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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hengist and Horsa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_i_Horsa" title="Hengist i Horsa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hengist i Horsa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengest_y_Horsa" title="Hengest y Horsa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hengest y Horsa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_kaj_Horsa" title="Hengist kaj Horsa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hengist kaj Horsa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هنگیست و هورسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنگیست و هورسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_et_Horsa" title="Hengist et Horsa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hengist et Horsa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_en_Horsa" title="Hengist en Horsa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hengist en Horsa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengest_i_Horsa" title="Hengest i Horsa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hengest i Horsa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengest_dan_Horsa" title="Hengest dan Horsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hengest dan Horsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengest_en_Horsa" title="Hengest en Horsa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hengest en Horsa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%A8%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5" title="ヘンギストとホルサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンギストとホルサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_e_Horsa" title="Hengist e Horsa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hengist e Horsa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Хенгист и Хорса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хенгист и Хорса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hengist and Horsa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_i_Horsa" title="Hengist i Horsa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hengist i Horsa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_ja_Horsa" title="Hengist ja Horsa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hengist ja Horsa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengist_ve_Horsa" title="Hengist ve Horsa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hengist ve Horsa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6560105#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hengist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hengist (disambiguation)">Hengist (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horsa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Horsa (disambiguation)">Horsa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hengist_and_Horsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hengist_and_Horsa.jpg/290px-Hengist_and_Horsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Hengist_and_Horsa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The brothers in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Parrott" title="Edward Parrott">Edward Parrott</a>'s <i>Pageant of British History</i> (1909)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hengist_King_of_Kent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hengist_King_of_Kent.jpg/220px-Hengist_King_of_Kent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hengist_King_of_Kent.jpg/330px-Hengist_King_of_Kent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hengist_King_of_Kent.jpg/440px-Hengist_King_of_Kent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Hengist from <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a>'s 1611 "Saxon Heptarchy"</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hengist</b> and <b>Horsa</b> are <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> brothers said to have led the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">supposed invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> in the 5th century. Tradition lists Hengist as the first of the Jutish kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>. </p><p>Modern scholarly consensus regards Hengist and Horsa as mythical figures, given their <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliterative</a> animal names, the seemingly constructed nature of their genealogy, and the unknowable quality of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s sources.<sup id="cite_ref-HALSALL60-62_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALSALL60-62-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their later detailed representation in texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> says more about ninth-century attitudes to the past than about the time in which they are said to have existed.<sup id="cite_ref-YORKE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YORKE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HARLAND32_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HARLAND32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to early sources, Hengist and Horsa arrived in Britain at <a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet,_Thanet" title="Ebbsfleet, Thanet">Ebbsfleet</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet" title="Isle of Thanet">Isle of Thanet</a>. For a time, they served as mercenaries for <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Britons" title="King of the Britons">King of the Britons</a>, but later they turned against him (British accounts have them betraying him in the <a href="/wiki/Treachery_of_the_Long_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Treachery of the Long Knives">Treachery of the Long Knives</a>). Horsa was killed fighting the Britons, but Hengist successfully conquered Kent, becoming the forefather of its kings. </p><p>A figure named Hengest, possibly identifiable with the leader of British legend, appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></i> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> has theorized that this indicates Hengest/Hengist is the same person and originates as a historical person.