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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Private life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siblings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siblings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Siblings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siblings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism_and_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism_and_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Judaism and Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism_and_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Publishing history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Max_Brod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Brod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Max Brod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Brod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Modern editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpublished_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpublished_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Unpublished papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpublished_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Critical response </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Critical response subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Critical interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translation_problems_to_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_problems_to_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Translation problems to English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_problems_to_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_and_cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Literary and cultural influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Kafkaesque"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Kafkaesque""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 "Kafkaesque" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Kafkaesque"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Franz Kafka</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 167 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" > 167 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D_%E1%8A%AB%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%AB" title="ፍራንዝ ካፍካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍራንዝ ካፍካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Кафка, Франц – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Кафка, Франц" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فرانس كافكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانس كافكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%86%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանց Քաֆքա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանց Քաֆքա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="ফ্ৰান্‌জ কাফ্‌কা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফ্ৰান্‌জ কাফ্‌কা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Kafka" title="Frans Kafka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frans Kafka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرانتس کافکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانتس کافکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="ফ্রান্‌ৎস কাফকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্‌ৎস কাফকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रांज़ काफ़्का – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रांज़ काफ़्का" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فرانتس كافكا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانتس كافكا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Φραντς Κάφκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραντς Κάφκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Кафка, Франц – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кафка, Франц" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرانتس کافکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانتس کافکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%A1" title="卡夫卡 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="卡夫卡" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="ફ્રાન્ઝ કાફકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રાન્ઝ કાફકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%B9%B4%ED%94%84%EC%B9%B4" title="프란츠 카프카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란츠 카프카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանց Կաֆկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանց Կաֆկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रैंज काफ्का – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रैंज काफ्का" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Кафка, Франц – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кафка, Франц" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5_%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%90" title="פרנץ קפקא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנץ קפקא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95" title="ಫ್ರ್ಯಾನ್ಝ್ ಕಾಫ್ಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರ್ಯಾನ್ಝ್ ಕಾಫ್ಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფრანც კაფკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანც კაფკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Кафка, Франц – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кафка, Франц" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Kafka" title="Franciscus Kafka – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Kafka" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francs_Kafka" title="Francs Kafka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francs Kafka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95" title="ഫ്രാൻസ് കാഫ്‌ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസ് കാഫ്‌ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रांत्स काफ्का – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांत्स काफ्का" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფრანც კაფკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანც კაფკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فرانز كافكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانز كافكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرانتس کافکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانتس کافکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC" title="ဖရန့်ဇ်ကပ်ဖ်ကာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရန့်ဇ်ကပ်ဖ်ကာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रान्ज काफ्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्ज काफ्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%AB" title="フランツ・カフカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランツ・カフカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Кафка, Франц – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кафка, Франц" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਜ਼ ਕਾਫ਼ਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਜ਼ ਕਾਫ਼ਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرانز کافکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانز کافکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرانز کافکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانز کافکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frants_Kafka" title="Frants Kafka – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Frants Kafka" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Кафка, Франц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кафка, Франц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱠᱟᱯᱷᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱯᱷᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرانتس کافکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرانتس کافکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="பிரான்ஸ் காஃப்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்ஸ் காஃப்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="ఫ్రాంజ్ కాఫ్కా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాంజ్ కాఫ్కా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="ฟรันทซ์ คัฟคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรันทซ์ คัฟคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франс Кафка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Франс Кафка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Кафка, Франц – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кафка, Франц" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франц Кафка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франц Кафка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فرانز کافکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانز کافکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafka_Franc" title="Kafka Franc – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kafka Franc" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%A1" title="弗朗茨·卡夫卡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗朗茨·卡夫卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A5_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%90" title="פראנץ קאפקא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנץ קאפקא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%8C%B2%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%A1" title="法蘭茲·卡夫卡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭茲·卡夫卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Franz Kafka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Franz Kafka" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kafka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kafka (disambiguation)">Kafka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Franz Kafka</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Kafka,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of Kafka as a young man with dark hair in a formal suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Franz_Kafka%2C_1923.jpg/220px-Franz_Kafka%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Franz_Kafka%2C_1923.jpg/330px-Franz_Kafka%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Franz_Kafka%2C_1923.jpg/440px-Franz_Kafka%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2656" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Kafka in 1923</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1883-07-03)3 July 1883 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Prague, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, Austria-Hungary</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 1924(1924-06-03) (aged 40) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Klosterneuburg" title="Klosterneuburg">Klosterneuburg</a>, Lower Austria, Austria</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Cemetery,_Prague" title="New Jewish Cemetery, Prague">New Jewish Cemetery, Prague</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Austria (until 1918)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (from 1918)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoelb201012-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech_Embassy2012-3">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Charles-Ferdinand_University" class="mw-redirect" title="German Charles-Ferdinand University">German Charles-Ferdinand University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Novelist</li> <li>short story writer</li> <li>insurance officer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_bibliography" title="Franz Kafka bibliography">List</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Kafka%27s_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Franz_Kafka%27s_signature.svg/150px-Franz_Kafka%27s_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Franz_Kafka%27s_signature.svg/225px-Franz_Kafka%27s_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Franz_Kafka%27s_signature.svg/300px-Franz_Kafka%27s_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="118" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Franz Kafka<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was an Austrian-Czech<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> novelist and writer from <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. He is widely regarded as a major figure of <a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th-century literature</a>; he wrote in German. His work fuses elements of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">fantastic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-<a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a> powers. It has been interpreted as exploring themes of <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existential_anxiety" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential anxiety">existential anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absurdity" title="Absurdity">absurdity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-8">[6]</a> His best known works include the novella <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> and the novels <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">The Castle</a>. The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kafkaesque" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kafkaesque">Kafkaesque</a> has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in his writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhauer1983390–408-9">[7]</a> Kafka was born into a middle-class German- and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Czech_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Jewish">Czech Jewish</a> family in Prague, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, which belonged to the Austrian part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (today the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, also known as Czechia).<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> He trained as a lawyer, and after completing his legal education was employed full-time, for a year handling cases for the indigent in the city's Provincial and Criminal Courts by an insurance company, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance company, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with the Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia and its successor under the Czechoslovak Republic, rising to the position of chief legal secretary.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Being employed full-time forced Kafka to relegate writing to his spare time. Over the course of his life, Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends, including his father, with whom he had a strained and formal relationship. He became engaged to several women but never married. He died in obscurity in 1924 at the age of 40 from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Kafka was a prolific writer, spending most of his free time writing, often late into the night. He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total work due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of the remaining 10 percent is lost or otherwise unpublished. Few of Kafka's works were published during his lifetime; although the story collections <a href="/wiki/Contemplation_(short_story_collection)" title="Contemplation (short story collection)">Contemplation</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Country_Doctor_(short_story_collection)" title="A Country Doctor (short story collection)">A Country Doctor</a>, and individual stories, such as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in literary magazines, they received little attention. In his will, Kafka instructed his close friend and <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executor</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a> to destroy his unfinished works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and <a href="/wiki/Amerika_(novel)" title="Amerika (novel)">Amerika</a>, but Brod ignored these instructions and had much of his work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries after World War II, influencing <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>, and its influence spread elsewhere in the world in the 1960s. It has also influenced artists, composers, and philosophers. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Kafka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hermann Kafka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hermann_Kafka.jpg/130px-Hermann_Kafka.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hermann_Kafka.jpg/195px-Hermann_Kafka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hermann_Kafka.jpg/260px-Hermann_Kafka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1818" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Julie_Kafka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Julie Kafka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Julie_Kafka.jpg/130px-Julie_Kafka.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Julie_Kafka.jpg/195px-Julie_Kafka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Julie_Kafka.jpg/260px-Julie_Kafka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1814" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">His parents, Hermann and Julie Kafka</div></div></div></div> Kafka was born near the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square" title="Old Town Square">Old Town Square</a> in Prague, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. His family were German-speaking middle-class <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. His father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilman200520–21-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthey19978–10-14">[12]</a> a shochet or <a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">ritual slaughterer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osek_(Strakonice_District)" title="Osek (Strakonice District)">Osek</a>, a Czech village with a large Jewish population located near <a href="/wiki/Strakonice" title="Strakonice">Strakonice</a> in southern Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohoutikriz2011-15">[13]</a> Hermann brought the Kafka family to Prague. After working as a travelling sales representative, he eventually became a fashion retailer who employed up to 15 people and used the image of a <a href="/wiki/Western_jackdaw" title="Western jackdaw">jackdaw</a> (kavka in Czech, pronounced and colloquially written as kafka) as his business logo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod19603–5-16">[14]</a> Kafka's mother, Julie (1856–1934), was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a prosperous retail merchant in <a href="/wiki/Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="Poděbrady">Poděbrady</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthey199792-17">[15]</a> and was better educated than her husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilman200520–21-13">[11]</a> Kafka's parents, from traditional Jewish society, spoke German replete with influences from their native <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>; their children, raised in an acculturated environment, spoke <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2005147–148-18">[16]</a> Hermann and Julie had six children, of whom Franz was the eldest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamalian19743-19">[17]</a> Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kafka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriele Kafka">Gabriele</a> ("Elli") (1889–1942), <a href="/wiki/Valli_Kafka" title="Valli Kafka">Valerie</a> ("Valli") (1890–1942) and <a href="/wiki/Ottla_Kafka" title="Ottla Kafka">Ottilie</a> ("Ottla") (1892–1943). All three were murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Valli was deported to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> in 1942, but that is the last documentation of her; it is assumed she did not survive the war. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Hermann is described by Kafka scholar and translator <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Corngold" title="Stanley Corngold">Stanley Corngold</a> as a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorngold1972xii,_11-21">[19]</a> and by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, knowledge of human nature, a certain way of doing things on a grand scale, of course with all the defects and weaknesses that go with all these advantages and into which your temperament and sometimes your hot temper drive you".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka-Franz,_Father2012-22">[20]</a> On business days, both parents were absent from the home, with Julie Kafka working as many as 12 hours each day helping to manage the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod19609-23">[21]</a> and the children were reared largely by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled relationship with his father is evident in his <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_His_Father" title="Letter to His Father">Brief an den Vater</a> (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, in which he complains of being profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196015–16-24">[22]</a> his mother, in contrast, was quiet and shy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196019–20-25">[23]</a> The dominating figure of Kafka's father had a significant influence on Kafka's writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196015,_17,_22–23-26">[24]</a> The Kafka family had a servant girl living with them in a cramped apartment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailskafkadecisiveyea00stacpage22mode2up_22]-27">[25]</a> Franz's room was often cold. In November 1913, the family moved into a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married and moved out of the first apartment. In early August 1914, just after World War I began, the sisters did not know where their husbands were in the military and moved back in with the family in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also had children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former apartment, quiet by contrast, and lived by himself for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailskafkadecisiveyea00stacpage390mode2up_390–391],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailskafkadecisiveyea00stacpage462mode2up_462–463]-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_Palace_Kinsky_PC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An ornate four-storey palatial building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Prague_Palace_Kinsky_PC.jpg/220px-Prague_Palace_Kinsky_PC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Prague_Palace_Kinsky_PC.jpg/330px-Prague_Palace_Kinsky_PC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Prague_Palace_Kinsky_PC.jpg/440px-Prague_Palace_Kinsky_PC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kinsk%C3%BD_Palace_(Prague)" title="Kinský Palace (Prague)">Kinský Palace</a> where Kafka attended <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">gymnasium</a> and his father owned a shop</figcaption></figure> From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended the German boys' elementary school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known as Masná Street. His Jewish education ended with his <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a> celebration at the age of 13. Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and went with his father only on four high holidays each year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka-Franz,_Father2012-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200513-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196026–27-30">[28]</a> After leaving elementary school in 1893, Kafka was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">gymnasium</a>, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary school at Old Town Square, located within <a href="/wiki/Kinsk%C3%BD_Palace_(Prague)" title="Kinský Palace (Prague)">Kinský Palace</a>. German was the language of instruction, but Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes200829-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer1996164–210-32">[30]</a> He studied the latter at the gymnasium for eight years, achieving good grades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempf2005159–160-33">[31]</a> Although Kafka received compliments for his Czech, he never considered himself fluent in the language, though he spoke German with a Czech accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoelb201012-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer1996164–210-32">[30]</a> He completed his <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> exams in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorngold2004xii-34">[32]</a> Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/German_Charles-Ferdinand_University" class="mw-redirect" title="German Charles-Ferdinand University">Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität</a> of Prague in 1901, Kafka began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamant200336–38-35">[33]</a> Although this field did not excite him, it offered a range of career possibilities, which pleased his father. In addition, law required a longer course of study, giving Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196040–41-36">[34]</a> He also joined a student club, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Lecture Hall of the German students), which organised literary events, readings and other activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2005179-37">[35]</a> Among Kafka's friends were the journalist <a href="/wiki/Felix_Weltsch" title="Felix Weltsch">Felix Weltsch</a>, who studied philosophy, the actor <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Lowy" title="Yitzchak Lowy">Yitzchak Lowy</a> who came from an orthodox <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> Warsaw family, and the writers <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Winder" title="Ludwig Winder">Ludwig Winder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Baum" title="Oskar Baum">Oskar Baum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200543–70-38">[36]</a> At the end of his first year of studies, Kafka met <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a>, a fellow law student who became a close friend for life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2005179-37">[35]</a> Years later, Brod coined the term Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Close Prague Circle") to describe the group of writers, which included Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpector200017-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren19933-40">[38]</a> Brod soon noticed that, although Kafka was shy and seldom spoke, what he said was usually profound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196040-41">[39]</a> Kafka was an avid reader throughout his life;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196014-42">[40]</a> together he and Brod read Plato's <a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a> in the original <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, on Brod's initiative, and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">L'éducation sentimentale</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(novel)" title="The Temptation of Saint Anthony (novel)">La Tentation de St. Antoine</a> (The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at his own suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196653–54-43">[41]</a> Kafka considered <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, Gustave Flaubert, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach2005362-44">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a> to be his "true <a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">blood brothers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200574,_273-45">[43]</a> Besides these, he took an interest in <a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Czech literature</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes200829-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer1996164–210-32">[30]</a> and was also very fond of the works of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196051,_122–124-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200580–83-47">[45]</a> Kafka was awarded the degree of Doctor of Law on 18 June 1906<a href="#cite_note-54">[c]</a> and performed an obligatory year of unpaid service as a law clerk for the civil and criminal courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhauer1983390–408-9">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_Porici_7,_Prague.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Na_Porici_7%2C_Prague.JPG/170px-Na_Porici_7%2C_Prague.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Na_Porici_7%2C_Prague.JPG/255px-Na_Porici_7%2C_Prague.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Na_Porici_7%2C_Prague.JPG/340px-Na_Porici_7%2C_Prague.