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Alfabet rúnic - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Alfabet+r%C3%BAnic" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Alfabet+r%C3%BAnic" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right 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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Alfabet+r%C3%BAnic" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Alfabet+r%C3%BAnic" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sistemes_rúnics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistemes_rúnics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sistemes rúnics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sistemes_rúnics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Sistemes rúnics</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sistemes_rúnics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Futhark_original_nòrdic_de_24_lletres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futhark_original_nòrdic_de_24_lletres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Futhark original nòrdic de 24 lletres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futhark_original_nòrdic_de_24_lletres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futhark_més_recent_simplificat_a_16_lletres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futhark_més_recent_simplificat_a_16_lletres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Futhark més recent simplificat a 16 lletres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futhark_més_recent_simplificat_a_16_lletres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futhark_de_Hälsingland_(Suècia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futhark_de_Hälsingland_(Suècia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Futhark de Hälsingland (Suècia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futhark_de_Hälsingland_(Suècia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variant_medieval_que_transcriu_l&#039;alfabet_llatí_complet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variant_medieval_que_transcriu_l&#039;alfabet_llatí_complet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Variant medieval que transcriu l'alfabet llatí complet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variant_medieval_que_transcriu_l&#039;alfabet_llatí_complet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orígens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orígens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orígens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orígens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Orígens</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orígens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitològics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitològics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mitològics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitològics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_runes_com_a_oracle[18]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_runes_com_a_oracle[18]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Les runes com a oracle<sup><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Les_runes_com_a_oracle[18]-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Les runes com a oracle<sup><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></sup></span> </button> <ul id="toc-Les_runes_com_a_oracle[18]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_interpretació_de_les_runes[19]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_interpretació_de_les_runes[19]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>La interpretació de les runes<sup><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_interpretació_de_les_runes[19]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfabet rúnic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 83 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune-alfabet" title="Rune-alfabet - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rune-alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark" title="Futhark - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Futhark" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%BEorc" title="Fuþorc - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fuþorc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية رونية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية رونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_r%C3%BAnicu" title="Alfabetu rúnicu - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu rúnicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Run əlifbası - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Run əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рун яҙмаһы - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рун яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo%C3%B9" title="Runoù - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Runoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Рунăсем - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рунăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runealfabet" title="Runealfabet - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Runealfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Runki" title="Alfabey Runki - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Runki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ρούνοι - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaj_alfabetoj" title="Runaj alfabetoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Runaj alfabetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunid" title="Ruunid - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruunid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_erruniko" title="Alfabeto erruniko - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabeto erruniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خط رونی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط رونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riimukirjoitus" title="Riimukirjoitus - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riimukirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir - feroès" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunen" title="Ruunen - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 - gòtic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gòtic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Roonagh" title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אלפבית רוני - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית רוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="रूनी लिपि - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूनी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAna%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Rúnaírás - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rúnaírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուներ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Rune" title="Alfabet Rune - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo-skribajo" title="Runo-skribajo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Runo-skribajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_runico" title="Alfabeto runico - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto runico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ルーン文字 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუნები - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Руналық жазу - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руналық жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="룬 문자 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룬 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runae" title="Runae - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Runae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runos" title="Runos - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Runos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABnu_raksts" title="Rūnu raksts - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūnu raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_ronika" title="Abidy ronika - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy ronika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рунска азбука - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рунска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes_(skrift)" title="Runes (skrift) - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Runes (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_runic" title="Alfabet runic - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet runic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="رونی لپی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رونی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run%C4%83" title="Rună - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Руналар - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Руналар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes" title="Runes - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Runes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy_(germ%C3%A1nske_p%C3%ADsmo)" title="Runy (germánske písmo) - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Runy (germánske písmo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_runik" title="Alfabeti runik - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti runik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Руне - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runor" title="Runor - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Runor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรรูน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรรูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yaz%C4%B1" title="Runik yazı - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Runik yazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="رونی حروف تہجی - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رونی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yozuv" title="Runik yozuv - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Runik yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Rune" title="Chữ Rune - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Rune" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_(abakadahan)" title="Rune (abakadahan) - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rune (abakadahan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%8F%E5%8C%BF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="虏匿字母 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虏匿字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table style="float:right;border:solid blue 3px;margin-left:10px;width:130px;"><tbody><tr><td> <table cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Car%C3%A0cters_especials" title="Ajuda:Caràcters especials">No veieu bé alguns caràcters?</a></b></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background:Moccasin; font-size:120%;"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Infotaula sistema d&#39;escriptura"><img alt="Infotaula sistema d&#39;escriptura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kanji_Wa.svg/20px-Kanji_Wa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kanji_Wa.svg/30px-Kanji_Wa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kanji_Wa.svg/40px-Kanji_Wa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="123" /></span></span></span>Alfabet rúnic<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Runen_futhark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Runen_futhark.jpg/300px-Runen_futhark.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Runen_futhark.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="109" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; width:30%;">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">alfabet</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2182919" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2182919">sistema d'escriptura alfabètic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escriptura_de_caixa_%C3%BAnica" title="Escriptura de caixa única">escriptura de caixa única</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12775371" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q12775371">script family</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12775371?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; width:30%;">Llengües</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%A8" title="Norrè">norrè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s_antic" title="Anglès antic">anglès antic</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34909" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q34909">islandès antic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suec" title="Suec">suec</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües germàniques">llengües germàniques</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P407" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; width:30%;">Creació</th><td class="infobox-data">segle <span style="font-variant:small-caps; text-transform:lowercase;">III</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P571" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; width:30%;">Basat en</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antics_alfabets_it%C3%A0lics" title="Antics alfabets itàlics">antics alfabets itàlics</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P144" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; width:30%;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Runr <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P506" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>&#160;(211 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P2620" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; width:30%;">Direcció del text</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17321844" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q17321844">d'esquerra a dreta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bustrofedon" title="Bustrofedon">bustrofèdon</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P1406" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee; width:30%;">Interval Unicode</th><td class="infobox-data">U+16A0-16F0 <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82996?uselang=ca#P5949" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Trikvetra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trikvetra.JPG/220px-Trikvetra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trikvetra.JPG/330px-Trikvetra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trikvetra.JPG/440px-Trikvetra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Pedra amb inscripcions rúniques a <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8cia" title="Suècia">Suècia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>alfabet rúnic</b> es compon d'un conjunt de signes anomenats <b>runes</b>. La característica principal d'aquest tipus d'alfabet és el suport on fou escrit, generalment pedra i fusta; això fa que les runes presentin formes rectes i anguloses. Aquests alfabets van ser usats en l'antiguitat per a escriure <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües germàniques">llengües germàniques</a>, principalment a <a href="/wiki/Escandin%C3%A0via" title="Escandinàvia">Escandinàvia</a> i les <a href="/wiki/Illes_Brit%C3%A0niques" title="Illes Britàniques">illes Britàniques</a>. La inscripció rúnica més antiga data del 150 dC aproximadament, i els pobles que utilitzaven les runes van mantenir aquesta escriptura fins a la cristianització, aproximadament fins al 700 dC a l'Europa central i fins al 1100 al nord d'Europa, quan es va substituir per l'alfabet llatí. També s'han denominat amb el nom de runes altres alfabets, per la seva semblança, encara que no tinguin cap relació genètica. Totes les varietats poden ser considerades un antic <a href="/wiki/Sistema_d%27escriptura" title="Sistema d&#39;escriptura">sistema d'escriptura</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> septentrional. L'origen d'aquests alfabets germànics és probablement una evolució dels <a href="/wiki/Antics_alfabets_it%C3%A0lics" title="Antics alfabets itàlics">antics alfabet itàlics</a>, dels quals també deriva l'<a href="/wiki/Alfabet_llat%C3%AD" title="Alfabet llatí">alfabet llatí</a>. A cada lletra se li assignà un nom i se li atorgà algun tipus de poder esotèric. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistemes_rúnics"><span id="Sistemes_r.C3.BAnics"></span>Sistemes rúnics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Sistemes rúnics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitxer:Anglosaxonrunes-editable.svg&amp;lang=ca" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anglosaxonrunes-editable.svg/langca-220px-Anglosaxonrunes-editable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anglosaxonrunes-editable.svg/langca-330px-Anglosaxonrunes-editable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anglosaxonrunes-editable.svg/langca-440px-Anglosaxonrunes-editable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Futhorc anglosaxó</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/220px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/330px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/440px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Futhark original</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/220px-02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/330px-02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/440px-02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2599" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Futhark més recent</figcaption></figure> <p>Els més coneguts són: </p> <ul><li>El <i>futhark</i> original, denominat "més antic" o simplement "antic". Data dels segles II al IX aproximadament i rep el seu nom de les seves sis primeres lletres, que representaven els sons <span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/f, u, θ, a, r, k/</span>.</li> <li>El <i>futhork</i> anglosaxó. Data dels segles V-XII. El seu nom també deriva de les seves sis primeres lletres.</li> <li>El <i>futhark</i> més recent (segles IX-XX). Subdividit en: <ul><li><i>Futhark</i> <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%A8s" title="Danès">danès</a>.</li> <li>Runes sueco-noruegues (anomenades <i>rök</i>).</li> <li>Runes de Hälsinge (sense traç vertical).</li> <li><i>Futhark</i> latinitzat (segles XVI-XX).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Futhark_original_nòrdic_de_24_lletres"><span id="Futhark_original_n.C3.B2rdic_de_24_lletres"></span>Futhark original nòrdic de 24 lletres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Futhark original nòrdic de 24 lletres"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚠ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚢ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚦ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚨ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚱ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚲ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚷ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚹ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚺ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚾ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛁ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛃ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛇ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛈ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛉ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛋ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛏ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛒ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛖ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛗ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛚ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛜ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛞ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛟ</span> </big></td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/f/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/u/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/θ/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/a/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/r/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