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hengist was historically said to have been buried at <a href="/wiki/Hengistbury_Head" title="Hengistbury Head">Hengistbury Head</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> names <i>Hengest</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈhendʒest]</a></span> and <i>Horsa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈhorˠzɑ]</a></span> mean "stallion" and "horse", respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-MALLORY135_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MALLORY135-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Old English word for a horse was <i><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">eoh</a></i>. <i>Eoh</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> base <i>*éḱwos</i>, whence also <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>equus</i>, which gave rise to the modern English words <i>equine</i> and <i>equestrian</i>. <i>Hors</i> is derived from the Proto-Indo-European base <i>*kurs</i>, to run, which also gave rise to <i>hurry, carry</i> and <i>current</i> (the latter two are borrowings from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>). <i>Hors</i> eventually replaced <i>eoh</i>, fitting a pattern elsewhere in Germanic languages where the original names of sacred animals are abandoned for adjectives; for example, the word <i><a href="/wiki/Bear#Etymology" title="Bear">bear</a></i>, meaning 'the brown one'. While the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> and the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> refer to the brother as <i>Horsa</i>, in the <i>History of the Britons</i> his name is simply <i>Hors</i>. It has been suggested that <i>Horsa</i> may be a pet form of a compound name with the first element "horse".<sup id="cite_ref-TOLKEIN173_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLKEIN173-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People"><i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical History of the English People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 8th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> records that the first chieftains among the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in England were said to have been Hengist and Horsa. He relates that Horsa was killed in battle against the Britons and was thereafter buried in East Kent, where at the time of writing a monument still stood to him. According to Bede, Hengist and Horsa were the sons of <a href="/wiki/Wictgils" class="mw-redirect" title="Wictgils">Wictgils</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Witta,_son_of_Wecta" title="Witta, son of Wecta">Witta</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Wecta" title="Wecta">Wecta</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Woden" class="mw-redirect" title="Woden">Woden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SHERLEY-PRICE63_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHERLEY-PRICE63-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, which exists in nine manuscripts and fragments compiled from the 9th to the 12th centuries, records that in the year 449, Vortigern invited Hengist and Horsa to Britain to assist his forces in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. The brothers landed at Eopwinesfleot (<a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet,_Thanet" title="Ebbsfleet, Thanet">Ebbsfleet</a>), and went on to defeat the Picts wherever they fought them. Hengist and Horsa sent word home to Germany describing "the worthlessness of the Britons, and the richness of the land" and asked for assistance. Their request was granted and support arrived. Afterward, more people arrived in Britain from "the three powers of Germany; the Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes". The Saxons populated <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>; the Jutes Kent, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>; and the Angles <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (leaving their original homeland, <a href="/wiki/Angeln" title="Angeln">Angeln</a>, deserted). The Worcester Chronicle (Chronicle D, compiled in the 11th century), and the Peterborough Chronicle (Chronicle E, compiled in the 12th century), include the detail that these forces were led by the brothers Hengist and Horsa, sons of Wihtgils, son of Witta, son of Wecta, son of Woden, but this information is not included in the A, B, C, or F versions.<sup id="cite_ref-INGRAM13-14_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INGRAM13-14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the entry for the year 455 the <i>Chronicle</i> details that Hengist and Horsa fought against Vortigern at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aylesford" title="Battle of Aylesford">Aylesford</a> and that Horsa died there. Hengist took control of the kingdom with his son <a href="/wiki/Oisc_of_Kent" title="Oisc of Kent">Esc</a>. In 457, Hengist and Esc fought against British forces in <a href="/wiki/Crayford" title="Crayford">Crayford</a> "and there slew four thousand men". The Britons left the land of Kent and fled to London. In 465 Hengest and Esc fought again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wippedesfleot" title="Battle of Wippedesfleot">Battle of Wippedesfleot</a>, probably near Ebbsfleet, and slew twelve British leaders. In the year 473, the final entry in the <i>Chronicle</i> mentioning Hengist or Horsa, Hengist and Esc are recorded as having taken "immense booty" and the Britons having "fled from the English like fire".<sup id="cite_ref-INGRAM15-16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INGRAM15-16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Britons"><i>History of the Britons</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the Britons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hengest_and_Horsa_Verstegan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hengest_and_Horsa_Verstegan.jpg/220px-Hengest_and_Horsa_Verstegan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hengest_and_Horsa_Verstegan.jpg/330px-Hengest_and_Horsa_Verstegan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hengest_and_Horsa_Verstegan.jpg/440px-Hengest_and_Horsa_Verstegan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Hengist and Horsa arriving in Britain, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rowlands">Richard Rowlands</a> (1605)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum"><i>History of the Britons</i></a>, attributed to the Briton <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>, records that, during the reign of Vortigern in Britain, three vessels that had been exiled from Germany arrived in Britain, commanded by Hengist and Horsa. The narrative then gives a genealogy of the two: Hengist and Horsa were sons of Guictglis, son of Guicta, son of Guechta, son of Vouden, son of Frealof, son of Fredulf, son of Finn, son of Foleguald, son of Geta. Geta was said to be the son of a god, yet "not of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ", but rather "the offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the custom of the heathen". In 447 AD Vortigern received Hengist and Horsa "as friends" and gave to the brothers the Isle of Thanet.