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Former home of the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute</figcaption></figure> On 1 November 1907, Kafka was employed at the <a href="/wiki/Assicurazioni_Generali" title="Assicurazioni Generali">Assicurazioni Generali</a>, an insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. His correspondence during that period indicates that he was unhappy with a work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl1991210-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen200723–66-56">[53]</a>—that made it extremely difficult to concentrate on writing, which was assuming increasing importance to him. On 15 July 1908, he resigned. Two weeks later, he found employment more amenable to writing when he joined the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze). The job involved investigating and assessing compensation for <a href="/wiki/Personal_injury" title="Personal injury">personal injury</a> to industrial workers; accidents such as lost fingers or limbs were commonplace, owing to poor <a href="/wiki/Work_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Work safety">work safety</a> policies at the time. It was especially true of factories fitted with machine <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planing_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Planing machine">planing machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">rotary saws</a>, which were rarely fitted with safety guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorngold_et_al.200928-57">[54]</a> His father often referred to his son's job as an insurance officer as a Brotberuf, literally "bread job", a job done only to pay the bills; Kafka often claimed to despise it. Kafka was rapidly promoted and his duties included processing and investigating compensation claims, writing reports, and handling appeals from businessmen who thought their firms had been placed in too high a risk category, which cost them more in insurance premiums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200526–30-58">[55]</a> He would compile and compose the <a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">annual report</a> on the insurance institute for the several years he worked there. The reports were well received by his superiors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196081–84-59">[56]</a> Kafka usually got off work at 2 p.m., so that he had time to spend on his literary work, to which he was committed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200523–25-60">[57]</a> Kafka's father also expected him to help out at and take over the family <a href="/wiki/Fancy_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Fancy goods">fancy goods</a> store.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200525–27-61">[58]</a> In his later years, Kafka's illness often prevented him from working at the insurance bureau and at his writing. In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann and Kafka became partners in the first <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> factory in Prague, known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> money from Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed a positive attitude at first, dedicating much of his free time to the business, but he later resented the encroachment of this work on his writing time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200534–39-62">[59]</a> During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the performances of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a>. After seeing a Yiddish theatre troupe perform in October 1911, for the next six months Kafka "immersed himself in Yiddish language and in Yiddish literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoelb201032-63">[60]</a> This interest also served as a starting point for his growing exploration of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200556–58-64">[61]</a> It was at about this time that Kafka became a vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196029,_73–75,_109–110,_206-65">[62]</a> Around 1915, Kafka received his draft notice for military service in World War I, but his employers at the insurance institute arranged for a deferment because his work was considered essential government service. He later attempted to join the military but was prevented from doing so by medical problems associated with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960154-66">[63]</a> with which he was diagnosed in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorngold2011339–343-67">[64]</a> In 1918, the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute put Kafka on a pension due to his illness, for which there was no cure at the time, and he spent most of the rest of his life in <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatoriums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhauer1983390–408-9">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_life">Private life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Private life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felice_Bauer_and_Franz_Kafka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Felice_Bauer_and_Franz_Kafka.jpg/220px-Felice_Bauer_and_Franz_Kafka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Felice_Bauer_and_Franz_Kafka.jpg/330px-Felice_Bauer_and_Franz_Kafka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Felice_Bauer_and_Franz_Kafka.jpg/440px-Felice_Bauer_and_Franz_Kafka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>Felice Bauer and Franz Kafka</figcaption></figure> Kafka never married. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual desire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008186-68">[65]</a> and Kafka's biographer <a href="/wiki/Reiner_Stach" title="Reiner Stach">Reiner Stach</a> states that his life was full of "incessant womanising" and that he was filled with a fear of "sexual failure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200544,_207-69">[66]</a> Kafka visited brothels for most of his adult life<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008186,_191-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Graduate_School2012-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200543-72">[69]</a> and was interested in pornography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008186-68">[65]</a> In addition, he had close relationships with several women during his lifetime. On 13 August 1912, Kafka met <a href="/wiki/Felice_Bauer" title="Felice Bauer">Felice Bauer</a>, a relative of Brod's, who worked in Berlin as a representative of a <a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">dictaphone</a> company. A week after the meeting at Brod's home, Kafka wrote in his diary: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Miss FB. When I arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting at the table. I was not at all curious about who she was, but rather took her for granted at once. Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare throat. A blouse thrown on. Looked very domestic in her dress although, as it turned out, she by no means was. (I alienate myself from her a little by inspecting her so closely ...) Almost broken nose. Blonde, somewhat straight, unattractive hair, strong chin. As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for the first time, by the time I was seated I already had an unshakeable opinion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanville2011-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler2012-74">[71]</a></blockquote> Shortly after this meeting, Kafka wrote the story "<a href="/wiki/The_Judgment" title="The Judgment">Das Urteil</a>" ("The Judgment") in only one night and in a productive period worked on <a href="/wiki/Amerika_(novel)" title="Amerika (novel)">Der Verschollene</a> (The Man Who Disappeared) and <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">Die Verwandlung</a> (The Metamorphosis). Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through letters over the next five years, met occasionally, and were engaged twice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach20051-75">[72]</a> Kafka's extant letters to Bauer were published as <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Felice" title="Letters to Felice">Briefe an Felice</a> (Letters to Felice); her letters did not survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanville2011-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeubert2012-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960196–197-77">[74]</a> After he had written to Bauer's father asking to marry her, Kafka wrote in his diary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My job is unbearable to me because it conflicts with my only desire and my only calling, which is literature.... I am nothing but literature and can and want to be nothing else ... Nervous states of the worst sort control me without pause ... A marriage could not change me, just as my job cannot change me.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagenbach2019119–120-78">[75]</a></blockquote> According to the biographers Stach and <a href="/wiki/James_Hawes_(author)" title="James Hawes (author)">James Hawes</a>, Kafka became engaged a third time around 1920, to Julie Wohryzek, a poor and uneducated hotel chambermaid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach20051-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008129,_198–199-79">[76]</a> Kafka's father objected to Julie because of her <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> beliefs. Although Kafka and Julie rented a flat and set a wedding date, the marriage never took place. During this time, Kafka began a draft of <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_His_Father" title="Letter to His Father">Letter to His Father</a>. Before the date of the intended marriage, he took up with yet another woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2004276–279-80">[77]</a> While he needed women and sex in his life, he had low self-confidence, felt sex was dirty, and was cripplingly shy—especially about his body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhauer1983390–408-9">[7]</a> Stach and Brod state that during the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he had an affair with a friend of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach2005379–389-81">[78]</a> a Jewish woman from Berlin. Brod says that Bloch gave birth to Kafka's son, although Kafka never knew about the child. The boy, whose name is not known, was born in 1914 or 1915 and died in Munich in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960240–242-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._Fischer2012-83">[80]</a> However, Kafka's biographer <a href="/wiki/Peter-Andr%C3%A9_Alt" title="Peter-André Alt">Peter-André Alt</a> says that, while Bloch had a son, Kafka was not the father, as the pair were never intimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlt2005303-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008180–181-85">[82]</a> Stach points out that there is a great deal of contradictory evidence around the claim that Kafka was the father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach20051,_379–389,_434–436-86">[83]</a> Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for a few months to the <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> village of Zürau (Siřem in Czech), where his sister Ottla worked on the farm of her brother-in-law Karl Hermann. He felt comfortable there and later described this time as perhaps the best period of his life, probably because he had no responsibilities. He kept diaries and made notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of text on single pieces of paper (Zettel); these were later published as <a href="/wiki/The_Z%C3%BCrau_Aphorisms" title="The Zürau Aphorisms">Die Zürauer Aphorismen</a> oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections on Sin, Hope, Suffering, and the True Way).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel201228-87">[84]</a> In 1920, Kafka began an intense relationship with <a href="/wiki/Milena_Jesensk%C3%A1" title="Milena Jesenská">Milena Jesenská</a>, a Czech journalist and writer who was non-Jewish and who was married, but when she met Kafka, her marriage was a "sham".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagenbach2019154,_159-88">[85]</a> His letters to her were later published as <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Milena" title="Letters to Milena">Briefe an Milena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966389-89">[86]</a> During a vacation in July 1923 to <a href="/wiki/Graal-M%C3%BCritz" title="Graal-Müritz">Graal-Müritz</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, Kafka met <a href="/wiki/Dora_Diamant" title="Dora Diamant">Dora Diamant</a>, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family. Kafka, hoping to escape the influence of his family to concentrate on his writing, moved briefly to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant. She became his lover and sparked his interest in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempel2002-90">[87]</a> He worked on four stories, including <a href="/wiki/A_Hunger_Artist_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Hunger Artist (collection)">Ein Hungerkünstler</a> (A Hunger Artist),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966389-89">[86]</a> which were published shortly after his death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siblings">Siblings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Siblings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka-sisters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kafka-sisters.jpg/220px-Kafka-sisters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kafka-sisters.jpg/330px-Kafka-sisters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kafka-sisters.jpg/440px-Kafka-sisters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Franz Kafka's sisters as children, from the left <a href="/wiki/Valli_Kafka" title="Valli Kafka">Valli</a>, Elli, <a href="/wiki/Ottla_Kafka" title="Ottla Kafka">Ottla</a></figcaption></figure> Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamalian19743-19">[17]</a> His two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942), <a href="/wiki/Valli_Kafka" title="Valli Kafka">Valerie</a> ("Valli") (1890–1942) and <a href="/wiki/Ottla_Kafka" title="Ottla Kafka">Ottilie</a> ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed to have been murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister. She was known as Elli or Ellie; her married name is variously rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended a German girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Street and later a private girls' secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[89]</a> She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a salesman, in 1910. The couple had a son, Felix (1911–1940), and two daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-kafkamuseum-93">[90]</a> After her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to her brother, whose letters showed an active interest in the upbringing and education of her children. He accompanied her on a 1915 trip to Hungary to visit Hermann, who was stationed there, and spent a summer with her and her children in <a href="/wiki/Graal-M%C3%BCritz" title="Graal-Müritz">Müritz</a> the year before he died.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[91]</a> With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in 1929, the Hermann family business experienced financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[89]</a> Karl Hermann died February 27, 1939, and Elli was supported financially by her sisters.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[91]</a> On October 21, 1941, she was deported together with her daughter Hanna to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a>, where she lived temporarily with her sister Valli and Valli's husband in the spring of 1942. She was probably killed in the <a href="/wiki/Kulmhof_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulmhof extermination camp">Kulmhof extermination camp</a> in the fall of 1942.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Of Elli's three children, only her daughter Gerti survived the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A memorial plaque commemorates the three sisters at the family grave in the <a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Cemetery,_Prague" title="New Jewish Cemetery, Prague">New Jewish Cemetery</a> in Prague.<a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kafka1906.jpg/220px-Kafka1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kafka1906.jpg/330px-Kafka1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kafka1906.jpg/440px-Kafka1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Kafka as a Doctor of Law, around 1906</figcaption></figure> Kafka had a lifelong suspicion that people found him mentally and physically repulsive. However, many of those who met him found him to possess obvious intelligence and a sense of humour; they also found him handsome, although of austere appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanouch197114,_17-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichter1987367–377-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERepertory2005-100">[97]</a> Kafka was thought to be "very self-analytic".<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Brod compared Kafka to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a>, noting that both writers had the ability to describe a situation realistically with precise details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196641-102">[99]</a> Brod thought Kafka was one of the most entertaining people he had met; Kafka enjoyed sharing his humour with his friends but also helped them in difficult situations with good advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196642-103">[100]</a> According to Brod, he was a passionate reciter, able to phrase his speech as though it were music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196697-104">[101]</a> Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196649-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196047-106">[103]</a> He explored inconspicuous details in depth and with such precision and love that unforeseen things surfaced that seemed strange but absolutely true (nichts als wahr).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196652-107">[104]</a> Kafka's letters and unexpurgated diaries reveal repressed homoerotic desires, including an infatuation with novelist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a> and fascination with the work of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%BCher" title="Hans Blüher">Hans Blüher</a> on male bonding. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a> argues that this mental struggle may have informed the themes of alienation and psychological brutality in his writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanville2013-108">[105]</a> Although Kafka showed little interest in exercise as a child, he later developed a passion for games and physical activity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196014-42">[40]</a> and was an accomplished rider, swimmer, and rower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196649-105">[102]</a> On weekends, he and his friends embarked on long hikes, often planned by Kafka himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196690-109">[106]</a> His other interests included <a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">alternative medicine</a>, modern education systems such as <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196649-105">[102]</a> and technological novelties such as airplanes and film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196692-110">[107]</a> Writing was vitally important to Kafka; he considered it a "form of prayer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960214-111">[108]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Highly_sensitive_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly sensitive person">highly sensitive</a> to noise and preferred absolute quiet when writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960156-112">[109]</a> Kafka was also a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> and did not drink alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Kafka had symptomatology consistent with <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid personality disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Álvarez2003181–194-114">[111]</a> His style, it is claimed, not only in Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) but in other writings, appears to show low- to medium-level schizoid traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims to have influenced much of his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1984242–306-115">[112]</a> His anguish can be seen in this diary entry from 21 June 1913:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElroy1985217–232-116">[113]</a> <div style="padding:1em 3em 1em 3em"><div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap; gap:3em"><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreißen. Und tausendmal lieber zerreißen, als in mir sie zurückhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokel200167–68-117">[114]</a> </div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">The tremendous world I have inside my head, but how to free myself and free it without being torn to pieces. And a thousand times rather be torn to pieces than retain it in me or bury it. That, indeed, is why I am here, that is quite clear to me.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafkaBrod1988222-118">[115]</a></div></div></div> and in Zürau Aphorism number 50: <div style="padding:1em 3em 1em 3em"><div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap; gap:3em"><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">Der Mensch kann nicht leben ohne ein dauerndes Vertrauen zu etwas Unzerstörbarem in sich, wobei sowohl das Unzerstörbare als auch das Vertrauen ihm dauernd verborgen bleiben können. </div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">Man cannot live without a permanent trust in something indestructible within himself, though both that indestructible something and his own trust in it may remain permanently concealed from him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray1973196-119">[116]</a></div></div></div> Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante have posited in a 2016 article that Kafka may have had <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a> with co-occurring psychophysiological <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Lachkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Lachkar (page does not exist)">Joan Lachkar</a> interpreted Die Verwandlung as "a vivid depiction of the borderline personality" and described the story as "model for Kafka's own abandonment fears, anxiety, depression, and parasitic dependency needs. Kafka illuminated the borderline's general confusion of normal and healthy desires, wishes, and needs with something ugly and disdainful".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachkar199230-121">[118]</a> Though Kafka never married, he held marriage and children in high esteem. He had several girlfriends and lovers during his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960139–140-122">[119]</a> He may have suffered from an eating disorder. Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Psychiatric Clinic, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>, presented "evidence for the hypothesis that the writer Franz Kafka had suffered from an atypical <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichter1988231–238-123">[120]</a> and that Kafka was not just lonely and depressed but also "occasionally suicidal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichter1987367–377-99">[96]</a> In his 1995 book Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient, <a href="/wiki/Sander_Gilman" title="Sander Gilman">Sander Gilman</a> investigated "why a Jew might have been considered '<a href="/wiki/Hypochondriacal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypochondriacal">hypochondriacal</a>' or 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of understanding the Jewish male into his own self-image and writing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilman199563ff,_160–163-124">[121]</a> Kafka considered suicide at least once, in late 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960128-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> Before World War I,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196086-126">[123]</a> Kafka attended several meetings of the Klub mladých, a Czech anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Anti-militarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-militarist">anti-militarist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a> organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELib.com2008-127">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Bergmann" title="Hugo Bergmann">Hugo Bergmann</a>, who attended the same elementary and high schools as Kafka, fell out with Kafka during their last academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and my <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> were much too strident".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman19698-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce200717-129">[126]</a> Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism and socialism did not yet exist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce200717-129">[126]</a> Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a <a href="/wiki/Red_carnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Red carnation">red carnation</a> to school to show his support for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce200717-129">[126]</a> In one diary entry, Kafka made reference to the influential anarchist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreece2001131-130">[127]</a> During the communist era, the legacy of Kafka's work for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> socialism was hotly debated. Opinions ranged from the notion that he satirised the bureaucratic bungling of a crumbling <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, to the belief that he embodied the rise of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1986248–249-131">[128]</a> A further key point was <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a>. While the orthodox position was that Kafka's depictions of alienation were no longer relevant for a society that had supposedly eliminated alienation, a 1963 conference held in <a href="/wiki/Liblice" title="Liblice">Liblice</a>, Czechoslovakia, on the eightieth anniversary of his birth, reassessed the importance of Kafka's portrayal of bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBathrick199567–70-132">[129]</a> Whether Kafka was a political writer is still an issue of debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Worker2007-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism_and_Zionism">Judaism and Zionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism and Zionism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_and_Judaism" title="Franz Kafka and Judaism">Franz Kafka and Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Kafka_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Franz_Kafka_1910.jpg/170px-Franz_Kafka_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Franz_Kafka_1910.jpg/255px-Franz_Kafka_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Franz_Kafka_1910.jpg/340px-Franz_Kafka_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Kafka in 1910</figcaption></figure> Kafka grew up in Prague as a German-speaking Jew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Guide2006-134">[131]</a> He was deeply fascinated by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Jewry" title="Eastern European Jewry">Jews of Eastern Europe</a>, who he thought possessed an intensity of spiritual life that was absent from Jews in the West. His diary contains many references to <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish writers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaaretz2008-135">[132]</a> Yet he was at times alienated from Judaism and Jewish life. On 8 January 1914, he wrote in his diary: <div style="padding:1em 3em 1em 3em"><div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap; gap:3em"><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">Was habe ich mit Juden gemeinsam? Ich habe kaum etwas mit mir gemeinsam und sollte mich ganz still, zufrieden damit daß ich atmen kann, in einen Winkel stellen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlt2005430-136">[133]</a> </div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">What have I in common with Jews? I have hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner, content that I can breathe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafkaBrod1988252-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka-Franz2012-138">[135]</a></div></div></div> In his adolescent years, Kafka declared himself an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilman200531-139">[136]</a> Hawes suggests that Kafka, though very aware of his own <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewishness</a>, did not incorporate it into his work, which, according to Hawes, lacks Jewish characters, scenes or themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2008-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's2008-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008119–126-142">[139]</a> In the opinion of literary critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, although Kafka was uneasy with his Jewish heritage, he was the quintessential Jewish writer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom1994428-143">[140]</a> Lothar Kahn is likewise unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is no longer subject to doubt".