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href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%A3_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5\" title=\"Википедија:Такмичење у писању чланака/У свету Флоре и Фауне\"\u003EФлоре и фауне\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #FBEBEA; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-family: \u0026#39;Helvetica\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;Arial\u0026#39;, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display:block; top:4px; width:100%; text-align:center;;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color:#000085; font-size:25px; line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EПридружите се \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B0_2024.\" title=\"Википедија:Уређивачки маратон Вики воли јавну уметност и гробна обележја 2024.\"\u003EУређивачком маратону Вики воли јавну уметност и гробна обележја 2024\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv 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значајних жена\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E на Викицитату.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #FBEBEA; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-family: \u0026#39;Helvetica\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;Arial\u0026#39;, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display:block; top:4px; width:100%; text-align:center;;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color:#000085; font-size:25px; line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EПридружите се \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0\" title=\"Википедија:Акција проширивања клица\"\u003Eакцији проширивања клица\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сајт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Садржај" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Садржај</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">помери на страну</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">сакриј</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почетак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Историја_и_употреба" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Историја_и_употреба"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Историја и употреба</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Историја_и_употреба-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Садржај одељка Историја и употреба</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Историја_и_употреба-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Порекло" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Порекло"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Порекло</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Порекло-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Стари_Футхарк" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Стари_Футхарк"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Стари Футхарк</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Стари_Футхарк-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Англосаксонске_руне" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Англосаксонске_руне"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Англосаксонске руне</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Англосаксонске_руне-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Словенске_руне" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Словенске_руне"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Словенске руне</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Словенске_руне-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Види_још" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Види_још"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Види још</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Види_још-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Референце" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Референце"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Референце</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Референце-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Литература" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Литература"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Литература</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Литература-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спољашње_везе" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спољашње_везе"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Спољашње везе</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спољашње_везе-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Садржај" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прикажи/сакриј садржај" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прикажи/сакриј садржај</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Руне</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Чланак на другим језицима. Доступан на: 83" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 језика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune-alfabet" title="Rune-alfabet — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rune-alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark" title="Futhark — немачки (Швајцарска)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Futhark" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="немачки (Швајцарска)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%BEorc" title="Fuþorc — староенглески" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fuþorc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="староенглески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية رونية — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية رونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_r%C3%BAnicu" title="Alfabetu rúnicu — астуријски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu rúnicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астуријски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Run əlifbası — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Run əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Rune" title="Alfabet Rune — индонежански" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонежански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="сјајан чланак"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рун яҙмаһы — башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рун яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="сјајан чланак"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune — босански" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo%C3%B9" title="Runoù — бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Runoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic" title="Alfabet rúnic — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet rúnic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Рунăсем — чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рунăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runealfabet" title="Runealfabet — дански" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Runealfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добар чланак"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen — немачки" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunid" title="Ruunid — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruunid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ρούνοι — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune — енглески" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="енглески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaj_alfabetoj" title="Runaj alfabetoj — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Runaj alfabetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_erruniko" title="Alfabeto erruniko — баскијски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabeto erruniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خط رونی — персијски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط رونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir — фарски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen — западни фризијски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западни фризијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Roonagh" title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh — манкс" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico — галицијски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галицијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 — готски" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="готски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אלפבית רוני — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית רוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="रूनी लिपि — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूनी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune — хрватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուներ — јерменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="јерменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo-skribajo" title="Runo-skribajo — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Runo-skribajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добар чланак"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir — исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_runico" title="Alfabeto runico — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto runico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ルーン文字 — јапански" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="сјајан чланак"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუნები — грузијски" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Руналық жазу — казашки" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руналық жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="룬 문자 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룬 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runae" title="Runae — латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Runae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABnu_raksts" title="Rūnu raksts — летонски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūnu raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="летонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runos" title="Runos — литвански" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Runos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAna%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Rúnaírás — мађарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rúnaírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="мађарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рунска азбука — македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рунска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_ronika" title="Abidy ronika — малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy ronika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ — бурмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бурмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes_(skrift)" title="Runes (skrift) — нискосаксонски" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Runes (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="нискосаксонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunen" title="Ruunen — севернофризијски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="севернофризијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer — норвешки нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвешки нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_runic" title="Alfabet runic — окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet runic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yozuv" title="Runik yozuv — узбечки" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Runik yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ — пенџапски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенџапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="رونی لپی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رونی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy — пољски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="пољски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run%C4%83" title="Rună — румунски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румунски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="сјајан чланак"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Руналар — саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Руналар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_runik" title="Alfabeti runik — албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti runik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes" title="Runes — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Runes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy_(germ%C3%A1nske_p%C3%ADsmo)" title="Runy (germánske písmo) — словачки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Runy (germánske písmo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa — словеначки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словеначки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riimukirjoitus" title="Riimukirjoitus — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riimukirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runor" title="Runor — шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Runor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรรูน — тајски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรรูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Rune" title="Chữ Rune — вијетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Rune" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вијетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yaz%C4%B1" title="Runik yazı — турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Runik yazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни — украјински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украјински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="رونی حروف تہجی — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رونی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_(abakadahan)" title="Rune (abakadahan) — варајски" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rune (abakadahan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%8F%E5%8C%BF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="虏匿字母 — ву кинески" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虏匿字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Runki" title="Alfabey Runki — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Runki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 — кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82996#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уреди међујезичке везе" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди везе</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именски простори"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Прочитајте овај чланак [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Чланак</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80:%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" rel="discussion" title="Разговарајте о страници [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Разговор</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Историја писма (страница не постоји)">Историја писма</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><hr /> <p><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Египатски хијероглифи">Египатски хијероглифи</a></i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 32. <abbr title="вијек прије нове ере">в. прије н. е.</abbr> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Хијератско писмо">Хијератско</a></i> 32. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Египатско демотско писмо">Демотско</a></i> 7. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мероитско писмо (страница не постоји)">Мероитско</a></i> 3. в. прије н. е.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Протосинајско писмо (страница не постоји)">Протосинајско</a></i> 19 в. прије н. е. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ugaritski_alfabet" title="Ugaritski alfabet">Угаритско</a></i> 15. в. прије н. е.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јужноарапско писмо (страница не постоји)">Јужноарапско</a></i> 9. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Етиопијско писмо (страница не постоји)">Етиопијско</a> 5–6. в. прије н. е.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Феничанско писмо">Феничанско</a></i> 12. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палеохебрејско писмо (страница не постоји)">Палеохебрејско</a></i> 10. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сарматско писмо (страница не постоји)">Сарматско</a> 6. в. прије н. е.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Либијско-берберско (страница не постоји)">Либијско-берберско</a> 3. в. прије н. е.</i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тифинаг (страница не постоји)">Тифинаг</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палеохиспанско писмо (страница не постоји)">Палеохиспанско</a></i> (полуслоговно) 7. в. прије н. е.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Арамејско писмо (страница не постоји)">Арамејско</a> 8. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карошти (страница не постоји)">Карошти</a></span></i> 4. в. прије н. е.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Брахми писмо (страница не постоји)">Брахми</a></i> 4. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Индијско писмо (страница не постоји)">Индијско</a> <ul><li>E.g. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Тибетско писмо">Тибетско</a> 7. в. н. е. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хангул">Хангул</a> 1443.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Деванагари писмо (страница не постоји)">Деванагари</a> 13. в. н. е.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Хебрејско писмо">Хебрејско</a> 3. в. прије н. е.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пахлави писмо script (страница не постоји)">Пахлави</a> 3. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Авестанско писмо (страница не постоји)">Авестанско</a> 4. в. н. е.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палмирско писмо (страница не постоји)">Палмирско</a></i> 2. в. прије н. е.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сиријско писмо">Сиријско</a> 2. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Согдијско писмо (страница не постоји)">Согдијско</a></i> 2. в. прије н. е.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Старотуркијско писмо (страница не постоји)">Старотуркијско</a></i> 6. в. н. е. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Староугарско писмо (страница не постоји)">Староугарско</a></i> c. 650. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Староујгурско писмо (страница не постоји)">Староујгурско</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Монголско писмо (страница не постоји)">Монголско</a> 1204.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Набатејско писмо (страница не постоји)">Набатејско</a></i> 2. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Арапско писмо">Арапско</a> 4. в. н. е. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нко писмо (страница не постоји)">Нко</a> 20. в. н. е.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мандејско писмо (страница не постоји)">Мандејско</a> 2. в. н. е.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Грчки алфабет">Грчко</a> 8.в. прије н. е. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Староиталско писмо (страница не постоји)">Етрурско</a></i> 8. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Латиница">Латиница</a> 7. в. прије н. е. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чероки писмо (страница не постоји)">Чероки</a> (слоговно) c. 1820.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Руне</a></i> 2. в. н. е.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Огам">Огам</a></i> (непознато поријекло) 4. в. н. е.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Коптски алфабет">Коптско</a> 3. в. н. е.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Готски алфабет">Готско</a> 3. в. н. е.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Јерменско писмо">Јерменско</a> (непознато поријекло) 405.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Грузинско писмо">Грузинско</a> (непознато поријекло) c. 430.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Глагољица">Глагољица</a></i> (непознато поријекло) 862.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ћирилица">Ћирилица</a> c. 940. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Старопермско писмо (страница не постоји)">Старопермско</a></i> 1372.