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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Act_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Act I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Act II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Musical numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Critical 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class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Historical casting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_casting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Papp's_Pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Papp's_Pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Joseph Papp's Pirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Papp's_Pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cultural impact </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="The Pirates of Penzance" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="دزدان دریایی پنزانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزدان دریایی پنزانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="The Pirates of Penzance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="The Pirates of Penzance" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="The Pirates of Penzance" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_Penzance&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates of Penzance">Pirates of Penzance</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1879 comic opera by Gilbert & Sullivan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1983 film adaptation, see <a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(film)" title="The Pirates of Penzance (film)">The Pirates of Penzance (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_Act_I_Finale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Drawing_of_Act_I_Finale.jpg/300px-Drawing_of_Act_I_Finale.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Drawing_of_Act_I_Finale.jpg/450px-Drawing_of_Act_I_Finale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Drawing_of_Act_I_Finale.jpg/600px-Drawing_of_Act_I_Finale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the Act I finale</figcaption></figure> The Pirates of Penzance; or, The Slave of Duty is a <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic opera</a> in two acts, with music by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>. Its official premiere was at the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Theatre" title="Fifth Avenue Theatre">Fifth Avenue Theatre</a> in New York City on 31 December 1879, where it was well received by both audiences and critics.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Its London debut was on 3 April 1880, at the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Comique" title="Opera Comique">Opera Comique</a>, where it ran for 363 performances. The story concerns Frederic, who, having completed his 21st year, is released from his apprenticeship to a band of tender-hearted pirates. He meets the daughters of the incompetent Major-General Stanley, including Mabel, and the two young people fall instantly in love. Frederic soon learns, however, that he was born on 29 February, and so, technically, he has a birthday only once each <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap year</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indenture</a> specifies that he remain apprenticed to the pirates until his "twenty-first birthday", meaning that he must serve for another 63 years.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> Bound by his own sense of duty to honour his bond with the pirates, Frederic's only solace is that Mabel agrees to wait for him faithfully. The pirates' maid-of-all-work, Ruth, eventually reveals a fact that saves the day. Pirates was the fifth <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> collaboration and introduced the much-parodied "<a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">Major-General's Song</a>". The opera was performed for over a century by the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a> in Britain until the copyrights expired and by many other opera companies and repertory companies worldwide. Modernized productions include <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papp" title="Joseph Papp">Joseph Papp</a>'s 1981 <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> production, which ran for 787 performances, winning the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival" title="Tony Award for Best Revival">Tony Award for Best Revival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical</a>, and spawning many imitations and a <a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(film)" title="The Pirates of Penzance (film)">1983 film adaptation</a>. Pirates remains popular today, taking its place along with <a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a> and <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a> as one of the most frequently played Gilbert and Sullivan operas. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/300px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/450px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/600px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7780" data-file-height="5164" /></a><figcaption> The Pirate Publisher – An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record, from <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a>, 1886: Gilbert is seen as one of the British authors whose works are stolen by the pirate publisher.</figcaption></figure> The Pirates of Penzance was the only <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> opera to have its official premiere in the United States. At the time, American law offered no <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protection to foreigners. After the pair's previous opera, <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a>, achieved success in London in 1878, approximately 150 American companies quickly mounted unauthorised productions that often took considerable liberties with the text and paid no royalties to the creators.<a href="#cite_note-Prestige-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Gilbert and Sullivan hoped to forestall further "copyright piracy" by mounting the first production of their next opera in America, before others could copy it, and by delaying publication of the score and libretto.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> They succeeded in keeping for themselves the direct profits of the first American production of The Pirates of Penzance by opening the production themselves on Broadway, prior to the London production, and they also operated profitable US touring companies of Pirates and Pinafore.<a href="#cite_note-Prestige-3">[2]</a> However, Gilbert, Sullivan, and their producer, <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a>, failed in their efforts, over the next decade, to control the American performance copyrights to Pirates and their other operas.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Fiction and plays about pirates were ubiquitous in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a> (1822) and <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Rover" title="The Red Rover">The Red Rover</a> were key sources for the romanticised, dashing pirate image and the idea of repentant pirates.<a href="#cite_note-Williams130-9">[8]</a> Both Gilbert and Sullivan had parodied these ideas early in their careers. Sullivan had written a comic opera, <a href="/wiki/The_Contrabandista" title="The Contrabandista">The Contrabandista</a>, in 1867, about a hapless British tourist who is captured by bandits and forced to become their chief. Gilbert had written several comic works that involved pirates or bandits. In Gilbert's 1876 opera <a href="/wiki/Princess_Toto" title="Princess Toto">Princess Toto</a>, the title character is eager to be captured by a brigand chief. Gilbert had translated <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s operetta <a href="/wiki/Les_brigands" title="Les brigands">Les brigands</a>, in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Williams130-9">[8]</a> As in Les brigands, The Pirates of Penzance absurdly treats stealing as a professional career path, with apprentices and tools of the trade such as the crowbar and <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)#Types" title="Club (weapon)">life preserver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genesis">Genesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genesis">edit</a>]</div> While Pinafore was running strongly at the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Comique" title="Opera Comique">Opera Comique</a> in London, Gilbert was eager to get started on his and Sullivan's next opera, and he began working on the libretto in December 1878.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> He re-used several elements of his 1870 one-act piece, <a href="/wiki/Our_Island_Home" title="Our Island Home">Our Island Home</a>, which had introduced a pirate "chief", Captain Bang. Bang was mistakenly apprenticed to a pirate band as a child by his deaf nursemaid. Also, Bang, like Frederic in The Pirates of Penzance, had never seen a woman before and felt a keen sense of duty, as an apprenticed pirate, until the passage of his 21st birthday freed him from his articles of indenture.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a> believed that Gilbert drew on ideas in <a href="/wiki/Les_brigands" title="Les brigands">Les brigands</a> for his new libretto, including the businesslike bandits and the bumbling police.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Gilbert and Sullivan also inserted into Act II an idea they first considered for a one-act opera parody in 1876 about burglars meeting police, while their conflict escapes the notice of the oblivious father of a large family of girls.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> As in Pinafore, "there was a wordful self-descriptive set-piece for Stanley ["<a href="/wiki/The_Major-General%27s_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="The Major-General's Song">The Major-General's Song</a>"], introducing himself much as Sir Joseph Porter had done ... a lugubrious comic number for the Sergeant of Police ... a song of confession for Ruth, the successor [to] Little Buttercup", romantic material for Frederic and Mabel, and "ensemble and chorus music in turn pretty, parodic and atmospheric."<a href="#cite_note-ORC-16">[15]</a> Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte met by 24 April 1879 to make plans for a production of Pinafore and the new opera in America.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Carte travelled to New York in the summer of 1879 and made arrangements with theatre manager <a href="/wiki/John_T._Ford" title="John T. Ford">John T. Ford</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> to present, at the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Theatre" title="Fifth Avenue Theatre">Fifth Avenue Theatre</a>, the authorised productions. He then returned to London.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger169-20">[18]</a> Meanwhile, once Pinafore became a hit in London, the author, composer and producer had the financial resources to produce future shows themselves, and they executed a plan to free themselves from their financial backers in the "Comedy Opera Company". Carte formed a new partnership with Gilbert and Sullivan to divide profits equally among themselves after the expenses of each of their shows.<a href="#cite_note-22">[c]</a> Sullivan wrote to a former producer, <a href="/wiki/John_Hollingshead" title="John Hollingshead">John Hollingshead</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London" title="Gaiety Theatre, London">Gaiety Theatre</a>, saying: "You once settled a precedent for me which may just at present be of great importance to me. I asked you for the band parts of the Merry Wives of Windsor ... and [you] said, 'They are yours, as our run is over....' Now will you please let me have them, and the parts of <a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a> also at once. I am detaining the parts of Pinafore, so that the directors shall not take them away from the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Comique" title="Opera Comique">Comique</a> tomorrow, and I base my claim on the precedent you set." See Rees, p. 89. The Comedy Opera Company directors engaged another theatre to play a rival production of Pinafore, but they had no scenery. On 31 July, they sent a group of thugs to the Opera Comique to seize the scenery and props during the evening performance of Pinafore. See Ainger, p. 170 and Jacobs, pp. 124–125. Stagehands and cast members managed to ward off their backstage attackers and protect the scenery. The police arrived to restore order, and the show continued. See Stedman, pp. 170–171 and Gillan, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-opcom.html">"The Fracas at the Opera Comique"</a>, The Theatre, 1 September 1879, reprinted at the Stage Beauty website, accessed 6 May 2009. See also "The Fracas at the Opera Comique", The Era, 10 August 1879, p. 5 and "The Fracas at the Opera Comique", The Leeds Mercury, 13 August 1879, p. 8. The matter was eventually settled in court, where a judge ruled in Carte's favour about two years later. See Ainger, p. 175</ref> In November 1879, Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte sailed to America with a company of singing actors, to play both Pinafore and the new opera, including <a href="/wiki/J._H._Ryley" title="J. H. Ryley">J. H. Ryley</a> as Sir Joseph, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Roosevelt" title="Blanche Roosevelt">Blanche Roosevelt</a> as Josephine, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnett" title="Alice Barnett">Alice Barnett</a> as Little Buttercup, <a href="/wiki/Furneaux_Cook" title="Furneaux Cook">Furneaux Cook</a> as Dick Deadeye, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Talbot" title="Hugh Talbot">Hugh Talbot</a> as Ralph Rackstraw and <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Bond" title="Jessie Bond">Jessie Bond</a> as Cousin Hebe, some of whom had been in the Pinafore cast in London.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs129-23">[20]</a> To these, he added some American singers, including <a href="/wiki/Signor_Brocolini" title="Signor Brocolini">Signor Brocolini</a> as Captain Corcoran.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger182-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cellier" title="Alfred Cellier">Alfred Cellier</a> came to assist Sullivan, while his brother <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cellier" title="François Cellier">François Cellier</a> remained in London to conduct Pinafore there.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Gilbert and Sullivan cast talented actors who were not well-known stars and did not command high fees. They then tailored their operas to the particular abilities of these performers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> The skill with which Gilbert and Sullivan used their performers had an effect on the audience: as critic <a href="/wiki/Herman_Klein" title="Herman Klein">Herman Klein</a> wrote, "we secretly marvelled at the naturalness and ease with which [the Gilbertian quips and absurdities] were said and done. For until then no living soul had seen upon the stage such weird, eccentric, yet intensely human beings .... [They] conjured into existence a hitherto unknown comic world of sheer delight."<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> Gilbert acted as stage director for his own plays and operas. He sought <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">naturalism</a> in acting, which was unusual at the time, just as he strove for realistic visual elements. He deprecated self-conscious interaction with the audience and insisted on a style of portrayal in which the characters were never aware of their own absurdity but were coherent internal wholes.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Sullivan conducted the music rehearsals.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger157-29">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiratesPenzance1879.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/PiratesPenzance1879.gif/170px-PiratesPenzance1879.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/PiratesPenzance1879.gif/255px-PiratesPenzance1879.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/PiratesPenzance1879.gif/340px-PiratesPenzance1879.gif 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_performance" title="Copyright performance">copyright performance</a> at Paignton</figcaption></figure> Sullivan had sketched out the music for Pirates in England. When he arrived in New York, however, he found that he had left the sketches for Act I behind, and he had to reconstruct the first act from memory, or compose new numbers.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Gilbert told a correspondent many years later that Sullivan was unable to recall his setting of the entrance of the women's chorus, so they substituted the chorus "Climbing over rocky mountain" from their earlier opera, <a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Sullivan's manuscript for Pirates contains pages removed from a Thespis score, with the vocal parts of this chorus altered from their original arrangement as a four-part chorus. Some scholars (e.g. Tillett and Spencer, 2000) have suggested that Gilbert and Sullivan had planned all along to re-use "Climbing over rocky mountain," and perhaps other parts of Thespis. They argue that Sullivan's having brought the unpublished Thespis score to New York, when there were no plans to revive Thespis, might not have been accidental.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> In any case, on 10 December 1879, Sullivan wrote a letter to his mother about the new opera, upon which he was hard at work in New York. "I think it will be a great success, for it is exquisitely funny, and the music is strikingly tuneful and catching."<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs129-23">[20]</a> As was his usual practice in his operas, Sullivan left the <a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">overture</a> for the last moment, often sketching it out and entrusting completion of "the details" to an assistant, in this case the company's music director, Alfred Cellier.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Pinafore opened in New York on 1 December 1879 and ran for the rest of December. After a reasonably strong first week, audiences quickly fell off, since most New Yorkers had already seen local productions of Pinafore.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs129-23">[20]</a> In the meantime, Gilbert and Sullivan raced to complete and rehearse The Pirates of Penzance.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> The work's title is a multi-layered joke. On the one hand, <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a> was a docile seaside resort in 1879, and not the place where one would expect to encounter pirates.<a href="#cite_note-38">[d]</a> On the other hand, the title was also a jab at the theatrical "pirates" who had staged unlicensed productions of H.M.S. Pinafore in America.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> To secure the British <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[e]</a> a D'Oyly Carte touring company gave a perfunctory <a href="/wiki/Copyright_performance" title="Copyright performance">copyright performance</a> of Pirates the afternoon before the New York premiere, at the Royal Bijou Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Paignton" title="Paignton">Paignton</a>, Devon, organised by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Lenoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Lenoir">Helen Lenoir</a>, who would later marry Richard D'Oyly Carte. The cast, which was performing Pinafore in the evenings in <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a>, received some of the music for Pirates only two days beforehand. Having had only one rehearsal, they travelled to nearby Paignton for the matinee, where they read their parts from scripts carried onto the stage, making do with whatever costumes they had on hand.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_production_and_aftermath">Original production and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Original production and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grossmith_as_Gen_Stanley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grossmith_as_Gen_Stanley.jpg/170px-Grossmith_as_Gen_Stanley.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grossmith_as_Gen_Stanley.jpg/255px-Grossmith_as_Gen_Stanley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Grossmith_as_Gen_Stanley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a> as General Stanley, wearing <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Wolseley</a>'s trademark moustache</figcaption></figure> Pirates premiered on 31 December 1879 in New York and was an immediate hit.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs129-23">[20]</a> On 2 January 1880, Sullivan wrote, in another letter to his mother from New York, "The libretto is ingenious, clever, wonderfully funny in parts, and sometimes brilliant in dialogue – beautifully written for music, as is all Gilbert does. ... The music is infinitely superior in every way to the Pinafore – 'tunier' and more developed, of a higher class altogether. I think that in time it will be very popular."<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> Shortly thereafter, Carte sent three touring companies around the United States East Coast and Midwest, playing Pirates and Pinafore.<a href="#cite_note-Ainger182-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stedman175-45">[40]</a> Sullivan's prediction was correct. After a strong run in New York and several American tours, Pirates opened in London on 3 April 1880, running for 363 performances there.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> It remains one of the most popular G&S works.<a href="#cite_note-grove-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-48">[43]</a> The London sets were designed by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(painter)" title="John O'Connor (painter)">John O'Connor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rwApp-49">[44]</a> The critics' notices were generally excellent in both New York and London.