complete%2Band%2Btotal%2Bidolatry%2522%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeo_Chubb_2018_p._262-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Yeo_Chubb_2018_p._262_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeoChubb2018" class="citation book cs1">Yeo, A.; Chubb, D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzNlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262">North Korean Human Rights: Activists and Networks</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-69284-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-69284-7"><bdi>978-1-108-69284-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korean+Human+Rights%3A+Activists+and+Networks&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-69284-7&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Chubb%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzNlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees_1976_p.-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Rees_1976_p._180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1976" class="citation book cs1">Rees, D. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0kvAAAAMAAJ">North Korea, Undermining the Truce</a>. Conflict studies. Institute for the Study of Conflict. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903366-43-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903366-43-4"><bdi>978-0-903366-43-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%2C+Undermining+the+Truce&rft.series=Conflict+studies&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Conflict&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-903366-43-4&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0kvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gehman2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gehman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1B4XPF1P4a4C">African Traditional Religion in Biblical Perspective</a>. East African Publishers. pp. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-354-5"><bdi>978-9966-25-354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Traditional+Religion+in+Biblical+Perspective&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=East+African+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9966-25-354-5&rft.au=Richard+Gehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1B4XPF1P4a4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gehman2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gehman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1B4XPF1P4a4C">African Traditional Religion in Biblical Perspective</a>. East African Publishers. pp. 189–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-354-5"><bdi>978-9966-25-354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Traditional+Religion+in+Biblical+Perspective&rft.pages=189-190&rft.pub=East+African+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9966-25-354-5&rft.au=Richard+Gehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1B4XPF1P4a4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-awolalu1-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-awolalu1_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-awolalu1_183-1">b</a> J. O. Awolalu (1976), What is African Traditional Religion?, Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 10, No. 2, pages 8, 1–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester_A._Johnson2015" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester A. Johnson (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VuhBCgAAQBAJ">African American Religions, 1500–2000: Colonialism, Democracy, and Freedom</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-36814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-36814-5"><bdi>978-1-316-36814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Religions%2C+1500%E2%80%932000%3A+Colonialism%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Freedom&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-36814-5&rft.au=Sylvester+A.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVuhBCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubiés2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rubiés, Joan Pau (2006). "Theology, Ethnography, and the Historicization of Idolatry". Journal of the History of Ideas. 67 (4): 571–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjhi.2006.0038">10.1353/jhi.2006.0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170863835">170863835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Theology%2C+Ethnography%2C+and+the+Historicization+of+Idolatry&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=571-596&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjhi.2006.0038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170863835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rubi%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Joan+Pau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanger1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ranger, Terence O. (1986). "Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa". African Studies Review. 29 (2): 1–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F523964">10.2307/523964</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/523964">523964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143459900">143459900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Religious+Movements+and+Politics+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-70&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143459900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F523964%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F523964&rft.aulast=Ranger&rft.aufirst=Terence+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_A._Bravmann1980" class="citation book cs1">René A. Bravmann (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDY4AAAAIAAJ">Islam and Tribal Art in West Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–21, 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29791-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29791-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Tribal+Art+in+West+Africa&rft.pages=15-21%2C+36-37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29791-2&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+A.+Bravmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDY4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1967" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, John Ralph (1967). "Jihād fī Sabīl Allāh—its Doctrinal Basis in Islam and some Aspects of its Evolution in Nineteenth-Century West Africa". The Journal of African History. 8 (3): 395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700007933">10.1017/s0021853700007933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154388861">154388861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Jih%C4%81d+f%C4%AB+Sab%C4%ABl+All%C4%81h%E2%80%94its+Doctrinal+Basis+in+Islam+and+some+Aspects+of+its+Evolution+in+Nineteenth-Century+West+Africa&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700007933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154388861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=John+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firestone1999p20-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Firestone1999p20_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuven_Firestone1999" class="citation book cs1">Reuven Firestone (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6kVVeIkzDkC">Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21, 85–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535219-1"><bdi>978-0-19-535219-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Origin+of+Holy+War+in+Islam&rft.pages=20-21%2C+85-89&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535219-1&rft.au=Reuven+Firestone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6kVVeIkzDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopin2002-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Gopin2002_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Gopin2002" class="citation book cs1">Marc Gopin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holywarholypeace00gopi">Holy War, Holy Peace</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holywarholypeace00gopi/page/243">243</a> footnote 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803348-6"><bdi>978-0-19-803348-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War%2C+Holy+Peace&rft.pages=243+footnote+5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803348-6&rft.au=Marc+Gopin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholywarholypeace00gopi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColeZorach2009p17-191"><a href="#cite_ref-ColeZorach2009p17_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Wayne_ColeRebecca_Zorach2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Wayne Cole; Rebecca Zorach (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUKBQfzKlIYC&pg=PA17">The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World</a>. Ashgate. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5290-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-5290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idol+in+the+Age+of+Art%3A+Objects%2C+Devotions+and+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5290-8&rft.au=Michael+Wayne+Cole&rft.au=Rebecca+Zorach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUKBQfzKlIYC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988">, Quote: "By negating African religious practices, the pejorative characterizations of these works as objects of idolatry served in vital ways to both demonize and dehumanize local populations, thereby providing a moral buttress for European religious and human trade practices on the continent". </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_TaylorFrederick_I._Case2013" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Taylor; Frederick I. Case (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1002">The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions</a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1002–1003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09433-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09433-0"><bdi>978-0-252-09433-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Caribbean+Religions&rft.pages=1002-1003&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09433-0&rft.au=Patrick+Taylor&rft.au=Frederick+I.+Case&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOyYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parkerstanton501-193"><a href="#cite_ref-parkerstanton501_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_ParkerJulie_Stanton2007" class="citation book cs1">Janet Parker; Julie Stanton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7dR2w1Wv2sC">Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies</a>. Struik Publishers. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-453-8"><bdi>978-1-77007-453-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology%3A+Myths%2C+Legends+and+Fantasies&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-453-8&rft.au=Janet+Parker&rft.au=Julie+Stanton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7dR2w1Wv2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morill79-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morill79_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-morill79_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._MorrillJ._ZieglerS._Rodgers2006" class="citation book cs1">B. Morrill; J. Ziegler; S. Rodgers (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWvJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Practicing Catholic: Ritual, Body, and Contestation in Catholic Faith</a>. Springer. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8296-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8296-4"><bdi>978-1-4039-8296-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practicing+Catholic%3A+Ritual%2C+Body%2C+and+Contestation+in+Catholic+Faith&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8296-4&rft.au=B.+Morrill&rft.au=J.+Ziegler&rft.au=S.+Rodgers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWvJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seaman2013p140-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Seaman2013p140_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_M._Seaman2013" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca M. Seaman (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXKjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">Conflict in the Early Americas: An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's Aztec, Incan, and Mayan Conquests</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 140–141, 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-777-2"><bdi>978-1-59884-777-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+Early+Americas%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish+Empire%27s+Aztec%2C+Incan%2C+and+Mayan+Conquests&rft.pages=140-141%2C+251&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-777-2&rft.au=Rebecca+M.+Seaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXKjAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole77-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole77_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole77_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Wayne_ColeRebecca_Zorach2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Wayne Cole; Rebecca Zorach (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUKBQfzKlIYC&pg=PA77">The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World</a>. 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Marshall Cavendish. pp. 843–844. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7565-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-7565-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Mythology&rft.pages=843-844&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7565-1&rft.au=C+Scott+Littleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsgoddessesmyt02litt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_TaylorFrederick_I._Case2013" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Taylor; Frederick I. 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The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 133–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008">10.1093/019513480X.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195134803" title="Special:BookSources/9780195134803"><bdi>9780195134803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El%2C+Yahweh%2C+and+the+Original+God+of+Israel+and+the+Exodus&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Biblical+Monotheism%3A+Israel%27s+Polytheistic+Background+and+the+Ugaritic+Texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=133-148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008&rft.isbn=9780195134803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafkRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1995" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA45">"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion: Methodological and Religio-Historical Aspects"</a>. 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The Open Yale Courses Series. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300181791" title="Special:BookSources/9780300181791"><bdi>9780300181791</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bxpm.6">j.ctt32bxpm.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Biblical+Monotheism&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.series=The+Open+Yale+Courses+Series&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bxpm.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780300181791&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Bernard" title="David K. Bernard">Bernard, David K.</a> (2019) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"Monotheism in Paul's Rhetorical World"</a>. The Glory of God in the Face of Jesus Christ: Deification of Jesus in Early Christian Discourse. Journal of Pentecostal Theology: Supplement Series. Vol. 45. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 53–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7"><bdi>978-90-04-39721-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-7393">0966-7393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism+in+Paul%27s+Rhetorical+World&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+God+in+the+Face+of+Jesus+Christ%3A+Deification+of+Jesus+in+Early+Christian+Discourse&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Journal+of+Pentecostal+Theology%3A+Supplement+Series&rft.pages=53-82&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0966-7393&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39721-7&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AD1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raeburn_2001_p._24-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Raeburn_2001_p._24_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaeburn2001" class="citation book cs1">Raeburn, J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y30a1mV2KpIC&pg=PA24">Celtic Wicca: Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century</a>. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2229-6"><bdi>978-0-8065-2229-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Wicca%3A+Ancient+Wisdom+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2229-6&rft.aulast=Raeburn&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy30a1mV2KpIC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegina_Schwartz2016" class="citation book cs1">Regina Schwartz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgqDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT33">Loving Justice, Living Shakespeare</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-251460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-251460-8"><bdi>978-0-19-251460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loving+Justice%2C+Living+Shakespeare&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-251460-8&rft.au=Regina+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgqDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_EllenbogenAaron_Tugendhaft2011" class="citation book cs1">Josh Ellenbogen; Aaron Tugendhaft (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQNADWdHMicC">Idol Anxiety</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 29–35, 60–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8181-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-8181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idol+Anxiety&rft.pages=29-35%2C+60-74&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8181-7&rft.au=Josh+Ellenbogen&rft.au=Aaron+Tugendhaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQNADWdHMicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Juan Sebastián Hernández Valencia (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/105437290/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Valencia_2023_Hombres_ciegos_%C3%ADdolos_huecos_Fetichismo_y_alteridad_en_la_cr%C3%ADtica_de_la_idolatr%C3%ADa_del_Apocal%C3%ADpsis_de_Abrah%C3%A1n_Medell%C3%ADn_Fondo_Editorial_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_Luis_Amig%C3%B3">Hombres ciegos, ídolos huecos: fetichismo y alteridad en la crítica de la idolatría del Apocalipsis de Abrahán</a> (Medellín: Fondo Editorial Universidad Católica Luis Amigó) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-8943-91-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-8943-91-6">978-958-8943-91-6</a></li> <li>Swagato Ganguly (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Idolatry-Colonial-Idea-India-Enlightenment/dp/113810616X">Idolatry and The Colonial Idea of India: Visions of Horror, Allegories of Enlightenment</a>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138106161" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138106161">978-1138106161</a></li> <li>Reuven Chaim Klein (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1946351466">God versus Gods: Judaism in the Age of Idolatry</a>. Mosaica Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1946351463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1946351463">978-1946351463</a>.</li> <li>Yechezkel Kaufmann (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Religion-Israel-Beginnings-Babylonian-Exile/dp/0805203648">The Religion of Israel: From its Beginnings to the Babylonin Exile</a>. Univ. of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805203646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805203646">978-0805203646</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaurFaur1978" class="citation cs2">Faur, José; Faur, Jose (1978), "The Biblical Idea of Idolatry", The Jewish Quarterly Review, 69 (1): 1–15, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1453972">10.2307/1453972</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453972">1453972</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Idea+of+Idolatry&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1453972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1453972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Faur&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Faur%2C+Jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrichto1983" class="citation cs2">Brichto, Herbert Chanan (1983), "The Worship of the Golden Calf: A Literary Analysis of a Fable on Idolatry", Hebrew Union College Annual, 54: 1–44, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507659">23507659</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=The+Worship+of+the+Golden+Calf%3A+A+Literary+Analysis+of+a+Fable+on+Idolatry&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23507659%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brichto&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Chanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer1924" class="citation cs2">Pfeiffer, Robert H. (1924), "The Polemic against Idolatry in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature, 43 (3/4): 229–240, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3259257">10.2307/3259257</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3259257">3259257</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Polemic+against+Idolatry+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=229-240&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3259257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3259257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakan1961" class="citation cs2">Bakan, David (1961), "Idolatry in Religion and Science", The Christian Scholar, 44 (3): 223–230, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41177237">41177237</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Scholar&rft.atitle=Idolatry+in+Religion+and+Science&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=223-230&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41177237%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bakan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebert1984" class="citation cs2">Siebert, Donald T. (1984), "Hume on Idolatry and Incarnation", Journal of the History of Ideas, 45 (3): 379–396, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709231">10.2307/2709231</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709231">2709231</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Hume+on+Idolatry+and+Incarnation&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-396&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Siebert&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrellana1981" class="citation cs2">Orellana, Sandra L. (1981), "Idols and Idolatry in Highland Guatemala", Ethnohistory, 28 (2): 157–177, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F481116">10.2307/481116</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/481116">481116</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Idols+and+Idolatry+in+Highland+Guatemala&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-177&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F481116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F481116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Orellana&rft.aufirst=Sandra+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdolatry" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idolatry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Idolatry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Idolatry">Idolatry</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">1913 Catholic Encyclopedia</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Idolatry" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Idolatry">Idolatry</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idolatry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:idolatry">idolatry</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Idolatry" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Idolatry">Idolatry</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emerald.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah188/kpetersen/iconoclasm.html">Idolatry and iconoclasm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112071721/http://emerald.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah188/kpetersen/iconoclasm.html">Archived</a> 12 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tufts University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/arthistory/faculty/Freedberg/Iconoclasm-Idolatry.pdf">Iconoclasm and idolatry</a>, Columbia University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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