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Saxons had lived on Thanet for "some time" Vortigern promised them supplies of clothing and other provisions on condition that they assist him in fighting the enemies of his country. As the Saxons increased in number the Britons became unable to keep their agreement, and so told them that their assistance was no longer needed and that they should go home.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vortigern allowed Hengist to send for more of his countrymen to come over to fight for him. Messengers were sent to "<a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>", where "a number" of warriors were selected, and, with sixteen ships, the messengers returned. With the men came Hengist's beautiful daughter. Hengist prepared a feast, inviting Vortigern, Vortigern's officers, and Ceretic, his translator. Prior to the feast, Hengist enjoined his daughter to serve the guests plenty of wine and ale so that they would become drunk. At the feast Vortigern became enamored with her and promised Hengist whatever he liked in exchange for her betrothal. Hengist, having "consulted with the Elders who attended him of the Angle race", demanded Kent. Without the knowledge of the then-ruler of Kent, Vortigern agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN22-23_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN22-23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hengist's daughter was given to Vortigern, who slept with her and deeply loved her. Hengist told Vortigern that he would now be both his father and adviser and that Vortigern would know no defeat with his counsel, "for the people of my country are strong, warlike, and robust". With Vortigern's approval, Hengist would send for his son and his brother to fight against the Scots and those who dwelt near the wall. Vortigern agreed and <a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Ochta</a> and Ebissa arrived with 40 ships, sailed around the land of the Picts, conquered "many regions", and assaulted the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> Islands. Hengist continued to send for more ships from his country, so that some islands where his people had previously dwelt are now free of inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN23-24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN23-24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vortigern had meanwhile incurred the wrath of <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre" title="Germanus of Auxerre">Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre</a> (by taking his own daughter for a wife and having a son by her) and had gone into hiding at the advice of his council. But at length his son <a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a> engaged Hengist and Horsa and their men in battle, drove them back to Thanet and there enclosed them and beset them on the western flank. The war waxed and waned; the Saxons repeatedly gained ground and were repeatedly driven back.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN29_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN29-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vortimer attacked the Saxons four times: first enclosing the Saxons in Thanet, secondly fighting at the river <a href="/wiki/River_Derwent,_North_East_England" title="River Derwent, North East England">Derwent</a>, the third time at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aylesford" title="Battle of Aylesford">Epsford</a>, where both Horsa and Vortigern's son <a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a> died, and lastly "near the stone on the shore of the Gallic sea", where the Saxons were defeated and fled to their ships. </p><p>After a "short interval" Vortimer died and the Saxons became established, "assisted by foreign pagans". Hengist convened his forces and sent to Vortigern an offer of peace. Vortigern accepted, and Hengist prepared a feast to bring together the British and Saxon leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN30-31_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN30-31-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he instructed his men to conceal knives beneath their feet. At the right moment, Hengist shouted <i>nima der <a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">sexa</a></i> (get your knives) and his men massacred the unsuspecting Britons. However, they spared Vortigern, who ransomed himself by giving the Saxons Essex, Sussex, Middlesex and other unnamed districts.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN31-32_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN31-32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germanus of Auxerre was acclaimed as commander of the British forces. By praying, singing "<a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">hallelujah</a>" and crying to God, the Britons drove the Saxons to the sea. Germanus then prayed for three days and nights at Vortigern's castle and fire fell from heaven and engulfed the castle. Vortigern, Hengist's daughter, Vortigern's other wives, and all other inhabitants burned to death. Potential alternate fates for Vortigern are provided.