<a href="#cite_note-NYTrev-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comiquerev-51">[46]</a> The character of Major-General Stanley was widely taken to be a caricature of the popular general <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Sir Garnet Wolseley</a>. The biographer Michael Ainger, however, doubts that Gilbert intended a caricature of Wolseley, identifying instead General Henry Turner, uncle of Gilbert's wife, as the pattern for the "modern Major-General". Gilbert disliked Turner, who, unlike the progressive Wolseley, was of the old school of officers. Nevertheless, in the original London production, <a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a> imitated Wolseley's mannerisms and appearance, particularly his large moustache, and the audience recognised the allusion. Wolseley himself, according to his biographer, took no offence at the caricature<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> and sometimes sang "I am the very model of a modern Major-General" for the private amusement of his family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Major-General Stanley (comic <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>)</li> <li>The Pirate King (<a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>)<a href="#cite_note-RichardEdwardNote-54">[49]</a></li> <li>Samuel, his Lieutenant (baritone)</li> <li>Frederic, the Pirate Apprentice (<a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>)</li> <li>Sergeant of Police (<a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>)<a href="#cite_note-RichardEdwardNote-54">[49]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dt>General Stanley's daughters</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Mabel (<a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>)</li> <li>Edith (<a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>)</li> <li>Kate (mezzo-soprano)</li> <li>Isabel (speaking role)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Ruth, a Piratical Maid of all work (<a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>)</li> <li>Chorus of Pirates, Police and General Stanley's Daughters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synopsis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marion_Hood_as_Mabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Marion_Hood_as_Mabel.jpg/170px-Marion_Hood_as_Mabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Marion_Hood_as_Mabel.jpg/255px-Marion_Hood_as_Mabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Marion_Hood_as_Mabel.jpg/340px-Marion_Hood_as_Mabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marion_Hood" title="Marion Hood">Marion Hood</a>: "Yes, 'tis Mabel!"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_I">Act I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act I">edit</a>]</div> On the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s reign, Frederic celebrates the completion of his twenty-first year and the end of his apprenticeship to a gentlemanly band of pirates ("Pour, oh pour the pirate sherry"). The pirates' maid of all work, Ruth, appears and reveals that, as Frederic's nursemaid long ago, she made a mistake "through being hard of hearing": Mishearing Frederic's father's instructions, she apprenticed him to a pirate, instead of to a ship's <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">pilot</a> ("When Frederic was a little lad"). Frederic has never seen any woman other than Ruth, and he believes her to be beautiful. The pirates know better and suggest that Frederic take Ruth with him when he returns to civilisation. Frederic announces that, although it pains him, so strong is his sense of duty that, once free from his apprenticeship, he will be forced to devote himself to the pirates' extermination. He also points out that they are not successful pirates: since they are all orphans, they allow their prey to go free if they too are orphans. Frederic notes that word of this has got about, so captured ships' companies routinely claim to be orphans. Frederic invites the pirates to give up piracy and go with him, so that he need not destroy them, but the Pirate King says that, contrasted with respectability, piracy is comparatively honest ("Oh! better far to live and die"). The pirates depart, leaving Frederic and Ruth. Frederic sees a group of beautiful young girls approaching the pirate lair, and realises that Ruth misled him about her appearance ("Oh false one! You have deceived me!"). Sending Ruth away, Frederic hides before the girls arrive. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_as_Frederic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Power_as_Frederic.jpg/170px-Power_as_Frederic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Power_as_Frederic.jpg/255px-Power_as_Frederic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Power_as_Frederic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Power,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir George Power, 7th Baronet">George Power</a>, the original Frederic in London</figcaption></figure> The girls burst exuberantly upon the secluded spot ("Climbing over rocky mountain"). Frederic reveals himself ("Stop, ladies, pray!"), startling them. He appeals to them to help him reform ("Oh! is there not one maiden breast?"). The girls are fascinated by him, but all reject him, except one: Mabel responds to his plea, chiding her sisters for their lack of charity ("Oh sisters deaf to pity's name for shame!"). She offers Frederic her pity ("Poor wand'ring one"), and the two quickly fall in love. The other girls discuss whether to eavesdrop or to leave the new couple alone ("What ought we to do?"), deciding to "talk about the weather," although they steal glances at the affectionate couple ("How beautifully blue the sky"). Frederic warns the young ladies that his old associates will soon return ("Stay, we must not lose our senses"), but before they can flee, the pirates arrive and capture the girls, intending to marry them ("Here's a first rate opportunity"). Mabel warns the pirates that the girls' father is a Major-General ("Hold, monsters!"), who soon arrives and introduces himself ("<a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">I am the very model of a modern Major-General</a>"). He appeals to the pirates not to take his daughters, leaving him to face his old age alone. Having heard of the famous Pirates of Penzance, he pretends that he is an orphan to elicit their sympathy ("Oh, men of dark and dismal fate"). The soft-hearted pirates release the girls ("Hail, Poetry!"), making Major-General Stanley and his daughters honorary members of their band ("Pray observe the magnanimity"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_II">Act II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act II">edit</a>]</div> The Major-General sits in a ruined chapel on his estate, surrounded by his daughters. His conscience is tortured by the lie that he told the pirates, and the girls attempt to console him ("Oh dry the glist'ning tear"). The Sergeant of Police and his corps arrive to announce their readiness to arrest the pirates ("When the foeman bares his steel"). The girls loudly express their admiration of the police for facing likely slaughter by fierce and merciless foes. The police are unnerved by this and leave reluctantly. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919paradox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1919paradox.jpg/250px-1919paradox.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1919paradox.jpg/375px-1919paradox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1919paradox.jpg/500px-1919paradox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>"Have mercy on us!"</figcaption></figure> Left alone, Frederic, who is to lead the police, reflects on his opportunity to atone for a life of piracy ("Now for the pirates' lair"), at which point he encounters Ruth and the Pirate King. They have realised that Frederic's apprenticeship was worded so as to bind him to them until his twenty-first birthday – and, because that birthday happens to be on 29 February (in a <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap year</a>), it means that <a href="/wiki/Quibble_(plot_device)" title="Quibble (plot device)">technically</a> only five birthdays have passed ("When you had left our pirate fold"), and he will not reach his twenty-first birthday until he is in his eighties. Frederic is convinced by this logic and agrees to rejoin the pirates. He then sees it as his duty to inform the Pirate King of the Major-General's deception. The outraged outlaw declares that the pirates' "revenge will be swift and terrible" ("Away, away, my heart's on fire"). Frederic meets Mabel ("All is prepared"), and she pleads with him to stay ("Stay Frederic, stay"), but he feels bound by his duty to the pirates until his 21st birthday – in 1940. They agree to be faithful to each other until then, though to Mabel "It seems so long" ("Oh, here is love, and here is truth"); Frederic departs. Mabel steels herself ("No, I'll be brave") and tells the police that they must go alone to face the pirates. The police muse that an outlaw might be just like any other man, and it is a shame to deprive him of "that liberty which is so dear to all" ("When a felon's not engaged in his employment"). The police hide on hearing the approach of the pirates ("A rollicking band of pirates we"), who have stolen onto the estate, intending to take revenge for the Major-General's lie ("With cat-like tread"). Just then, Major-General Stanley appears, sleepless with guilt, and the pirates also hide ("Hush, hush! not a word"), while the Major-General listens to the soothing breeze ("Sighing softly to the river"). The girls come looking for him. The pirates leap out to seize them, and the Pirate King urges the captured Major-General to prepare for death. The police rush to their defence but are easily defeated. The Sergeant has one stratagem left: he demands that the pirates yield "in <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s name"; the pirates, overcome with loyalty to their Queen, do so. Ruth appears and reveals that the pirates are "all noblemen who have gone wrong". The Major-General is impressed by this and all is forgiven. Frederic and Mabel are reunited, and the Major-General is happy to marry his daughters to the noble ex-pirates after all ("Poor Wand'ring Ones" (reprise)). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_numbers">Musical numbers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Musical numbers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Excerpts from the 1920 HMV recording of the opera, conducted by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Byng" title="George W. Byng">George W. Byng</a></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(HMV,_cond._Byng)_-_03_-_Oh,_better_far_to_live_and_die_-_Oh,_false_one,_you_have_deceived_me.mp3" title="File:The Pirates of Penzance (HMV, cond. Byng) - 03 - Oh, better far to live and die - Oh, false one, you have deceived me.mp3">Oh, better far to live and die ... Oh, false one, you have deceived me</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="237" data-mwtitle="The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(HMV,_cond._Byng)_-_03_-_Oh,_better_far_to_live_and_die_-_Oh,_false_one,_you_have_deceived_me.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_03_-_Oh%2C_better_far_to_live_and_die_-_Oh%2C_false_one%2C_you_have_deceived_me.mp3/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_03_-_Oh%2C_better_far_to_live_and_die_-_Oh%2C_false_one%2C_you_have_deceived_me.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_03_-_Oh%2C_better_far_to_live_and_die_-_Oh%2C_false_one%2C_you_have_deceived_me.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(HMV,_cond._Byng)_-_06_-_Oh,_sisters,_deaf_to_pity%27s_name_-_Poor_wand%27ring_one.mp3" title="File:The Pirates of Penzance (HMV, cond. Byng) - 06 - Oh, sisters, deaf to pity's name - Poor wand'ring one.mp3">Oh, sisters, deaf to pity's name ... Poor wand'ring one</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="201" data-mwtitle="The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(HMV,_cond._Byng)_-_06_-_Oh,_sisters,_deaf_to_pity's_name_-_Poor_wand'ring_one.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_06_-_Oh%2C_sisters%2C_deaf_to_pity%27s_name_-_Poor_wand%27ring_one.mp3/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_06_-_Oh%2C_sisters%2C_deaf_to_pity%27s_name_-_Poor_wand%27ring_one.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_06_-_Oh%2C_sisters%2C_deaf_to_pity%27s_name_-_Poor_wand%27ring_one.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(HMV,_cond._Byng)_-_13_-_When_the_foeman_bares_his_steel.mp3" title="File:The Pirates of Penzance (HMV, cond. Byng) - 13 - When the foeman bares his steel.mp3">When the foeman bares his steel</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="253" data-mwtitle="The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(HMV,_cond._Byng)_-_13_-_When_the_foeman_bares_his_steel.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_13_-_When_the_foeman_bares_his_steel.mp3/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_13_-_When_the_foeman_bares_his_steel.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_%28HMV%2C_cond._Byng%29_-_13_-_When_the_foeman_bares_his_steel.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_King1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pirate_King1.jpg/170px-Pirate_King1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pirate_King1.jpg/255px-Pirate_King1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pirate_King1.jpg/340px-Pirate_King1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple_(bass-baritone)" title="Richard Temple (bass-baritone)">Richard Temple</a> as the Pirate King</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jay_as_Mabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jay_as_Mabel.jpg/170px-Jay_as_Mabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jay_as_Mabel.jpg/255px-Jay_as_Mabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jay_as_Mabel.jpg/340px-Jay_as_Mabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Jay" title="Isabel Jay">Isabel Jay</a> as Mabel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pirate_King_Denounces_the_Major_General.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/The_Pirate_King_Denounces_the_Major_General.jpg/400px-The_Pirate_King_Denounces_the_Major_General.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/The_Pirate_King_Denounces_the_Major_General.jpg/600px-The_Pirate_King_Denounces_the_Major_General.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/The_Pirate_King_Denounces_the_Major_General.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Pirate King <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a> denounces Major-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Workman" title="Charles H. Workman">C. H. Workman</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Overture (includes "With cat-like tread", "Ah, leave me not to pine", "Pray observe the magnanimity", "When you had left our pirate fold", "Climbing over rocky mountain", and "How beautifully blue the sky")</li></ul> Act I <ul><li>1. "Pour, oh pour, the pirate sherry" (Samuel and Chorus of Pirates)</li> <li>2. "When Fred'ric was a little lad" (Ruth)</li> <li>3. "Oh, better far to live and die" (Pirate King and Chorus of Pirates)</li> <li>4. "Oh! false one, you have deceiv'd me" (Frederic and Ruth)</li> <li>5. "Climbing over rocky mountain" (Chorus of Girls)</li> <li>6. "Stop, ladies, pray" (Edith, Kate, Frederic, and Chorus of Girls)</li> <li>7. "Oh, is there not one maiden breast?" (Frederic and Chorus of Girls)</li> <li>8. "Poor wand'ring one" (Mabel and Chorus of Girls)</li> <li>9. "What ought we to do?" (Edith, Kate, and Chorus of Girls)</li> <li>10. "How beautifully blue the sky" (Mabel, Frederic, and Chorus of Girls)</li> <li>11. "Stay, we must not lose our senses" ... "Here's a first-rate opportunity to get married with impunity" (Frederic and Chorus of Girls and Pirates)</li> <li>12. "Hold, monsters" (Mabel, Major-General, Samuel, and Chorus)</li> <li>13. "<a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">I am the very model of a modern Major-General</a>" (Major-General and Chorus)</li> <li>14. Finale Act I (Mabel, Kate, Edith, Ruth, Frederic, Samuel, King, Major-General, and Chorus) <ul><li>"Oh, men of dark and dismal fate"</li> <li>"I'm telling a terrible story"</li> <li>"Hail, Poetry"</li> <li>"Oh, happy day, with joyous glee"</li> <li>"Pray observe the magnanimity" (reprise of "Here's a first-rate opportunity")</li></ul></li></ul> Act II <ul><li>15. "Oh, dry the glist'ning tear" (Mabel and Chorus of Girls)</li> <li>16. "Then, Frederic, let your escort lion-hearted" (Frederic and Major-General)</li> <li>17. "When the foeman bares his steel" (Mabel, Edith, Sergeant, and Chorus of Policemen and Girls)</li> <li>18. "Now for the pirates' lair!" (Frederic, Ruth, and King)</li> <li>19. "When you had left our pirate fold" [The "paradox" trio] (Ruth, Frederic, and King)</li> <li>20. "Away, away! My heart's on fire!" (Ruth, Frederic, and King)</li> <li>21. "All is prepar'd; your gallant crew await you" (Mabel and Frederic)</li> <li>22. "Stay, Fred'ric, stay" ... "Ah, leave me not to pine" ... "Oh, here is love, and here is truth" (Mabel and Frederic)</li> <li>23. "No, I'll be brave" ... "Though in body and in mind" (Reprise of "When the foeman bares his steel") (Mabel, Sergeant, and Chorus of Police)</li> <li>23a. "Sergeant, approach!" (Mabel, Sergeant of Police, and Chorus of Police)</li> <li>24. "When a felon's not engaged in his employment" (Sergeant and Chorus of Police)</li> <li>25. "A rollicking band of pirates we" (Sergeant and Chorus of Pirates and Police)</li> <li>26. "With cat-like tread, upon our prey we steal" (Samuel and Chorus of Pirates and Police)</li> <li>27. "Hush, hush, not a word!" (Frederic, King, Major-General, and Chorus of Police and Pirates)</li> <li>28. Finale, Act II (Ensemble) <ul><li>"Sighing softly to the river"</li> <li>"Now what is this, and what is that?"</li> <li>"You/We triumph now"</li> <li>"Away with them, and place them at the bar!"</li> <li>"Poor wandering ones!"</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</div> The notices from critics were generally excellent in both New York and London in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> In New York, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">Herald</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">Tribune</a> both dedicated considerable space to their reviews. The Herald took the view that "the new work is in every respect superior to the Pinafore, the text more humorous, the music more elegant and more elaborate."<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> The Tribune called it "a brilliant and complete success", commenting, "The humor of the Pirates is richer, but more recondite. It demands a closer attention to the words [but] there are great stores of wit and drollery ... which will well repay exploration. ... The music is fresh, bright, elegant and merry, and much of it belongs to a higher order of art than the most popular of the tunes of Pinafore."<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> also praised the work, writing, "it would be impossible for a confirmed misanthrope to refrain from merriment over it", though the paper doubted if Pirates could repeat the prodigious success of Pinafore.<a href="#cite_note-NYTrev-50">[45]</a> After the London premiere, the critical consensus, led by the theatrical newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a>, was that the new work marked a distinct advance on Gilbert and Sullivan's earlier works.<a href="#cite_note-Comiquerev-51">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pall_Mall_Gazette" title="The Pall Mall Gazette">The Pall Mall Gazette</a> said, "Of Mr. Sullivan's music we must speak in detail on some other occasion. Suffice it for the present to say that in the new style which he has marked out for himself it is the best he has written."<a href="#cite_note-pmg-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Graphic" title="The Graphic">The Graphic</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">That no composer can meet the requirements of Mr. Gilbert like Mr. Sullivan, and vice versa, is a fact universally admitted. One might fancy that verse and music were of simultaneous growth, so closely and firmly are they interwoven. Away from this consideration, the score of The Pirates of Penzance is one upon which Mr. Sullivan must have bestowed earnest consideration, for independently of its constant flow of melody, it is written throughout for voices and instruments with infinite care, and the issue is a cabinet miniature of exquisitely defined proportions. ... That the Pirates is a clear advance upon its precursors, from <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_Jury" title="Trial by Jury">Trial by Jury</a> to H.M.S. Pinafore, cannot be denied; it contains more variety, marked character, careful workmanship, and is in fact a more finished artistic achievement … a brilliant success.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a></blockquote> There were a few dissenting comments: <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a> thought both author and composer had drawn on the works of their predecessors: "Mr. Gilbert ... seems to have borrowed an idea from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Sheridan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(play)" title="The Critic (play)">The Critic</a>; Mr. Sullivan's music is sprightly, tuneful and full of 'go', although it is certainly lacking in originality."<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Times" title="The Sporting Times">The Sporting Times</a> noted, "It doesn't appear to have struck any of the critics yet that the central idea in The Pirates of Penzance is taken from Our Island Home, which was played by the <a href="/wiki/German_Reed_Entertainments" title="German Reed Entertainments">German Reeds</a> some ten years ago."<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> thought Gilbert's wit outran his dramatic invention, and Sullivan's music for the new work was not quite as good as his score for <a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a>, which the Times critic called a masterpiece.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_analysis">Musical analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Musical analysis">edit</a>]</div> The overture to The Pirates of Penzance was composed by Sullivan and his musical assistant <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cellier" title="Alfred Cellier">Alfred Cellier</a>. It follows the pattern of most <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a> overtures: a lively opening (the melody of "With cat-like tread"), a slow middle section ("Ah, leave me not to pine alone"), and a concluding <a href="/wiki/Tempo#Italian_tempo_markings" title="Tempo">allegro</a> in a compressed <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>, in which the themes of "How beautifully blue the sky" and "A paradox, a paradox" are combined.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parody">Parody</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parody">edit</a>]</div> The score parodies several composers, most conspicuously <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>. "Come, friends, who plough the sea" and "You triumph now" are burlesques of <a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hulme-64">[59]</a> and one of the best-known choral passages from the finale to Act I, "Hail Poetry", is, according to the Sullivan scholar, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jacobs" title="Arthur Jacobs">Arthur Jacobs</a>, a burlesque of the prayer scene, "La Vergine degli Angeli", in Verdi's <a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> However, another musicologist, Nicholas Temperley, writes, "The choral outburst 'Hail, Poetry' in The Pirates of Penzance would need very little alteration to turn it into a <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> string quartet."