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тана (писмо) (страница не постоји)">Тана</a> 18 в. (настао од <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Брахми бројеви (страница не постоји)">Брахми бројева</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25469611"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24365379">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-прикажи"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Шаблон:Писмо"><abbr title="Погледајте шаблон">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-разговор"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83:%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Разговор о шаблону:Писмо"><abbr title="Разговарајте о шаблону">р</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-уреди"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Посебно:Уреди страницу/Шаблон:Писмо"><abbr title="Уредите шаблон">у</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Рунске азбуке</b> су низови повезаних <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Алфабет">алфабета</a> који користе слова позната као <b>руне</b>. Пре су их користили <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германски језици">германски језици</a>, највише у <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Скандинавија">Скандинавији</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Британска острва">Британским острвима</a>, као и у <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Данска">Данској</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Холандија">Холандији</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аустрија">Аустрији</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Италија">Италији</a> јер су се туда кретали <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи">Германи</a>. О њиховом пореклу мало се зна. Стара германска реч <i>руна</i> има два значења прво је „шапутати” а друго је „тајна”. Реч блиска руни је <i>раунен</i> и не зна се која је од које потекла. Словни знак руне је веома једноставан јер се састоји од правих линија које се нагло прекидају и на одређеном месту ломе. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Историја_и_употреба"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D1.83.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B1.D0.B0"></span>Историја и употреба</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уредите одељак „Историја и употреба”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди извор одељка: Историја и употреба"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG/220px-R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG/330px-R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG/440px-R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Натпис који користи <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipher_runes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cipher runes (страница не постоји)">шифре руна</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elder Futhark (страница не постоји)">старији футарк</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=Younger_Futhark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Younger Futhark (страница не постоји)">млађи футарк</a>, на <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6k_runestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rök runestone (страница не постоји)">рунском камену Рек</a> из 9. века у Шведској</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Vaksalastenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaksalastenen.jpg/220px-Vaksalastenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaksalastenen.jpg/330px-Vaksalastenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Vaksalastenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Натпис у млађем футарку на <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaksala_Runestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaksala Runestone (страница не постоји)">рунском камену Ваксала</a> из 12. века у Шведској</figcaption></figure> <p>Руне су биле у употреби међу <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic peoples">германским народима</a> од 1. или 2. века нове ере.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Овај период лингвистички одговара касној <a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Common Germanic (страница не постоји)">општегерманској</a> фази, са континуумом дијалеката који још нису јасно раздвојени у три гране каснијих векова: <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic languages">северногермански</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic languages">западногермански</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Germanic_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Germanic languages (страница не постоји)">источногермански</a>. </p><p>У сачуваним рунским натписима се не прави разлика између дугих и кратких самогласника, иако је таква разлика свакако фонолошки била присутна у говорним језицима тог времена. Слично, нема знакова за <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labialized_velar_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labialized velar consonant (страница не постоји)">лабиовеларе</a> у старом футарку (такви знакови су уведени и у <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_runes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Saxon runes (страница не постоји)">англосаксонском</a> футорку и у <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic alphabet">готском алфабету</a> као варијанте <i>п</i>; погледајте <i><span lang="ang" title="староенглески текст"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peor%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peorð (страница не постоји)">peorð</a></span></i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Порекло"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.BE"></span>Порекло</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уредите одељак „Порекло”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди извор одељка: Порекло"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Формирање старијег футарка завршено је почетком 5. века, при чему је <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kylver_Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kylver Stone (страница не постоји)">Килверов камен</a> био први доказ о уређењу <i>футарка</i> као и о <i>п</i> руни. </p><p>Конкретно, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Italic script (страница не постоји)">ретичко писмо</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolzano">Болцана</a> се често промовише као кандидат за порекло руна, са само пет руна старијег футарка (<span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="font-family: Junicode, 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Free Monospaced', Code2000, Hnias, 'Noto Sans Runic';">ᛖ</span> <i>e</i>, <span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="font-family: Junicode, 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Free Monospaced', Code2000, Hnias, 'Noto Sans Runic';">ᛇ</span> <i>ï</i>, <span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="font-family: Junicode, 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Free Monospaced', Code2000, Hnias, 'Noto Sans Runic';">ᛃ</span> <i>j</i>, <span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="font-family: Junicode, 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Free Monospaced', Code2000, Hnias, 'Noto Sans Runic';">ᛜ</span> <i>ŋ</i>, <span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="font-family: Junicode, 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Free Monospaced', Code2000, Hnias, 'Noto Sans Runic';">ᛈ</span> <i>p</i>) које немају пандан у алфабету из Болцана.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMees2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Скандинавски научници имају тенденцију да фаворизују извођење из самог <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">латиничног писма</a> у односу на ретичке кандидате.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тезу „северноетрурске“ поткрепљује натпис на <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negau_helmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negau helmet (страница не постоји)">Негау шлему</a> који датира из 2. века пре нове ере.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkey2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkey2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ово је на северном етрурском алфабету, али има германско име, <i>Харигаст</i>. Ђулијано и Лариса Бонфанте сугеришу да руне потичу од неког северноиталског писма, посебно <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Italic alphabet (страница не постоји)">венетског</a>: али пошто су Римљани освојили <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Венето">Венето</a> после 200. године п. н. е, а затим је <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">латинско писмо</a> постало истакнуто а <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic Veneti">венетска</a> култура смањила значај, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic peoples">германски</a> народ је могао да усвоји венетски алфабет унутар 3. века п. н. е. или чак и раније.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Стари_Футхарк"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8_.D0.A4.D1.83.D1.82.D1.85.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BA"></span>Стари Футхарк</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уредите одељак „Стари Футхарк”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди извор одељка: Стари Футхарк"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Руне </th> <th>Енглеска <p>транслитерација </p> </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Прото-германско <p>име </p> </th> <th>Значење </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_fehu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="f"><img alt="f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/14px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/21px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/28px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>f </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/f/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Феху (страница не постоји)">*феху</a> </td> <td>богатство, стока </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_uruz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u"><img alt="u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>u </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/u(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Уруз (страница не постоји)">?*уруз</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80" class="mw-disambig" title="Тур">тур</a> (или „вода“?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="th,þ"><img alt="th,þ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/25px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Торн (слово) (страница не постоји)">þ</a> </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/θ/, /ð/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=*%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="*турисаз (страница не постоји)">?