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahnHook1993191-144">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Eisner" title="Pavel Eisner">Pavel Eisner</a>, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) as the embodiment of the "triple dimension of Jewish existence in Prague ... his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested by a German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Jew in the modern world, although there is no evidence that he himself is a Jew".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothkirchen200523-145">[142]</a> In his essay Sadness in Palestine?!, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Miron" title="Dan Miron">Dan Miron</a> explores Kafka's connection to Zionism: "It seems that those who claim that there was such a connection and that Zionism played a central role in his life and literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether or dismiss its importance, are both wrong. The truth lies in some very elusive place between these two simplistic poles."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaaretz2008-135">[132]</a> Kafka considered moving to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> with Felice Bauer, and later with Dora Diamant. He studied <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> while living in Berlin, hiring a friend of Brod's from Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to tutor him<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaaretz2008-135">[132]</a> and attending Rabbi Julius Grünthal<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Julius_Guttmann" title="Julius Guttmann">Julius Guttmann</a>'s classes in the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_die_Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums">Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums</a> (College for the Study of Judaism),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960196-147">[144]</a> where he also studied <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Livia_Rothkirchen" title="Livia Rothkirchen">Livia Rothkirchen</a> calls Kafka the "symbolic figure of his era".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothkirchen200523-145">[142]</a> His contemporaries included numerous Jewish, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, Czech, and German culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan outlook and a quality of exaltation bordering on transcendental metaphysical contemplation. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothkirchen200523-145">[142]</a> Towards the end of his life Kafka sent a postcard to his friend Hugo Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcing his intention to emigrate to Palestine. Bergmann refused to host Kafka because he had young children and was afraid that Kafka would infect them with tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2011-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Kafka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tapering six-sided stone structure lists the names of three deceased persons: Franz, Hermann, and Julie Kafka. Each name has a passage in Hebrew below it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grave_of_Kafka.JPG/170px-Grave_of_Kafka.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grave_of_Kafka.JPG/255px-Grave_of_Kafka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grave_of_Kafka.JPG/340px-Grave_of_Kafka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Franz Kafka's grave in Prague-Žižkov designed by Leopold Ehrmann</figcaption></figure> Kafka's <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">laryngeal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> worsened and in March 1924 he returned from Berlin to Prague,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach20051-75">[72]</a> where members of his family, principally his sister Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him. He went to Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium in <a href="/wiki/Klosterneuburg" title="Klosterneuburg">Kierling</a> just outside <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> for treatment on 10 April,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966389-89">[86]</a> and died there on 3 June 1924. The cause of death seemed to be starvation: the condition of Kafka's throat made eating too painful for him, and since <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">parenteral nutrition</a> had not yet been developed, there was no way to feed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeliever2006-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960209–211-151">[148]</a> Kafka was editing "<a href="/wiki/A_Hunger_Artist" title="A Hunger Artist">A Hunger Artist</a>" on his deathbed, a story whose composition he had begun before his throat closed to the point that he could not take any nourishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960211-152">[149]</a> His body was brought back to Prague where he was buried on 11 June 1924, in the <a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Cemetery,_Prague" title="New Jewish Cemetery, Prague">New Jewish Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%BEkov" title="Žižkov">Prague-Žižkov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Graduate_School2012-71">[68]</a> Kafka was virtually unknown during his own lifetime, but he did not consider fame important. He rose to fame rapidly after his death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960214-111">[108]</a> particularly after World War II. The Kafka tombstone was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ehrmann" title="Leopold Ehrmann">Leopold Ehrmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_bibliography" title="Franz Kafka bibliography">Franz Kafka bibliography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an old letter with text written in German" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg/170px-De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg/255px-De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg/340px-De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>First page of Kafka's <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_His_Father" title="Letter to His Father">Letter to His Father</a></figcaption></figure> All of Kafka's published works, except some letters he wrote in Czech to Milena Jesenská, were written in German. What little was published during his lifetime attracted scant public attention. Kafka finished none of his full-length novels and burned around 90 percent of his work,<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach20052-155">[152]</a> much of it during the period he lived in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn the drafts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2004367-156">[153]</a> In his early years as a writer he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he described in a letter to Bauer as frightening and whom he considered closer than his own family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurst199284-157">[154]</a> Kafka drew and sketched extensively. Until May 2021, only about 40 of his drawings were known.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> published Franz Kafka: The Drawings.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stories">Stories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stories">edit</a>]</div> Kafka's earliest published works were eight stories that appeared in 1908 in the first issue of the literary journal <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperion (journal)">Hyperion</a> under the title <a href="/wiki/Contemplation_(Kafka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplation (Kafka)">Betrachtung</a> (Contemplation). He wrote the story "<a href="/wiki/Description_of_a_Struggle" title="Description of a Struggle">Beschreibung eines Kampfes</a>" ("Description of a Struggle")<a href="#cite_note-161">[d]</a> in 1904; in 1905 he showed it to Brod, who advised him to continue writing and convinced him to submit it to Hyperion. Kafka published a fragment in 1908<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawel1985160–163-162">[158]</a> and two sections in the spring of 1909, all in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966388-163">[159]</a> In a creative outburst on the night of 22 September 1912, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it to Felice Bauer. Brod noted the similarity in names of the main character and his fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966-164">[160]</a> The story is often considered Kafka's breakthrough work. It deals with the troubled relationship of a son and his dominant father, facing a new situation after the son's engagement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2010-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008159,_192-166">[162]</a> Kafka later described writing it as "a complete opening of body and soul",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach2005113-167">[163]</a> a story that "evolved as a true birth, covered with filth and slime".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960129-168">[164]</a> The story was first published in Leipzig in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in subsequent editions "for F."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966389-89">[86]</a> In 1912, Kafka wrote Die Verwandlung (<a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a>, or The Transformation),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966113-169">[165]</a> published in 1915 in Leipzig. The story begins with a travelling salesman waking to find himself transformed into an ungeheures Ungeziefer, a monstrous <a href="/wiki/Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a>, Ungeziefer being a general term for unwanted and unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard the work as one of the seminal works of fiction of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokel1956203–214-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke1951232–245-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd1994165–168-172">[168]</a> The story "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony" title="In the Penal Colony">In der Strafkolonie</a>" ("In the Penal Colony"), dealing with an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and execution device, was written in October 1914,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966389-89">[86]</a> revised in 1918, and published in Leipzig during October 1919. The story "<a href="/wiki/A_Hunger_Artist" title="A Hunger Artist">Ein Hungerkünstler</a>" ("A Hunger Artist"), published in the periodical <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rundschau" title="Neue Rundschau">Die neue Rundschau</a> in 1924, describes a victimized protagonist who experiences a decline in the appreciation of his strange craft of <a href="/wiki/Hunger_artist" title="Hunger artist">starving himself for extended periods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2005131-173">[169]</a> His last story, "<a href="/wiki/Josephine_the_Singer,_or_the_Mouse_Folk" title="Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk">Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse</a>" ("Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk"), also deals with the relationship between an artist and his audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorstkotte2009-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka%27s_notebook.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Franz Kafka Notebook with words in German and Hebrew. from the Collection of the National Library of Israel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kafka%27s_notebook.JPG/220px-Kafka%27s_notebook.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kafka%27s_notebook.JPG/330px-Kafka%27s_notebook.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kafka%27s_notebook.JPG/440px-Kafka%27s_notebook.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3959" data-file-height="2489" /></a><figcaption>Franz Kafka notebook with words in German and Hebrew. From the Collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library</a> of Israel.</figcaption></figure> Kafka began his first novel in 1912;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960113-175">[171]</a> its first chapter is the story "<a href="/wiki/The_Stoker" title="The Stoker">Der Heizer</a>" ("The Stoker"). He called the work, which remained unfinished, Der Verschollene (The Man Who Disappeared or The Missing Person), but when Brod published it after Kafka's death he named it <a href="/wiki/Amerika_(novel)" title="Amerika (novel)">Amerika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960128,_135,_218-176">[172]</a> The inspiration for the novel was the time Kafka spent in the audience of Yiddish theatre the previous year, bringing him to a new awareness of his heritage, which led to the thought that an innate appreciation for one's heritage lives deep within each person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoelb201034-177">[173]</a> More explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic than most of Kafka's works, the novel shares the <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> of an oppressive and intangible system putting the protagonist repeatedly in bizarre situations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussman197972–94-178">[174]</a> It uses many details of experiences from his relatives who had emigrated to America<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach200579-179">[175]</a> and is the only work for which Kafka considered an optimistic ending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960137-180">[176]</a> In 1914 Kafka began the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">Der Process</a> (The Trial),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966388-163">[159]</a> the story of a man arrested and prosecuted by a remote, inaccessible authority, with the nature of his crime revealed neither to him nor to the reader. He did not complete the novel, although he finished the final chapter. According to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Nobel Prize winning</a> author <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a>, Felice is central to the plot of Der Process and Kafka said it was "her story".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach2005108–115,_147,_139,_232-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakutani1988-182">[178]</a> Canetti titled his book on Kafka's letters to Felice Kafka's Other Trial, in recognition of the relationship between the letters and the novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakutani1988-182">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Michiko Kakutani</a> notes in a review for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> that Kafka's letters have the "earmarks of his fiction: the same nervous attention to minute particulars; the same paranoid awareness of shifting balances of power; the same atmosphere of emotional suffocation—combined, surprisingly enough, with moments of boyish ardour and delight."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakutani1988-182">[178]</a> According to his diary, Kafka was already planning his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">Das Schloss</a> (The Castle), by 11 June 1914; however, he did not begin writing it until 27 January 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966388-163">[159]</a> The protagonist is the Landvermesser (land surveyor) named K., who struggles for unknown reasons to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle who govern the village. Kafka's intent was that the castle's authorities notify K. on his deathbed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was to be permitted to live and work there".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd2004139-183">[179]</a> Dark and at times <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surreal</a>, the novel is focused on <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, the seemingly endless frustrations of man's attempts to stand against the system, and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unattainable goal. Hartmut M. Rastalsky noted in his thesis: "Like dreams, his texts combine precise 'realistic' detail with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERastalsky19971-184">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_history">Publishing history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publishing history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka_Betrachtung_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A simple book cover displays the name of the book and the author" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kafka_Betrachtung_1912.jpg/170px-Kafka_Betrachtung_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kafka_Betrachtung_1912.jpg/255px-Kafka_Betrachtung_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kafka_Betrachtung_1912.jpg/340px-Kafka_Betrachtung_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="2139" /></a><figcaption>First edition of <a href="/wiki/Contemplation_(Kafka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplation (Kafka)">Betrachtung</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> Kafka's stories were initially published in literary periodicals. His first eight were printed in 1908 in the first issue of the bi-monthly Hyperion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEItk2008-185">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Blei" title="Franz Blei">Franz Blei</a> published two dialogues in 1909 which became part of "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEItk2008-185">[181]</a> A fragment of the story "<a href="/wiki/The_Aeroplanes_At_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Aeroplanes At Brescia">Die Aeroplane in Brescia</a>" ("The Aeroplanes at Brescia"), written on a trip to Italy with Brod, appeared in the daily <a href="/wiki/Bohemia_(newspaper)" title="Bohemia (newspaper)">Bohemia</a> on 28 September 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEItk2008-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196694-186">[182]</a> On 27 March 1910, several stories that later became part of the book <a href="/wiki/Contemplation_(Kafka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplation (Kafka)">Betrachtung</a> were published in the Easter edition of Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEItk2008-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196661-187">[183]</a> In Leipzig during 1913, Brod and publisher <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wolff_(publisher)" title="Kurt Wolff (publisher)">Kurt Wolff</a> included "Das Urteil. Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka." ("The Judgment. A Story by Franz Kafka.") in their literary yearbook for the art poetry Arkadia. In the same year, Wolff published "<a href="/wiki/The_Stoker" title="The Stoker">Der Heizer</a>" ("The Stoker") in the Jüngste Tag series, where it enjoyed three printings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStach2005343-188">[184]</a> The story "<a href="/wiki/Before_the_Law" title="Before the Law">Vor dem Gesetz</a>" ("Before the Law") was published in the 1915 New Year's edition of the independent Jewish weekly Selbstwehr; it was reprinted in 1919 as part of the story collection <a href="/wiki/A_Country_Doctor_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Country Doctor (collection)">Ein Landarzt</a> (A Country Doctor) and became part of the novel Der Process. Other stories were published in various publications, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Der_Jude_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Jude (magazine)">Der Jude</a>, the paper <a href="/wiki/Prager_Tagblatt" title="Prager Tagblatt">Prager Tagblatt</a>, and the periodicals <a href="/wiki/Die_neue_Rundschau" class="mw-redirect" title="Die neue Rundschau">Die neue Rundschau</a>, Genius, and <a href="/wiki/Prager_Presse" title="Prager Presse">Prager Presse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEItk2008-185">[181]</a> Kafka's first published book, Betrachtung (Contemplation, or Meditation), was a collection of 18 stories written between 1904 and 1912. On a summer trip to <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, Brod initiated a meeting between Kafka and Kurt Wolff;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966110-189">[185]</a> Wolff published Betrachtung in the <a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rowohlt Verlag</a> at the end of 1912 (with the year given as 1913).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Graduate_School,_Articles2012-190">[186]</a> Kafka dedicated it to Brod, "Für M.B.", and added in the personal copy given to his friend "So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, für meinen liebsten Max‍—‌Franz K." ("As it is already printed here, for my dearest Max").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1966115-191">[187]</a> Kafka's novella Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) was first printed in the October 1915 issue of <a href="/wiki/Die_Wei%C3%9Fen_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Die Weißen Blätter">Die Weißen Blätter</a>, a monthly edition of <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> literature, edited by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Schickele" title="René Schickele">René Schickele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Graduate_School,_Articles2012-190">[186]</a> Another story collection, Ein Landarzt (A Country Doctor), was published by Kurt Wolff in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Graduate_School,_Articles2012-190">[186]</a> dedicated to Kafka's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiter1958337–347-192">[188]</a> Kafka prepared a final collection of four stories for print, Ein Hungerkünstler (A Hunger Artist), which appeared in 1924 after his death, in <a href="/wiki/Verlag_Die_Schmiede" title="Verlag Die Schmiede">Verlag Die Schmiede</a>. On 20 April 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%B6rsen-Courier" title="Berliner Börsen-Courier">Berliner Börsen-Courier</a> published Kafka's essay on <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrolop1994103-193">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Max_Brod">Max Brod</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Max Brod">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka_Der_Prozess_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A simple book cover in green displays the name of the author and the book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kafka_Der_Prozess_1925.jpg/170px-Kafka_Der_Prozess_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kafka_Der_Prozess_1925.jpg/255px-Kafka_Der_Prozess_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kafka_Der_Prozess_1925.jpg/340px-Kafka_Der_Prozess_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>First edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">Der Prozess</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure> Kafka left his work, both published and unpublished, to his friend and <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executor</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a> with explicit instructions that it should be destroyed on Kafka's death; Kafka wrote: "Dearest Max, my last request: Everything I leave behind me ... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others'), sketches, and so on, [is] to be burned unread."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka1988publisher's_notes-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2009-195">[191]</a> Brod ignored this request and published the novels and collected works between 1925 and 1935. Brod defended his action by claiming that he had told Kafka, "I shall not carry out your wishes", and that "Franz should have appointed another executor if he had been absolutely determined that his instructions should stand".<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Brod took many of Kafka's papers, which remain unpublished, with him in suitcases to Palestine when he fled there in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler20113–8-197">[193]</a> Kafka's last lover, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Diamant" title="Dora Diamant">Dora Diamant</a> (later, Dymant-Lask), also ignored his wishes, secretly keeping 20 notebooks and 35 letters. These were confiscated by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> in 1933, but scholars continue to search for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Project_SDSU2012-198">[194]</a> As Brod published the bulk of the writings in his possession,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContijoch2000-199">[195]</a> Kafka's work began to attract wider attention and critical acclaim. Brod found it difficult to arrange Kafka's notebooks in chronological order. One problem was that Kafka often began writing in different parts of the book; sometimes in the middle, sometimes working backwards from the end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka2009xxvii-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamant2003144-201">[197]</a> Brod finished many of Kafka's incomplete works for publication. For example, Kafka left Der Process with unnumbered and incomplete chapters and Das Schloss with incomplete sentences and ambiguous content;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamant2003144-201">[197]</a> Brod rearranged chapters, copy-edited the text, and changed the punctuation. Der Process appeared in 1925 in Verlag Die Schmiede. Kurt Wolff published two other novels, Das Schloss in 1926 and Amerika in 1927. In 1931, Brod edited a collection of prose and unpublished stories as <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wall_of_China_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Wall of China (collection)">The Great Wall of China</a>, including the titular short story <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wall_of_China_(short_story)" title="The Great Wall of China (short story)">"The Great Wall of China"</a>. The book appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Kiepenheuer_%26_Witsch" title="Kiepenheuer & Witsch">Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag</a>. Brod's sets are usually called the "Definitive Editions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasse2000749-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_editions">Modern editions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern editions">edit</a>]</div> In 1961 <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Pasley" title="Malcolm Pasley">Malcolm Pasley</a> acquired for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> most of Kafka's original handwritten works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Heritage2012-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka1998publisher's_notes-204">[200]</a> The text for Der Process was later purchased through auction and is stored at the German Literary Archives in <a href="/wiki/Marbach_am_Neckar" title="Marbach am Neckar">Marbach am Neckar</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka1998publisher's_notes-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2004681-205">[201]</a> Subsequently, Pasley headed a team (including Gerhard Neumann, Jost Schillemeit and Jürgen Born) which reconstructed the German novels; <a href="/wiki/S._Fischer_Verlag" title="S. Fischer Verlag">S. Fischer Verlag</a> republished them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler1995-206">[202]</a> Pasley was the editor for Das Schloss, published in 1982, and Der Process (The Trial), published in 1990. Jost Schillemeit was the editor of Der Verschollene (Amerika) published in 1983. These are called the "Critical Editions" or the "Fischer Editions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Kafka_Research_Centre2012-207">[203]</a> In 2023, the first unexpurgated edition of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka%27s_Diaries" title="Franz Kafka's Diaries">Kafka's diaries</a> was published in English,<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> "more than three decades after this complete text appeared in German. The sole previous English edition, with Brod's edits, was issued in the late 1940s".