<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> Another well-known parody number from the work is the song for <a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">coloratura</a>, "Poor wand'ring one", which is generally thought to burlesque <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a>'s waltz-songs,<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> though the music critic of The Times called it "mock-<a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>".<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> In a scene in Act II, Mabel addresses the police, who chant their response in the manner of an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church service.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> Sullivan even managed to parody two composers at once. The critic <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Milnes" title="Rodney Milnes">Rodney Milnes</a> describes the Major-General's Act II song, "Sighing softly to the river", "as plainly inspired by – and indeed worthy of – Sullivan's hero <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>",<a href="#cite_note-rodders-70">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Amanda Holden</a> speaks of the song's "Schubertian water-rippling accompaniment", but adds that it simultaneously spoofs Verdi's Il trovatore, with the soloist unaware of a concealed male chorus singing behind him.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patter,_counterpoint,_and_vocal_writing">Patter, counterpoint, and vocal writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patter, counterpoint, and vocal writing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_(Baker,_1921).mp3" title="File:Sullivan - The Pirates of Penzance - I am the very model of a modern Major-General (Baker, 1921).mp3">Major-General's Song</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="163" data-mwtitle="Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_(Baker,_1921).mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_%28Baker%2C_1921%29.mp3/Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_%28Baker%2C_1921%29.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_%28Baker%2C_1921%29.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(baritone)" title="George Baker (baritone)">George Baker</a> sings the "I am the very model of a modern Major-General", conducted by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Byng" title="George W. Byng">George W. Byng</a> (1920)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Writing about <a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">patter songs</a>, Shaw, in his capacity as a music critic, praised "the time-honored lilt which Sir Arthur Sullivan, following the example of Mozart and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>, chose for the lists of accomplishments of the Major-General in The Pirates or the Colonel in <a href="/wiki/Patience_(opera)" title="Patience (opera)">Patience</a>."<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> This opera contains two well-known examples of Sullivan's characteristic combination of two seemingly disparate melodies. Jacobs suggests that <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a>, a great favourite in Sullivan's formative years, may have been the model for Sullivan's trademark contrapuntal mingling of the rapid prattle of the women's chorus in Act I ("How beautifully blue the sky") in 2/4 time with the lovers' duet in waltz time. Jacobs writes that "the whole number [shifts] with Schubertian ease from B to G and back again."<a href="#cite_note-grove-47">[42]</a> In Act II, a double chorus combines the policemen's dogged tune, "When the foeman bares his steel" and the soaring line for the women, "Go, ye heroes, go to glory".<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> In adapting the four-part chorus "Climbing over rocky mountain" from Thespis for re-use in Pirates, Sullivan took less trouble: he wrote only a single vocal line, suitable for soprano voices.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> Despite this, the number ends with another example of Sullivan's counterpoint, with the chorus singing the second melody of the piece ("Let us gaily tread the measure") while the orchestra plays the first ("Climbing over rocky mountain").<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> Sullivan set a particular vocal challenge for the soprano who portrays Mabel. The Sullivan scholar <a href="/wiki/Gervase_Hughes" title="Gervase Hughes">Gervase Hughes</a> wrote, "Mabel ... must be a coloratura because of 'Poor wand'ring one!', yet 'Dear father, why leave your bed' demands steady beauty of tone throughout the octave F to F, and 'Ah, leave me not to pine' goes a third lower still."<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> In The Music of Arthur Sullivan (1959), Hughes quoted four extracts from Pirates, saying that if hearing each out of context one might attribute it to Schubert, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, Gounod or <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a> respectively, "yet on learning the truth one would kick oneself for not having recognised Sullivan's touch in all four." Hughes concluded by quoting the introductory bars of "When a felon's not engaged in his employment", adding, "There could never be any doubt as to who wrote that, and it is as English as our wonderful police themselves."<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Versions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg/200px-Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg/300px-Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg/400px-Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>1880 poster</figcaption></figure> Because the work was premiered in three different places (the Paignton performance and the full productions in New York and London), there are more variations in the early libretto and score of The Pirates of Penzance than in other Gilbert and Sullivan works. Songs sent from New York to the D'Oyly Carte touring company in England for the Paignton premiere were then altered or omitted during Broadway rehearsals. Gilbert and Sullivan trimmed the work for the London premiere, and Gilbert made further alterations up to and including the 1908 Savoy revival. For example, early versions depicted the Pirate King as the servant of the pirate band,<a href="#cite_note-brad-78">[73]</a> and the words of the opening chorus were, "Pour, O King, the pirate sherry".<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> In the original New York production the revelation by Ruth that the pirates are "all noblemen who have gone wrong" prompted the following exchange (recalling a famous passage in <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a>): <table> <tbody><tr> <td>GENERAL, POLICE & GIRLS:</td> <td>What, all noblemen? </td></tr> <tr> <td>KING & PIRATES:</td> <td>Yes, all noblemen! </td></tr> <tr> <td>GENERAL, POLICE & GIRLS:</td> <td>What, all? </td></tr> <tr> <td>KING:</td> <td>Well, nearly all! </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top">ALL: </td> <td>. . . They are nearly all noblemen who have gone wrong. <dl><dd>Then give three cheers, both loud and strong,</dd> <dd>For the twenty noblemen who have gone wrong....</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> In the original London production, this exchange was shortened to the following: <table> <tbody><tr> <td>GIRLS:</td> <td>Oh spare them! They are all noblemen who have gone wrong. </td></tr> <tr> <td>GENERAL:</td> <td>What, all noblemen? </td></tr> <tr> <td>KING:</td> <td>Yes, all noblemen! </td></tr> <tr> <td>GENERAL:</td> <td>What, all? </td></tr> <tr> <td>KING:</td> <td>Well, nearly all! </td></tr></tbody></table> Gilbert deleted the exchange in the 1900 revival, and the <a href="/wiki/Chappell_%26_Co." title="Chappell & Co.">Chappell</a> vocal score was revised accordingly. For the 1908 revival Gilbert had the pirates yielding "in good King Edward's name".<a href="#cite_note-brad-78">[73]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Helen_Carte" title="Helen Carte">Helen Carte</a>'s repeated urging, Gilbert did not prepare an authorised version of the libretti of the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy operas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> In its 1989 production, the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a> restored one of the original versions of the finale, which finishes with a variation of "I am the very model of a modern major-general", rather than with the customary reprise of "Poor wand'ring one",<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> but in later revivals, it reverted to the more familiar text.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-70">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_production_history">Subsequent production history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subsequent production history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SulksPir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SulksPir.jpg/200px-SulksPir.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SulksPir.jpg/300px-SulksPir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SulksPir.jpg/400px-SulksPir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>1881 programme cover</figcaption></figure> The Pirates of Penzance has been one of Gilbert and Sullivan's most popular comic operas. After its unique triple opening in 1879–80, it was revived in London at the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Theatre" title="Savoy Theatre">Savoy Theatre</a> in 1888 and in 1900, and for the Savoy's repertory season of 1908–09. In the British provinces, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company toured it almost continuously from 1880 to 1884, and again in 1888. It re-entered the D'Oyly Carte touring repertory in 1893 and was never again absent until the company's closure in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> New costumes were designed by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Anderson_(designer)" title="Percy Anderson (designer)">Percy Anderson</a> in 1919 and <a href="/wiki/George_Sheringham" title="George Sheringham">George Sheringham</a> in 1929 (who also executed a new Act I set). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goffin" title="Peter Goffin">Peter Goffin</a> created a new touring set in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-rwApp-49">[44]</a> In America, after the New York opening on New Year's Eve, 1879, <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a> launched four companies that covered the United States on tours that lasted through the following summer.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> Gilbert and Sullivan themselves trained each of the touring companies through January and early February 1880, and each company's first performance – whether it was in Philadelphia, Newark, or Buffalo – was conducted by the composer. In Australia, its first authorised performance was on 19 March 1881 at the Theatre Royal, Sydney, produced by <a href="/wiki/J._C._Williamson" title="J. C. Williamson">J. C. Williamson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ORC-16">[15]</a> There was still no international copyright law in 1880, and the first unauthorised New York production was given by the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Ideal_Opera_Company" title="Boston Ideal Opera Company">Boston Ideal Opera Company</a> at Booth's Theatre in September of that year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The opera premiered in a German translation by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gen%C3%A9e" title="Richard Genée">Richard Genée</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Walzel" title="Camillo Walzel">Camillo Walzel</a> (Die Piraten) in Austria at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_an_der_Wien" title="Theater an der Wien">Theater an der Wien</a> on 1 March 1889, and in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, Germany, on 1 December 1936.<a href="#cite_note-ORC-16">[15]</a> The first non-D'Oyly Carte professional production in a country that had been subject to Gilbert's copyright (other than Williamsons' authorised productions) was in <a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Ontario" title="Stratford, Ontario">Stratford, Ontario</a>, Canada, in September 1961, as the copyright expired. In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> branch of the Gilbert and Sullivan Society presented a centenary tribute to the world premiere performance of Pirates in Paignton, with a production at the Palace Avenue Theatre (situated a few metres from the former Bijou Theatre).<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> New York has seen over forty major revivals since the premiere.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> One of these, produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Ames" title="Winthrop Ames">Winthrop Ames</a> in 1926 at the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre" title="Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre">Plymouth Theatre</a>, ran for 128 performances<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> and gained good notices.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> A brief 1952 Broadway staging starring <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Green" title="Martyn Green">Martyn Green</a>, earned <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Engel" title="Lehman Engel">Lehman Engel</a> a Tony Award as conductor.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> Repertory companies that have mounted Pirates numerous times <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> and on tour in the US have included the <a href="/wiki/American_Savoyards" title="American Savoyards">American Savoyards</a> (1953–67),<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Light_Opera_of_Manhattan" title="Light Opera of Manhattan">Light Opera of Manhattan</a> (1968–89)<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Gilbert_and_Sullivan_Players" title="New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players">New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players</a> (1976–present).<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> As discussed below, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papp" title="Joseph Papp">Joseph Papp</a>'s 1980–83 Pirates ran for nearly two years each on Broadway and in the <a href="/wiki/West_End_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="West End Theatre">West End</a>, boosting the opera's popularity. Professional and amateur productions of the opera continue with frequency. For example, in 2004, there was a West End production at the Savoy Theatre,<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Lyric_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Lyric Opera">Chicago Lyric Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> each also staged the work.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> From 2006 to 2007 an <a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a> production toured Australia starring <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Warlow" title="Anthony Warlow">Anthony Warlow</a> as the Pirate King,<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> and in 2007 <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a> mounted a new production.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Opera" title="Scottish Opera">Scottish Opera</a> produced a British touring production co-produced by the trustees of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Suart" title="Richard Suart">Richard Suart</a> played Major-General Stanley and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sharratt" title="Nicholas Sharratt">Nicholas Sharratt</a> played Frederic.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> A Broadway production titled Pirates! The Penzance Musical is set to run at the <a href="/wiki/Todd_Haimes_Theatre" title="Todd Haimes Theatre">Todd Haimes Theatre</a>, with previews from 4 April 2025, and an official opening on 24 April; it is expected to play through 22 June 2025. It is set to star <a href="/wiki/David_Hyde_Pierce" title="David Hyde Pierce">David Hyde Pierce</a> as Gilbert/Major General Stanley; <a href="/wiki/Ramin_Karimloo" title="Ramin Karimloo">Ramin Karimloo</a> as the Pirate King, <a href="/wiki/Jinkx_Monsoon" title="Jinkx Monsoon">Jinkx Monsoon</a> as Ruth, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Barasch" title="Nicholas Barasch">Nicholas Barasch</a> as Frederic, Samantha Williams as Mabel and Preston Truman Boyd as Sullivan/Sergeant of Police. <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Holmes" title="Rupert Holmes">Rupert Holmes</a> adapted the libretto with a <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> setting. New orchestrations with Caribbean and <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a> influences are by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joubert" title="Joseph Joubert">Joseph Joubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Waters" title="Daryl Waters">Daryl Waters</a>, with Joubert serving as music director; dance arrangements are by John O'Neill. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ellis" title="Scott Ellis">Scott Ellis</a> is set to direct, with choreography by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Carlyle" title="Warren Carlyle">Warren Carlyle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_Theatre_Company" title="Roundabout Theatre Company">Roundabout Theatre Company</a> is producing. Designs are by <a href="/wiki/David_Rockwell" title="David Rockwell">David Rockwell</a> (sets), Linda Cho (costumes), <a href="/wiki/Donald_Holder" title="Donald Holder">Donald Holder</a> (lighting) and Mikaal Sulaiman (sound).<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> A concert of this concept was staged in October 2022 by, and for the benefit of, Roundabout, at the same theatre, with the same creative team, starring Pierce and Karimloo, with <a href="/wiki/Colton_Ryan" title="Colton Ryan">Colton Ryan</a> as Frederic.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> The following table shows the history of the D'Oyly Carte productions in Gilbert's lifetime (excluding tours): <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MajGeneraldrawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MajGeneraldrawing.jpg/170px-MajGeneraldrawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MajGeneraldrawing.jpg/255px-MajGeneraldrawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MajGeneraldrawing.jpg/340px-MajGeneraldrawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Drawing from programme of children's Pirates, 1884</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Theatre</th> <th>Opening date</th> <th>Closing date</th> <th>Perfs.</th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bijou Theatre, Paignton</td> <td nowrap="">30 December 1879</td> <td nowrap="">30 December 1879</td> <td align="center">1</td> <td>English <a href="/wiki/Copyright_performance" title="Copyright performance">copyright performance</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Theatre" title="Fifth Avenue Theatre">Fifth Avenue Theatre</a>, New York</td> <td>31 December 1879</td> <td>6 March 1880</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">100</td> <td rowspan="2">Original run in New York. The company toured the Eastern seaboard between 8 March and 15 May. Three other touring companies were launched in January and February 1880. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 May 1880</td> <td>5 June 1880 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opera_Comique" title="Opera Comique">Opera Comique</a></td> <td>3 April 1880</td> <td>2 April 1881</td> <td align="center">363</td> <td>Original London run. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Theatre" title="Savoy Theatre">Savoy Theatre</a></td> <td>23 December 1884</td> <td>14 February 1885</td> <td align="center">37</td> <td>Children's Pirates – series of matinées with a juvenile cast.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savoy Theatre</td> <td>17 March 1888</td> <td>6 June 1888</td> <td align="center">80</td> <td>First professional revival. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savoy Theatre</td> <td>30 June 1900</td> <td>5 November 1900</td> <td align="center">127</td> <td>Second professional revival. </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="">Savoy Theatre</td> <td>1 December 1908</td> <td>27 March 1909</td> <td align="center">43</td> <td>Second Savoy repertory season; played with five other operas. (Closing date shown is of the entire season.