*турисаз</a> </td> <td>бог <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Тор (митологија)">Тор</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јотун (страница не постоји)">див</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_ansuz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="a"><img alt="a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/13px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>a </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/a(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=*%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="*Ансуз (страница не постоји)">*Ансуз</a> </td> <td>један од (богова) <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Аесир">Аесира</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_raido.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r"><img alt="r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/12px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/18px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/24px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>r </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/r/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Реидо (страница не постоји)">*реидо</a> </td> <td>јахање, путовање </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="k"><img alt="k" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/13px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/19px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/26px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>k </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/k/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кеназ (страница не постоји)">?*кеназ</a> </td> <td>бакља </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_gebo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="g"><img alt="g" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/14px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/21px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/28px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>g </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/g/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гебо (страница не постоји)">*гебо</a> </td> <td>дар </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_wunjo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="w"><img alt="w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/10px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/15px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/20px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>w </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/w/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вунјо (страница не постоји)">*вунјо</a> </td> <td>радост </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_haglaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/14px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/21px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/28px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>h </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/h/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хагалаз (страница не постоји)">*хагалаз</a> </td> <td>живео </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_naudiz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> | </td> <th>n </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/n/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Наудиз (страница не постоји)">*наудиз</a> </td> <td>потреба </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_isaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="i"><img alt="i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/2px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/3px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/4px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>i </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/i(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Исаз (страница не постоји)">*исаз</a> </td> <td>лед </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="j"><img alt="j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/14px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/21px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/28px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>j </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/j/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јера (страница не постоји)">*јера-</a> </td> <td>година, добра година, жетва </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_iwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ï,ei"><img alt="ï,ei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <td><center><b>ï</b> (or <b>æ</b>)</center> </td> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/æː/</span>(?) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%98%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ејхаз (страница не постоји)">*еихваз</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxus baccata">Јигдрасил дрво</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_pertho.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p"><img alt="p" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/12px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/18px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/25px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>p </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/p/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт">?*перт</a> </td> <td>нејасног значења, можда „дрво јабуке“. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_algiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="z"><img alt="z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>z </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/z/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алгиз (страница не постоји)">?*алгиз</a> </td> <td>нејасно, можда „<a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ирвас">ирвас</a>“. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/18px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/24px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/18px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/24px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>| </td> <th>s </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/s/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Совило (страница не постоји)">*совило</a> </td> <td>Сунце </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="t"><img alt="t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>t </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/t/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тиваз (руна) (страница не постоји)">*тиваз/*тејваз</a> </td> <td>бог <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тир (митологија) (страница не постоји)">Тиваз</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="b"><img alt="b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/12px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/18px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/25px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>b </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/b/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Берканан (страница не постоји)">*берканан</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза">бреза</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>e </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/e(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ејваз (страница не постоји)">*ејваз</a> </td> <td>коњ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_mannaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="m"><img alt="m" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> | </td> <th>m </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/m/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Маназ (страница не постоји)">*маназ</a> </td> <td>Човек </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_laukaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> | </td> <th>l </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/l/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лагуз (страница не постоји)">*лагуз</a> </td> <td>вода, језеро </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg/14px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg/21px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg/28px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/16px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/24px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/32px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> | </td> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ŋ (страница не постоји)">ŋ</a> </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ингваз (страница не постоји)">*ингваз</a> </td> <td>бог <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ингви (митологија) (страница не постоји)">Ингваз</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_othalan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o"><img alt="o" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/14px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/21px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/28px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="57" /></a></span> | </td> <th>o </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/o(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Одал (страница не постоји)">*одал</a> </td> <td>наслеђе, својина, поседовање </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Runic_letter_dagaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> | </td> <th>d </th> <td><span title="Приказ у Међународној фонетској абецеди (IPA)" class="IPA">/d/</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дагаз (страница не постоји)">*дагаз</a> </td> <td>дан </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Англосаксонске_руне"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BD.D0.B3.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B5_.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Англосаксонске руне</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уредите одељак „Англосаксонске руне”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди извор одељка: Англосаксонске руне"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Old_Futhark_Runic_alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Old_Futhark_Runic_alphabet.png/380px-Old_Futhark_Runic_alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Old_Futhark_Runic_alphabet.png/570px-Old_Futhark_Runic_alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Old_Futhark_Runic_alphabet.png/760px-Old_Futhark_Runic_alphabet.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="106" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Словенске_руне"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B5_.