<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> The new edition revealed that Brod had expunged homoerotic references, and negative comments about Eastern European Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2024-210">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unpublished_papers">Unpublished papers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unpublished papers">edit</a>]</div> When Brod died in 1968, he left Kafka's unpublished papers, which are believed to number in the thousands, to his secretary <a href="/wiki/Esther_Hoffe" title="Esther Hoffe">Esther Hoffe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Guardian''2010-211">[207]</a> She released or sold some, but left most to her daughters, Eva and Ruth, who also refused to release the papers. A court battle began in 2008 between the sisters and the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>, which claimed these works became the property of the nation of Israel when Brod emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Palestine</a> in 1939. Esther Hoffe sold the original manuscript of Der Process for US$2 million in 1988 to the German Literary Archive <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Literature" title="Museum of Modern Literature">Museum of Modern Literature</a> in Marbach am Neckar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''2010-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehrer2011-213">[209]</a> A ruling by a Tel Aviv family court in 2010 held that the papers must be released and a few were, including a previously unknown story, but the legal battle continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerman2010-214">[210]</a> The Hoffes claim the papers are their personal property, while the National Library of Israel argues they are "cultural assets belonging to the Jewish people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerman2010-214">[210]</a> The National Library also suggests that Brod bequeathed the papers to them in his will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudorenNoveck2012-215">[211]</a> The Tel Aviv Family Court ruled in October 2012, six months after Ruth's death, that the papers were the property of the National Library. The Israeli Supreme Court upheld the decision in December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlazer2017-216">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Critical response">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_interpretations">Critical interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Critical interpretations">edit</a>]</div> The poet <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> called Kafka "the <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> of the twentieth century";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2002206-217">[213]</a> the novelist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> placed him among the greatest writers of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantaye2007315–317-218">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> noted the reading of Kafka's The Metamorphosis showed him "that it was possible to write in a different way".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka-Franz2012-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis_Review2012-219">[215]</a> A prominent theme of Kafka's work, first established in the short story "Das Urteil",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale_Research1979288–311-220">[216]</a> is father–son conflict: the guilt induced in the son is resolved through suffering and atonement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196015–16-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale_Research1979288–311-220">[216]</a> Other prominent themes and archetypes include alienation, physical and psychological brutality, characters on a terrifying quest, and mystical transformation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossy2001100-221">[217]</a> Kafka's style has been compared to that of Kleist as early as 1916, in a review of "Die Verwandlung" and "Der Heizer" by Oscar Walzel in Berliner Beiträge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurst199283-222">[218]</a> The nature of Kafka's prose allows for varied interpretations and critics have placed his writing into a variety of literary schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Worker2007-133">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>, for example, have sharply disagreed over how to interpret Kafka's works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELib.com2008-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Worker2007-133">[130]</a> Some accused him of distorting reality whereas others claimed he was critiquing capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Worker2007-133">[130]</a> The hopelessness and absurdity common to his works are seen as emblematic of <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokel2001102–109-223">[219]</a> Some of Kafka's books are influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> movement, though the majority of his literary output was associated with the experimental <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernist</a> genre. Kafka also touches on the theme of human conflict with bureaucracy. William Burrows claims that such work is centred on the concepts of struggle, pain, solitude, and the need for relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows2011-224">[220]</a> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, see Kafka's work as allegorical: a quest, metaphysical in nature, for God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanichas200483–107-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray19733-226">[222]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>, the themes of alienation and persecution, although present in Kafka's work, have been overemphasised by critics. They argue that Kafka's work is more deliberate and subversive—and more joyful—than may first appear. They point out that reading Kafka while focusing on the futility of his characters' struggles reveals Kafka's humour; he is not necessarily commenting on his own problems, but rather pointing out how people tend to invent problems. In his work, Kafka often creates malevolent, absurd worlds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKavanagh1972242–253-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahn2011-228">[224]</a> Kafka read drafts of his works to his friends, typically concentrating on his humorous prose. The writer <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> suggests that Kafka's <a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">surrealist humour</a> may have been an inversion of Dostoevsky's presentation of characters who are punished for a crime. In Kafka's work, a character is punished although a crime has not been committed. Kundera believes that Kafka's inspirations for his characteristic situations came both from growing up in a patriarchal family and from living in a totalitarian state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundera198882–99-229">[225]</a> Attempts have been made to identify the influence of Kafka's legal background and the role of law in his fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen2007-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanakar2010-231">[227]</a> Most interpretations identify aspects of law and legality as important in his work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen201147–94-232">[228]</a> in which the legal system is often oppressive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008216–218-233">[229]</a> The law in Kafka's works, rather than being representative of any particular legal or political entity, is usually interpreted to represent a collection of anonymous, incomprehensible forces. These are hidden from the individual but control the lives of the people, who are innocent victims of systems beyond their control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen201147–94-232">[228]</a> Critics who support this <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurdist</a> interpretation cite instances where Kafka describes himself in conflict with an absurd universe, such as the following entry from his diary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Enclosed in my own four walls, I found myself as an immigrant imprisoned in a foreign country;... I saw my family as strange aliens whose foreign customs, rites, and very language defied comprehension;... though I did not want it, they forced me to participate in their bizarre rituals;... I could not resist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreece200115–31-234">[230]</a></blockquote> However, James Hawes argues many of Kafka's descriptions of the legal proceedings in Der Process—metaphysical, absurd, bewildering and nightmarish as they might appear—are based on accurate and informed descriptions of German and Austrian criminal proceedings of the time, which were <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes2008212–214-235">[231]</a> Although he worked in insurance, as a trained lawyer Kafka was "keenly aware of the legal debates of his day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanakar2010-231">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski2003224-236">[232]</a> In an early 21st-century publication that uses Kafka's office writings as its point of departure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorngold_et_al.2009xi,_169,_188,_388-237">[233]</a> Pothik Ghosh states that with Kafka, law "has no meaning outside its fact of being a pure force of domination and determination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2009-238">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> The first instance of Kafka being translated into English was in 1925, when William A. Drake published "A Report for an Academy" in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> Eugene Jolas translated Kafka's "The Judgment" for the modernist journal <a href="/wiki/Transition_(literary_journal)_(1927-1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition (literary journal) (1927-1938)">transition</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Muir" title="Edwin Muir">Edwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willa_Muir" title="Willa Muir">Willa Muir</a> translated the first German edition of Das Schloss. This was published as The Castle by <a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Guardian''1930-241">[237]</a> A 1941 edition, including a homage by Thomas Mann, spurred a surge in Kafka's popularity in the United States during the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoelb201069-242">[238]</a> The Muirs translated all shorter works that Kafka had seen fit to print; they were published by <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a> in 1948 as <a href="/wiki/The_Penal_Colony:_Stories_and_Short_Pieces" title="The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces">The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka19483–4-243">[239]</a> including additionally The First Long Train Journey, written by Kafka and Brod, Kafka's "A Novel about Youth", a review of Felix Sternheim's Die Geschichte des jungen Oswald, his essay on Kleist's "Anecdotes", his review of the literary magazine <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(magazine)" title="Hyperion (magazine)">Hyperion</a>, and an epilogue by Brod. Later editions, notably those of 1954 (<a href="/wiki/Dearest_Father:_Stories_and_Other_Writings" title="Dearest Father: Stories and Other Writings">Dearest Father: Stories and Other Writings</a>), included text, translated by <a href="/wiki/Eithne_Wilkins" title="Eithne Wilkins">Eithne Wilkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaiser" title="Ernst Kaiser">Ernst Kaiser</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka1954publisher's_notes-244">[240]</a> that had been deleted by earlier publishers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler1995-206">[202]</a> Known as "Definitive Editions", they include translations of The Trial, Definitive, <a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Definitive_Edition,_Muir_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Castle, Definitive Edition, Muir Translation">The Castle, Definitive</a>, and other writings. These translations are generally accepted to have a number of biases and are considered to be dated in interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokel200163-245">[241]</a> Published in 1961 by Schocken Books, <a href="/wiki/Parables_and_Paradoxes" title="Parables and Paradoxes">Parables and Paradoxes</a> presented in a bilingual edition by <a href="/wiki/Nahum_N._Glatzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahum N. Glatzer">Nahum N. Glatzer</a> selected writings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreece2001167-246">[242]</a> drawn from notebooks, diaries, letters, short fictional works and the novel Der Process. New translations were completed and published based on the recompiled German text of Pasley and Schillemeit‍—‌<a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Critical_Edition,_Harman_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Castle, Critical Edition, Harman Translation">The Castle, Critical</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harman_(translator)" title="Mark Harman (translator)">Mark Harman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>, 1998),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka1998publisher's_notes-204">[200]</a> The Trial, Critical by <a href="/wiki/Breon_Mitchell" title="Breon Mitchell">Breon Mitchell</a> (Schocken Books, 1998),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreece2001xv,_225-247">[243]</a> and The Man Who Disappeared (Amerika) by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hofmann" title="Michael Hofmann">Michael Hofmann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, 1996)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch2009-248">[244]</a> and Amerika: The Missing Person by Mark Harman (Schocken Books, 2008). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translation_problems_to_English">Translation problems to English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Translation problems to English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_bibliography#English_translations" title="Franz Kafka bibliography">Franz Kafka bibliography § English translations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis#Translations_of_the_opening_sentence" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis § Translations of the opening sentence</a></div> Kafka often made extensive use of a characteristic particular to German, which permits long sentences that sometimes can span an entire page. Kafka's sentences then deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stop—this being the finalizing meaning and focus. This is due to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_clauses_in_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate clauses in German">subordinate clauses in German</a>, which require that the verb be at the end of the sentence. Such constructions are difficult to duplicate in English, so it is up to the translator to provide the reader with the same (or at least equivalent) effect as the original text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka1996xi-249">[245]</a> German's more flexible word order and <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_ambiguity" title="Syntactic ambiguity">syntactical</a> differences provide for multiple ways in which the same German writing can be translated into English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmark199163–64-250">[246]</a> An example is the first sentence of Kafka's <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis#translation" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a>, which is crucial to the setting and understanding of the entire story:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom200323–26-251">[247]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="de" class="poem"> Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Träumen erwachte, fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> As Gregor Samsa one morning from restless dreams awoke, found he himself in his bed into a monstrous vermin transformed. </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—original </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—literal word-for-word translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinsky2002-252">[248]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The sentence above also exemplifies an instance of another difficult problem facing translators: dealing with the author's intentional use of ambiguous <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a> and words that have several meanings, which results in phrasing that is difficult to translate precisely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1960216–219-253">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhine1989447–458-254">[250]</a> English translators often render the word Ungeziefer as 'insect'; in Middle German, however, Ungeziefer literally means 'an animal unclean for sacrifice';<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorngold197310-255">[251]</a> in today's German, it means 'vermin'. It is sometimes used colloquially to mean 'bug'—a very general term, unlike the scientific 'insect'. Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor, the protagonist of the story, as any specific thing but instead wanted to convey Gregor's disgust at his transformation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokel1956203–214-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke1951232–245-171">[167]</a> Another example of this can be found in the final sentence of "<a href="/wiki/Das_Urteil" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Urteil">Das Urteil</a>" ("The Judgement"), with Kafka's use of the German noun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Verkehr" class="extiw" title="wikt:Verkehr">Verkehr</a>. Literally, Verkehr means 'intercourse' and, as in English, can have either a sexual or a non-sexual meaning. The word is additionally used to mean 'transport' or 'traffic'; therefore the sentence can also be translated as: "At that moment an unending stream of traffic crossed over the bridge."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka199675-256">[252]</a> The double meaning of Verkehr is given added weight by Kafka's confession to Brod that when he wrote that final line he was thinking of "a violent ejaculation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod1960129-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes200850-257">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_and_cultural_influence">Literary and cultural influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literary and cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The statue is a man with no head or arms, with another man sitting on his shoulders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg/130px-Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg/195px-Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg/260px-Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="4202" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_R%C3%B3na" title="Jaroslav Róna">Jaroslav Róna</a>'s bronze <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Franz_Kafka" title="Statue of Franz Kafka">Statue of Franz Kafka</a> in Prague</figcaption></figure> Unlike many famous writers, Kafka is rarely quoted by others. Instead, he is noted more for his visions and perspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawes20084-258">[254]</a> Kafka had a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> and the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Palace_of_Dreams" title="The Palace of Dreams">The Palace of Dreams</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> Shimon Sandbank, a professor, literary critic, and writer, also identifies Kafka as having influenced <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandbank1992441–443-262">[258]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> literary critic credits Kafka with influencing <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Financial_Times''2009-263">[259]</a> and Al Silverman, a writer and editor, states that <a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a> loved to read Kafka's works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1986129–130-264">[260]</a> The Romanian writer <a href="/wiki/Mircea_C%C4%83rt%C4%83rescu" title="Mircea Cărtărescu">Mircea Cărtărescu</a> said "Kafka is the author I love the most and who means, for me, the gate to literature"; he also described Kafka as "the saint of literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMareş2014-265">[261]</a> Kafka has been cited as an influence on the Swedish writer <a href="/wiki/Stig_Dagerman" title="Stig Dagerman">Stig Dagerman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> and the Japanese writer <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>, who paid homage to Kafka in his novel <a href="/wiki/Kafka_on_the_Shore" title="Kafka on the Shore">Kafka on the Shore</a> with the namesake protagonist.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David-%C4%8Cern%C3%BD,-Franz-Kafka,-opposite_orientation-2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/David-%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C-Franz-Kafka%2C-opposite_orientation-2014%29.jpg/170px-David-%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C-Franz-Kafka%2C-opposite_orientation-2014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/David-%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C-Franz-Kafka%2C-opposite_orientation-2014%29.jpg/255px-David-%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C-Franz-Kafka%2C-opposite_orientation-2014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/David-%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C-Franz-Kafka%2C-opposite_orientation-2014%29.jpg/340px-David-%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C-Franz-Kafka%2C-opposite_orientation-2014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD" title="David Černý">David Černý</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Head_of_Franz_Kafka" title="Head of Franz Kafka">Head of Franz Kafka</a> sculpture in Prague</figcaption></figure> In 1999 a committee of 99 authors, scholars, and literary critics ranked Der Process and Das Schloss the second and ninth <a href="/wiki/Best_German_Novels_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="Best German Novels of the Twentieth Century">most significant German-language novels of the 20th century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiteraturHaus1999-269">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> said "when he is most himself, Kafka gives us a continuous inventiveness and originality that rivals <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> and truly challenges <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a> as that of the dominant Western author of our century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsc-uMRsLwR0CpgPA8_8]-270">[266]</a> Sandbank argues that despite Kafka's pervasiveness, his enigmatic style has yet to be emulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandbank1992441–443-262">[258]</a> Neil Christian Pages, a professor of German Studies and Comparative Literature at <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a> who specialises in Kafka's works, says Kafka's influence transcends literature and literary scholarship; it impacts visual arts, music, and popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoker2012-271">[267]</a> Harry Steinhauer, a professor of German and Jewish literature, says that Kafka "has made a more powerful impact on literate society than any other writer of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhauer1983390–408-9">[7]</a> Brod said that the 20th century will one day be known as the "century of Kafka".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhauer1983390–408-9">[7]</a> Michel-André Bossy writes that Kafka created a rigidly inflexible and sterile bureaucratic universe. Kafka wrote in an aloof manner full of legal and scientific terms. Yet his serious universe also had insightful humour, all highlighting the "irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossy2001100-221">[217]</a> His characters are trapped, confused, full of guilt, frustrated, and lacking understanding of their surreal world. Much post-Kafka fiction, especially science fiction, follows the themes and precepts of Kafka's universe. This can be seen in the works of authors such as <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossy2001100-221">[217]</a> The following are examples of works across a range of dramatic, literary, and musical genres that demonstrate the extent of Kafka's cultural influence: <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Medium </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Remarks </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ein_Landarzt_(opera)" title="Ein Landarzt (opera)">Ein Landarzt</a> </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>opera </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a>, based on Kafka's story </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenze1951-272">[268]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"A Friend of Kafka" </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>short story </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a>, about a Yiddish actor called Jacques Kohn who said he knew Franz Kafka; in this story, according to Jacques Kohn, Kafka believed in the <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a>, a legendary creature from <a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger1970311-273">[269]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>film </td> <td style="text-align: left;">the film's director, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, said, "Say what you like, but The Trial is my greatest work, even greater than <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2002140–157-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelles_Net1962-275">[271]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_Man_(film)" title="Watermelon Man (film)">Watermelon Man</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>film </td> <td style="text-align: left;">partly inspired by <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a>, where a white bigot wakes up as a black man </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsaesser2004117-276">[272]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colony </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>music </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by English rock band <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a>, inspired by the Kafka story <a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony" title="In the Penal Colony">In the Penal Colony</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kafka-Fragmente, Op. 24 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>music </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by Hungarian composer <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> for soprano and violin, using fragments of Kafka's diary and letters </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpera_Today2010-279">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_Elise" title="A Letter to Elise">A Letter to Elise</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>music </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by English rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a>, was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Felice" title="Letters to Felice">Letters to Felice</a> by Kafka </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kafka%27s_Dick" title="Kafka's Dick">Kafka's Dick</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>play </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, in which the ghosts of Kafka, his father Hermann and Brod arrive at the home of an English insurance clerk (and Kafka aficionado) and his wife </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimes_Literary_Supplement2005-281">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Better Morphosis </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>short story </td> <td style="text-align: left;">parodic short story by <a href="/wiki/Brian_W._Aldiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian W. Aldiss">Brian W. Aldiss</a>, where a cockroach wakes up one morning to find out that it has turned into Franz Kafka </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kafka_(film)" title="Kafka (film)">Kafka</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>film </td> <td style="text-align: left;">stars <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a> as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eponym" class="extiw" title="wikt:eponym">eponymous</a> author; written by <a href="/wiki/Lem_Dobbs" title="Lem Dobbs">Lem Dobbs</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a>, the movie mixes his life and fiction providing a semi-biographical presentation of Kafka's life and works; Kafka investigates the disappearance of one of his colleagues, taking Kafka through many of the writer's own works, most notably <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">The Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWriter's_Institute1992-283">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Das_Schlo%C3%9F_(opera)" title="Das Schloß (opera)">Das Schloß</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>opera </td> <td