/k/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/g/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/w/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/h/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/n/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/i/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/j/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ei/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/p/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">R</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/s/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/t/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/b/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/e/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/m/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/l/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/d/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/o/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Futhark_més_recent_simplificat_a_16_lletres"><span id="Futhark_m.C3.A9s_recent_simplificat_a_16_lletres"></span>Futhark més recent simplificat a 16 lletres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Futhark més recent simplificat a 16 lletres"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>Variant danesa</td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚠ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚢ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚦ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚬ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚱ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚴ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚼ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚾ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛁ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛅ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛋ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛏ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛒ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛘ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛚ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛦ</span> </big></td></tr> <tr> <td>Variant sueconoruega</td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚠ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚢ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚦ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚭ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚱ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚴ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚽ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚿ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛁ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛆ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛌ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛐ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛓ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛙ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛚ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛧ</span> </big></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/f/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/u/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/θ/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/ą/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/r/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/k/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/h/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/n/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/i/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/a/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/s/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/t/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/b/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/m/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">/l/</span></td> <td><span title="Representació en l&#39;Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">R</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Futhark_de_Hälsingland_(Suècia)"><span id="Futhark_de_H.C3.A4lsingland_.28Su.C3.A8cia.29"></span>Futhark de Hälsingland (Suècia)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Futhark de Hälsingland (Suècia)"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Aparentment no està codificat a Unicode). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Futhark_H%C3%A4lsingland_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Futhark_H%C3%A4lsingland_15.png" decoding="async" width="427" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption> </figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variant_medieval_que_transcriu_l'alfabet_llatí_complet"><span id="Variant_medieval_que_transcriu_l.27alfabet_llat.C3.AD_complet"></span>Variant medieval que transcriu l'<a href="/wiki/Alfabet_llat%C3%AD" title="Alfabet llatí">alfabet llatí</a> complet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Variant medieval que transcriu l&#039;alfabet llatí complet"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛆ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">𐌁</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛎ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛑ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚦ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚧ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛂ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚠ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚵ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚼ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛁ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚴ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛚ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛘ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚿ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚮ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛔ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚴ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚱ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛍ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛐ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚢ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚢ, ᚡ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚤ, ᛦ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛎ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᛅ</span></big></td> <td><big><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l&#39;article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">ᚯ</span> </big></td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>þ</td> <td>ð</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i, j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>y</td> <td>z</td> <td>æ</td> <td>ø </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orígens"><span id="Or.C3.ADgens"></span>Orígens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Orígens"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El nom que es dona als signes d'aquests alfabets és el de <i>runa</i>, a diferència de lletra del llatí i grec, com apareix enregistrat ja en un bastó tallat alemany del <a href="/wiki/Segle_VI" title="Segle VI">segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">vi</span></a> i també, possiblement com a <i>runo</i>, a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedra_Einang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedra Einang (encara no existeix)">pedra Einang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Segle_IV" title="Segle IV">segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">iv</span></a>). Aquest nom procedeix del femení germànic de tema en -<b>&#333;</b> * <b>r&#363;n&#333;</b>, de l'arrel <i>r&#363;n-</i>: gòtic <i>r&#363;na</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<i>runa</i> en <a href="/wiki/Llengua_g%C3%B2tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengua gòtica">gòtic</a>), que significa <i>secret</i> (en comparació amb el <a href="/wiki/Fin%C3%A8s" title="Finès">finès</a>, que agafà el cognat rúnic amb el significat de <i>poema</i>). </p><p>Les runes començaren a ser usades pels pobles germànics el <a href="/wiki/Segle_I" title="Segle I">segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">i</span></a> o <a href="/wiki/Segle_II" title="Segle II">II</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Inscripcions_r%C3%BAniques" title="Inscripcions rúniques">inscripció rúnica</a> més antiga data d'aproximadament el <a href="/wiki/160" title="160">160</a> i es troba en una <a href="/wiki/Inscripcions_de_Vimose" title="Inscripcions de Vimose">pinta trobada al pantà de Vimose</a>, a l'<a href="/wiki/Illa" title="Illa">illa</a> de <a href="/wiki/Fi%C3%B2nia" title="Fiònia">Fiònia</a>, en ella es llegeix <i>harha</i> (pinta). Un altre candidat disputat a ésser la més antiga és la inscripció del segle I de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADbula_de_Meldorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fíbula de Meldorf (encara no existeix)">fíbula de Meldorf</a>. Aquest període pot correspondre's amb les últimes fases lingüístiques de l'idioma pregermànic o germànic comú, que evolucionava a dialectes no clarament separats encara en les seves tres vessants en els següents segles: les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques_septentrionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües germàniques septentrionals">llengües germàniques septentrionals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques_occidentals" title="Llengües germàniques occidentals">llengües germàniques occidentals</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques_orientals" title="Llengües germàniques orientals">llengües germàniques orientals</a>. </p><p>No hi ha distinció entre vocals llargues i curtes en les inscripcions rúniques conservades, tot i que la diferència era present fonològicament en les llengües parlades de l'època. Igualment, no hi ha signes de consonants labiovelars en el futhark antic (signes que foren introduïts tant en el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Futhorc&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Futhorc (encara no existeix)">futhorc</a> anglosaxó com a l'<a href="/wiki/Alfabet_g%C3%B2tic" title="Alfabet gòtic">alfabet gòtic</a> com a variants de la lletra p). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitològics"><span id="Mitol.C3.B2gics"></span>Mitològics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Mitològics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En les antigues creences norrenes -i de fet, també germàniques- les runes eren d'origen diví (<a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%A8" title="Norrè">norrè occidental antic</a>: <i>reginkunnr</i>, <i>reginku&#240;r</i> &#8216;divinal, d'origen diví&#8217;). Aquesta afirmació no s'ha d'entendre en el sentit que &#8216;foren creades pels déus o per un déu&#8217;, sinó en el de &#8216;existeixen des de sempre, com els déus o des de molt antic, com el món&#8217;. A una inscripció dels voltants de l'inici del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">vii</span>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedra_r%C3%BAnica_de_Noleby&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedra rúnica de Noleby (encara no existeix)">pedra de Noleby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8cia" title="Suècia">Suècia</a>, hom hi llegeix: <i>r&#363;n&#333; f&#257;h&#299; raginakund&#333; t&#333;jeka...</i>, que significa "pinto<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> la runa, faig<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> la d'origen div&#237;...")<sup id="cite_ref-reginkunnr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reginkunnr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedra_r%C3%BAnica_de_Sparl%C3%B6sa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedra rúnica de Sparlösa (encara no existeix)">pedra de Sparlösa</a> del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">ix</span> (<i>Ok rað runa<span style="font-size:90%;">R</span> þa<span style="font-size:90%;">R</span> rægi[n]kundu</i>, que significa "i interpretar les runes de diví origen").<sup id="cite_ref-reginkunnr_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reginkunnr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En un document literari com ara els<i> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i>, estrofa 80, les runes també es descriuen com a <i>reginkunnr</i>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>80. Þat er þá reynt,</dd> <dd>er þú at rúnom spyrr</dd> <dd>inom reginkunnom,</dd> <dd>þeim er g&#491;rðo ginnregin</dd> <dd>ok fáði fimbulþulr,</dd> <dd>þá hefir hann bazt, ef hann þegir.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>80. Està comprovat:</dd> <dd>quan les runes consultis,</dd> <dd>les d'origen diví,</dd> <dd>les que feren els déus sacrosants,</dd> <dd>i el <i>&#254;ulr</i> suprem<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pintà [de vermell],</dd> <dd>el millor que es pot fer, és callar.