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Словенске руне</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уредите одељак „Словенске руне”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди извор одељка: Словенске руне"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Словенске руне или руница је прехришћанско словенско писмо које је постојало у временима пре покрштавања Словена и осмишљавања глагољице и ћирилице (види чланак: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Прехришћанско словенско писмо">Прехришћанско словенско писмо</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Види_још"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B8_.D1.98.D0.BE.D1.88"></span>Види још</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уредите одељак „Види још”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди извор одељка: Види још"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рунски камен">Рунски камен</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Референце"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.86.D0.B5"></span>Референце</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Уредите одељак „Референце”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=7" title="Уреди извор одељка: Референце"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28440201">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoklund2003173-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoklund2003173_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoklund2003">Stoklund 2003</a>, стр. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The oldest known runic inscription dates to around AD 150 and is found on a comb discovered in the bog of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vimose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vimose (страница не постоји)">Vimose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funen" class="mw-redirect" title="Funen">Funen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoklund2003173_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoklund2003173-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription reads <i><span lang="de" title="немачки текст">harja</span></i>; a disputed candidate for a 1st-century inscription is on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meldorf_fibula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meldorf fibula (страница не постоји)">Meldorf fibula</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Jutland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMees2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMees2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMees2000">Mees 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdenstedt1990">Odenstedt 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1996">Williams 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623082749/http://ariadne.uio.no/runenews/odmarune.htm"><i>Dictionary of the Middle Ages</i></a> (under preparation), Oxford University Press, Архивирано из <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariadne.uio.no/runenews/odmarune.htm">оригинала</a> 2007-06-23. г.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fariadne.uio.no%2Frunenews%2Fodmarune.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkey2001-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkey2001_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkey2001">Markey 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=VWGN6e5Rzf8C&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=runes+from+venetic+alphabet&source=bl&ots=OeW0SOpgNo&sig=MPh3Dia9tqPSdKyLUiADT3dGguI&hl=it&sa=X&ei=pBSIVYTzNanNygPEiL8o&ved=0CDwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=runes%20from%20venetic%20alphabet&f=false">G. Bonfante, L. Bonfante, The Etruscan Language p. 119</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Уредите одељак „Литература”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=8" title="Уреди извор одељка: Литература"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28440192">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAntonsen1965" class="citation">Antonsen, Elmer H. (1965), „On Defining Stages in Prehistoric Germanic”, <i>Language</i>, <b>41</b> (1): 19—36, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/411849">411849</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411849">10.2307/411849</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=On+Defining+Stages+in+Prehistoric+Germanic&rft.aufirst=Elmer+H.&rft.aulast=Antonsen&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=19-36&rft.volume=41&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411849&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBammesbergerWaxenberger2006" class="citation">Bammesberger, A; Waxenberger, G, ур. (2006), <i>Das fuþark und Seine Einzelsprachlichen Weiterentwicklungen</i>, Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/3-11-019008-7" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/3-11-019008-7">3-11-019008-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.btitle=Das+fu%C3%BEark+und+Seine+Einzelsprachlichen+Weiterentwicklungen&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-11-019008-7&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlum1932" class="citation">Blum, Ralph (1932), <i>The Book of Runes – A Handbook for the use of Ancient Oracle: The Viking Runes</i>, Oracle Books, New York: St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-312-00729-9" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-312-00729-9">0-312-00729-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Runes+%E2%80%93+A+Handbook+for+the+use+of+Ancient+Oracle%3A+The+Viking+Runes&rft.date=1932&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-312-00729-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.series=Oracle+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrate1922" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Brate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Brate (страница не постоји)">Brate, Erik</a> (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205034350/http://runor.se/"><i>Sveriges Runinskrifter</i></a> (на језику: шведски), Архивирано из <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runor.se/">оригинала</a> 05. 12. 2006. г.<span class="reference-accessdate">, Приступљено <span class="nowrap">23. 12. 2021</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.aulast=Brate&rft.btitle=Sveriges+Runinskrifter&rft.date=1922&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runor.se%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_de_Vries_(philologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan de Vries (philologist) (страница не постоји)">de Vries, Jan</a> (1962). <i>Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch</i> (1977 изд.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-90-04-05436-3" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-90-04-05436-3">978-90-04-05436-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.btitle=Altnordisches+Etymologisches+Worterbuch&rft.date=1962&rft.edition=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05436-3&rft.pub=Brill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDüwel2001" class="citation">Düwel, Klaus (2001), <i>Runenkunde</i> (на језику: немачки), JB Metzler</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCwel&rft.btitle=Runenkunde&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=JB+Metzler&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li>Birkett, Thomas. 2010. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/7th-symposium-preprints/documents/birkett.pdf">The <i>alysendlecan</i> rune: Runic abbreviations in their immediate literary context</a>". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/7th-symposium-preprints/">Preprints to The 7th International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Oslo 2010</a></i>. Last accessed 29 August, 2021. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>.</li> <li>Düwel, Klaus. 2004. "Runic" in Malcolm Read and Brian Murdoch (editors). <i>Early Germanic Literature and Culture</i>, p. 121–147. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/9781571131997" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/9781571131997">9781571131997</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFooteWilson1970" class="citation">Foote, P. G.; Wilson, D. M. (1970), <i>The Viking Achievement</i>, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, стр. 401, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-283-97926-2" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-283-97926-2">978-0-283-97926-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.au=Wilson%2C+D.+M.&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Achievement&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-283-97926-2&rft.pages=401&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJacobsenMoltke1942" class="citation">Jacobsen, Lis; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Moltke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Moltke (страница не постоји)">Moltke, Erik</a> (1942), <i>Danmarks Runeindskrifter</i>, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.au=Moltke%2C+Erik&rft.aufirst=Lis&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.btitle=Danmarks+Runeindskrifter&rft.date=1942&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Ejnar+Munksgaards&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_T._Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John T. Koch (страница не постоји)">Koch, John T.</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125063756/https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf"><i>Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Aberystwyth Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/9781907029325" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/9781907029325">9781907029325</a>. Архивирано из <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf">оригинала</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 25. 11. 2021. г<span class="reference-accessdate">. Приступљено <span class="nowrap">23. 12. 2021</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.btitle=Celto-Germanic%2C+Later+Prehistory+and+Post-Proto-Indo-European+vocabulary+in+the+North+and+West&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781907029325&rft.pub=Aberystwyth+Canolfan+Uwchefrydiau+Cymreig+a+Cheltaidd+Prifysgol+Cymru%2C+University+of+Wales+Centre+for+Advanced+Welsh+and+Celtic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.ac.uk%2FResources%2FDocuments%2FCentre%2F2020%2FCelto-Germanic2020.