style="text-align: left;">German-language opera by <a href="/wiki/Aribert_Reimann" title="Aribert Reimann">Aribert Reimann</a> who wrote his own <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> based on <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">Kafka's novel</a> and its dramatization by Max Brod, premiered on 2 September 1992 at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a>, staged by <a href="/wiki/Willy_Decker" title="Willy Decker">Willy Decker</a> and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Boder" title="Michael Boder">Michael Boder</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbort1992-284">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka%27s_It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life" title="Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life">Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>film </td> <td style="text-align: left;">short comedy film made for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland" title="BBC Scotland">BBC Scotland</a>, won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>, was written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Capaldi" title="Peter Capaldi">Peter Capaldi</a>, and starred <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Grant" title="Richard E. Grant">Richard E. Grant</a> as Kafka </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''1993-285">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bad_Mojo" title="Bad Mojo">Bad Mojo</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>computer game </td> <td style="text-align: left;">loosely based on The Metamorphosis, with characters named Franz and Roger Samms, alluding to <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Samsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregor Samsa">Gregor Samsa</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDembo1996106-286">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)" title="In the Penal Colony (opera)">In the Penal Colony</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>opera </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Wurlitzer" title="Rudy Wurlitzer">Rudy Wurlitzer</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkalaitis2001-287">[283]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kafka_on_the_Shore" title="Kafka on the Shore">Kafka on the Shore</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>novel </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by Japanese writer <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>, on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> 10 Best Books of 2005 list, <a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy Award</a> recipient </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpdike2005-288">[284]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Franz_Kafka" title="Statue of Franz Kafka">Statue of Franz Kafka</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>sculpture </td> <td style="text-align: left;">an outdoor sculpture on Vězeňská street in the Jewish Quarter of Prague, by artist <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_R%C3%B3na" title="Jaroslav Róna">Jaroslav Róna</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kafka's Trial </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>opera </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by Danish composer <a href="/wiki/Poul_Ruders" title="Poul Ruders">Poul Ruders</a>, based on the novel and parts of Kafka's life; first performed in 2005, released on CD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuders2005-290">[286]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kafka%27s_Soup" title="Kafka's Soup">Kafka's Soup</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>book </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Crick" title="Mark Crick">Mark Crick</a>, is a literary <a href="/wiki/Genre_parodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre parodies">pastiche</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">cookbook</a>, with recipes written in the style of a famous author </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner2005-291">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kafka the Musical </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>radio play </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a> produced as part of their Play of the Week programme. Franz Kafka was played by <a href="/wiki/David_Tennant" title="David Tennant">David Tennant</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2012-292">[288]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>music </td> <td style="text-align: left;">HAZE Netlabel released musical compilation Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka. In this release musicians rethink the literary heritage of Kafka </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHAZE2012-293">[289]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>internet culture </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Google had a sepia-toned doodle of a roach in a hat opening a door, honoring Kafka's 130th birthday </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury2013-294">[290]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Metamorphosis </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>dance </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Royal Ballet production of The Metamorphosis with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Watson_(dancer)" title="Edward Watson (dancer)">Edward Watson</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizzulo2013-295">[291]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Café Kafka </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>opera </td> <td style="text-align: left;">by Spanish composer Francisco Coll on a text by Meredith Oakes, built from texts and fragments by Franz Kafka; Commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldeburgh Music">Aldeburgh Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_North" title="Opera North">Opera North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera Covent Garden</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2014-296">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Franz_Kafka" title="Head of Franz Kafka">Head of Franz Kafka</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>sculpture </td> <td style="text-align: left;">an outdoor sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD" title="David Černý">David Černý</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VRwandlung </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>virtual reality </td> <td style="text-align: left;">a virtual reality experience of the first part of <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mika_Johnson" title="Mika Johnson">Mika Johnson</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_(2025_film)" title="Franz (2025 film)">Franz</a> </td> <td>TBA </td> <td>film </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Upcoming biographical film directed by <a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland" title="Agnieszka Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Kafkaesque"">"Kafkaesque"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: "Kafkaesque"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kafkaesque" redirects here. For the Breaking Bad episode, see <a href="/wiki/Kafkaesque_(Breaking_Bad)" title="Kafkaesque (Breaking Bad)">Kafkaesque (Breaking Bad)</a>.</div> The term "Kafkaesque" is used to describe concepts and situations reminiscent of Kafka's work, particularly Der Prozess (<a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a>) and Die Verwandlung (<a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> Examples include instances in which bureaucracies overpower people, often in a <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surreal</a>, nightmarish milieu that evokes feelings of senselessness, disorientation, and helplessness. Characters in a Kafkaesque setting often lack a clear course of action to escape a <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinthine">labyrinthine</a> situation. Kafkaesque elements often appear in <a href="/wiki/Existentialism#Influence_outside_philosophy" title="Existentialism">existential works</a>, but the term has transcended the literary realm to apply to real-life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex, bizarre, or illogical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhauer1983390–408-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2002140–157-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAizenberg198611–19-301">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrelka1984434–444-302">[298]</a> Numerous films and television works have been described as Kafkaesque, and the style is particularly prominent in dystopian science fiction. Works in this genre that have been thus described include <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bokanowski" title="Patrick Bokanowski">Patrick Bokanowski</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Angel_(1982_film)" title="The Angel (1982 film)">The Angel</a> (1982), Terry Gilliam's film <a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a> (1985), and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Proyas" title="Alex Proyas">Alex Proyas</a>' science fiction <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_City_(1998_film)" title="Dark City (1998 film)">Dark City</a> (1998). Films from other genres which have been similarly described include <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tenant" title="The Tenant">The Tenant</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Klein" title="Monsieur Klein">Monsieur Klein</a> (1976)<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Coen brothers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Barton_Fink" title="Barton Fink">Barton Fink</a> (1991).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer2004159–192-304">[300]</a> The television series <a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner" title="The Prisoner">The Prisoner</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a> are also frequently described as Kafkaesque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1987-305">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Los_Angeles_Times''2009-306">[302]</a> However, with common usage, the term has become so ubiquitous that Kafka scholars note it is often misused.<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> More accurately then, according to author <a href="/wiki/Ben_Marcus" title="Ben Marcus">Ben Marcus</a>, paraphrased in "What it Means to be Kafkaesque" by Joe Fassler in The Atlantic, "Kafka's quintessential qualities are affecting use of language, a setting that straddles fantasy and reality, and a sense of striving even in the face of bleakness—hopelessly and full of hope."<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commemorations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech-2013-Prague-Plaque_(birthplace_of_Franz_Kafka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Czech-2013-Prague-Plaque_%28birthplace_of_Franz_Kafka%29.jpg/220px-Czech-2013-Prague-Plaque_%28birthplace_of_Franz_Kafka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Czech-2013-Prague-Plaque_%28birthplace_of_Franz_Kafka%29.jpg/330px-Czech-2013-Prague-Plaque_%28birthplace_of_Franz_Kafka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Czech-2013-Prague-Plaque_%28birthplace_of_Franz_Kafka%29.jpg/440px-Czech-2013-Prague-Plaque_%28birthplace_of_Franz_Kafka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4144" /></a><figcaption>Plaque marking the birthplace of Franz Kafka in Prague, designed by Karel Hladík and Jan Kaplický, 1966</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/3412_Kafka" title="3412 Kafka">3412 Kafka</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> from the inner regions of the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1983 by American astronomers <a href="/wiki/Randolph_L._Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Randolph L. Kirk">Randolph Kirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_James_Rudy" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald James Rudy">Donald Rudy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a> in California, United States,<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> and named after Kafka by them.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Museum" title="Franz Kafka Museum">Franz Kafka Museum</a> in Prague is dedicated to Kafka and his work. A major component of the museum is an exhibit, The City of K. Franz Kafka and Prague, which was first shown in Barcelona in 1999, moved to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)" title="Jewish Museum (Manhattan)">Jewish Museum</a> in New York City, and finally established in Prague in <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Strana" title="Malá Strana">Malá Strana</a> (Lesser Town), along the <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Moldau</a>, in 2005. The museum aims with this exhibit to immerse the visitor into the world in which Kafka lived and about which he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Museum2005-311">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Prize" title="Franz Kafka Prize">Franz Kafka Prize</a>, established in 2001, is an annual literary award of the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Society" title="Franz Kafka Society">Franz Kafka Society</a> and the City of Prague. It recognizes the merits of literature as "humanistic character and contribution to cultural, national, language and religious tolerance, its existential, timeless character, its generally human validity, and its ability to hand over a testimony about our times".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Society2011-312">[308]</a> The selection committee and recipients come from all over the world, but are limited to living authors who have had at least one work published in Czech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Society2011-312">[308]</a> The recipient receives $10,000, a diploma, and a bronze statuette at a presentation in <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Prague)" title="Old Town (Prague)">Prague's Old Town Hall</a>, on the Czech State Holiday in late October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Society2011-312">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/Kafka_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafka Project">Kafka Project</a>, which began in 1998 as the official international search for Kafka's last writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Project_SDSU2012-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austro-Hungarian nationality law</a> of 1867 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkæfkə/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɑːf-/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌfʁant͡s ˈkafka]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/De-Franz_Kafka.ogg\/De-Franz_Kafka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Franz Kafka.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/De-Franz_Kafka.ogg/De-Franz_Kafka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Franz_Kafka.ogg" title="File:De-Franz Kafka.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Czech: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈkafka]</a>; in Czech, he was sometimes called František Kafka. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Records of the university list June as Kafka's graduation month, as well was some secondary sources (Murray), while Brod lists July, possibly confusing the date with that of an exam three years earlier, on 18 July 1903.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray200462-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrod196078-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_University_Prague_–_Doctor_of_Law1906-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1906-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1905-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1903-53">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> "Kampf" also translates to "fight". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoelb201012-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoelb201012_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoelb201012_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoelb2010">Koelb 2010</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECzech_Embassy2012-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECzech_Embassy2012_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzech_Embassy2012">Czech Embassy 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kafka">"Kafka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226161214/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kafka">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Kafka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fkafka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerz1978" class="citation journal cs1">Herz, Julius M. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24645937">"Franz Kafka and Austria: National Background and Ethnic Identity"</a>. Modern Austrian Literature. 11 (3/4): 301–318. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24645937">24645937</a>. 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Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_3412">10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_3412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3"><bdi>978-3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.atitle=%283412%29+Kafka&rft.pages=284&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_3412&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00238-3&rft.au=Schmadel%2C+Lutz+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3412">"3412 Kafka"</a>. Minor Planet Center. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001328/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3412">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=3412+Kafka&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D3412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Museum2005-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafka_Museum2005_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKafka_Museum2005">Kafka Museum 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafka_Society2011-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafka_Society2011_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafka_Society2011_312-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafka_Society2011_312-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKafka_Society2011">Kafka Society 2011</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlt2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter-Andr%C3%A9_Alt" title="Peter-André Alt">Alt, Peter-André</a> (2005). Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-53441-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-53441-6"><bdi>978-3-406-53441-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+Der+ewige+Sohn.+Eine+Biographie&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-406-53441-6&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=Peter-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathrick1995" class="citation book cs1">Bathrick, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powersofspeechpo0000bath">The Powers of Speech: The Politics of Culture in the GDR</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803212589" title="Special:BookSources/9780803212589"><bdi>9780803212589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Powers+of+Speech%3A+The+Politics+of+Culture+in+the+GDR&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780803212589&rft.aulast=Bathrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowersofspeechpo0000bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman1969" class="citation book cs1">Bergman, Hugo (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf">Memories of Franz Kafka in Franz Kafka Exhibition (Catalogue)</a> (PDF). The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">Jewish National and University Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316150401/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2012 – via The Anarchist Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Franz+Kafka+in+Franz+Kafka+Exhibition+%28Catalogue%29&rft.pub=The+Jewish+National+and+University+Library&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fmichael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo">The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages</a>. New York: Riverhead Books, Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57322-514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57322-514-4"><bdi>978-1-57322-514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Canon%3A+The+Books+and+School+of+the+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books%2C+Penguin+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57322-514-4&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncanonbook00bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2002" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusmosaicof1000bloo_0">Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds</a>. New York: Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52717-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52717-0"><bdi>978-0-446-52717-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genius%3A+A+Mosaic+of+One+Hundred+Exemplary+Creative+Minds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-446-52717-0&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeniusmosaicof1000bloo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2003" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2003). Franz Kafka. Bloom's Major Short Story Writers. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-6822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-6822-9"><bdi>978-0-7910-6822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Bloom%27s+Major+Short+Story+Writers&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-6822-9&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2010" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2010). Harold Bloom (ed.). Franz Kafka. Bloom's Modern Critical Views. Infobase Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sc-uMRsLwR0C&pg=PA8">8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka&rft.series=Bloom%27s+Modern+Critical+Views&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bloom, Harold (Spring 2011). "Franz Kafka's Zionism". <a href="/wiki/Midstream_(magazine)" title="Midstream (magazine)">Midstream</a>. 57 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midstream&rft.atitle=Franz+Kafka%27s+Zionism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988">-left</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossy2001" class="citation book cs1">Bossy, Michel-André-left (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artistswritersmu0000unse">Artists, Writers, and Musicians: An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-154-9"><bdi>978-1-57356-154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists%2C+Writers%2C+and+Musicians%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+People+Who+Changed+the+World&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-154-9&rft.aulast=Bossy&rft.aufirst=Michel-Andr%C3%A9-left&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartistswritersmu0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2004" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Ian R. (2004). Dogmatics Among the Ruins: German Expressionism and the Enlightenment. Bern: Peter Lang AG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-147-4"><bdi>978-3-03910-147-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogmatics+Among+the+Ruins%3A+German+Expressionism+and+the+Enlightenment&rft.place=Bern&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+AG&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-147-4&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Ian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrod1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Brod, Max</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkabiogra00brod">Franz Kafka: A Biography</a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0047-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0047-8"><bdi>978-0-8052-0047-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0047-8&rft.aulast=Brod&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzkafkabiogra00brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrod1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brod, Max (1966). Über Franz Kafka (in German). Hamburg: S. Fischer Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+Franz+Kafka&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=S.+Fischer+Verlag&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Brod&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Iris (2007). Kafka and Cultural Zionism – Dates in Palestine. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22190-4"><bdi>978-0-299-22190-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka+and+Cultural+Zionism+%E2%80%93+Dates+in+Palestine&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-299-22190-4&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Iris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClasse2000" class="citation book cs1">Classe, Olive (2000). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English, Vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-36-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-36-7"><bdi>978-1-884964-36-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Literary+Translation+into+English%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-36-7&rft.aulast=Classe&rft.aufirst=Olive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContijoch2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Contijoch, Francesc Miralles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ellectordefranzk0000mira">Franz Kafka</a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-494-1811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-494-1811-2"><bdi>978-84-494-1811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Oceano+Grupo+Editorial%2C+S.A.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-84-494-1811-2&rft.aulast=Contijoch&rft.aufirst=Francesc+Miralles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fellectordefranzk0000mira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorngold1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Corngold" title="Stanley Corngold">Corngold, Stanley</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metamorphosis00kafk_0">Introduction to The Metamorphosis</a>. New York: Bantam Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21369-0"><bdi>978-0-553-21369-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+The+Metamorphosis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Classics&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-553-21369-0&rft.aulast=Corngold&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetamorphosis00kafk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorngold1973" class="citation book cs1">Corngold, Stanley (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentatorsdesp0000corn">The Commentator's Despair</a>. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8046-9017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8046-9017-1"><bdi>978-0-8046-9017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commentator%27s+Despair&rft.place=Port+Washington%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Kennikat+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8046-9017-1&rft.aulast=Corngold&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommentatorsdesp0000corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorngold2004" class="citation book cs1">Corngold, Stanley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lambenttracesfra00stan">Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11816-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11816-1"><bdi>978-0-691-11816-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lambent+Traces%3A+Franz+Kafka&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11816-1&rft.aulast=Corngold&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flambenttracesfra00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorngold_et_al.2009" class="citation book cs1">Corngold, Stanley (2009). <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka:_The_Office_Writings" title="Franz Kafka: The Office Writings">Franz Kafka: The Office Writings</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12680-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12680-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+The+Office+Writings&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12680-7&rft.aulast=Corngold&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/bookreviewsoct09-pdf-1.pdf">Review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamant2003" class="citation book cs1">Diamant, Kathi (2003). Kafka's Last Love: The Mystery of Dora Diamant. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01551-1"><bdi>978-0-465-01551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%27s+Last+Love%3A+The+Mystery+of+Dora+Diamant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01551-1&rft.aulast=Diamant&rft.aufirst=Kathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsaesser2004" class="citation book cs1">Elsaesser, Thomas (2004). The Last Great American Picture Show. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-493-6"><bdi>978-90-5356-493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+American+Picture+Show&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-493-6&rft.aulast=Elsaesser&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurst1992" class="citation book cs1">Furst, Lillian R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83">Through the Lens of the Reader: Explorations of European Narrative</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0808-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0808-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-0808-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204150730/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Lens+of+the+Reader%3A+Explorations+of+European+Narrative&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0808-7&rft.aulast=Furst&rft.aufirst=Lillian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HmgYaAEHHYC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale_Research1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale Research</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury02rile">Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Short Story Writers, & Other Creative Writers Who Died Between 1900 & 1999</a>. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-0176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-0176-4"><bdi>978-0-8103-0176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-Century+Literary+Criticism%3A+Excerpts+from+Criticism+of+the+Works+of+Novelists%2C+Poets%2C+Playwrights%2C+Short+Story+Writers%2C+%26+Other+Creative+Writers+Who+Died+Between+1900+%26+1999&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Gale+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-0176-4&rft.au=Gale+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiethcentury02rile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sander_Gilman" title="Sander Gilman">Gilman, Sander</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkajewish00sand">Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91391-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91391-1"><bdi>978-0-415-91391-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%2C+the+Jewish+Patient&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91391-1&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Sander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzkafkajewish00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman2005" class="citation book cs1">Gilman, Sander (2005). Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881872-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881872-64-1"><bdi>978-1-881872-64-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-881872-64-1&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Sander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2005" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Richard T. (2005). A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30375-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30375-3"><bdi>978-0-313-30375-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Franz+Kafka+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30375-3&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1973" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Ronald (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafka00gray">Franz Kafka</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20007-3"><bdi>978-0-521-20007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20007-3&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzkafka00gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamalian1974" class="citation book cs1">Hamalian, Leo (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkacollec00hama">Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-025702-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-025702-3"><bdi>978-0-07-025702-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+A+Collection+of+Criticism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-07-025702-3&rft.aulast=Hamalian&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzkafkacollec00hama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawes2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hawes_(author)" title="James Hawes (author)">Hawes, James</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe">Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37651-2"><bdi>978-0-312-37651-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+You+Should+Read+Kafka+Before+You+Waste+Your+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37651-2&rft.aulast=Hawes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyyoushouldread0000hawe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanouch1971" class="citation book cs1">Janouch, Gustav (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000jano">Conversations with Kafka</a> (2 ed.). New York: New Directions Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000jano/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-0071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-0071-4"><bdi>978-0-8112-0071-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Kafka&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=New+Directions+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8112-0071-4&rft.aulast=Janouch&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconversationswit0000jano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka1948" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Franz (1948). The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces (1987 ed.). New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-3198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-3198-4"><bdi>978-0-8052-3198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penal+Colony%3A+Stories+and+Short+Pieces&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1987&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-3198-4&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka1954" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Franz (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dearestfathersto00kafk">Dearest Father: Stories and Other Writings</a>. New York: Schocken Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dearest+Father%3A+Stories+and+Other+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdearestfathersto00kafk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka1988" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Franz (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castle00kafk_2">The Castle</a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0872-6"><bdi>978-0-8052-0872-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0872-6&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcastle00kafk_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka1996" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Franz (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metamorphosisoth0000kafk">The Metamorphosis and Other Stories</a>. New York: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-969-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-969-8"><bdi>978-1-56619-969-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metamorphosis+and+Other+Stories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56619-969-8&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetamorphosisoth0000kafk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka1998" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Franz (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trial00kafk_1">The Trial</a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0999-0"><bdi>978-0-8052-0999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0999-0&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrial00kafk_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka2009" class="citation book cs1">Kafka, Franz (2009). The Trial. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923829-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923829-3"><bdi>978-0-19-923829-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923829-3&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafkaBrod1988" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kafka, Franz</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Brod, Max</a> (ed.). The Diaries: 1910–1923. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0906-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0906-8"><bdi>978-0-8052-0906-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diaries%3A+1910%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0906-8&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnHook1993" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Lothar; Hook, Donald D. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds00kahn">Between Two Worlds: A Cultural History of German-Jewish Writers</a>. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1233-5"><bdi>978-0-8138-1233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Worlds%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+German-Jewish+Writers&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1233-5&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft.au=Hook%2C+Donald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweentwoworlds00kahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl1991" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Frederick R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkarepres00karl">Franz Kafka: Representative Man</a>. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-56143-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-56143-0"><bdi>978-0-395-56143-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+Representative+Man&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Ticknor+%26+Fields&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-395-56143-0&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Frederick+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzkafkarepres00karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoelb2010" class="citation book cs1">Koelb, Clayton (2010). Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chippenham, Wiltshire: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9579-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9579-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-9579-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.place=Chippenham%2C+Wiltshire&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9579-2&rft.aulast=Koelb&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrolop1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krolop, Kurt (1994). Kafka und Prag (in German). Prague: Goethe-Institut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014062-0"><bdi>978-3-11-014062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka+und+Prag&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Goethe-Institut&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014062-0&rft.aulast=Krolop&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachkar1992" class="citation book cs1">Lachkar, Joan (1992). The Narcissistic/Borderline Couple. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87630-634-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87630-634-5"><bdi>978-0-87630-634-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narcissistic%2FBorderline+Couple&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Brunner%2FMazel&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87630-634-5&rft.aulast=Lachkar&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1984" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Alice (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoushaltnotbeaw00millrich">Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9567982-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9567982-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9567982-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thou+Shalt+Not+Be+Aware%3A+Society%27s+Betrayal+of+the+Child&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+Giroux&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-9567982-1-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthoushaltnotbeaw00millrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_(biographer)" title="Nicholas Murray (biographer)">Murray, Nicholas</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kafka00murr">Kafka</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10631-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10631-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10631-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10631-2&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkafka00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmark1991" class="citation book cs1">Newmark, Peter (1991). About Translation. Wiltshire, England: Cromwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-117-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-117-4"><bdi>978-1-85359-117-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Translation&rft.place=Wiltshire%2C+England&rft.pub=Cromwell+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-117-4&rft.aulast=Newmark&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthey1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Northey, Anthony (1997). Mišpoche Franze Kafky (in Czech). Prague: Nakladatelství Primus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-85625-45-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-85625-45-5"><bdi>978-80-85625-45-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%C5%A1poche+Franze+Kafky&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Nakladatelstv%C3%AD+Primus&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-80-85625-45-5&rft.aulast=Northey&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Patrick M. (2004). Great World Writers: Twentieth Century. Tarrytown, New York: Marshal Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7477-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-7477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+World+Writers%3A+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Tarrytown%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Marshal+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7477-7&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2004" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, R. Barton (2004). Joel and Ethan Coen. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07185-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07185-0"><bdi>978-0-252-07185-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joel+and+Ethan+Coen&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07185-0&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawel1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Pawel" title="Ernst Pawel">Pawel, Ernst</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nightmareofreaso00pawe">The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka</a>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52335-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52335-0"><bdi>978-0-374-52335-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nightmare+of+Reason%3A+A+Life+of+Franz+Kafka&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52335-0&rft.aulast=Pawel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnightmareofreaso00pawe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreece2001" class="citation book cs1">Preece, Julian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_p1o5">The Cambridge Companion to Kafka</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66391-5"><bdi>978-0-521-66391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Kafka&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66391-5&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_p1o5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothkirchen2005" class="citation book cs1">Rothkirchen, Livia (2005). The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3952-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-3952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Bohemia+and+Moravia%3A+Facing+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3952-4&rft.aulast=Rothkirchen&rft.aufirst=Livia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1986" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, Al, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofmonths00silv">The Book of the Month: Sixty Years of Books in American Life</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-10119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-10119-6"><bdi>978-0-316-10119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Month%3A+Sixty+Years+of+Books+in+American+Life&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-316-10119-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofmonths00silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Singer, Isaac Bashevis</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friendofkafkaoth00sing">A Friend of Kafka, and Other Stories</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15880-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-15880-4"><bdi>978-0-374-15880-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Friend+of+Kafka%2C+and+Other+Stories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-374-15880-4&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Bashevis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriendofkafkaoth00sing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokel2001" class="citation book cs1">Sokel, Walter H. (2001). The Myth of Power and the Self: Essays on Franz Kafka. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2608-4"><bdi>978-0-8143-2608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Power+and+the+Self%3A+Essays+on+Franz+Kafka&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2608-4&rft.aulast=Sokel&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2000" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Scott (2000). Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka's Fin de Siècle. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23692-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23692-9"><bdi>978-0-520-23692-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prague+Territories%3A+National+Conflict+and+Cultural+Innovation+in+Franz+Kafka%27s+Fin+de+Si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23692-9&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStach2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reiner_Stach" title="Reiner Stach">Stach, Reiner</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac">Kafka: The Decisive Years</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Frisch" title="Shelley Frisch">Shelley Frisch</a>. New York: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100752-3"><bdi>978-0-15-100752-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%3A+The+Decisive+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-15-100752-3&rft.aulast=Stach&rft.aufirst=Reiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkafkadecisiveyea00stac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussman1979" class="citation book cs1">Sussman, Henry (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franzkafkageomet0000suss">Franz Kafka: Geometrician of Metaphor</a>. Madison, Wisconsin: Coda Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930956-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930956-02-8"><bdi>978-0-930956-02-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+Geometrician+of+Metaphor&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Coda+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-930956-02-8&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzkafkageomet0000suss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagenbach2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wagenbach" title="Klaus Wagenbach">Wagenbach, Klaus</a> (2019) [2003]. Kafka's Prague (paperback). Armchair Traveller. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Osers" title="Ewald Osers">Ewald Osers</a> with Peter Lewis. London: <a href="/wiki/Haus_Publishing" title="Haus Publishing">Haus Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909961654" title="Special:BookSources/9781909961654"><bdi>9781909961654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%27s+Prague&rft.place=London&rft.series=Armchair+Traveller&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781909961654&rft.aulast=Wagenbach&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hauspublishing.com/product/kafkas-prague/">Publisher's product page</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ziolkowski" title="Theodore Ziolkowski">Ziolkowski, Theodore</a> (2003). The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11470-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Justice%3A+Literary+Reflections+of+Legal+Crisis&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11470-5&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2002" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Jeffrey (Summer 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Orson+Welles's+'The+Trial'%3a+Film+Noir+and+the+Kafkaesque.-a092049123">"Orson Welles's The Trial: Film Noir and the Kafkaesque"</a>. College Literature, Literature and the Visual Arts. 29 (3). West Chester, Pennsylvania: 140–157. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112662">25112662</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200802/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Orson+Welles%27s+%27The+Trial%27%3a+Film+Noir+and+the+Kafkaesque.-a092049123">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Literature%2C+Literature+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.atitle=Orson+Welles%27s+The+Trial%3A+Film+Noir+and+the+Kafkaesque&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=140-157&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25112662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FOrson%2BWelles%27s%2B%27The%2BTrial%27%253a%2BFilm%2BNoir%2Band%2Bthe%2BKafkaesque.-a092049123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sporastudios.org/mark/courses/articles/adams_the_trial.pdf">PDF Version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209174449/https://sporastudios.org/mark/courses/articles/adams_the_trial.pdf">Archived</a> 9 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAizenberg1986" class="citation journal cs1">Aizenberg, Edna (July–December 1986). "Kafkaesque Strategy and Anti-Peronist Ideology Martinez Estrada's Stories as Socially Symbolic Acts". <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Literary_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Literary Review">Latin American Literary Review</a>. 14 (28). Chicago: 11–19. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20119426">20119426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Literary+Review&rft.atitle=Kafkaesque+Strategy+and+Anti-Peronist+Ideology+Martinez+Estrada%27s+Stories+as+Socially+Symbolic+Acts&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=11-19&rft.date=1986-07%2F1986-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20119426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aizenberg&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanakar2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reza_Banakar" title="Reza Banakar">Banakar, Reza</a> (Fall 2010). "In Search of Heimat: A Note on Franz Kafka's Concept of Law". <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Literature_(journal)" title="Law and Literature (journal)">Law and Literature</a>. 22 (2). Berkeley, California. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1574870">10.2139/ssrn.1574870</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1574870">1574870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Literature&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Heimat%3A+A+Note+on+Franz+Kafka%27s+Concept+of+Law&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1574870%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1574870&rft.aulast=Banakar&rft.aufirst=Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2011" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Judith (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka">"Who Owns Kafka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. 33 (5). London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203080442/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+Kafka&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv33%2Fn05%2Fjudith-butler%2Fwho-owns-kafka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorngold2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Corngold" title="Stanley Corngold">Corngold, Stanley</a> (Fall 2011). "Kafkas Spätstil/Kafka's Late Style: Introduction". Monatshefte. 103 (3). Madison, Wisconsin: 339–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmon.2011.0069">10.1353/mon.2011.0069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219195741">219195741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte&rft.atitle=Kafkas+Sp%C3%A4tstil%2FKafka%27s+Late+Style%3A+Introduction&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-343&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmon.2011.0069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219195741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Corngold&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDembo1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Dembo, Arinn (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_143.pdf#page=110">"Twilight of the Cockroach: Bad Mojo Evokes Kafka So Well It'll Turn Your Stomach"</a> (PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 143. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002223215/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_143.pdf#page=110">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Gaming+World&rft.atitle=Twilight+of+the+Cockroach%3A+Bad+Mojo+Evokes+Kafka+So+Well+It%27ll+Turn+Your+Stomach&rft.issue=143&rft.date=1996-06&rft.aulast=Dembo&rft.aufirst=Arinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgwmuseum.org%2Fgalleries%2Fissues%2Fcgw_143.pdf%23page%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd1994" class="citation journal cs1">Dodd, W. J. (1994). "Kafka and Dostoyevsky: The Shaping of Influence". <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Literature_Studies" title="Comparative Literature Studies">Comparative Literature Studies</a>. 31 (2). State College, Pennsylvania: 165–168. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40246931">40246931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature+Studies&rft.atitle=Kafka+and+Dostoyevsky%3A+The+Shaping+of+Influence&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-168&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40246931%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurantaye2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leland_de_la_Durantaye" title="Leland de la Durantaye">Durantaye, Leland de la</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525025619/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~deladur/kafka.pdf">"Kafka's Reality and Nabokov's Fantasy: On Dwarves, Saints, Beetles, Symbolism and Genius"</a> (PDF). Comparative Literature. 59 (4): 315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F-59-4-315">10.1215/-59-4-315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7056408">7056408</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3374612/deladurantaye_kafka.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature&rft.atitle=Kafka%27s+Reality+and+Nabokov%27s+Fantasy%3A+On+Dwarves%2C+Saints%2C+Beetles%2C+Symbolism+and+Genius&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F-59-4-315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7056408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Durantaye&rft.aufirst=Leland+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F3374612%2Fdeladurantaye_kafka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFichter1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fichter, Manfred M. (May 1987). "The Anorexia Nervosa of Franz Kafka". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Eating_Disorders" title="International Journal of Eating Disorders">International Journal of Eating Disorders</a>. 6 (3). 