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>En el <i>rúnatal</i>, una de les parts dels <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a>, s'explica que les runes no foren creades -tenen el que se'n diu una &#8216;preexistència&#8217; tel·lúrica- sinó arrancades de la terra pel déu <a href="/wiki/Odin_(d%C3%A9u)" title="Odin (déu)">Odin</a>, i les estrofes 138 i 139 dels <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a> descriuen com Odin va arreplegar des del subsòl les runes a través del seu propi sacrifici. El text (en norrè occidental antic i la seva traducció al català) és com segueix: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><i>Veit ec at ec hecc vindgameiði á</i> <br /><i>n&#230;tr allar nío,</i> <br /><i>geiri undaðr oc gefinn Óðni,</i> <br /><i>siálfr siálfom mér,</i> <br /><i>á þeim meiði, er mangi veit,</i> <br /><i>hvers hann af rótom renn.</i> &#160; </p><p><i>Við hleifi mic s&#230;ldo né við hornigi,</i> <br /><i>nýsta ec niðr;</i> <br /><i>nam ec upp rúnar,</i> <br /><i>&#339;pandi nam,</i> <br /><i>fell ec aptr þaðan.</i> </p> </td> <td> <p>Sé que pengí en un arbre gronxat pel vent <br />nou nits senceres, <br />ferit amb una llança i donat a Odin, <br />jo mateix [ofert] a mi mateix, <br />en <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasil">aquell arbre</a> del qual ningú no coneix <br />fins on arriben ses arrels. </p><p>No m'hi donaren<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pa ni cap banya,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <br />vaig mirar cap a sota, <br />Prenguí les runes, <br />cridant les prenguí, <br />i després d'allà [a terra] vaig tornar a caure. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A la <i>Rígsþula</i>, un dels poemes de l'<a href="/wiki/Edda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edda">Edda</a> poètica, hi ha un vers que podria al&#183;ludir a un altre origen de les runes. </p><p>Aquest poema èddic ens conta com el déu <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADgr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rígr (encara no existeix)">Rígr</a>, identificat com <a href="/wiki/Heimdallr" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallr">Heimdallr</a> a la introducció, va tenir tres fills de dones humanes: &#222;r&#230;ll &#8216;esclau&#8217; (Besàvia infantà, | l'infant fou aspergit amb aigua, | negre de pell, | l'anomenaren &#222;r&#230;ll, esclau), Karl &#8216;home lliure&#8217; (Àvia infantà, | l'infant fou aspergit d'aigua, | li digueren Jarl, home [lliure], | una dona l'embolcallà amb drap de lli) i Jarl &#8216;noble&#8217; (Mare infantà un noi, | l'embolcallaren en seda, | fou aspergit amb aigua, | l'anomenaren Jarl). Aquests fills es convertiren en els ancestres de les tres classes socials anomenades per llurs noms. </p><p>A les estrofes 35 i 36, l'anònim autor del poema descriu les habilitats ideals d'un <i>iarl</i>, un noble norrè, amb aquests mots: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>35. Upp óx þar &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; Iarl á fletiom;</dd> <dd>lind nam at scelfa, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; leggia strengi,</dd> <dd>álm at beygia, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; ǫrvar scepta,</dd> <dd>flein at fleygia, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; frǫccor dýia,</dd> <dd>hestom ríða, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; hundom verpa,</dd> <dd>sverðom bregða, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; sund at fremia.<sup id="cite_ref-titus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>35. En Iarl allà va créixer, a les sales de la llar:</dd> <dd>hi va aprendre a aixecar l'escut de fusta de tell,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a posar corda a l'arc,</dd> <dd>a corbar la fusta de l'oma per fer-ne l'arc, a posar l'asta a les sagetes,</dd> <dd>a fer volar la javelina, a agitar les piques<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>a muntar a cavall, a afuar els gossos,</dd> <dd>a desembeinar l'espasa, a nedar.<sup id="cite_ref-Traducció_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traducció-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>36. Kom þar ór runni<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; Rígr gangandi,</dd> <dd>Rígr gangandi, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; rúnar kendi;</dd> <dd>sitt gaf heiti, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; son kvez eiga;</dd> <dd>þann bað hann eignaz &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; óðalvǫllo,</dd> <dd>óðalvǫllo, &#9;&#160;&#9;&#160;&#9; aldnar bygðir.<sup id="cite_ref-titus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>36. Del bosc arrib&#224; caminant en Rígr,</dd> <dd>En Rígr caminant, va ensenyar-li [a en Iarl] les runes,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>li va donar el seu nom,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> el va declarar fill seu;</dd> <dd>li va pregar que prengués en propietat els [seus] camps pairals,</dd> <dd>els [seus] camps pairals, les contrades habitades d'antic.<sup id="cite_ref-Traducció_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traducció-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p>En sentit estricte, l'estrofa 36 de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADgs%C3%BEula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rígsþula (encara no existeix)">Rígs&#254;ula</a> únicament ens conta que quan en Iarl arribà a l'edat de començar a emprar les armes i exercir altres habilitats pròpies dels nobles, en Rígr tornà &#8220;del bosc&#8221;, i, havent reconegut en Iarl com a fill seu, li ensenyà les runes. El <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>, l'exiliat arquebisbe suec <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> enregistrà una traducció sobre un home anomenat Kettil Runske que havia robat tres bastons rúnics d'<a href="/wiki/Odin_(d%C3%A9u)" title="Odin (déu)">Odin</a> i après així les <a href="/wiki/Runa" class="mw-redirect" title="Runa">runes</a> i llur màgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Les_runes_com_a_oracle[18]"><span id="Les_runes_com_a_oracle.5B18.5D"></span>Les runes com a oracle<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Les runes com a oracle[18]"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'ús oracular de les runes, mal anomenat sovint <i>endevinatori</i>, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_interpretació_de_les_runes[19]"><span id="La_interpretaci.C3.B3_de_les_runes.5B19.5D"></span>La interpretació de les runes<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: La interpretació de les runes[19]"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La primera runa té a veure amb el Jo superior, i la correcta relació que un hi estableix. Cal conservar la modèstia </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabets_i_escriptures_del_m%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabets i escriptures del món">Alfabets i escriptures del món</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aquest mot traduiex el grec <b>&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;</b> &#8220;secret; misteri&#8221; en