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLarrington1999" class="citation">Larrington, Carolyne (1999), <i>The Poetic Edda</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_World%27s_Classics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford World's Classics (страница не постоји)">Oxford World's Classics</a>, Превод: Larrington, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-19-283946-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-19-283946-6">978-0-19-283946-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Carolyne&rft.aulast=Larrington&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283946-6&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Looijenga, Tineke (2003). <i>Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-90-04-12396-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-90-04-12396-0">978-90-04-12396-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Tineke&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.btitle=Texts+and+Contexts+of+the+Oldest+Runic+Inscriptions&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12396-0&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga1997" class="citation">Looijenga, JH (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/arts/1997/j.h.looijenga/"><i>Runes Around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700</i></a> (dissertation), Groningen University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.btitle=Runes+Around+the+North+Sea+and+on+the+Continent+AD+150%E2%80%93700&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Groningen+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdissertations.ub.rug.nl%2Ffaculties%2Farts%2F1997%2Fj.h.looijenga%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodMees2006" class="citation">MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC"><i>Runic Amulets and Magic Objects</i></a>, Woodbridge, UK; Rochester, NY: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boydell_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boydell Press (страница не постоји)">Boydell Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-1-84383-205-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-1-84383-205-8">978-1-84383-205-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.au=Mees%2C+Bernard&rft.aufirst=Mindy&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.btitle=Runic+Amulets+and+Magic+Objects&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-205-8&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK%3B+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhx7UigqsTKoC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMarkey2001" class="citation">Markey, TL (2001), „A Tale of the Two Helmets: Negau A and B”, <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>, <b>29</b>: 69—172</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+the+Two+Helmets%3A+Negau+A+and+B&rft.aufirst=TL&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.pages=69-172&rft.volume=29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnellSimekDüwel2004" class="citation">McKinnell, John; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Simek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Simek (страница не постоји)">Simek, Rudolf</a>; Düwel, Klaus (2004), <i>Runes, Magic, and Religion: A Sourcebook</i>, Wien: Fassbaender, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/39-00-53881-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/39-00-53881-6">39-00-53881-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.au=D%C3%BCwel%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Simek%2C+Rudolf&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=McKinnell&rft.btitle=Runes%2C+Magic%2C+and+Religion%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=39-00-53881-6&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Fassbaender&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMees2000" class="citation">Mees, Bernard (2000), „The North Etruscan Thesis of the Origin of the Runes”, <i>Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi</i>, <b>115</b>: 33—82</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=The+North+Etruscan+Thesis+of+the+Origin+of+the+Runes&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.aulast=Mees&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Filologi&rft.pages=33-82&rft.volume=115&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOdenstedt1990" class="citation">Odenstedt, Bengt (1990), <i>On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script</i>, Uppsala, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-91-85352-20-3" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-91-85352-20-3">978-91-85352-20-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft.aulast=Odenstedt&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+and+Early+History+of+the+Runic+Script&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-91-85352-20-3&rft.place=Uppsala&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Orel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Orel (страница не постоји)">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (2003). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel"><i>A Handbook of Germanic <span class="nowrap">Etymology<span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Неопходна слободна регистрација"><img alt="Неопходна слободна регистрација" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></i></a></span>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-90-04-12875-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-90-04-12875-0">978-90-04-12875-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+E.&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12875-0&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofgerman0000orel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPage1999" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Ian_Page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Ian Page (страница не постоји)">Page, Raymond Ian</a> (1999), <i>An Introduction to English Runes</i>, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-85115-946-X" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-85115-946-X">0-85115-946-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Ian&rft.aulast=Page&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+English+Runes&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85115-946-X&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPage2005" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Ian_Page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Ian Page (страница не постоји)">Page, Raymond Ian</a> (2005), <i>Runes</i>, The British Museum Press, стр. 31, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-7141-8065-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-7141-8065-6">978-0-7141-8065-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Ian&rft.aulast=Page&rft.btitle=Runes&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-8065-6&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPenzlHall1994a" class="citation">Penzl, Herbert; Hall, Margaret Austin (3. 1994a), „The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. I: the beginnings to 1066”, <i>Language</i> (review), <b>70</b> (1): 185—89, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_serijski_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni serijski broj">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/416753">416753</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F416753">10.2307/416753</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number#Electronic_ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:International Standard Serial Number">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1535-0665">1535-0665</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+English+language%2C+vol.+I%3A+the+beginnings+to+1066&rft.au=Hall%2C+Margaret+Austin&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.aulast=Penzl&rft.date=1994&rft.eissn=1535-0665&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=185-89&rft.volume=70&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F416753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F416753&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Формат датума">веза</a>)</span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPenzlHall1994b" class="citation">———; Hall, Margaret Austin (1994b), <i>Englisch: Eine Sprachgeschichte nach Texten von 350 bis 1992 : vom Nordisch-Westgermanischen zum Neuenglischen</i>, Germanistische Lehrbuchsammlung: Literatur, <b>82</b>, Lang, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-3-906751-79-5" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-3-906751-79-5">978-3-906751-79-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.au=Hall%2C+Margaret+Austin&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.aulast=Penzl&rft.btitle=Englisch%3A+Eine+Sprachgeschichte+nach+Texten+von+350+bis+1992+%3A+vom+Nordisch-Westgermanischen+zum+Neuenglischen&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-906751-79-5&rft.pub=Lang&rft.series=Germanistische+Lehrbuchsammlung%3A+Literatur&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFProsdocimi2003—2004" class="citation">Prosdocimi, A. L. (2003—2004), „Sulla Formazione Dell'alfabeto Runico. Promessa di Novità Documentali Forse Decisive”, <i>Archivio per l'Alto Adige</i> (на језику: Italian), XCVII–XCVIII: 427—40</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Sulla+Formazione+Dell%27alfabeto+Runico.+Promessa+di+Novit%C3%A0+Documentali+Forse+Decisive&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.aulast=Prosdocimi&rft.date=2003%2F2004&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivio+per+l%27Alto+Adige&rft.pages=427-40&rft.volume=XCVII%E2%80%93XCVIII&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 одржавање: Непрепознат језик (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Непрепознат језик">веза</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRix2011" class="citation">Rix, Robert W. (2011), „Runes and Roman: Germanic Literacy and the Significance of Runic Writing”, <i>Textual Cultures</i>, <b>6</b> (1): 115, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/textcult.6.1.114">10.2979/textcult.6.1.114</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Ftextcult.6.1.114">10.2979/textcult.6.1.114</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Runes+and+Roman%3A+Germanic+Literacy+and+the+Significance+of+Runic+Writing&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Textual+Cultures&rft.pages=115&rft.volume=6&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Ftextcult.6.1.114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Ftextcult.6.1.114&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation">Robinson, Orrin W. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=mmCqKS6rb04C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages</i></a>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-8047-1454-1" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-8047-1454-1">0-8047-1454-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Orrin+W.