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN33_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN33-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Saxons continued to increase in numbers, and after Hengist died his son Ochta succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-GUNN34_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUNN34-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain"><i>History of the Kings of Britain</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of the Kings of Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Vortigern_%26_Rowena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hamilton_Vortigern_%26_Rowena.jpg/220px-Hamilton_Vortigern_%26_Rowena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hamilton_Vortigern_%26_Rowena.jpg/330px-Hamilton_Vortigern_%26_Rowena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hamilton_Vortigern_%26_Rowena.jpg/440px-Hamilton_Vortigern_%26_Rowena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><i>Vortigern and Rowena</i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(painter)" title="William Hamilton (painter)">William Hamilton</a> (1793)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his sometimes described as "pseudo-historical" twelfth-century work <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Kings of Britain">The History of the Kings of Britain</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> adapted and greatly expanded the account in the <i>History of the Britons</i>. Hengist and Horsa appear in books 6 and 8: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_6">Book 6</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geoffrey records that three <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantines</a> or long galleys arrived in Kent, full of armed men and commanded by two brothers, Hengist and Horsa. Vortigern was then staying at Dorobernia (<a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>), and ordered that the "tall strangers" be received peacefully and brought to him. When Vortigern saw the company, he immediately observed that the brothers "excelled all the rest both in nobility and in gracefulness of person". He asked what country they had come from and why they had come to his kingdom. Hengist ("whose years and wisdom entitled him to precedence") replied that they had left their homeland of <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Saxony</a> to offer their services to Vortigern or some other prince, as part of a Saxon custom in which, when the country became overpopulated, able young men were chosen by lot to seek their fortunes in other lands. Hengist and Horsa were made generals over the exiles, as befitted their noble birth.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON116-117_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON116-117-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vortigern was aggrieved when he learned that the strangers were pagans, but nonetheless rejoiced at their arrival, since he was surrounded by enemies. He asked Hengist and Horsa if they would help him in his wars, offering them land and "other possessions". They accepted the offer, settled on an agreement, and stayed with Vortigern at his court. Soon after, the Picts came from <a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a> with an immense army and attacked the northern parts of Vortigern's kingdom. In the ensuing battle "there was little occasion for the Britons to exert themselves, for the Saxons fought so bravely, that the enemy, formerly victorious, were speedily put to flight".<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON117-118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON117-118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In gratitude Vortigern increased the rewards he had promised to the brothers. Hengist was given "large possessions of lands in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Lindsey</a> for the subsistence of himself and his fellow-soldiers". A "man of experience and subtlety", Hengist told Vortigern that his enemies assailed him from every quarter, and that his subjects wished to depose him and make <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Aurelius Ambrosius</a> king. He asked the king to allow him to send word to Saxony for more soldiers. Vortigern agreed, adding that Hengist could invite over whom he pleased and that "you shall have no refusal from me in whatever you shall desire".<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON118-119_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON118-119-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hengist bowed low in thanks, and made a further request, that he be made a consul or prince, as befitted his birth. Vortigern responded that it was not in his power to do this, reasoning that Hengist was a foreign pagan and would not be accepted by the British lords. Hengist asked instead for leave to build a fortress on a piece of land small enough that it could be encircled by a leather thong. Vortigern granted this and ordered Hengist to invite more Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON118-119_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON118-119-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After executing Vortigern's orders, Hengist took a bull's hide and made it into a single thong, which he used to encircle a carefully chosen rocky place (perhaps at <a href="/wiki/Caistor" title="Caistor">Caistor</a> in Lindsey).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he built the castle of <i>Kaercorrei</i>, or in <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Saxon</a> <i>Thancastre</i>: "thong castle."<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON119_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON119-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The messengers returned from Germany with eighteen ships full of the best soldiers they could get, as well as Hengist's beautiful daughter <a href="/wiki/Rowena" title="Rowena">Rowena</a>. Hengist invited Vortigern to see his new castle and the newly arrived soldiers. A banquet took place in Thancastre, at which Vortigern drunkenly asked Hengist to let him marry Rowena. Horsa and the men all agreed that Hengist should allow the marriage, on the condition that Vortigern give him Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSOIN120-121_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSOIN120-121-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vortigern and Rowena were immediately married and Hengist received Kent. The king, though delighted with his new wife, incurred the hatred of his nobles and of his three sons.