els següents passatges: Luc 8:10=&#964;&#8048; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#945;; Marc 4:11=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;; Romans 11:25=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#8166;&#964;&#959;; 1 Corintis 13:2=&#964;&#8048; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#945; &#960;ά&#957;&#964;&#945;; 1 Corintis 15:51=&#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957; Efesis 1:9=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;; Efesis 3:3=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;; Efesis 3:4=&#7952;&#957; &#964;&#8183; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#961;ί&#8179;; Efesis 3:9=&#964;&#959;&#8166; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;&#951;&#961;ί&#959;&#965;; Efesis 6:19=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;; Colossencs 1:26=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#8056; &#7936;&#960;&#959;&#954;&#949;&#954;&#961;&#965;&#956;&#956;έ&#957;&#959;&#957;; Colossencs 4:3=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;; 1 Timoteu 3:9=&#964;&#8056; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;; 1 Timoteu 3:16=&#964;&#8056; &#964;&#8134;&#962; &#949;&#8016;&#963;&#949;&#946;&#949;ί&#945;&#962; &#956;&#965;&#963;&#964;ή&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;.<br />El mot tradueix el grec <b>&#946;&#959;&#965;&#955;ή</b> &#8220;designi, intenció [secreta], motiu [secret], voluntat&#8221; a Lluc 7:30=&#964;&#8052;&#957; &#946;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#8052;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#8166; &#952;&#949;&#959;&#8166;, i a 1 Corintis 4:5=&#964;&#8048;&#962; &#946;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#8048;&#962; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#961;&#948;&#953;&#8182;&#957;.<br />Finalment, el mot tradueix el grec <b>&#963;&#965;&#956;&#946;&#959;ύ&#955;&#953;&#959;&#957;</b> &#8220;consell [secret]&#8221; a Mateu 27:1.<br />Al costat d'aquest mot, encara cal esmentar el derivat <b>gar&#363;ni</b>, un neutre de tema en -<i>ja</i>, que apareix traduint el grec <b>&#963;&#965;&#956;&#946;&#959;ύ&#955;&#953;&#959;&#957;</b> &#8220;consell [secret]&#8221; a Mateu 27:1 (<i>depenent del manuscrist, </i>r&#363;na), Marc 3:6 i Marc 15:1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">norrè occidental antic: <b>fá</b>, pretèrit <b>fá&#240;a</b> &#8216;pintar runes de vermell&#8217;, alemany antic <b>fêhen</b> &#8216;pintar&#8217;, anglès antic <b>fǽn</b> &#8216;pintar&#8217;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">gòtic <b>taujan</b>, <b>gataujan</b> &#8216;fer&#8217;, alemany antic <b>zouwen</b> &#8216;fer&#8217;, anglès modern <b>to taw</b> &#8216;preparar, adobar (pells, cuiro)&#8217;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reginkunnr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-reginkunnr_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-reginkunnr_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Transcripció i translliteració de <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/original/edda/havamal.php">Hávamál</a></i> en «Norrøne Tekster og Kvad», Noruega.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">el <i>fimbul&#254;ulr</i> és, sens cap mena de dubte, Odin. Tanmateix, tot versemblantment aquí el mot <i>&#254;ulr</i> no significa pas <i>sacerdot</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Es tracta d'una recomanació de guardar silenci absolut mentre es faci una consulta de les runes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214230540/http://www.geocities.com/area51/dimension/9522/havamal.html#III">Els Hávamál</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">El norrè occidental antic <b>sǽla</b> (pretèrit: <b>sǽlda</b>) significa, literalment, &#8220;fer feliç algú, agraciar algú&#8221;: ningú no va alleugerir la seva situació oferint-li pa o beguda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">És a dir, beguda, ja que hom emprava les banyes dels animals morts, especialment el bestiar boví, com a recipients per a beure-hi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-titus_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-titus_10-1">10,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/germ/anord/edda/eddat.htm">Rígs&#254;ula</a></i> en «Edda». On the basis of the edition <i>Edda</i>, <i>Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern</i>, herausgegeben von Gustav Neckel, Band I: Text. 5., umgearbeitete Auflage von Hans Kuhn. Heidelberg: Carl Winter 1983. Prepared for the TITUS collection by David Stifter and Sigurdur H. Palsson, Vienna 1994; corrections by Fabrizio Ducci, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">és a dir, a manejar-lo per a defensar-s'hi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">frakka &#8216;llança, pica&#8217;. És a dir, a lluitar amb la llança de mà, no la llancívola.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Traducció-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Traducció_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Traducció_13-1">13,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Traducció al català: Macià Riutort Riutort, URV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Segons la versió: <b>at ranni</b> &#8216;va arribar al casal&#8217;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En sentit estricte, el vers en realitat només diu que el déu Rígr ensenya al Noble l'ús de les runes, no pas que les inventés per a en Noble.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">és a dir, imposa a en Iarl el nom de Rígr.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Que seria convertit per Lovecraft en el mític redescobridor i traductor del <a href="/wiki/Necronomicon" title="Necronomicon">Necronomicon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</a>. [Consulta: 31 desembre 2014]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBlum2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Blum</span>, Ralph. <i>EL LIBRO DE LAS RUNAS</i>&#32;(en castellà -originalment, anglès-). Segona edició.&#32; Madrid:&#32;Editorial EDAF, S.A.,&#32;Juny 2002,&#32;p.&#160;90-139. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-414-0390-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-414-0390-2">ISBN 84-414-0390-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=EL+LIBRO+DE+LAS+RUNAS&amp;rft.aulast=Blum&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralph&amp;rft.date=Juny+2002&amp;rft.edition=Segona+edici%C3%B3&amp;rft.pub=Editorial+EDAF%2C+S.A.&amp;rft.place=Madrid&amp;rft.pages=90-139&amp;rft.isbn=84-414-0390-2"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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