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_casting">Historical casting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical casting">edit</a>]</div> The following tables show the casts of the principal original productions and D'Oyly Carte Opera Company touring repertory at various times through to the company's 1982 closure: <table class="wikitable" style="width: 65em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role</th> <th>Paignton 1879<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a></th> <th>New York 1879<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a></th> <th>Opera Comique 1880<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a></th> <th>Savoy Theatre 1888<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a></th> <th>Savoy Theatre 1900<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Major-General</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mansfield" title="Richard Mansfield">Richard Mansfield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._H._Ryley" title="J. H. Ryley">J. H. Ryley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pirate King</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Federici" title="Frederick Federici">Frederick Federici</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Signor_Brocolini" title="Signor Brocolini">Sgr. Brocolini</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple_(bass-baritone)" title="Richard Temple (bass-baritone)">Richard Temple</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple_(bass-baritone)" title="Richard Temple (bass-baritone)">Richard Temple</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jones_Hewson" title="Jones Hewson">Jones Hewson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel</td> <td>G. J. Lackner</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Furneaux_Cook" title="Furneaux Cook">Furneaux Cook</a></td> <td>George Temple</td> <td>Richard Cummings</td> <td>W. H. Leon </td></tr> <tr> <td>James</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Le_Hay" title="John Le Hay">John Le Hay</a></td> <td colspan="4" align="center">role eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frederic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Cadwaladr" title="Llewellyn Cadwaladr">Llewellyn Cadwaladr</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Talbot" title="Hugh Talbot">Hugh Talbot</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Power,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir George Power, 7th Baronet">George Power</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._G._Robertson" title="J. G. Robertson">J. G. Robertson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evett" title="Robert Evett">Robert Evett</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sergeant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Billington" title="Fred Billington">Fred Billington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Clifton" title="Fred Clifton">Fred Clifton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Passmore" title="Walter Passmore">Walter Passmore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mabel</td> <td>Emilie Petrelli</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Roosevelt" title="Blanche Roosevelt">Blanche Roosevelt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marion_Hood" title="Marion Hood">Marion Hood</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ulmar" title="Geraldine Ulmar">Geraldine Ulmar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Jay" title="Isabel Jay">Isabel Jay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edith</td> <td>Marian May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Bond" title="Jessie Bond">Jessie Bond</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gwynne" title="Julia Gwynne">Julia Gwynne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Bond" title="Jessie Bond">Jessie Bond</a></td> <td>Lulu Evans </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kate</td> <td>Lena Monmouth</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Brandram" title="Rosina Brandram">Rosina Brandram</a></td> <td>Lilian La Rue<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a></td> <td>Nellie Kavanagh</td> <td>Alice Coleman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isabel</td> <td>Kate Neville</td> <td>Billie Barlow</td> <td>Neva Bond</td> <td>Nellie Lawrence</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Fraser" title="Agnes Fraser">Agnes Fraser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruth</td> <td>Fanny Harrison</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alice_Barnett" title="Alice Barnett">Alice Barnett</a></td> <td>Emily Cross</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Brandram" title="Rosina Brandram">Rosina Brandram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Brandram" title="Rosina Brandram">Rosina Brandram</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 65em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role</th> <th>Savoy Theatre 1908<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1915 Tour<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1925 Tour<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1935 Tour<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1945 Tour<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Major-General</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Workman" title="Charles H. Workman">Charles H. Workman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Green" title="Martyn Green">Martyn Green</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grahame_Clifford" title="Grahame Clifford">Grahame Clifford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pirate King</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lytton" title="Henry Lytton">Henry Lytton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Tunks" title="Leicester Tunks">Leicester Tunks</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Fancourt" title="Darrell Fancourt">Darrell Fancourt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Fancourt" title="Darrell Fancourt">Darrell Fancourt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Fancourt" title="Darrell Fancourt">Darrell Fancourt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sheffield" title="Leo Sheffield">Leo Sheffield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hobbs_(singer)" title="Frederick Hobbs (singer)">Frederick Hobbs</a></td> <td>Joseph Griffin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walker_(baritone)" title="Richard Walker (baritone)">Richard Walker</a></td> <td>Hilton Layland </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frederic</td> <td>Henry Herbert</td> <td>Dewey Gibson</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goulding" title="Charles Goulding">Charles Goulding</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dean_(tenor)" title="John Dean (tenor)">John Dean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dean_(tenor)" title="John Dean (tenor)">John Dean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sergeant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Barrington" title="Rutland Barrington">Rutland Barrington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Billington" title="Fred Billington">Fred Billington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sheffield" title="Leo Sheffield">Leo Sheffield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Granville" title="Sydney Granville">Sydney Granville</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walker_(baritone)" title="Richard Walker (baritone)">Richard Walker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mabel</td> <td>Dorothy Court</td> <td>Elsie McDermid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Griffin" title="Elsie Griffin">Elsie Griffin</a></td> <td>Kathleen Frances</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_Roberts" title="Helen Roberts">Helen Roberts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edith</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Rose" title="Jessie Rose">Jessie Rose</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Briercliffe" title="Nellie Briercliffe">Nellie Briercliffe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Sharp" title="Eileen Sharp">Eileen Sharp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Eyre" title="Marjorie Eyre">Marjorie Eyre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Eyre" title="Marjorie Eyre">Marjorie Eyre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kate</td> <td>Beatrice Boarer</td> <td>Betty Grylls</td> <td>Aileen Davies</td> <td>Maisie Baxter</td> <td>Ivy Sanders </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isabel</td> <td>Ethel Lewis</td> <td>Kitty Twinn</td> <td>Hilary Davies</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Nickell-Lean" title="Elizabeth Nickell-Lean">Elizabeth Nickell-Lean</a></td> <td>Rosalie Dyer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruth</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louie_Ren%C3%A9" title="Louie René">Louie René</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Lewis" title="Bertha Lewis">Bertha Lewis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Lewis" title="Bertha Lewis">Bertha Lewis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gill" title="Dorothy Gill">Dorothy Gill</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ella_Halman" title="Ella Halman">Ella Halman</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 65em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.2"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role</th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1950 Tour<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1958 Tour<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1968 Tour<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1975 Tour<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></th> <th>D'Oyly Carte 1981 Tour<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Major-General</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Green" title="Martyn Green">Martyn Green</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pratt" title="Peter Pratt">Peter Pratt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(actor)" title="John Reed (actor)">John Reed</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Conroy-Ward" title="James Conroy-Ward">James Conroy-Ward</a></td> <td>Alistair Donkin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pirate King</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Fancourt" title="Darrell Fancourt">Darrell Fancourt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adams" title="Donald Adams">Donald Adams</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adams" title="Donald Adams">Donald Adams</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Ayldon" title="John Ayldon">John Ayldon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Ayldon" title="John Ayldon">John Ayldon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel</td> <td>Donald Harris</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Cook_(opera_singer)" title="George Cook (opera singer)">George Cook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Styler" title="Alan Styler">Alan Styler</a></td> <td>Jon Ellison</td> <td>Michael Buchan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frederic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Osborn" title="Leonard Osborn">Leonard Osborn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Round" title="Thomas Round">Thomas Round</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Potter" title="Philip Potter">Philip Potter</a></td> <td>Colin Wright</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meston_Reid" title="Meston Reid">Meston Reid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sergeant</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Watson (singer)">Richard Watson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sandford" title="Kenneth Sandford">Kenneth Sandford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Cook_(opera_singer)" title="George Cook (opera singer)">George Cook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rayner" title="Michael Rayner">Michael Rayner</a></td> <td>Clive Harre </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mabel</td> <td>Muriel Harding</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hindmarsh" title="Jean Hindmarsh">Jean Hindmarsh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Masterson" title="Valerie Masterson">Valerie Masterson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Goss" title="Julia Goss">Julia Goss</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Tierney" title="Vivian Tierney">Vivian Tierney</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edith</td> <td>Joan Gillingham</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Wright" title="Joyce Wright">Joyce Wright</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Jones" title="Peggy Ann Jones">Peggy Ann Jones</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Leonard" title="Patricia Leonard">Patricia Leonard</a></td> <td>Jill Pert </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Wright" title="Joyce Wright">Joyce Wright</a></td> <td>Marian Martin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Wales" title="Pauline Wales">Pauline Wales</a></td> <td>Caroline Baker</td> <td>Helene Witcombe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isabel</td> <td>Enid Walsh</td> <td>Jane Fyffe</td> <td>Susan Maisey</td> <td>Rosalind Griffiths</td> <td>Alexandra Hann </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruth</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ella_Halman" title="Ella Halman">Ella Halman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ann_Drummond-Grant" title="Ann Drummond-Grant">Ann Drummond-Grant</a></td> <td>Christene Palmer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyndsie_Holland" title="Lyndsie Holland">Lyndsie Holland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Leonard" title="Patricia Leonard">Patricia Leonard</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joseph_Papp's_Pirates">Joseph Papp's Pirates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Joseph Papp's Pirates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirates-of-penzance-DVDcover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Pirates-of-penzance-DVDcover.jpg/170px-Pirates-of-penzance-DVDcover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Pirates-of-penzance-DVDcover.jpg/255px-Pirates-of-penzance-DVDcover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/Pirates-of-penzance-DVDcover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rex_Smith" title="Rex Smith">Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Ronstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kline</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Delacorte_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Delacorte Theatre">Delacorte Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papp" title="Joseph Papp">Joseph Papp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Theater">Public Theater</a> of New York City produced a new version of Pirates, directed by <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Leach" title="Wilford Leach">Wilford Leach</a> and choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Delacorte_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Delacorte Theatre">Delacorte Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare in the Park">Shakespeare in the Park</a> summer event. Musical direction and arrangements were by William Elliott. The show played for 10 previews and 35 performances. It then transferred to Broadway, opening on 8 January 1981 for a run of 20 previews and 787 regular performances at the <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gershwin Theatre">Uris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minskoff_Theatre" title="Minskoff Theatre">Minskoff</a> Theatres, the longest run of any Gilbert and Sullivan production in history.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley76-119">[114]</a> This take on Pirates earned enthusiastic reviews<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> and seven <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> nominations, winning three, including the award for <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival" title="Tony Award for Best Revival">Best Revival</a> and for Leach as director. It was also nominated for eight <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award" title="Drama Desk Award">Drama Desk Awards</a>, winning five, including <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical">Outstanding Musical</a> and director.<a href="#cite_note-IBDB-121">[116]</a> Compared with traditional productions of the opera, Papp's Pirates featured a more swashbuckling Pirate King and Frederic, and a broader, more <a href="/wiki/Musical_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical comedy">musical comedy</a> style of singing and humour. It did not significantly change the libretto, but it used a new orchestration and arrangements that changed keys, added repeats, lengthened dance music and made other minor changes in the score. The "Matter Patter" trio from <a href="/wiki/Ruddigore" title="Ruddigore">Ruddigore</a> and "Sorry her lot" from <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a>, two other Gilbert and Sullivan operas, were interpolated into the show.<a href="#cite_note-ORC-16">[15]</a> The production also restored Gilbert and Sullivan's original New York ending, with a reprise of the Major-General's song in the Act II finale. <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a> starred as Mabel, <a href="/wiki/Rex_Smith" title="Rex Smith">Rex Smith</a> as Frederic, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kevin Kline</a> as the Pirate King, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Routledge" title="Patricia Routledge">Patricia Routledge</a> as Ruth (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Estelle_Parsons" title="Estelle Parsons">Estelle Parsons</a> for the Broadway transfer), <a href="/wiki/George_Rose_(actor)" title="George Rose (actor)">George Rose</a> as the Major-General, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Azito" title="Tony Azito">Tony Azito</a> as the Sergeant of Police. Kline won a Tony Award for his performance. Smith won a <a href="/wiki/Theatre_World_Award" title="Theatre World Award">Theatre World Award</a>, and Kline and Azito won Drama Desk Awards. Notable replacements during the Broadway run included <a href="/wiki/Karla_DeVito" title="Karla DeVito">Karla DeVito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maureen_McGovern" title="Maureen McGovern">Maureen McGovern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pam_Dawber" title="Pam Dawber">Pam Dawber</a> as Mabel; <a href="/wiki/Robby_Benson" title="Robby Benson">Robby Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cassidy_(actor)" title="Patrick Cassidy (actor)">Patrick Cassidy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Noone" title="Peter Noone">Peter Noone</a> as Frederic; <a href="/wiki/Treat_Williams" title="Treat Williams">Treat Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sandy" title="Gary Sandy">Gary Sandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Belushi" class="mw-redirect" title="James Belushi">James Belushi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wally_Kurth" title="Wally Kurth">Wally Kurth</a> as the Pirate King; <a href="/wiki/David_Garrison" title="David Garrison">David Garrison</a> as the Sergeant; <a href="/wiki/George_S._Irving" title="George S. Irving">George S. Irving</a> as the Major-General; and <a href="/wiki/Kaye_Ballard" title="Kaye Ballard">Kaye Ballard</a> as Ruth. The Los Angeles cast of the production featured <a href="/wiki/Barry_Bostwick" title="Barry Bostwick">Barry Bostwick</a> as the Pirate King, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Anne_Worley" title="Jo Anne Worley">Jo Anne Worley</a> as Ruth, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Revill" title="Clive Revill">Clive Revill</a> as the Major-General, Dawber as Mabel, <a href="/wiki/Paxton_Whitehead" title="Paxton Whitehead">Paxton Whitehead</a> as the Sergeant, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Peyton" title="Caroline Peyton">Caroline Peyton</a> as Edith and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Gibb" title="Andy Gibb">Andy Gibb</a> as Frederic.<a href="#cite_note-IBDB-121">[116]</a> The production opened at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>, London, on 26 May 1982, to generally warm reviews, for a run of 601 performances, earning an <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Award">Olivier Award</a> nomination as Outstanding Musical and another for <a href="/wiki/Tim_Curry" title="Tim Curry">Tim Curry</a> as the Pirate King. Among the cast were <a href="/wiki/George_Cole_(actor)" title="George Cole (actor)">George Cole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fraser_(actor)" title="Ronald Fraser (actor)">Ronald Fraser</a> as the Major-General; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson" title="Pamela Stephenson">Pamela Stephenson</a> as Mabel; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praed" title="Michael Praed">Michael Praed</a> and Peter Noone as Frederic; Curry, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bentinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Bentinck">Timothy Bentinck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tobias" title="Oliver Tobias">Oliver Tobias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nicholas" title="Paul Nicholas">Paul Nicholas</a> as the Pirate King; <a href="/wiki/Chris_Langham" title="Chris Langham">Chris Langham</a> as the Sergeant; <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ross" title="Annie Ross">Annie Ross</a> as Ruth; <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Langford" title="Bonnie Langford">Bonnie Langford</a> as Kate; and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gold" title="Louise Gold">Louise Gold</a> as Isabel.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> The Australian production opened in Melbourne in January 1984, opening the new <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Arts_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Arts Centre">Victorian Arts Centre</a>, directed by John Feraro. It starred <a href="/wiki/Jon_English" title="Jon English">Jon English</a> as the Pirate King, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Gallaher" title="Simon Gallaher">Simon Gallaher</a> as Frederic, <a href="/wiki/June_Bronhill" title="June Bronhill">June Bronhill</a> as Ruth, <a href="/wiki/David_Atkins" title="David Atkins">David Atkins</a> as the Sergeant and <a href="/wiki/Marina_Prior" title="Marina Prior">Marina Prior</a> as Mabel. The six-week limited season was followed by an Australian national tour from 1984 to 1986 and another tour with same cast in the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley76-119">[114]</a> In 1985, Papp's Pirates opened the new <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Performing_Arts_Centre" title="Queensland Performing Arts Centre">Queensland Performing Arts Centre</a> in Brisbane.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Gallaher's <a href="/wiki/Essgee_Entertainment" title="Essgee Entertainment">Essgee Entertainment</a> version of Pirates was inspired by the Papp version.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley76-119">[114]</a> The Papp version also inspired foreign-language productions in Germany and elsewhere in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ORC-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_Australia%27s_Pirates_of_Penzance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opera_Australia%27s_Pirates_of_Penzance.jpg/220px-Opera_Australia%27s_Pirates_of_Penzance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opera_Australia%27s_Pirates_of_Penzance.jpg/330px-Opera_Australia%27s_Pirates_of_Penzance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opera_Australia%27s_Pirates_of_Penzance.jpg/440px-Opera_Australia%27s_Pirates_of_Penzance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a>'s 2007 touring production of Pirates, with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Warlow" title="Anthony Warlow">Anthony Warlow</a> as the Pirate King</figcaption></figure> The Papp production was turned into <a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(film)" title="The Pirates of Penzance (film)">a film in 1983</a>, with the original Broadway principal cast reprising their roles, except that <a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> replaced Estelle Parsons as Ruth. The minor roles used British actors miming to their Broadway counterparts. The film has been shown occasionally on television. Another film based loosely on the opera and inspired by the success of the Papp version, <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Movie" title="The Pirate Movie">The Pirate Movie</a>, was released during the Broadway run.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[Papp's version] has been regularly revived on both sides of the Atlantic – a British revival in 2000 transferred from the <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yorkshire Playhouse">West Yorkshire Playhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_Open_Air_Theatre" title="Regent's Park Open Air Theatre">Open Air Theatre in Regents' Park</a> – and has also become well established in the repertoire of amateur student societies. No other production has had as much lasting impact or influence. ... It also helped to promote G&S in places where it has been little performed and bring it to the attention of a much wider and younger audience.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley76-119">[114]</a></blockquote> The Papp production design has been widely imitated in later productions of Pirates, even where traditional orchestration and the standard score are used.