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Retrieved 3 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Porn+Claims+Outrage+German+Kafka+Scholars&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2Faug%2F15%2Ffranzkafka.germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazer2017" class="citation news cs1">Glazer, Hilo (18 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-a-note-from-kafka-a-trial-and-a-destitute-heiress-1.5436733">"A Final Note From Kafka, a Trove of Manuscripts, and a Trial That Left an Israeli Heiress 'Destitute'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010082849/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-a-note-from-kafka-a-trial-and-a-destitute-heiress-1.5436733">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=A+Final+Note+From+Kafka%2C+a+Trove+of+Manuscripts%2C+and+a+Trial+That+Left+an+Israeli+Heiress+%27Destitute%27&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft.aulast=Glazer&rft.aufirst=Hilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-a-note-from-kafka-a-trial-and-a-destitute-heiress-1.5436733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbort1992" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herbort, Heinz Josef (11 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1992/38/rundtanz-um-den-tabernakel-der-buerokratie/komplettansicht">"Franz Kafkas Roman "Das Schloß" als Musiktheater: Aribert Reimanns sechste Oper in Berlin uraufgeführt: Rundtanz um den Tabernakel der Bürokratie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> (in German). p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730121544/https://www.zeit.de/1992/38/rundtanz-um-den-tabernakel-der-buerokratie/komplettansicht">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019. 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Retrieved 8 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Kafka+Research+Centre&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kafka-research.ox.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuders2005" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204163258/http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm">"Poul Ruders Biography – 06/2005"</a>. Poul Ruders. June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poul+Ruders+Biography+%E2%80%93+06%2F2005&rft.pub=Poul+Ruders&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poulruders.net%2Fbiography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka_Project_SDSU2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kafkaproject.com/">"Solving a Literary Mystery"</a>. Kafka Project, San Diego State University. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319021509/http://kafkaproject.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solving+a+Literary+Mystery&rft.pub=Kafka+Project%2C+San+Diego+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kafkaproject.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHAZE2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009233821/http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059">"Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka"</a>. HAZE Netlabel. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059">the original</a> on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sound+Interpretations+%E2%80%93+Dedication+To+Franz+Kafka&rft.pub=HAZE+Netlabel&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh-a-z-e.org%2Farchives%2F1059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzech_Embassy2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mzv.cz/telaviv/en/visa_and_consular_services/citizenship/who_is_citizen_guide_to_czech.html">"Who Is Citizen? Guide to Czech Citizenship in 1918–1949"</a>. Embassy of the Czech Republic in Tel Aviv. 25 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105125/http://www.mzv.cz/telaviv/en/visa_and_consular_services/citizenship/who_is_citizen_guide_to_czech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Citizen%3F+Guide+to+Czech+Citizenship+in+1918%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+Czech+Republic+in+Tel+Aviv&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzv.cz%2Ftelaviv%2Fen%2Fvisa_and_consular_services%2Fcitizenship%2Fwho_is_citizen_guide_to_czech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Doctor_of_Law1906" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1971898055542710/46/?lang=en">"Doctor of Law 18 June 1906 – Registry books of the German University in Prague, inventory No. 3, Registry book of doctors of the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague/German University in Prague (1904–1924), page 42"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctor+of+Law+18+June+1906+%E2%80%93+Registry+books+of+the+German+University+in+Prague%2C+inventory+No.+3%2C+Registry+book+of+doctors+of+the+German+Charles-Ferdinand+University+in+Prague%2FGerman+University+in+Prague+%281904%E2%80%931924%29%2C+page+42&rft.pub=Charles+University+Prague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.cuni.cz%2Fwebapps%2Farchiv%2Fpublic%2Fbook%2Fbo%2F1971898055542710%2F46%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1906" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1363411740766242/274/?lang=en">"Exam 22 March 1906 – Faculty of Law of the German University in Prague, Books of examination protocols of State Examination Commissions, inventory No. 75, State Scientific State Examination Commission at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague (1905-1906), page 8595"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exam+22+March+1906+%E2%80%93+Faculty+of+Law+of+the+German+University+in+Prague%2C+Books+of+examination+protocols+of+State+Examination+Commissions%2C+inventory+No.+75%2C+State+Scientific+State+Examination+Commission+at+the+German+Charles-Ferdinand+University+in+Prague+%281905-1906%29%2C+page+8595&rft.pub=Charles+University+Prague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.cuni.cz%2Fwebapps%2Farchiv%2Fpublic%2Fbook%2Fbo%2F1363411740766242%2F274%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1905" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1979029190676775/158/?lang=en">"Exam 23 (Nov?) 1905 – Faculty of Law of the German University in Prague, Books of examination protocols of State Examination Commissions, inventory No. 44, Judicial State Examination Commission at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague (1905-1907), page 10639"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exam+23+%28Nov%3F%29+1905+%E2%80%93+Faculty+of+Law+of+the+German+University+in+Prague%2C+Books+of+examination+protocols+of+State+Examination+Commissions%2C+inventory+No.+44%2C+Judicial+State+Examination+Commission+at+the+German+Charles-Ferdinand+University+in+Prague+%281905-1907%29%2C+page+10639&rft.pub=Charles+University+Prague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.cuni.cz%2Fwebapps%2Farchiv%2Fpublic%2Fbook%2Fbo%2F1979029190676775%2F158%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1903" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1299922811952459/657/?lang=en">"Exam 18 July 1903 – Faculty of Law of the German University in Prague, Books of examination protocols of State Examination Commissions, inventory No. 10, Juridical Historical State Examination Commission at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague (1902-1903), page 12789"</a>. Charles University Prague. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exam+18+July+1903+%E2%80%93+Faculty+of+Law+of+the+German+University+in+Prague%2C+Books+of+examination+protocols+of+State+Examination+Commissions%2C+inventory+No.+10%2C+Juridical+Historical+State+Examination+Commission+at+the+German+Charles-Ferdinand+University+in+Prague+%281902-1903%29%2C+page+12789&rft.pub=Charles+University+Prague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.cuni.cz%2Fwebapps%2Farchiv%2Fpublic%2Fbook%2Fbo%2F1299922811952459%2F657%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Anderson, Mark, ed. (1989). Reading Kafka: Prague, Politics, and the Fin de Siècle. New York: <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baruffi, Alessandro (2016). The Tales of Franz Kafka: English Translation with Original Text in German. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: LiteraryJoint Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-82109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-329-82109-5"><bdi>978-1-329-82109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tales+of+Franz+Kafka%3A+English+Translation+with+Original+Text+in+German&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=LiteraryJoint+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-329-82109-5&rft.aulast=Baruffi&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Begley" title="Louis Begley">Begley, Louis</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tremendousworldi0000begl">The Tremendous World I Have Inside My Head, Franz Kafka: A Biographical Essay</a>. New York: Atlas & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934633-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934633-06-9"><bdi>978-1-934633-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tremendous+World+I+Have+Inside+My+Head%2C+Franz+Kafka%3A+A+Biographical+Essay&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atlas+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-934633-06-9&rft.aulast=Begley&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftremendousworldi0000begl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Calasso" title="Roberto Calasso">Calasso, Roberto</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/k00cala">K</a>. Translated by Geoffrey Brock. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4189-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-4189-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4189-3&rft.aulast=Calasso&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fk00cala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Citati" title="Pietro Citati">Citati, Pietro</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kafka00cita">Kafka</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56840-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56840-9"><bdi>978-0-394-56840-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-394-56840-9&rft.aulast=Citati&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkafka00cita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Coots, Steve (2002). Franz Kafka (Beginner's Guide). London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-84648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-84648-3"><bdi>978-0-340-84648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka+%28Beginner%27s+Guide%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-340-84648-3&rft.aulast=Coots&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Corngold" title="Stanley Corngold">Corngold, Stanley</a>; Wagner, Benno (2011). Franz Kafka: The Ghosts in the Machine. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2769-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2769-2"><bdi>978-0-8101-2769-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+The+Ghosts+in+the+Machine&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2769-2&rft.aulast=Corngold&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Benno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Corngold" title="Stanley Corngold">Corngold, Stanley</a>; Gross, Ruth V. (2011). Kafka for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Camden House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-482-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-482-0"><bdi>978-1-57113-482-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-482-0&rft.aulast=Corngold&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Gross%2C+Ruth+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Danuta_Czech" title="Danuta Czech">Czech, Danuta</a> (1992). Kalendarz wydarzeń w KL Auschwitz (in Polish). Oświęcim: Wydawn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalendarz+wydarze%C5%84+w+KL+Auschwitz&rft.place=O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim&rft.pub=Wydawn&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Czech&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze, Gilles</a>; <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari, Félix</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/Kafka:_Toward_a_Minor_Literature" title="Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature">Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature</a>. Theory and History of Literature. Vol. 30. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1515-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1515-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-1515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%3A+Toward+a+Minor+Literature&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.series=Theory+and+History+of+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1515-5&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.au=Guattari%2C+F%C3%A9lix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolin_Duttlinger" title="Carolin Duttlinger">Duttlinger, Carolin</a> (2007). Kafka and Photography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921945-2">978-0-19-921945-2</a>.</li> <li>Duttlinger, Carolin (2013). The Cambridge Introduction to Franz Kafka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-75771-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-75771-3">978-0-521-75771-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Frenkel, Sheera (30 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/05/30/153985994/kafkas-final-absurdist-tale-plays-out-in-tel-aviv">"Kafka's Final Absurdist Tale Plays Out in Tel Aviv"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031700/https://www.npr.org/2012/05/30/153985994/kafkas-final-absurdist-tale-plays-out-in-tel-aviv">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kafka%27s+Final+Absurdist+Tale+Plays+Out+in+Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft.aulast=Frenkel&rft.aufirst=Sheera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F05%2F30%2F153985994%2Fkafkas-final-absurdist-tale-plays-out-in-tel-aviv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gray, Ronald (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kafkacollectiono00gray">Kafka: A Collection of Critical Essays</a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-199-77830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-199-77830-7"><bdi>978-1-199-77830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%3A+A+Collection+of+Critical+Essays&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-1-199-77830-7&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkafkacollectiono00gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Gilman" title="Sander Gilman">Gilman, Sander L.</a> (1995). Franz Kafka: The Jewish Patient. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041591177X" title="Special:BookSources/041591177X">041591177X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Gilman" title="Sander Gilman">Gilman, Sander L.</a> (2005). Franz Kafka. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B86189%2B254%2B3" title="Special:BookSources/1+86189+254+3">1 86189 254 3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Greenberg_(poet)" title="Martin Greenberg (poet)">Greenberg, Martin</a> (1968). The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08415-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08415-9"><bdi>978-0-465-08415-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terror+of+Art%3A+Kafka+and+Modern+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-465-08415-9&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Norbert_Glatzer" title="Nahum Norbert Glatzer">Glatzer, Nahum Norbert</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lovesoffranzkafk00glat">The Loves of Franz Kafka</a>. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4001-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4001-6"><bdi>978-0-8052-4001-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loves+of+Franz+Kafka&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4001-6&rft.aulast=Glatzer&rft.aufirst=Nahum+Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flovesoffranzkafk00glat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Willi_Glasauer" title="Willi Glasauer">Glasauer, Willi</a> (1986). Exposición Kafka & CIA.: Hitos y Mitos de la Cultura Dibujos (in Spanish). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exposici%C3%B3n+Kafka+%26+CIA.%3A+Hitos+y+Mitos+de+la+Cultura+Dibujos&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Lectores&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Glasauer&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willi_Glasauer" title="Willi Glasauer">Glasauer, Willi</a> (1986). Kafka Gesamtwerk. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka+Gesamtwerk&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Lectores&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Glasauer&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_V%C3%A1zquez_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Manuel Vázquez Montalbán">Montalbán, Manuel Vázquez</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willi_Glasauer" title="Willi Glasauer">Glasauer, Willi</a> (1988). Escenas de la Literatura Universal y Retratos de Grandes Autores (in Spanish). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escenas+de+la+Literatura+Universal+y+Retratos+de+Grandes+Autores&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Lectores&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Montalb%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Manuel+V%C3%A1zquez&rft.au=Glasauer%2C+Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heller" title="Paul Heller">Heller, Paul</a> (1989). Franz Kafka: Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskritik (in German). Tübingen: Stauffenburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923721-40-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-923721-40-5"><bdi>978-3-923721-40-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+Wissenschaft+und+Wissenschaftskritik&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Stauffenburg&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-923721-40-5&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kopi%C4%87" title="Mario Kopić">Kopić, Mario</a> (1995). "Franz Kafka and Nationalism". Erewhon: An International Quarterly. 2 (2). Amsterdam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erewhon%3A+An+International+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Franz+Kafka+and+Nationalism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kopi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hayman" title="Ronald Hayman">Hayman, Ronald</a> (1981). K: A Biography of Kafka. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-415-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-415-4"><bdi>978-1-84212-415-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%3A+A+Biography+of+Kafka&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-415-4&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lundberg, Phillip (2011). Essential Kafka: Rendezvous with Otherness. Authorhouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-9021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-9021-7"><bdi>978-1-4389-9021-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Kafka%3A+Rendezvous+with+Otherness&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4389-9021-7&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Zane_Mairowitz" title="David Zane Mairowitz">Mairowitz, David Zane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crumb" title="Robert Crumb">Crumb, Robert</a> (1993). Kafka for Beginners. Cheltenham, England: Icon Publishing Ltd; also published as <a href="/wiki/Introducing_Kafka" title="Introducing Kafka">Introducing Kafka</a> (1994). Northampton, Massachusetts: Kitchen Sink Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Major, Michael (2011). Kafka ... For Our Time. San Diego, California: Harcourt Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9567982-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9567982-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9567982-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka+...+For+Our+Time&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pub=Harcourt+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9567982-1-3&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Suchoff, David (2012). Kafka's Jewish Languages: The Hidden Openness of Tradition. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4371-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4371-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-4371-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%27s+Jewish+Languages%3A+The+Hidden+Openness+of+Tradition&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4371-0&rft.aulast=Suchoff&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thiher, Allen (1990). Franz Kafka: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction. Vol. 12. Boston: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805783237" title="Special:BookSources/0805783237"><bdi>0805783237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Kafka%3A+A+Study+of+the+Short+Fiction&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Twayne%27s+Studies+in+Short+Fiction&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0805783237&rft.aulast=Thiher&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thiher, Allen (2018). Understanding Franz Kafka. Columbia, South Carolins: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611178289" title="Special:BookSources/9781611178289"><bdi>9781611178289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Franz+Kafka&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolins&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781611178289&rft.aulast=Thiher&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Robertson" title="Ritchie Robertson">Robertson, Ritchie</a> (2004). Kafka: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press; illustrated edition titled Kafka: A Brief Insight (New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 2010).</li> <li>Robertson, Ritchie, ed. (2024). Kafka: Making of an Icon. Oxford, UK: Bodleian Library Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wagenbach" title="Klaus Wagenbach">Wagenbach, Klaus</a> (1984). Franz Kafka: Pictures of a Life. New York: Pantheon Books.</li></ul> Books on Kafka and Prague <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Eisner" title="Pavel Eisner">Eisner, Pavel</a> (1950). Franz Kafka and Prague. New York: Golden Griffin Books.</li> <li>Frynta, Emanuel (1960). Kafka and Prague. London: Batchworth Press Limited.</li> <li>Hatefutsoth, Beth (1980). Kafka–Prague. Tel Aviv: <a href="/wiki/Anu_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Anu – Museum of the Jewish People">The Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora</a>.</li> <li>Kállay, Karol (2005). Franz Kafka and Prague. Bratislava: Slovart Publishing Ltd. (Chicago, Illinois: Independent Publishers Group).</li> <li>Salfellner, Harald (1998). Franz Kafka and Prague: Third greatly revised and enlarged edition. Prague: Vitalis.</li> <li>Salfellner, Harald (2011). Franz Kafka and Prague: A Literary Guide. Prague: Vitalis.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wagenbach" title="Klaus Wagenbach">Wagenbach, Klaus</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kafkaspraguetrav00wage/mode/2up">Kafka's Prague: A Travel Reader</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Whiteside" title="Shaun Whiteside">Shaun Whiteside</a>. Woodstock, New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Overlook_Press" title="The Overlook Press">The Overlook Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879516444" title="Special:BookSources/9780879516444"><bdi>9780879516444</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kafka%27s+Prague%3A+A+Travel+Reader&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+New+York&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780879516444&rft.aulast=Wagenbach&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkafkaspraguetrav00wage%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"> See also Wagenbach (2019), listed in "Sources".</li> <li>Železná, Marta, ed. (1998). Kafka and Prague. Third revised edition. Prague: Franz Kafka Publishers.</li></ul> Journals <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Danta, Chris (April 2008). "Sarah's Laughter: Kafka's Abraham". <a href="/wiki/Modernism/modernity" title="Modernism/modernity">Modernism/modernity</a>. 15 (2). Baltimore, Maryland: 343–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmod.2008.0048">10.1353/mod.2008.0048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170492502">170492502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modernism%2Fmodernity&rft.atitle=Sarah%27s+Laughter%3A+Kafka%27s+Abraham&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=343-359&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmod.2008.0048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170492502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Danta&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jirsa, Tomáš (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209184455/https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/44708599/Reading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_and_the_Motion_of_Writing_in_Kafka_s_Der_Process.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DReading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_a.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200209%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200209T184401Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=e4f053675f5c0365d9dd6f88807e51fd367f0c9578690b45886e993215525654">"Reading Kafka Visually: Gothic Ornament and the Motion of Writing in Kafka's Der Process"</a> (PDF). Central Europe. 13 (1–2). London: 36–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14790963.2015.1107322">10.1080/14790963.2015.1107322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159892429">159892429</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/44708599/Reading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_and_the_Motion_of_Writing_in_Kafka_s_Der_Process.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DReading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_a.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200209%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200209T184401Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=e4f053675f5c0365d9dd6f88807e51fd367f0c9578690b45886e993215525654">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Reading+Kafka+Visually%3A+Gothic+Ornament+and+the+Motion+of+Writing+in+Kafka%27s+Der+Process&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=36-50&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14790963.2015.1107322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159892429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jirsa&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Facademia.edu.documents%2F44708599%2FReading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_and_the_Motion_of_Writing_in_Kafka_s_Der_Process.pdf%3Fresponse-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2520filename%253DReading_Kafka_Visually_Gothic_Ornament_a.pdf%26X-Amz-Algorithm%3DAWS4-HMAC-SHA256%26X-Amz-Credential%3DAKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%252F20200209%252Fus-east-1%252Fs3%252Faws4_request%26X-Amz-Date%3D20200209T184401Z%26X-Amz-Expires%3D3600%26X-Amz-SignedHeaders%3Dhost%26X-Amz-Signature%3De4f053675f5c0365d9dd6f88807e51fd367f0c9578690b45886e993215525654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kopi%C4%87" title="Mario Kopić">Kopić, Mario</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012015421/http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06">"Kafka and Nationalism"</a>. Odjek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06">the original</a> on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kafka+and+Nationalism&rft.pub=Odjek&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kopi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odjek.ba%2Feng%2Findex.php%3Fbroj%3D02%26id%3D06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">McGee, Kyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0">"Fear and Trembling in the Penal Colony"</a>. Kafka Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628232215/http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kafka+Project&rft.atitle=Fear+and+Trembling+in+the+Penal+Colony&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kafka.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D185%2C290%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Kafka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Michael P. (1999). "Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death and Rebirth in 'The Metamorphosis'". <a href="/wiki/The_German_Quarterly" title="The German Quarterly">The German Quarterly</a>. 72 (2). Durham, North Carolina: 133–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F408369">10.2307/408369</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/408369">408369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59481029">59481029</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118559230">Literature by and about Franz Kafka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1735">Works by Franz Kafka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?15578">Franz Kafka</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kafka%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kafka%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kafka%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Kafka%22%29%20OR%20%28%221883-1924%22%20AND%20Kafka%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Franz Kafka</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0434525/">Franz Kafka</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/100">Works by Franz Kafka</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kafka-research.