&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.btitle=Old+English+and+its+Closest+Relatives%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Earliest+Germanic+Languages&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8047-1454-1&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DmmCqKS6rb04C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSpurkland2005" class="citation">Spurkland, Terje (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=1QDKqY-NWvUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions</i></a>, Boydell Press, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/1-84383-186-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/1-84383-186-4">1-84383-186-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Terje&rft.aulast=Spurkland&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Runes+and+Runic+Inscriptions&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84383-186-4&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D1QDKqY-NWvUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStoklund2003" class="citation">Stoklund, M. (2003), „The first runes – the literary language of the Germani”, <i>The Spoils of Victory – the North in the Shadow of the Roman Empire</i>, Nationalmuseet</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=The+first+runes+%E2%80%93+the+literary+language+of+the+Germani&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Stoklund&rft.btitle=The+Spoils+of+Victory+%E2%80%93+the+North+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Nationalmuseet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSyrett1994" class="citation">Syrett, Martin (1994), <i>The Unaccented Vowels of Proto-Norse</i>, North-Western European Language Evolution, <b>11</b>, John Benjamins, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-87-7838-049-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-87-7838-049-4">978-87-7838-049-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.btitle=The+Unaccented+Vowels+of+Proto-Norse&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-87-7838-049-4&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.series=North-Western+European+Language+Evolution&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThorssonFlowers1987" class="citation">Thorsson, Edred; Flowers, Stephen (1987), <i>Runelore: a Handbook of Esoteric Runology</i>, United States: Samuel Weiser, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-87728-667-1" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-87728-667-1">0-87728-667-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.au=Flowers%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Edred&rft.aulast=Thorsson&rft.btitle=Runelore%3A+a+Handbook+of+Esoteric+Runology&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87728-667-1&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Samuel+Weiser&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWeisgerber1966—1967" class="citation">Weisgerber, Johannes Leo (1966—1967), „Frühgeschichtliche Sprachbewegungen im Kölner Raum (mit 8 Karten)”, <i>Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter</i> (на језику: немачки)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%BChgeschichtliche+Sprachbewegungen+im+K%C3%B6lner+Raum+%28mit+8+Karten%29&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Leo&rft.aulast=Weisgerber&rft.date=1966%2F1967&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheinische+Vierteljahrsbl%C3%A4tter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWeisgerber1968" class="citation">——— (1968), <i>Die Namen der Ubier</i> (на језику: немачки), Cologne: Opladen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Leo&rft.aulast=Weisgerber&rft.btitle=Die+Namen+der+Ubier&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=Opladen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWerner2004" class="citation">Werner, Carl-Gustav (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/fonts/allrunes/allrunes.pdf"><i>The Allrunes Font and Package</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, The Comprehensive Tex Archive Network</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=Carl-Gustav&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.btitle=The+Allrunes+Font+and+Package&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Comprehensive+Tex+Archive+Network&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Ftug.ctan.org%2Fpub%2Ftex-archive%2Ffonts%2Fallrunes%2Fallrunes.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation">Williams, Henrik (1996), „The Origin of the Runes”, <i>Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik</i>, <b>45</b>: 211—18, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18756719-045-01-90000019">10.1163/18756719-045-01-90000019</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Runes&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amsterdamer+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+%C3%A4lteren+Germanistik&rft.pages=211-18&rft.volume=45&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18756719-045-01-90000019&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation">——— (2004), „Reasons for Runes”, Ур.: Houston, Stephen D., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, стр. 262—73, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-521-83861-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-521-83861-4">0-521-83861-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Reasons+for+Runes&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.btitle=The+First+Writing%3A+Script+Invention+as+History+and+Process&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-521-83861-4&rft.pages=262-73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DjsWL_XJt-dMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спољашње_везе"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.99.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.9A.D0.B5_.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.B5"></span>Спољашње везе</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Уредите одељак „Спољашње везе”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&section=9" title="Уреди извор одељка: Спољашње везе"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25554621">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Runic_writing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Runic writing">Руне</a></span> на <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Главна страна">Викимедијиној остави</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28440192"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414102628/http://www.ancientscripts.com/futhark.html">Руне</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm">„Омниглотове“ странице о рунама</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/germ/runealph.htm">Развој древног германског писма</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111101707/http://www.endicott-studio.com/rdrm/forrunv.html">„Увод у визионарско писмо Северног Света"</a> (titus.uni-frankfurt.de, слика <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Негау шлема (страница не постоји)">Негау шлема</a>)</li> <li>Енкодинг <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216030859/http://home.att.net/~jameskass/">Code2000</a> Уникодни фонт Џејмса Касе</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewarefiles.com/program_3_37_21982.html">Friskfonter 1.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816051102/http://www.freewarefiles.com/program_3_37_21982.html">Архивирано</a> на сајту <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (16. август 2006) - Збирка рунских и готског фонта (бесплатна)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf">Уникодни распоред (ПДФ)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Дивинација <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnyway.com/runes/meanings.html">Значење руна</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919064540/http://sunnyway.com/runes/meanings.html">Архивирано</a> на сајту <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (19. септембар 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720204840/http://www.inthestars.co.uk/runes_list/runes_index.htm">Индекс руна</a></li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/nytt-om-runer/"><i>Nytt om Runer</i></a> (runology journal), <a href="/wiki/Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway">NO</a>: UIO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.btitle=Nytt+om+Runer&rft.genre=book&rft.place=NO&rft.pub=UIO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khm.uio.no%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fnytt-om-runer%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905182709/http://www.galinngrund.org/Runes-Bibliography.htm"><i>Bibliography of Runic Scholarship</i></a>, Galinn grund, Архивирано из <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galinngrund.org/Runes-Bibliography.htm">оригинала</a> 2008-09-05. г.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+Runic+Scholarship&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Galinn+grund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galinngrund.org%2FRunes-Bibliography.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christerhamp.se/runor/gamla/"><i>Gamla Runinskrifter</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden">SE</a>: Christer hamp</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.btitle=Gamla+Runinskrifter&rft.genre=book&rft.place=SE&rft.pub=Christer+hamp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christerhamp.se%2Frunor%2Fgamla%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Gosse (страница не постоји)">Gosse, Edmund</a> (1911). „<a href="https://sr.wikisource.org/wiki/en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Runes,_Runic_Language_and_Inscriptions" class="extiw" title="s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Runes, Runic Language and Inscriptions">Runes, Runic Language and Inscriptions</a>”. <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(11._%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Енциклопедија Британика (11. издање)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (на језику: енглески) (11 изд.