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley76-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Some modern productions are also influenced by the Disney film franchise <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean" title="Pirates of the Caribbean">Pirates of the Caribbean</a>, combining aspects of the Papp production with the Disney design concepts. Not all of these revivals have generated the same enthusiasm as Papp's 1980s productions: a 1999 UK touring production received this critique: "No doubt when Papp first staged this show in New York and London it had some quality of cheek or <a href="/wiki/Chutzpah" title="Chutzpah">chutzpah</a> or pizzazz or irony or something that accounted for its success. But all that's left now ... is a crass Broadway-style musical arrangement ... and the worst kind of smutty send-up of a historic piece of art."<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> The Pirates of Penzance has been recorded many times, and the critical consensus is that it has fared well on record.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> The first complete recording of the score was in 1921, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Rupert_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Rupert D'Oyly Carte">Rupert D'Oyly Carte</a>, but with established recording singers rather than D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performers.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">The Gramophone</a> said of a new set with a mainly D'Oyly Carte cast, "This new recording represents the high-water mark so far as Gilbert and Sullivan opera is concerned. In each of the previous Savoy albums there have been occasional lapses which prevented one from awarding them unqualified praise; but with the Pirates it is happily otherwise; from first to last, and in every bar, a simply delightful production."<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Of later recordings by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, the 1968 recording (with complete dialogue) is highly regarded: The online Gilbert and Sullivan Discography says, "This recording is one of the best D'Oyly Carte sets of all time, and certainly the best Pirates",<a href="#cite_note-disco-129">[124]</a> and the Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Disc also recommends it.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> So too does the Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music, alongside the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Mackerras</a> recording.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> The opera critic <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blyth" title="Alan Blyth">Alan Blyth</a> recommended the D'Oyly Carte recording of 1990: "a performance full of the kind of life that can only come from the experience of stage performances".<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> The online Discography site also mentions the 1981 Papp recording as "excellent", despite its inauthentic 1980 re-orchestrations that "changed some of the timbres so as to appeal to a rock-oriented public".<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> Of the available commercial videos, the Discography site considers the Brent Walker better than the Papp version.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> More recent professional productions have been recorded on video by the <a href="/wiki/International_Gilbert_and_Sullivan_Festival" title="International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival">International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> Selected recordings <ul><li>1929 D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent" title="Malcolm Sargent">Malcolm Sargent</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a></li> <li>1957 D'Oyly Carte – <a href="/wiki/New_Symphony_Orchestra_(London)#Post-war_NSO" title="New Symphony Orchestra (London)">New Symphony Orchestra of London</a>; Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Godfrey" title="Isidore Godfrey">Isidore Godfrey</a><a href="#cite_note-DOC1957-137">[132]</a></li> <li>1961 Sargent/Glyndebourne – <a href="/wiki/Pro_Arte_Orchestra" title="Pro Arte Orchestra">Pro Arte Orchestra</a>, Glyndebourne Festival Chorus; Conductor: Sir Malcolm Sargent<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a></li> <li>1968 D'Oyly Carte (with dialogue) – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a>; Conductor: Isidore Godfrey<a href="#cite_note-DOC1968-139">[134]</a></li> <li>1981; 1983 Papp's Pirates (with dialogue) – Director: <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Leach" title="Wilford Leach">Wilford Leach</a>; Musical Director: William Elliott; Choreographer: <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a></li> <li>1982 Brent Walker Productions (with dialogue) – Ambrosian Opera Chorus, <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>; Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Faris" title="Alexander Faris">Alexander Faris</a>; Stage Director: Michael Geliot<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a></li> <li>1990 New D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: John Pryce-Jones<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a></li> <li>1993 Mackerras/Telarc – Orchestra and Chorus of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a>; Conductor: Sir Charles Mackerras<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Essgee_Entertainment" title="Essgee Entertainment">Essgee Entertainment</a> (video adaptation) – Director and Choreographer: Craig Schaefer; Orchestrator and Conductor: Kevin Hocking; Additional Lyrics: Melvyn Morrow<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan">Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major-General's_Song">Major-General's Song</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Major-General's Song">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">Major-General's Song</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Major_General,_Bab.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modern_Major_General%2C_Bab.png/170px-Modern_Major_General%2C_Bab.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modern_Major_General%2C_Bab.png/255px-Modern_Major_General%2C_Bab.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modern_Major_General%2C_Bab.png/340px-Modern_Major_General%2C_Bab.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>The Major-General carries an encyclopedia in this "Bab" drawing.</figcaption></figure> Pirates is one of the most frequently referenced works of Gilbert and Sullivan. The <a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">Major-General's Song</a>, in particular, is frequently parodied, <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiched</a> and used in advertising.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Parody versions have been used in political commentary as well as entertainment media.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Its challenging <a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">patter</a> has proved interesting to comedians; notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/The_Elements_(song)" title="The Elements (song)">The Elements</a>" and <a href="/wiki/David_Hyde_Pierce" title="David Hyde Pierce">David Hyde Pierce</a>'s monologue, as host of <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> In 2010, comedian <a href="/wiki/Ron_Butler" title="Ron Butler">Ron Butler</a> released a YouTube pastiche of the song in character as <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Obama</a> which, as of September 2021, had garnered more than 1.9 million views.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> Pastiche examples include the <a href="/wiki/Animaniacs" title="Animaniacs">Animaniacs</a> version, "I am the very model of a cartoon individual", in the episode "H.M.S. Yakko";<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> audio "I am the very model of a <a href="/wiki/Gallifrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallifrey">Gallifreyan</a> buccaneer" in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_and_the_Pirates" title="Doctor Who and the Pirates">Doctor Who and the Pirates</a>;<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Studio_60_on_the_Sunset_Strip" title="Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip">Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip</a> version in the episode "The Cold Open" (2006), where the cast performs "We'll be the very model of a modern network TV show";<a href="#cite_note-Studio-152">[147]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect_2" title="Mass Effect 2">Mass Effect 2</a> video game version, where the character <a href="/wiki/Mordin_Solus" title="Mordin Solus">Mordin Solus</a> sings: "I am the very model of a scientist Salarian".<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> The song is often used in film and on television, unchanged in many instances, as a character's audition piece, or seen in a "school play" scene. Examples include a <a href="/wiki/VeggieTales" title="VeggieTales">VeggieTales</a> episode entitled "<a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_Auto-Tainment!" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment!">The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment!</a>"; the <a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Fathers_and_Sons_(Frasier_episode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers and Sons (Frasier episode)">Fathers and Sons</a>"; <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Homer" title="Deep Space Homer">Deep Space Homer</a>"; and the <a href="/wiki/Mad_About_You" title="Mad About You">Mad About You</a> episode "Moody Blues", where Paul directs a charity production of Penzance starring his father, Burt, as the Major-General. In <a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Show" title="The Muppet Show">The Muppet Show</a> (season 3, episode 4) guest host, comedian <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a>, sings the song with a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) talking carrot (Parodying the pilot/pirate confusion in Pirates, Radner had requested a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) talking parrot, but was misheard).<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> In an episode of <a href="/wiki/Home_Improvement_(TV_series)" title="Home Improvement (TV series)">Home Improvement</a>, Al Borland begins to sing the song when tricked into thinking he is in a soundproof booth. In the <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Atonement_(Babylon_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement (Babylon 5)">Atonement</a>", <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cole_(Babylon_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Cole (Babylon 5)">Marcus Cole</a> uses the song to drive <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Franklin_(Babylon_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Franklin (Babylon 5)">Dr Stephen Franklin</a> crazy on a long journey to Mars. Examples of the use of the song in advertising include <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Green" title="Martyn Green">Martyn Green</a>'s pastiche of the song listing all of the varieties of <a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_Soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell's Soup">Campbell's Soup</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> and a 2011 <a href="/wiki/Geico" class="mw-redirect" title="Geico">Geico</a> commercial in which a couple that wants to save money, but still listen to musicals, finds a roommate, dressed as the Major-General, who awkwardly begins the song while dancing on a coffee table.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gimbels" title="Gimbels">Gimbels</a> department store had a campaign sung to the tune of the Major-General's Song that began, "We are the very model of a modern big department store."<a href="#cite_note-Gimbels-157">[152]</a> George Washington, in the number "Right Hand Man" from the 2015 musical <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a>, refers to himself with irony as "The model of a modern major general", which he rhymes with "men are all" and "pedestal". Miranda commented: "I always felt like 'mineral' wasn't the best possible rhyme."<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> Other film references to Pirates include <a href="/wiki/Kate_%26_Leopold" title="Kate & Leopold">Kate & Leopold</a>, where there are multiple references, including a scene where Leopold sings "I Am The Very Model of A Modern Major-General" while accompanying himself on the piano; and in <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Woman" title="Pretty Woman">Pretty Woman</a>, Edward Lewis (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a>) covers a social gaffe by prostitute Vivian Ward (<a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a>), who comments that the opera <a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a> was so good that she almost "peed [her] pants", by saying that she had said that she liked it better than The Pirates of Penzance". In <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney's</a> cartoon <a href="/wiki/Mickey,_Donald,_Goofy:_The_Three_Musketeers" title="Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers">Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers</a> (2004), there is a performance of Pirates that becomes the setting for the climactic battle between the Musketeers and <a href="/wiki/Pete_(Disney)" title="Pete (Disney)">Captain Pete</a>. Pirates songs sung in the cartoon are "With cat-like tread", "Poor wand'ring one", "Climbing over rocky mountain" and the Major-General's song. "Poor wand'ring one" was used in the movie <a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail" title="An American Tail">An American Tail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> The soundtrack of the 1992 film <a href="/wiki/The_Hand_That_Rocks_the_Cradle_(film)" title="The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (film)">The Hand That Rocks the Cradle</a> includes "Poor Wand'ring One" and "Oh Dry the Glistening Tear".<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> A nonsense pastiche of the Major-General's song in the 2017 film <a href="/wiki/Despicable_Me_3" title="Despicable Me 3">Despicable Me 3</a>, sung by <a href="/wiki/Minions_(Despicable_Me)" title="Minions (Despicable Me)">Minions</a>, was termed "amusing"<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> and "the film's finest moment";<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> it was uploaded to YouTube by <a href="/wiki/Illumination_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination Entertainment">Illumination Entertainment</a> as a singalong challenge, which has garnered more than 19 million views as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Television references, in addition to those mentioned above, included the series <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a>, where Pirates and other Gilbert and Sullivan operas are mentioned in several episodes, especially by Deputy Communications Director, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Seaborn" title="Sam Seaborn">Sam Seaborn</a>, who was recording secretary of his school's Gilbert and Sullivan society. In <a href="/wiki/Studio_60_on_the_Sunset_Strip" title="Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip">Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip</a>, a poster from Pirates hangs on <a href="/wiki/Matt_Albie" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Albie">Matt Albie</a>'s office wall. Both TV series were created by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin" title="Aaron Sorkin">Aaron Sorkin</a>. In the pilot episode of the 2008 <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a> series <a href="/wiki/Flashpoint_(TV_series)" title="Flashpoint (TV series)">Flashpoint</a>, a police officer and his partner sing the policeman's song. In an <a href="/wiki/Assy_McGee" title="Assy McGee">Assy McGee</a> episode entitled "Pegfinger", Detective Sanchez's wife is a member of a community theatre that performs the opera. In a 1986 episode of the animated television adaptation of <a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows_(TV_series)" title="The Wind in the Willows (TV series)">The Wind in the Willows</a> entitled A Producer's Lot, several characters put on a production of Pirates.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> In a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Got_Woods" title="Peter's Got Woods">Peter's Got Woods</a>", <a href="/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian Griffin</a> sings "Sighing Softly", with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Griffin" title="Peter Griffin">Peter Griffin</a>'s assistance. In a 2012 episode, "<a href="/wiki/Killer_Queen_(Family_Guy)" title="Killer Queen (Family Guy)">Killer Queen</a>", Peter gives a garbled rendition of the <a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">Major-General's Song</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> In the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Minds" title="Criminal Minds">Criminal Minds</a> episode "The Slave of Duty", <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hotchner" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Hotchner">Hotch</a> quotes "Oh dry the glist'ning tear".<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> In the 1992 episode "The Understudy" of <a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Explains_it_All" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarissa Explains it All">Clarissa Explains it All</a>, the title character is chosen to understudy Mabel in a school production of Pirates and is unprepared when she must go on; a scene from <a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a> is also heard.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_references">Other references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other references">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1887SorcererRuddigoreWallpaper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1887SorcererRuddigoreWallpaper.jpg/220px-1887SorcererRuddigoreWallpaper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/1887SorcererRuddigoreWallpaper.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Wallpaper showing characters from Pirates and other Savoy operas</figcaption></figure> Other notable instances of references to Pirates include a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> article on 29 February 1940, memorialising that Frederic was finally out of his <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indentures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> Six years previously, the arms granted to the <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">municipal borough of Penzance</a> in 1934 contain a pirate dressed in Gilbert's original costuming, and Penzance had a rugby team called the Penzance Pirates, which is now called the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Pirates" title="Cornish Pirates">Cornish Pirates</a>. In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> wrote a short story called "The Gilbert & Sullivan Mystery" (later retitled "The Year of the Action"), concerning whether the action of Pirates took place on 1 March 1873, or 1 March 1877 (depending on whether Gilbert took into account the fact that 1900 was not a leap year).<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> The plot of <a href="/wiki/Laurie_R._King" title="Laurie R. King">Laurie R. King</a>'s 2011 novel Pirate King centers on a 1924 silent movie adaptation of The Pirates of Penzance.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> The music from the chorus of "With cat-like tread", which begins "Come, friends, who plough the sea," was used in the popular American song, "<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Hail,_the_Gang%27s_All_Here" title="Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here">Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here</a>." "With cat-like tread" is also part of the soundtrack, along with other Gilbert and Sullivan songs, in the 1981 film, <a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a>, and it was pastiched in the "HMS Yakko" episode of <a href="/wiki/Animaniacs" title="Animaniacs">Animaniacs</a> in a song about surfing a whale.<a href="#cite_note-MUGSS-171">[166]</a> In the case <a href="/wiki/Pierson_v._Ray" title="Pierson v. Ray">Pierson v. Ray</a>, which established the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> for police officers, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> held that "[a] policeman's lot is not so unhappy that he must choose between being charged with dereliction of duty if he does not arrest when he had probable cause, and being punished with damages if he does."<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> State courts have cited the same song for other purposes: "Where does this extraordinary situation leave the lower... Courts and State Courts in their required effort to apply the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States...? Like the policeman in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, their 'lot is not a happy one.'"<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adaptations">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Stage</dt></dl> <ul><li>Di Yam Gazlonim, a <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> adaptation of Pirates by Al Grand<a href="#cite_note-Studio-152">[147]</a> that continues to be performed in North America. The 2006 production at the <a href="/wiki/National_Yiddish_Theater_Folksbiene" class="mw-redirect" title="National Yiddish Theater Folksbiene">National Yiddish Theater Folksbiene</a> was nominated for the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Revival" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Express" title="Montreal Express">Montreal Express</a> wrote in 2009, "Grand's adaptation is a delightfully whimsical treatment".<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a></li> <li>The Parson's Pirates by <a href="/wiki/Opera_della_Luna" title="Opera della Luna">Opera della Luna</a> premiered in 1995.</li> <li>Pirates! Or, Gilbert and Sullivan Plunder'd (2006), is a musical comedy set on a Caribbean island, involving a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_vodou" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian vodou">voodoo</a> curse that makes the pirates "landsick". It was first presented 1 November 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Goodspeed_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodspeed Opera House">Goodspeed Opera House</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Haddam,_Connecticut" title="East Haddam, Connecticut">East Haddam, Connecticut</a>, then in 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse" title="Paper Mill Playhouse">Paper Mill Playhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Millburn,_New_Jersey" title="Millburn, New Jersey">Millburn, New Jersey</a>, in 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Theatre_Company" title="Huntington Theatre Company">Huntington Theatre Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, and at <a href="/wiki/The_Muny" title="The Muny">The Muny</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, in 2012. Other Gilbert and Sullivan numbers, such as the Nightmare song from <a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a> are interpolated.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_Penzance_%E2%80%93_The_Ballet!" title="Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet!">Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet!</a> premiered in 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essgee_Entertainment" title="Essgee Entertainment">Essgee Entertainment</a> produced an adapted version in 1994 in Australia and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Their producer, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Gallaher" title="Simon Gallaher">Simon Gallaher</a> (Frederic in the Australian Papp production), produced another adaptation of Pirates that toured Australia from 2001 to 2003<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a></li> <li>All-male versions of the opera include a long-running adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Sasha_Regan" title="Sasha Regan">Sasha Regan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Union_Theatre,_London" title="Union Theatre, London">Union Theatre</a> in 2009, which transferred to <a href="/wiki/Wilton%27s_Music_Hall" title="Wilton's Music Hall">Wilton's Music Hall</a> in London in 2010<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> and toured in Australia in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Film and TV</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Movie" title="The Pirate Movie">The Pirate Movie</a>, a 1982 musical romantic comedy film loosely based on the opera.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(film)" title="The Pirates of Penzance (film)">The Pirates of Penzance</a>, a 1983 film adaptation of Papp's Broadway production.</li> <li>Die Piraten, a German-language version, was premiered on German television in 1968 and starred <a href="/wiki/Arleen_Auger" title="Arleen Auger">Arleen Auger</a> as Mabel, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Nienstedt" title="Gerd Nienstedt">Gerd Nienstedt</a> as the Pirate King and <a href="/wiki/Martha_M%C3%B6dl" title="Martha Mödl">Martha Mödl</a> as Ruth, with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Marszalek" title="Franz Marszalek">Franz Marszalek</a> conducting. Mabel falls in love with the Pirate King, among other plot changes. A 2-CD set of the broadcast was issued by Gala Records in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a></li> <li>Several other television adaptations of the opera have been made, beginning in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Island_Home" title="Our Island Home">Our Island Home</a>, one of the sources of the libretto for Pirates</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> This figure assumes that Gilbert was ignoring the fact that there was no leap year in 1900. Otherwise, the action of the play would take place in 1873 instead of 1877, and the figure would be 67 years. See Bradley (1996), p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Ford had been one of the few managers who had paid Gilbert and Sullivan any kind of fee for performing Pinafore in America, and his reward for a small gesture was great.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Sullivan gave notice to the directors of the Comedy Opera Company in early July 1879 that he, Gilbert and Carte would not be renewing their contract to produce Pinafore with them and that he would withdraw his music from the Comedy Opera Company on 31 July. This followed a closure of the Opera Comique for repairs that Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte used to give them an argument that the original run of the production had "closed".<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> From medieval times and in later centuries, however, Penzance was subject to frequent raiding by Turkish pirates<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Performances had to be given in Britain before publication in order to secure copyright.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Perry, Helga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/pirates/pp2.html">Information from the Savoyoperas.org website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207032729/http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/pirates/pp2.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Savoy Operas, 27 November 2000, accessed 25 July 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Prestige-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prestige_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prestige_3-1">b</a> Prestige, Colin. "D'Oyly Carte and the Pirates: The Original New York Productions of Gilbert and Sullivan", pp. 113–148 at p. 118, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715191328/http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/handle/1808/5875">Papers Presented at the International Conference of G&S</a> held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, May 1970, edited by James Helyar. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Libraries, 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Allen (1979), p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Goodman, Andrew. Gilbert and Sullivan at Law, pp. 204–205, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (1982), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838631797" title="Special:BookSources/0838631797">0838631797</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardsamuels.com/illustratedstory/isc10.htm">International copyright pirating</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028222322/http://www.edwardsamuels.com/illustratedstory/isc10.htm">Archived</a> 28 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Edward Samuels, accessed 25 July 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Rosen, Zvi S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=963540">"The Twilight of the Opera Pirates: A Prehistory of the Right of Public Performance for Musical Compositions"</a>, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 24, 2007, pp. 1157–1218, 5 March 2007, accessed 24 October 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Adams, Cecil, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2729/why-are-pirates-depicted-with-a-parrot-on-their-shoulder">Why are pirates depicted with a parrot on their shoulder? What's the origin of the skull and crossbones pirate flag?</a>" The Straight Dope, 12 October 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams130-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams130_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams130_9-1">b</a> Williams, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Williams, pp. 131–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Ainger, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Faning" title="Eaton Faning">Faning, Eaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapcott_Wensley" title="Shapcott Wensley">Shapcott Wensley</a>. Extra Supplement: Our Island Home in Musical Times, Vol. 55, No. 859 (1 September 1914), pp. 1–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Gänzl, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Shaw (Vol. 1), p. 784 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222829/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/08/01/80694429.pdf">"A Talk With Mr. Sullivan"</a>, The New York Times, 1 August 1879, p. 3, accessed 22 May 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-ORC-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORC_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORC_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORC_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORC_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORC_16-4">e</a> Gänzl, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operetta-research-center.org/pirates-penzance-slave-duty-comic-opera-2-acts-w-s-gilbert-music-arthur-sullivan">"The Pirates of Penzance, or The Slave of Duty: Comic opera in 2 acts by Gilbert & Sullivan</a>", Operetta Research Center, 5 October 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Ainger, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Stedman, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger169-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Ainger169_20-0">^</a> Ainger, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Stedman, pp. 170–172; Ainger, pp. 165–167 and 194–195; and Jacobs, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs129-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs129_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs129_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs129_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs129_23-3">d</a> Jacobs, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger182-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger182_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainger182_24-1">b</a> Ainger, pp. 182–183 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Jacobs, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Jacobs, p. 111; Ainger, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Jacobs, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Cox-Ife, William. W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director. Dobson, 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-234-77206-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-234-77206-9">0-234-77206-9</a>. See also Gilbert, W. S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/html/stage_play.html">"A Stage Play"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930222738/http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/html/stage_play.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and Bond, Jessie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/books/bond/intro.html">Reminiscences, Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421204843/https://www.gsarchive.net/books/bond/intro.html">Archived</a> 21 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainger157-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Ainger157_29-0">^</a> Ainger, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Ainger, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Jacobs, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ainger, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> March, Jerry. "Part of Thespis Score Discovered", The Savoyard, Vol. XX, No. 1 (March 1981), p. 25; and Stedman, p. 95, n. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Ainger, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Stedman, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Jacobs, pp. 130–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Canon Diggens Archive (1910) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Dexter, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7877394/Title-Deed-How-the-Book-Got-its-Name.html">"Title Deed: How the Book Got its Name"</a>. The Telegraph, 7 July 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Williams, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Stephens, John Russell. The Profession of the Playwright: British Theatre 1800–1900, Cambridge University Press (1992), pp. 104–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Ainger, pp. 180–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Jacobs, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stedman175-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Stedman175_45-0">^</a> Stedman, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Bradley (1982), pp. 86–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_47-1">b</a> Jacobs, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/27100">"Sullivan, Sir Arthur."</a> Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, accessed 30 June 2010 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_48-0">^</a> Smith, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bal-ae.li.opera16jul16,0,4347538.story">"A consistent Pirates of Penzance"</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] The Baltimore Sun, 16 July 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-rwApp-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rwApp_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwApp_49-1">b</a> Rollins and Witts, Appendix, p. VII </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTrev-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTrev_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTrev_50-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E4DA1131EE3ABC4953DFB766838B699FDE&scp=6&sq=%22Pirates+of+Penzance%22&st=p">"Amusements; Fifth-Avenue Theatre"</a>. The New York Times, 1 January 1880, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Comiquerev-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comiquerev_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comiquerev_51-1">b</a> "Opera Comique", The Era, 11 April 1880 p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> See Ainger, pp. 181–182, and Kochanski, Halik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rppyEHJfWhwC&pg=PA73">Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian hero</a>, p. 73, London, Hambledon Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-188-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-188-0">1-85285-188-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Bradley (1982), p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-RichardEdwardNote-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RichardEdwardNote_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RichardEdwardNote_54-1">b</a> In the first night version of the libretto, the Sergeant of Police was named Edward, and the Pirate King was named Richard and was titled "A Pirate Chief". See Allen (1975), p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The London theatrical newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a> even gave the ad hoc performance in Paignton a good review: see "Gilbert and Sullivan's New Opera", The Era, 4 January 1880, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "The Pirates of Penzance", The Daily News, 15 January 1880, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1880-01-01/ed-1/seq-5/">"The Pirates of Penzance"</a>. New York Tribune, 1 January 1880, accessed 27 August 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-pmg-58"><a href="#cite_ref-pmg_58-0">^</a> "The Pirates of Penzance", The Pall Mall Gazette, 6 April 1880, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "Music", The Graphic, 10 April 1880, p. 371 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> "From Our London Correspondent", The Manchester Guardian, 5 April 1880, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The Sporting Times, 10 April 1880, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> The Times, 5 April 1880, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Hughes, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-hulme-64"><a href="#cite_ref-hulme_64-0">^</a> Hulme, David Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/O005334">"The Pirates of Penzance"</a>. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, accessed 30 June 2010 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Jacobs, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Temperley, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/732768">"Mozart's Influence on English Music"</a>. Music & Letters, vol. 42, issue 4, October 1961, pp. 307–318, Oxford University Press, accessed 1 July 2010 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Hughes, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> "Guthrie's Irreverent Pirates", The Times, 16 February 1962, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Maddocks, Fiona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912003426/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/review-23440103-these-pirates-have-real-swagger.do">"These pirates have real swagger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a>, 20 February 2008, accessed 2 July 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-rodders-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rodders_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rodders_70-1">b</a> "Putting the Jolly in Roger", The Times, 26 April 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Holden, p. 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Shaw (Vol. 2) p. 492 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Hughes, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Hughes, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Rees, pp. 62–63 suggested that in the original Thespis version, for male as well as female voices, the men would have sung the first theme while the women sang the second. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Hughes, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Hughes, pp. 50–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-brad-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brad_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brad_78-1">b</a> Bradley (1982) pp. 90–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Anderson W. R., Changes in the "Pirates". Gramophone, June 1950, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Bradley (1982), p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> See Bradley (1982), pp. 158–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Rollins and Witts, pp. 11, 18, 22, 35 et passim </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Bradley (1982), p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gilbertandsullivantorbay.co.uk/pirates79.htm">"The Pirates of Penzance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042333/http://www.gilbertandsullivantorbay.co.uk/pirates79.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Gilbert and Sullivan Society (Torbay Branch), accessed 23 January 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Hischak, Thomas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t282.e1439">"Pirates of Penzance, The"</a>, The Oxford Companion to the American Musical. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online, accessed 2 July 2010 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=10169">The Pirates of Penzanzance</a>, Internet Broadway Database, accessed 25 October 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Hurley, G. M. "Gilbert and Sullivan – and Winthrop Ames", The New Yorker, 6 June 1931, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923134945/http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=2349">"The Pirates of Penzance"</a>, Internet Broadway Database, accessed 25 October 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Stone, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/whowaswho/G/GreenMartyn.htm">"Martyn Green"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905101325/https://www.gsarchive.net/whowaswho/G/GreenMartyn.htm">Archived</a> 5 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 2003, accessed 25 October 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Moore, Frank Ledlie (compiler). Handbook of Gilbert and Sullivan: Introduction by Dorothy Raedler, Producer-Director, The American Savoyards, Schocken Books: New York (1975) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kenrick_(theatre_writer)" title="John Kenrick (theatre writer)">Kenrick, John</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicals101.com/loomhistory.htm">"A Brief History of LOOM"</a>, Musicals101.com, 2002, accessed 26 October 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> See NYGASP Theatre Programs, "Prime Time G&S: 20th Anniversary Celebration", 24 April 1994, Symphony Space, New York City; and Laxson, Erica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcmetrotheaterarts.com/2012/06/30/the-pirates-of-penzance-at-wolf-trap-by-erica-laxson/">"The Pirates of Penzance at Wolf Trap"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202627/http://www.dcmetrotheaterarts.com/2012/06/30/the-pirates-of-penzance-at-wolf-trap-by-erica-laxson/">Archived</a> 29 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, DCMetroTheaterArts.com, 30 June 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Seckerson, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/the-pirates-of-penzance-savoy-theatre-london-73195.html">"The Pirates of Penzance, Savoy Theatre, London"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, 12 January 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Hall, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/preformthe-pirates-of-penzanceeno-coliseum-londonbr-one-touch-of-venusopera-north-grand-theatre-leedspreform-684899.html">"Leave the laughs to us, you swabs!"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] The Independent, 12 December 2004, accessed 30 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abouttheartists.com/productions/178237-the-pirates-of-penzance-at-various-venues-2006-2007">"Opera Australia presents: The Pirates of Penzance"</a>, About the Artists. Retrieved 29 December 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Collette, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opera-australia.org.au/res/pdfs/Opera_Australia_Annual_Report_2007.pdf">"Chief Executive's Report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022035631/http://www.opera-australia.org.au/res/pdfs/Opera_Australia_Annual_Report_2007.pdf">Archived</a> 22 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Opera Australia Annual Report 2007, p. 11, accessed 22 October 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Gates, Anita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theater.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/26cttheater.html">"The Happy Return of the Pirate King and His Loyal Swashbucklers"</a>. The New York Times, 26 November 2006, accessed 30 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishopera.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/FINAL%20Scottish%20Opera%20Sails%20Into%20Town%20On%20Pirate%20Adventure.pdf">"Scottish Opera Sails into Town on Pirates Adventure"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022073413/http://www.scottishopera.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/FINAL%20Scottish%20Opera%20Sails%20Into%20Town%20On%20Pirate%20Adventure.pdf">Archived</a> 22 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Scottish Opera, April 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Nickalls, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/10064928/The-Pirates-of-Penzance-Theatre-Royal-Glasgow-review.html">"The Pirates of Penzance, Theatre Royal, Glasgow, review"</a>, The Daily Telegraph 17 May 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Hall, Margaret. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://playbill.com/article/jinkx-monsoon-more-complete-cast-of-broadways-upcoming-the-pirates-of-penzance">"Jinkx Monsoon, More Complete Cast of Broadway's Upcoming The Pirates of Penzance"</a>, Playbill, 13 November 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Gans, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://playbill.com/article/ramin-karimloo-lilli-cooper-david-hyde-pierce-more-will-star-in-roundabouts-the-pirates-of-penzance-concert-on-broadway">"Ramin Karimloo, Lilli Cooper, David Hyde Pierce, More Will Star in Roundabout's The Pirates of Penzance Concert on Broadway"</a>, Playbill, 6 September 2022; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/parties/g41712513/roundabout-theatre-company-pirates-of-penzance-benefit">"Inside a Broadway Benefit Reading of The Pirates of Penzance"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)" title="Town & Country (magazine)">Town & Country</a>, 18 October 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The first performance was by invitation only. The official opening was on 26 December 1884. The Times announcement, 20 December 1884, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Gänzl, Kurt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurtofgerolstein.blogspot.com/2016/09/miss-la-rue-who-are-you-gilbert-and.html">"Miss La Rue! Who Are You?"