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford Kafka Research Centre</a> – information on ongoing international Kafka research</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordandsilence.com/2016/09/26/kafkas-diaries/">Translated excerpts from Kafka's Diaries 1910–1923</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gerard-bertrand.net/albumprem.htm">The Album of Franz Kafka</a>, Franz Kafka receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franzkafka.info/">Journeys of Franz Kafka</a> Photographs of places where Kafka lived and worked</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-57267874">Franz Kafka: Manuscripts, drawings and personal letters</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/index.php?action=view&page=cnakladatelstvi">Společnost Franze Kafky a nakladatelství Franze Kafky</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630120310/http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/index.php?action=view&page=cnakladatelstvi">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Franz Kafka Society and Publishing House in Prague</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkPR4Rcf4ww">What makes something "Kafkaesque"?</a> A Ted talk on Kafka, his works and his legacy, by Noah Tavlin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/franz-kafka-and-the-bodleian-libraries">Franz Kafka's papers and the Bodleian Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/kafka">Kafka: Making of an Icon, Exhibition at the Bodleian Libraries, Oxford from 30 May - 27 October 2024</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine-books-news/new-centenary-exhibition-explores-kafkas-life-work-and-influence">"New Centenary Exhibition Explores Kafka’s Life, Work and Influence"</a>, 1 April 2024, finebooksmagazine.com. "Kafka: Making of an Icon ... After the exhibition’s run at the Weston Library, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford, from May 30 until October 27, [2024,] it will move to the Morgan Library in New York running November 22 through April 13, 2025". Review: Hutchinson, Ben, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/arts/visual-arts/kafka-weston-library-arts-review-ben-hutchinson/">"The author as adjective"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a>, 13 June 2024. Review: Williams, James, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apollo-magazine.com/franz-kafka-bodleian-library-oxford">"The endless mystique of Franz Kafka", Apollo, July/August 2024</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/franz-kafka">Upcoming exhibit "Franz Kafka"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a> in Manhattan from 22 November 2024 through 13 April 2025</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franz_Kafka" title="Template:Franz Kafka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franz_Kafka" title="Template talk:Franz Kafka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franz_Kafka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franz Kafka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franz_Kafka_(works)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Kafka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_bibliography" title="Franz Kafka bibliography">works</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">The Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(novel)" title="Amerika (novel)">Amerika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">1902–1912</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Shamefaced_Lanky_and_Impure_in_Heart" title="Shamefaced Lanky and Impure in Heart">Shamefaced Lanky and Impure in Heart</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Description_of_a_Struggle" title="Description of a Struggle">Description of a Struggle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wedding_Preparations_in_the_Country" title="Wedding Preparations in the Country">Wedding Preparations in the Country</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Judgment" title="The Judgment">The Judgment</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stoker" title="The Stoker">The Stoker</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Aeroplanes_at_Brescia" title="The Aeroplanes at Brescia">The Aeroplanes at Brescia</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">1914–1917</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony" title="In the Penal Colony">In the Penal Colony</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Schoolmaster" title="The Village Schoolmaster">"The Village Schoolmaster"</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Before_the_Law" title="Before the Law">Before the Law</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blumfeld,_an_Elderly_Bachelor" title="Blumfeld, an Elderly Bachelor">Blumfeld, an Elderly Bachelor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Country_Doctor_(short_story)" title="A Country Doctor (short story)">A Country Doctor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Hunter_Gracchus" title="The Hunter Gracchus">The Hunter Gracchus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wall_of_China_(short_story)" title="The Great Wall of China (short story)">The Great Wall of China</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Message_from_the_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="A Message from the Emperor">A Message from the Emperor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Report_to_an_Academy" title="A Report to an Academy">A Report to an Academy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dream_(short_story)" title="A Dream (short story)">A Dream</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Up_in_the_Gallery" title="Up in the Gallery">Up in the Gallery</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Fratricide" title="A Fratricide">A Fratricide</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Next_Village" title="The Next Village">The Next Village</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_to_a_Mine" title="A Visit to a Mine">A Visit to a Mine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jackals_and_Arabs" title="Jackals and Arabs">Jackals and Arabs</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(short_story)" title="The Bridge (short story)">The Bridge</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bucket_Rider" title="The Bucket Rider">The Bucket Rider</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_New_Advocate" title="The New Advocate">The New Advocate</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/An_Old_Manuscript" title="An Old Manuscript">An Old Manuscript</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Knock_at_the_Manor_Gate" title="The Knock at the Manor Gate">The Knock at the Manor Gate</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eleven_Sons" title="Eleven Sons">Eleven Sons</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Neighbor" title="My Neighbor">My Neighbor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Crossbreed" title="A Crossbreed">A Crossbreed</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cares_of_a_Family_Man" title="The Cares of a Family Man">The Cares of a Family Man</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">1917–1923</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Refusal" title="The Refusal">The Refusal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hunger_Artist" title="A Hunger Artist">A Hunger Artist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Investigations_of_a_Dog" title="Investigations of a Dog">Investigations of a Dog</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Little_Woman" title="A Little Woman">A Little Woman</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Burrow_(short_story)" title="The Burrow (short story)">The Burrow</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Josephine_the_Singer,_or_the_Mouse_Folk" title="Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk">Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Common_Confusion" title="A Common Confusion">A Common Confusion</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Truth_about_Sancho_Panza" title="The Truth about Sancho Panza">The Truth about Sancho Panza</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Sirens" title="The Silence of the Sirens">The Silence of the Sirens</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(short_story)" title="Prometheus (short story)">Prometheus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_City_Coat_of_Arms" title="The City Coat of Arms">The City Coat of Arms</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poseidon_(short_story)" title="Poseidon (short story)">Poseidon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(short_story)" title="Fellowship (short story)">Fellowship</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/At_Night_(short_story)" title="At Night (short story)">At Night</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Our_Laws" title="The Problem of Our Laws">The Problem of Our Laws</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conscription_of_Troops" title="The Conscription of Troops">The Conscription of Troops</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Test_(short_story)" title="The Test (short story)">The Test</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Vulture_(short_story)" title="The Vulture (short story)">The Vulture</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Helmsman" title="The Helmsman">The Helmsman</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Top_(short_story)" title="The Top (short story)">The Top</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Little_Fable" title="A Little Fable">A Little Fable</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Homecoming_(Kafka_short_story)" title="Homecoming (Kafka short story)">Homecoming</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_Sorrow" title="First Sorrow">First Sorrow</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Departure_(short_story)" title="The Departure (short story)">The Departure</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Advocates_(short_story)" title="Advocates (short story)">Advocates</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Married_Couple" title="The Married Couple">The Married Couple</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_It_Up!_(short_story)" title="Give It Up! (short story)">Give It Up!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Parables" title="On Parables">On Parables</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation_(short_story_collection)" title="Contemplation (short story collection)">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Country_Doctor_(short_story_collection)" title="A Country Doctor (short story collection)">A Country Doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Hunger_Artist_(short_story_collection)" title="A Hunger Artist (short story collection)">A Hunger Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wall_of_China_(short_story_collection)" title="The Great Wall of China (short story collection)">The Great Wall of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Stories_of_Franz_Kafka" title="The Complete Stories of Franz Kafka">The Complete Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sons" title="The Sons">The Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Penal_Colony:_Stories_and_Short_Pieces" title="The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces">The Penal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_and_Paradoxes" title="Parables and Paradoxes">Parables and Paradoxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dearest_Father._Stories_and_Other_Writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dearest Father. Stories and Other Writings">Dearest Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_of_a_Struggle_(short_story_collection)" title="Description of a Struggle (short story collection)">Description of a Struggle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaries and notebooks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka%27s_Diaries" title="Franz Kafka's Diaries">The Diaries 1910–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Octavo_Notebooks" title="The Blue Octavo Notebooks">The Blue Octavo Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Z%C3%BCrau_Aphorisms" title="The Zürau Aphorisms">The Zürau Aphorisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters and essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_His_Father" title="Letter to His Father">Letter to His Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Felice" title="Letters to Felice">Letters to Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Ottla" title="Letters to Ottla">Letters to Ottla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Milena" title="Letters to Milena">Letters to Milena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Family,_Friends,_and_Editors" title="Letters to Family, Friends, and Editors">Letters to Family, Friends, and Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka:_The_Office_Writings" title="Franz Kafka: The Office Writings">The Office Writings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Warden_of_the_Tomb" title="The Warden of the Tomb">The Warden of the Tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottla_Kafka" title="Ottla Kafka">Ottla Kafka (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_and_Judaism" title="Franz Kafka and Judaism">Franz Kafka and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Samuel" title="Richard and Samuel">Richard and Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Museum" title="Franz Kafka Museum">Franz Kafka Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Society" title="Franz Kafka Society">Franz Kafka Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Prize" title="Franz Kafka Prize">Franz Kafka Prize</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafka_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafka Project">Kafka Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Franz_Kafka" title="Head of Franz Kafka">Head of Franz Kafka statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Franz_Kafka" title="Statue of Franz Kafka">Statue of Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafka%27s_Dick" title="Kafka's Dick">Kafka's Dick (1986 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Kafka" title="The Loves of Kafka">The Loves of Kafka</a> (1988 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafka_(film)" title="Kafka (film)">Kafka (1991 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka%27s_It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life" title="Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life">Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life (1993 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franz_Kafka" title="Category:Franz Kafka">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franz_Kafka&#039;s_The_Trial" style="width: ;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Trial" title="Template:The Trial"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Trial" title="Template talk:The Trial"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Trial" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Trial"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franz_Kafka&#039;s_The_Trial" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Kafka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Proze%C3%9F_(opera)" title="Der Prozeß (opera)">Der Prozeß</a> (1953 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a> (1962 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1993_film)" title="The Trial (1993 film)">The Trial</a> (1993 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(2014_opera)" title="The Trial (2014 opera)">The Trial</a> (2014 opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafka_(film)" title="Kafka (film)">Kafka</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break-Up" title="Break-Up">Break-Up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franz_Kafka&#039;s_The_Castle" style="width: ;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Castle" title="Template:The Castle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Castle" title="Template talk:The Castle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Castle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Castle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franz_Kafka&#039;s_The_Castle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Kafka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">The Castle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1968_film)" title="The Castle (1968 film)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1994_film)" title="The Castle (1994 film)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1997_Austrian_film)" title="The Castle (1997 Austrian film)">1997</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schlo%C3%9F_(opera)" title="Das Schloß (opera)">Das Schloß</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafka_(film)" title="Kafka (film)">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_(video_game)" title="The Prisoner (video game)">The Prisoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franz_Kafka&#039;s_The_Metamorphosis" style="width: ;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Metamorphosis" title="Template:The Metamorphosis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Metamorphosis" title="Template talk:The Metamorphosis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Metamorphosis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Metamorphosis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franz_Kafka&#039;s_The_Metamorphosis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Kafka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis_in_popular_culture" title="The Metamorphosis in popular culture">In popular culture</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis_(2012_film)" title="Metamorphosis (2012 film)">Metamorphosis</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka%27s_It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life" title="Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life">Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_(film)" title="Rat (film)">Rat</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthiraivaal" title="Kuthiraivaal">Kuthiraivaal</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novel variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_Dreams:_The_Half_Life_of_Gregor_Samsa" title="Insect Dreams: The Half Life of Gregor Samsa">Insect Dreams: The Half Life of Gregor Samsa</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kockroach" title="Kockroach">Kockroach</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxious_Pleasures" title="Anxious Pleasures">Anxious Pleasures</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Without_Women_(Murakami_short_story_collection)" title="Men Without Women (Murakami short story collection)">Samsa in Love</a> (2014 short story)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video game variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Mojo" title="Bad Mojo">Bad Mojo</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis_(video_game)" title="Metamorphosis (video game)">Metamorphosis</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Piano_(Philip_Glass_album)" title="Solo Piano (Philip Glass album)">Solo Piano</a> (album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adaptations_of_works_by_Franz_Kafka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kafka_adaptations" title="Template:Kafka adaptations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kafka_adaptations" title="Template talk:Kafka adaptations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kafka_adaptations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kafka adaptations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adaptations_of_works_by_Franz_Kafka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adaptations of works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Kafka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1968_film)" title="The Castle (1968 film)">The Castle</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Penal_Colony_(film)" title="The Penal Colony (film)">The Penal Colony</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klassenverh%C3%A4ltnisse" title="Klassenverhältnisse">Klassenverhältnisse</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Kafka" title="The Loves of Kafka">The Loves of Kafka</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafka_(film)" title="Kafka (film)">Kafka</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(1993_film)" title="The Trial (1993 film)">The Trial</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka%27s_It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life" title="Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life">Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1994_film)" title="The Castle (1994 film)">The Castle</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1997_Austrian_film)" title="The Castle (1997 Austrian film)">The Castle</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_(2002_film)" title="K (2002 film)">K</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis_(2012_film)" title="Metamorphosis (2012 film)">Metamorphosis</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafka_Americana" title="Kafka Americana">Kafka Americana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Give_It_Up!_(comics)" title="Give It Up! (comics)">Give It Up!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis_in_popular_culture#Print" title="The Metamorphosis in popular culture">The Metamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introducing_Kafka" title="Introducing Kafka">Introducing Kafka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existentialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existentialism" title="Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existentialism" title="Template talk:Existentialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existentialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_nihilism" title="Existential nihilism">Nihilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">Phenomenological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonment_(existentialism)" title="Abandonment (existentialism)">Abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">Bad faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrownness" title="Thrownness">Thrownness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Buzzati" title="Dino Buzzati">Buzzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Ionesco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Abbagnano" title="Nicola Abbagnano">Abbagnano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Berdyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe" title="Peter Wessel Zapffe">Zapffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German-language_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_literature" title="Template:German literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_literature" title="Template talk:German literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German-language_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German-language literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_writers" title="Category:Austrian writers">Austrian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_writers" title="Category:German writers">German writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_writers" title="Category:Liechtenstein writers">Liechtenstein writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_writers_in_German" title="Category:Swiss writers in German">Swiss writers in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Translators of William Shakespeare">Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Reformation era literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Angst">Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012280370X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56611857">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/73986/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8mdC4cmCd46PCGdYF8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118559230">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81063091">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119093016">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119093016">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445030">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV005851">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35256821">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990218037&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX907590">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000116890">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/50086">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068494157">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14186284">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00322776?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500239670">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/43b658ff-e3e4-4928-9685-b1b7224d61d4">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/269614">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/884940">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118559230.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118559230">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027325822">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nm4420">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/1740">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&oldid=1258852204">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&oldid=1258852204</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Franz_Kafka" title="Category:Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1883_births" title="Category:1883 births">1883 births</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFEuropean_Graduate_School2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFassler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFichter1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFichter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinancial_Times2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurst1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGale_Research1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Doctor_of_Law1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerman_University_Prague_–_Exam1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlazer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrovier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuardian1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuardian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHAZE2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaaretz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamalian1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\u0026#039;s2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawes2008\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFOxford_Kafka_Research_Centre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanichas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParis_Review2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawel1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreece2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinsky2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez-Álvarez2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRastalsky1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepertory2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhine1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizzulo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothkirchen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudorenNoveck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Fischer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandbank1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawicki2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmadel,_Lutz_D.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeubert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocialist_Worker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokel1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpindler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStach2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinhauer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrelka1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSussman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimes_Literary_Supplement2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpdike2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagenbach2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelles_Net1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWriter\u0026#039;s_Institute1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiolkowski2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 64,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Kafka, Franz\"] = 1,\n [\"DNB portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Existentialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n 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