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Runes%2C+Runic+Language+and+Inscriptions&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.btitle=-%7BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%7D-&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=11&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmithBealeRichardsScholma-Mason2018" class="citation">Smith, Nicole; Beale, Gareth; Richards, Julian; Scholma-Mason, Nela (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue47/8/index.html">„Maeshowe: The Application of RTI to Norse Runes (Data Paper)”</a>, <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (47), <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165773006">165773006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.47.8">10.11141/ia.47.8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Maeshowe%3A+The+Application+of+RTI+to+Norse+Runes+%28Data+Paper%29&rft.au=Beale%2C+Gareth&rft.au=Richards%2C+Julian&rft.au=Scholma-Mason%2C+Nela&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=47&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue47%2F8%2Findex.html&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165773006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.47.8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/norol">Old Norse Online</a> by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Texas_at_Austin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Texas at Austin (страница не постоји)">University of Texas at Austin</a>, contains a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/norol/100">lesson on runic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25469611"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24365370">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="background-color: #A2CD5A;;width:1%">Божанства, хероји<br />и друге фигуре</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A2CD5A;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Есир">Есирци</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Балдер">Балдер</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Браги">Браги</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Вали (Одинов син)">Вали</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Видар">Видар</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B5" title="Вили и Ве">Вили и Ве</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Делинг">Делинг</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80" title="Лодур">Лодур</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Локи</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мејли">Мејли</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мимир (страница не постоји)">Мимир</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Њорд">Њорд</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B4_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Од (нордијска митологија) (страница не постоји)">Од</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один">Один</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Слејпнир">Слејпнир</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тир (нордијска митологија) (страница не постоји)">Тир</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Тор (митологија)">Тор</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BB_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ул (нордијска митологија) (страница не постоји)">Ул</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Форсети (страница не постоји)">Форсети</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%80" title="Фрејр">Фрејр</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хејмдал">Хејмдал</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хермод (страница не постоји)">Хермод</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хед (страница не постоји)">Хед</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хенир (страница не постоји)">Хенир</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A2CD5A;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Есир">Есирке</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%98%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ејра (страница не постоји)">Ејра</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вара (митологија) (страница не постоји)">Вара</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вера (нордијска митологија) (страница не постоји)">Вера</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Герда (страница не постоји)">Герда</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гефена (страница не постоји)">Гефена</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гна (страница не постоји)">Гна</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Идуна">Идуна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Илма (страница не постоји)">Илма</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Торгерд Хелгабруда и Ирпа (страница не постоји)">Ирпа</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лофна (страница не постоји)">Лофна</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Нана (митологија)">Нана</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Њоруна (страница не постоји)">Њоруна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рана (митологија) (страница не постоји)">Рана</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сага и Секвабек (страница не постоји)">Сага</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сигуна (страница не постоји)">Сигуна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сифа (нордијска митологија) (страница не постоји)">Сифа</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Скади">Скади</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Снотра (страница не постоји)">Снотра</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сола (митологија) (страница не постоји)">Сола</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сефна (страница не постоји)">Сефна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Торгерд Хелгабруда и Ирпа (страница не постоји)">Торгерд Хелгабруда</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фреја">Фреја</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Фрига">Фрига</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фула (страница не постоји)">Фула</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хлина (митологија) (страница не постоји)">Хлина</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A2CD5A;;width:1%">Други</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Аегир">Аегир</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аск и Ембла (страница не постоји)">Аск и Ембла</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audumla" title="Audumla">Аудумла</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Бор (митологија)">Бор</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вафтруднир">Вафтруднир</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Велунд Ковача (страница не постоји)">Велунд Ковача</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Диси (нордијска митологија) (страница не постоји)">Диси</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Валкире">Валкире</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Норни (страница не постоји)">Норни</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Елфи (страница не постоји)">Елфи</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Енхерији (страница не постоји)">Енхерији</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Зигурд (страница не постоји)">Зигурд</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Јормунганд">Јормунганд</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јотуни (страница не постоји)">Јотуни</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82#Нордијска_митологија" title="От">От</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трол">Тролови</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Фенрир">Фенрир</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="Хела (нордијска митологија)">Хела</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Ходр">Ходр</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хулдра">Хулдра</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%8F%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Џуџе (страница не постоји)">Џуџета</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Thor%27s_hammer,_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Торов чекић"><img alt="Торов чекић" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/75px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/113px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/150px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="408" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Valknut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Валкнут"><img alt="Валкнут" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Valknut.svg/100px-Valknut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Valknut.svg/150px-Valknut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Valknut.svg/200px-Valknut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #A2CD5A;;width:1%">Места</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Асгард">Асгард</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бифрест (страница не постоји)">Бифрест</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Валхала">Валхала</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вигрид (страница не постоји)">Вигрид</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginungagap" title="Ginungagap">Гинунгагап</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Игдрасил (страница не постоји)">Игдрасил</a></li> <li>Кладенци <ul><li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #A2CD5A;;width:1%">Друштво</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Блот (страница не постоји)">Блот</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Викиншка епоха (страница не постоји)">Викиншка епоха</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Влахва (страница не постоји)">Влахва</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Германски календар (страница не постоји)">Германски календар</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кенинг (страница не постоји)">Кенинг</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рунски календар">Рунски календар</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Руне</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Рунска магија">Рунска магија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Скалде (страница не постоји)">Скалде</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Херг (страница не постоји)">Херг</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #A2CD5A;;width:1%">Остало</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Асатру (страница не постоји)">Асатру</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Списак нордијских богова">Списак нордијских богова</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Родословно дрво скандинавских богова (страница не постоји)">Родословно дрво</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Валкнут (страница не постоји)">Валкнут</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116087&CON_LNG=ENG">Чешка</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Остале</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="runic alphabet"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/runic-alphabet">Енциклопедија Британика</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Преузето из „<a dir="ltr" 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