</a>, Kurt of Gerolstein, 2 September 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Rollins and Witts, 2nd Supplement, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Rollins and Witts, 3rd Supplement, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Rollins and Witts, 4th Supplement, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley76-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley76_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley76_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley76_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley76_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley76_119-4">e</a> Bradley (2005), pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rich" title="Frank Rich">Rich, Frank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/09/theater/stage-pirates-of-penzance-on-broadway.html?scp=1&sq=papp%20%22Pirates%20of%20penzance%22&st=cse">"Stage: Pirates of Penzance on Broadway"</a>, The New York Times, 9 January 1981, accessed 2 July 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-IBDB-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBDB_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBDB_121-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=4088">"Awards: The Pirates of Penzance"</a>, Internet Broadway Database, accessed 24 October 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Record" title="Theatre Record">Theatre Record</a>, 19 May 1982 to 2 June 1982, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/narrfilm.htm">"The G&S Operas on Film"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606062612/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/narrfilm.htm">Archived</a> 6 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 3 September 2008, accessed 2 July 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> A Papp-style production played at the Savoy Theatre in 2004. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisistheatre.com/londonshows/piratesofpenzance.html">"The Pirates of Penzance – 2004"</a>, ThisIsTheatre.com, accessed 17 November 2020. This production, directed by Steven Dexter and presented by Raymond Gubbay, used a new musical arrangement, because Papp's designs and musical arrangements are protected by copyright; an unlicensed 1982 production mounted in Dublin in advance of Papp's own London production was enjoined from transferring to London by a successful lawsuit. See Bennetts, Leslie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/18/movies/pirating-of-the-pirates-of-penzance.html">"Pirating of The Pirates of Penzance"</a>, The New York Times, 18 August 1982, accessed 11 October 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> McMillan, Joyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/the-pirates-of-penzance-1-582472">"Sinking a Victorian classic – The Pirates of Penzance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017175730/http://www.scotsman.com/news/the-pirates-of-penzance-1-582472">Archived</a> 17 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a>, 31 October 2001, p. 11, accessed 11 October 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lamb_(writer)" title="Andrew Lamb (writer)">Lamb, Andrew</a>. "The Pirates of Penzance", Gramophone, November 1993, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Rollins and Witts, p. x </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> The Gramophone, September 1929, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-disco-129"><a href="#cite_ref-disco_129-0">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1968.htm">"The 1968 D'Oyly Carte Pirates"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233625/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1968.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 September 2008, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> March (1993), pp. 437–438 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> March (2007), p. 1338 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Blyth, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirpapp.htm">"Papp's Pirates (1980)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125094254/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirpapp.htm">Archived</a> 25 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 July 2010, accessed 20 August 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir.htm">List and assessments of recordings of the opera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212082252/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir.htm">Archived</a> 12 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 9 July 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsfestivals.org/shop/professional-shows">"Professional Shows from the Festival"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626161615/http://gsfestivals.org/shop/professional-shows">Archived</a> 26 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Musical Collectibles catalogue website, accessed 15 October 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1929.htm">"The 1929 D'Oyly Carte Pirates"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305213833/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1929.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 29 March 2009, accessed 20 August 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-DOC1957-137"><a href="#cite_ref-DOC1957_137-0">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1957.htm">"The 1957 D'Oyly Carte Pirates"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526230937/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1957.htm">Archived</a> 26 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 29 March 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirsarg.htm">"The Sargent/EMI Pirates (1961)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012152/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirsarg.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 12 July 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-DOC1968-139"><a href="#cite_ref-DOC1968_139-0">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1968.htm">"The 1968 D'Oyly Carte Pirates"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233625/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pir1968.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 September 2008, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirpapp.htm">"Papp's Pirates (1980)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125094254/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirpapp.htm">Archived</a> 25 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 7 July 2010, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirwalk.htm">"The Brent Walker Pirates (1982)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012010/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirwalk.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 11 November 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirndoc.htm">"The New D'Oyly Carte Pirates (1990)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195941/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirndoc.htm">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 2 December 2001, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirmack.htm">"The Mackerras/Telarc Pirates (1993)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012319/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/pirmack.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 8 September 2008, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/piressgee.htm">"The Essgee Pirates (1994)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011155/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/piressgee.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 9 July 2009, accessed 30 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Zetland, Earl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL81E47F8C9314A1D7">"Modern Major General Parodies"</a>, accessed 7 May 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Hinkle, A. Barton. "Hinkle: The Attorney General's Song", <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch" title="Richmond Times-Dispatch">Richmond Times-Dispatch</a>, 10 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snltranscripts.jt.org/94/94kmono.phtml">"David Hyde Pierce's Monologue"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320074805/http://snltranscripts.jt.org/94/94kmono.phtml">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SNL transcripts, accessed 15 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Butler, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y54FRMedT_s">"Obama! A Modern U.S. President (musical spoof)"</a>, YouTube, 11 October 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Zacher, Scotty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagotheaterbeat.com/2010/10/18/gilbert-and-sullivan-spoof-a-modern-us-president-fun/">"Gilbert and Sullivan spoof: A Modern US President. (Fun!!)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108180017/http://chicagotheaterbeat.com/2010/10/18/gilbert-and-sullivan-spoof-a-modern-us-president-fun/">Archived</a> 8 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chicago Theatre Beat, 18 October 2010, accessed 7 May 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBFGj7LX530">"Animaniacs – Cartoon Individual"</a>, YouTube, accessed 15 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIdDXQ2h1Pc">"Doctor Who Gallifreyan Buccaneer"</a>, YouTube, accessed 15 February 2010. Other songs, from Pirates, Pinafore and <a href="/wiki/Ruddigore" title="Ruddigore">Ruddigore</a>, are also parodied in the recording </li> <li id="cite_note-Studio-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Studio_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Studio_152-1">b</a> Schillinger, Liesl: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/22/theater/22schi.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1">"Dress British, Sing Yiddish"</a> The New York Times, 22 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-HgVM6JSIY">"Mass Effect 2 Mordin Singing"</a>, YouTube, 23 January 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/the-muppet-show/gilda-radner/episode/176733/summary.html?tag=ep_list;ep_title;12">The Muppet Show</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508135023/http://www.tv.com/the-muppet-show/gilda-radner/episode/176733/summary.html?tag=ep_list;ep_title;12">Archived</a> 8 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, TV.com, accessed 25 July 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Stone, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/whowaswho/G/GreenMartyn.htm">"Martyn Green"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905101325/https://www.gsarchive.net/whowaswho/G/GreenMartyn.htm">Archived</a> 5 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 2003, accessed 2 December 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpaS2Q3hTlA">"Roommate – Easier Way to Save – GEICO Commercial,"</a> Geico, accessed 2 December 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbels-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Gimbels_157-0">^</a> One of these ads ran in The New York Times on 27 October 1953 as a full-page advertisement. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Mead, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons">"All About the Hamiltons"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 9 February 2015 Issue, 2 December 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090633/soundtrack">"Soundtrack for An American Tail (1986)"</a>. Internet Movie Database, accessed 22 April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104389/soundtrack">The Hand That Rocks the Cradle soundtrack"</a>. Internet Movie Database, accessed 21 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Marsh, Calum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/resistance-is-futile-why-the-ubiquity-of-the-minions-cannot-and-will-never-be-contained">"Resistance is futile: Why the ubiquity of the Minions cannot (and will never) be contained"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>, 29 June 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Prigge, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.us/despicable-me-3-finds-a-loopy-series-finally-running-out-of-gas">"Despicable Me 3 finds a loopy series finally running out of gas"</a>, Metro, 26 June 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwgTtwJHoWQ">"#DespicableMeChallenge – In Theaters June 30"</a>, YouTube, <a href="/wiki/Illumination_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination Entertainment">Illumination Entertainment</a>, 4 July 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/the-wind-in-the-willows/a-producerand039s-lot/episode/266956/summary.html">"A Producer's Lot"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024005/http://www.tv.com/the-wind-in-the-willows/a-producerand039s-lot/episode/266956/summary.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. TV.com, accessed 14 March 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Pierson, Robin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329003847/http://www.thetvcritic.org/reviews/comedies/family-guy/season-77/killer-queen/">"Episode 16 – 'Killer Queen'"</a>, The TV Critic, 21 March 2012, accessed 29 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/m/shows/criminal-minds/the-slave-of-duty-1308753/trivia/">"The Slave of Duty"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625232836/http://www.tv.com/m/shows/criminal-minds/the-slave-of-duty-1308753/trivia/">Archived</a> 25 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Criminal Minds, Season 5, Episode 10, 2009 (TV.com, accessed 24 June 2015). Hotch notes, at her funeral, that he met his slain ex-wife at tryouts for a high school production of The Pirates of Penzance. He quotes from <a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a> and then quotes the opening lines of "Oh dry the glist'ning tear", up to "... to see their father weep". </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/clarissa-explains-it-all/the-understudy/episode/56697/summary.html?tag=ep_guide;summary">"The Understudy"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. Episode Summary, TV.com, accessed 26 July 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1940/02/29/archives/frederic-goes-free.html?sq=%2522Pirates%2520of%2520Penzance%2522%25201940&scp=3&st=cse">"Frederic Goes Free"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 29 February 1940, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asimovreviews.net/Books/Book303.html">"The Year of the Action"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banquets_of_the_Black_Widowers" title="Banquets of the Black Widowers">Banquets of the Black Widowers</a> (1984); first published as "The Gilbert & Sullivan Mystery" in <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen%27s_Mystery_Magazine" title="Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine">Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine</a>, 1 January 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9970915-pirate-king">"Pirate King"</a>, Goodreads.com, accessed 13 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-MUGSS-171"><a href="#cite_ref-MUGSS_171-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013163848/http://www.mugss.org/society/gands/culture/">"G&S Pop culture references"</a>, Manchester Universities Gilbert and Sullivan Society, accessed 30 November 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Schwartz, Joanna C. (2017). "How Qualified Immunity Fails", <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a>, Yale Law School. Retrieved 26 February 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Wagonheim v. Maryland State Board of Censors, 255 Md. 297, 321 (1969); and In re Stevens, 119 Cal.App.4th 1228, 15 Cal.Rptr.3d 168 (2d Dist. 2004) ("a felon's 'capacity for innocent enjoyment' is just as great as any honest man's.") </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804140140/http://www.montrealexpress.ca/article-340765-The-Pirates-of-Penzance-in-Yiddish.html">"The Pirates of Penzance... in Yiddish?"</a>, Montreal Express, 25 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Saltzman, Simon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curtainup.com/piratesnj07.html">CurtainUp New Jersey Review 2007</a> CurtainUp, accessed 13 June 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Nesti, Robert: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118233601/http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=entertainment&sc=theatre&sc2=&sc3=performance&id=92259">"Pirates! (Or, Gilbert and Sullivan Plunder'd)"</a> edgeboston.com, 8 June 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://essgee.com/html/PirateOLDHome.html">Essgee Entertainment's Pirates</a>, Simon Gallaher, accessed 25 July 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidspicer.com.au/author/simon-gallaher">"Simon Gallaher"</a>, DavidSpicer.com. Retrieved 23 April 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Church, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/reviews/the-pirates-of-penzance-wiltonrsquos-music-hall-london-1944869.html">"The Pirates of Penzance, Wilton's Music Hall, London"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210808/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/reviews/the-pirates-of-penzance-wiltonrsquos-music-hall-london-1944869.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Independent, 14 April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Spicer, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stagewhispers.com.au/reviews/sasha-regan%E2%80%99s-pirates-penzance">"Sasha Regan's The Pirates of Penzance"</a>, Stage Whispers, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsprojects.com.au/tour/pirates-of-penzance-directed-by-sasha-regan">"Sasha Regan Pirates of Penzance (UK)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408203223/http://artsprojects.com.au/tour/pirates-of-penzance-directed-by-sasha-regan">Archived</a> 8 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Arts Projects Australia, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Shepherd, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/piraten.htm">"Die Piraten (1968)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920022805/http://gasdisc.oakapplepress.com/piraten.htm">Archived</a> 20 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 13 April 2009, accessed 13 October 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=Pirates+of+Penzance">List of television and film adaptations</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Ainger, Michael (2002). Gilbert and Sullivan – A Dual Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514769-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514769-3"><bdi>0-19-514769-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+and+Sullivan+%E2%80%93+A+Dual+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-514769-3&rft.aulast=Ainger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1979" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Reginald (1979). Gilbert and Sullivan in America, The Story of the First D'Oyly Carte Opera Company American Tour. New York: The Pierpont Morgan Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+and+Sullivan+in+America%2C+The+Story+of+the+First+D%27Oyly+Carte+Opera+Company+American+Tour&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Pierpont+Morgan+Library&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1975" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Reginald (1975). The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan (2nd ed.). Chappell & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903443-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-903443-10-4"><bdi>0-903443-10-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Night+Gilbert+and+Sullivan&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chappell+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-903443-10-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Bond" title="Jessie Bond">Bond, Jessie</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906114856/http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/books/bond/bond_home.html">The Life and Reminiscences of Jessie Bond, the Old Savoyard (as told to Ethel MacGeorge)</a>. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/books/bond/bond_home.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Reminiscences+of+Jessie+Bond%2C+the+Old+Savoyard+%28as+told+to+Ethel+MacGeorge%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Lane%2C+The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiamond.boisestate.edu%2Fgas%2Fbooks%2Fbond%2Fbond_home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"> (Chapters 5 and 6)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blyth" title="Alan Blyth">Blyth, Alan</a> (1994). Opera on CD. London: Kyle Cathie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85626-103-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85626-103-4"><bdi>1-85626-103-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+on+CD&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kyle+Cathie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85626-103-4&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordman1981" class="citation book cs1">Bordman, Gerald (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanoperetta00bord">American Operetta: From H. M. S. Pinafore to Sweeney Todd</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502869-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-502869-4"><bdi>0-19-502869-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Operetta%3A+From+H.+M.+S.+Pinafore+to+Sweeney+Todd&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-19-502869-4&rft.aulast=Bordman&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanoperetta00bord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Bradley, Ian</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annotatedgilbert00sull">The Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan</a>. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-070848-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-070848-0"><bdi>0-14-070848-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Gilbert+and+Sullivan&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-14-070848-0&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannotatedgilbert00sull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Ian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ohjoyohraptureen00brad">Oh Joy! Oh Rapture!: The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516700-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516700-7"><bdi>0-19-516700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oh+Joy%21+Oh+Rapture%21%3A+The+Enduring+Phenomenon+of+Gilbert+and+Sullivan&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-516700-7&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fohjoyohraptureen00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGänzl1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Gänzl, Kurt</a> (1986). The British Musical Theatre—Volume I, 1865–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Musical+Theatre%E2%80%94Volume+I%2C+1865%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4nzl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operaguidepengui00nich">The Penguin Opera Guide</a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/014051385X" title="Special:BookSources/014051385X"><bdi>014051385X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=014051385X&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperaguidepengui00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Hughes" title="Gervase Hughes">Hughes, Gervase</a> (1959). The Music of Sir Arthur Sullivan. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Sir+Arthur+Sullivan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Gervase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jacobs" title="Arthur Jacobs">Jacobs, Arthur</a> (1986). Arthur Sullivan: A Victorian Musician. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282033-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282033-8"><bdi>0-19-282033-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Sullivan%3A+A+Victorian+Musician&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-282033-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lamb_(writer)" title="Andrew Lamb (writer)">Lamb, Andrew</a> (Spring 1986). "From Pinafore to Porter: United States–United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater, 1879–1929". American Music. 4 (1). University of Illinois Press: 34–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3052183">10.2307/3052183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052183">3052183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=From+Pinafore+to+Porter%3A+United+States%E2%80%93United+Kingdom+Interactions+in+Musical+Theater%2C+1879%E2%80%931929&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-49&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3052183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3052183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch1993" class="citation book cs1">March, Ivan, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoop00gree">The Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Discs</a>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-046957-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-046957-5"><bdi>0-14-046957-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Guide+to+Opera+on+Compact+Discs&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-14-046957-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinguidetoop00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2007" class="citation book cs1">March, Ivan, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetore00lond">The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music</a>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103336-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103336-5"><bdi>978-0-14-103336-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Guide+to+Recorded+Classical+Music&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103336-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinguidetore00lond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Rees" title="Terence Rees">Rees, Terence</a> (1964). Thespis – A Gilbert & Sullivan Enigma. London: Dillon's University Bookshop.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thespis+%E2%80%93+A+Gilbert+%26+Sullivan+Enigma&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dillon%27s+University+Bookshop&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollinsR._John_Witts1962" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Cyril; R. John Witts (1962). The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961. London: Michael Joseph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+D%27Oyly+Carte+Opera+Company+in+Gilbert+and+Sullivan+Operas%3A+A+Record+of+Productions%2C+1875%E2%80%931961&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=R.+John+Witts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"> Also, five supplements, privately printed</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, Bernard</a> (1981). Laurence, Dan H. (ed.). Shaw's Music: The Complete Musical Criticism of Bernard Shaw. Vol. 1. London: Max Reinhardt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-31270-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-31270-8"><bdi>0-370-31270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaw%27s+Music%3A+The+Complete+Musical+Criticism+of+Bernard+Shaw&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Max+Reinhardt&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-370-31270-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1981" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Bernard (1981). Laurence, Dan H. (ed.). Shaw's Music: The Complete Musical Criticism of Bernard Shaw. Vol. 2. London: Max Reinhardt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-31271-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-31271-6"><bdi>0-370-31271-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaw%27s+Music%3A+The+Complete+Musical+Criticism+of+Bernard+Shaw&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Max+Reinhardt&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-370-31271-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillettSpencer2002" class="citation conference cs1">Tillett, Selwyn; Spencer, Roderick (21 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619222651/http://www.chimesmusicaltheatre.co.uk/Thespis.pdf">Forty Years of Thespis Scholarship</a> (PDF). Sullivan Society Festival weekend. Cirencester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chimesmusicaltheatre.co.uk/Thespis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Forty+Years+of+Thespis+Scholarship&rft.place=Cirencester&rft.date=2002-09-21&rft.aulast=Tillett&rft.aufirst=Selwyn&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Roderick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chimesmusicaltheatre.co.uk%2FThespis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Carolyn (2010). Gilbert and Sullivan: Gender, Genre, Parody. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14804-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14804-7"><bdi>978-0-231-14804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+and+Sullivan%3A+Gender%2C+Genre%2C+Parody&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14804-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Pirates+of+Penzance" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a></div></div></div> </div> General <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsarchive.net/pirates/html/index.html">The Pirates of Penzance at The Gilbert & Sullivan Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720071930/http://www.themorgan.org/music/manuscript/115806">Sullivan's autograph manuscript, 1879</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsarchive.net/pirates/programmes/pp_00/pp_0.html">1880 London theatre programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/pirates/pp2.html">Review of the opening night</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207032729/http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/pirates/pp2.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Scott" title="Clement Scott">Clement Scott</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtishows.com/show_detail.asp?showid=000061">Papp's version of The Pirates of Penzance</a> at the Music Theatre International website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524174741/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/theatre_performance/objects_theatre_performance/doyly_carte/index.html">D'Oyly Carte Prompt Books</a> at The Victoria and Albert Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EugH7Be9Ds">Televised scenes from Pirates, D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a>, 1955</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Pirates+of+Penzance&author=GILBERT&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">The Pirates of Penzance</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> Lists of productions <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809080517/http://www.floormic.com/show/120645">The Pirates of Penzance</a>. Production list at Floormic.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/show.php?ID=7113">The Pirates of Penzance</a> at The Internet Broadway Database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/find?tt=on;nm=on;mx=20;q=The%20Pirates%20of%20Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gilbert_and_Sullivan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Template:Gilbert and Sullivan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Template talk:Gilbert and Sullivan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gilbert and Sullivan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gilbert_and_Sullivan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thespis_(opera)" title="Thespis (opera)">Thespis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_by_Jury" title="Trial by Jury">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Pirates of Penzance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_(opera)" title="Patience (opera)">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ida" title="Princess Ida">Princess Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddigore" title="Ruddigore">Ruddigore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gondoliers" title="The Gondoliers">The Gondoliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia,_Limited" title="Utopia, Limited">Utopia, Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Duke" title="The Grand Duke">The Grand Duke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Carte" title="Helen Carte">Helen Carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Rupert D'Oyly Carte">Rupert D'Oyly Carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Bridget D'Oyly Carte">Bridget D'Oyly Carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan">Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gilbert_and_Sullivan_Festival" title="International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival">International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert_bibliography" title="W. S. Gilbert bibliography">W. S. Gilbert bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_W._S._Gilbert_dramatic_works" title="List of W. S. Gilbert dramatic works">dramatic works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Arthur_Sullivan" title="List of compositions by Arthur Sullivan">List of compositions by Arthur Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grim%27s_Dyke" title="Grim's Dyke">Grim's Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan">People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:Works about Gilbert and Sullivan">Works about Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adaptations_of_works_by_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:Adaptations of works by Gilbert and Sullivan">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gilbert_and_Sullivan_performing_groups" title="Category:Gilbert and Sullivan performing groups">Performing groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sullivan operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cox_and_Box" title="Cox and Box">Cox and Box</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sapphire_Necklace" title="The Sapphire Necklace">The Sapphire Necklace</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contrabandista" title="The Contrabandista">The Contrabandista</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zoo" title="The Zoo">The Zoo</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddon_Hall_(opera)" title="Haddon Hall (opera)">Haddon Hall</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chieftain" title="The Chieftain">The Chieftain</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Stone" title="The Beauty Stone">The Beauty Stone</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_of_Persia" title="The Rose of Persia">The Rose of Persia</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emerald_Isle" title="The Emerald Isle">The Emerald Isle</a> (1901) w/ <a href="/wiki/Edward_German" title="Edward German">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:Gilbert and Sullivan">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Gilbert and Sullivan">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="W._S._Gilbert_and_Arthur_Sullivan&#039;s_The_Pirates_of_Penzance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="Template:The Pirates of Penzance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="Template talk:The Pirates of Penzance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Pirates of Penzance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="W._S._Gilbert_and_Arthur_Sullivan&#039;s_The_Pirates_of_Penzance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a>'s <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Pirates of Penzance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Movie" title="The Pirate Movie">The Pirate Movie</a> (1982 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(film)" title="The Pirates of Penzance (film)">The Pirates of Penzance</a> (1983 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_Penzance_%E2%80%93_The_Ballet!" title="Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet!">Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet!</a> (1991 ballet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_discography" title="The Pirates of Penzance discography">discography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">Major-General's Song</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Elements_(song)" title="The Elements (song)">The Elements</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paisley_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Paisley Pirates of Penzance">The Paisley Pirates of Penzance</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Hail,_the_Gang%27s_All_Here" title="Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here">Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Celtic_Song" title="The Celtic Song">The Celtic Song</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abduction_of_Figaro" title="The Abduction of Figaro">The Abduction of Figaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Island_Home" title="Our Island Home">Our Island Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_and_the_Pirates" title="Doctor Who and the Pirates">Doctor Who and the Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a> and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident">Beluga Nomination incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident">Irene incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">Maersk Alabama hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT Zafirah hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT Orkim Harmony hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV Moscow University hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair">North Star affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident">Quest incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">Amistad Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the Veloz Passagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig Brillante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_The_Pirates_of_Penzance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_The_Pirates_of_Penzance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for The Pirates of Penzance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #D7F1D7;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DramaDesk_Musical" title="Template:DramaDesk Musical"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DramaDesk_Musical" title="Template talk:DramaDesk Musical"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DramaDesk_Musical" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DramaDesk Musical"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D7F1D7;;width:1%">1975–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz" title="The Wiz">The Wiz</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_(musical)" title="Annie (musical)">Annie</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Misbehavin%27_(musical)" title="Ain't Misbehavin' (musical)">Ain't Misbehavin'</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street">Sweeney Todd</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evita_(musical)" title="Evita (musical)">Evita</a> (1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Pirates of Penzance</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_(musical)" title="Nine (musical)">Nine</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(musical)" title="Little Shop of Horrors (musical)">Little Shop of Horrors</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George" title="Sunday in the Park with George">Sunday in the Park with George</a> (1984)</li> <li>(no award) (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood_(musical)" title="The Mystery of Edwin Drood (musical)">The Mystery of Edwin Drood</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Miserables</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins%27_Broadway" title="Jerome Robbins' Broadway">Jerome Robbins' Broadway</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Angels_(musical)" title="City of Angels (musical)">City of Angels</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden_(musical)" title="The Secret Garden (musical)"> The Secret Garden</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_for_You_(musical)" title="Crazy for You (musical)">Crazy for You</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(musical)" title="Kiss of the Spider Woman (musical)">Kiss of the Spider Woman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(musical)" title="Passion (musical)"> Passion </a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_(musical)" title="Rent (musical)">Rent</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_(musical)" title="The Life (musical)">The Life</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime_(musical)" title="Ragtime (musical)">Ragtime</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)">Parade</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_(musical)" title="Contact (musical)">Contact</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D7F1D7;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Producers_(musical)" title="The Producers (musical)">The Producers</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie_(musical)" title="Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)">Thoroughly Modern Millie</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(musical)" title="Hairspray (musical)">Hairspray</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_(musical)" title="Wicked (musical)">Wicked</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drowsy_Chaperone" title="The Drowsy Chaperone">The Drowsy Chaperone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Awakening_(musical)" title="Spring Awakening (musical)">Spring Awakening</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_Strange" title="Passing Strange">Passing Strange</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot_the_Musical" title="Billy Elliot the Musical">Billy Elliot the Musical</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_(musical)" title="Memphis (musical)">Memphis</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon_(musical)" title="The Book of Mormon (musical)">The Book of Mormon</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_(musical)" title="Once (musical)">Once</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_the_Musical" title="Matilda the Musical">Matilda the Musical</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Gentleman%27s_Guide_to_Love_and_Murder" title="A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder">A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuffle_Along,_or,_the_Making_of_the_Musical_Sensation_of_1921_and_All_That_Followed" title="Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed">Shuffle Along</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_from_Away" title="Come from Away">Come from Away</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(musical)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (musical)">SpongeBob SquarePants</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prom_(musical)" title="The Prom (musical)">The Prom</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Strange_Loop" title="A Strange Loop">A Strange Loop</a> (2020)</li> <li>No Award (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Akimbo_(musical)" title="Kimberly Akimbo (musical)">Kimberly Akimbo</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot_(musical)" title="Some Like It Hot (musical)">Some Like It Hot</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Outlaw_(musical)" title="Dead Outlaw (musical)">Dead Outlaw</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TonyAward_Revival" title="Template:TonyAward Revival"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TonyAward_Revival" title="Template talk:TonyAward Revival"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward_Revival" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward Revival"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival" title="Tony Award for Best Revival">Tony Award for Best Revival</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1977_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracula (1977 play)">Dracula</a> (1978)</li> <li>No Award (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning%27s_at_Seven" title="Morning's at Seven">Morning's at Seven</a> (1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Pirates of Penzance</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Your_Toes" title="On Your Toes">On Your Toes</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman" title="Death of a Salesman">Death of a Salesman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Death_of_Joe_Egg" title="A Day in the Death of Joe Egg">Joe Egg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Charity" title="Sweet Charity">Sweet Charity</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_My_Sons" title="All My Sons">All My Sons</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anything_Goes" title="Anything Goes">Anything Goes</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Town" title="Our Town">Our Town</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(musical)" title="Gypsy (musical)">Gypsy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls" title="Guys and Dolls">Guys and Dolls</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Christie" title="Anna Christie">Anna Christie</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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work</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&oldid=1262847934">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_of_Penzance&oldid=1262847934</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1879_operas" title="Category:1879 operas">1879 operas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cornwall_in_fiction" title="Category:Cornwall in fiction">Cornwall in fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drama_Desk_Award%E2%80%93winning_musicals" 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