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON121_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON121-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As his new father-in-law, Hengist made further demands of Vortigern: </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>As I am your father, I claim the right of being your counsellor: do not therefore slight my advice, since it is to my countrymen you must owe the conquest of all your enemies. Let us invite over my son Octa, and his brother Ebissa, who are brave soldiers, and give them the countries that are in the northern parts of Britain, by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">the wall</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a> and Alba. For they will hinder the inroads of the barbarians, and so you shall enjoy peace on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON121-122_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON121-122-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>Vortigern agreed. Upon receiving the invitation, Octa, Ebissa, and another lord, <a href="/wiki/Cerdic_of_Wessex" title="Cerdic of Wessex">Cherdich</a>, immediately left for Britain with three hundred ships. Vortigern received them kindly, and gave them ample gifts. With their assistance, Vortigern defeated his enemies in every engagement. All the while Hengist continued inviting over yet more ships, adding to his numbers daily. Witnessing this, the Britons tried to get Vortigern to banish the Saxons, but on account of his wife he would not. Consequently, his subjects turned against him and took his son Vortimer for their king. The Saxons and the Britons, led by Vortimer, met in four battles. In the second, Horsa and Vortimer's brother, Catigern, slew one another. By the fourth battle, the Saxons had fled to Thanet, where Vortimer besieged them. When the Saxons could no longer bear the British onslaughts, they sent out Vortigern to ask his son to allow them safe passage back to Germany. While discussions were taking place, the Saxons boarded their ships and left, leaving their wives and children behind.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON122-123_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON122-123-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rowena poisoned the victorious Vortimer, and Vortigern returned to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON123_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON123-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his wife's request he invited Hengist back to Britain, but instructed him to bring only a small retinue. Hengist, knowing Vortimer to be dead, instead raised an army of 300,000 men. When Vortigern received word of the imminent arrival of the vast Saxon fleet, he resolved to fight them. Rowena alerted her father of this, who, after considering various strategies, resolved to make a show of peace and sent ambassadors to Vortigern.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON124-125_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON124-125-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ambassadors informed Vortigern that Hengist had only brought so many men because he did not know of Vortimer's death and feared further attacks from him. Now that there was no threat, Vortigern could choose from among the men the ones he wished to return to Germany. Vortigern was greatly pleased by these tidings, and arranged to meet Hengist on the first of May at the monastery of Ambrius.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON125_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON125-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the meeting, Hengist ordered his soldiers to carry long daggers beneath their clothing. At the signal <i>Nemet oure Saxas</i> (get your knives), the Saxons fell upon the unsuspecting Britons and massacred them, while Hengist held Vortigern by his cloak. 460 British barons and consuls were killed, as well as some Saxons whom the Britons beat to death with clubs and stones. Vortigern was held captive and threatened with death until he resigned control of Britain's chief cities to Hengist. Once free, he fled to <a href="/wiki/Cambria" title="Cambria">Cambria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON125-126_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON125-126-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_8">Book 8</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Book 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Cambria, <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> prophesied to Vortigern that the brothers <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Aurelius Ambrosius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a> (who had fled to <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> as children after Vortigern killed their brother <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans</a> and their father, King <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine</a>) would return to have their revenge and defeat the Saxons. They arrived the next day, and, after rallying the dispersed Britons, Aurelius was proclaimed king. Aurelius marched into Cambria and burned Vortigern alive in his tower, before setting his sights upon the Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON149_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON149-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hengist was struck by terror at the news of Vortigern's death and fled with his army beyond the Humber. He took courage at the approach of Aurelius and selected the bravest among his men to defend him. Hengist told these chosen men not to be afraid of Aurelius, for he had brought less than 10,000 Armorican Britons (the native Britons were hardly worth taking into account), while there were 200,000 Saxons. Hengist and his men advanced towards Aurelius in a field called Maisbeli (probably Ballifield, near <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intending to take the Britons by surprise, but Aurelius anticipated them.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON149_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON149-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As they marched to meet the Saxons, <a href="/wiki/Eldol,_Consul_of_Gloucester" title="Eldol, Consul of Gloucester">Eldol</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, told Aurelius that he greatly wished to meet Hengist in combat, noting that "one of the two of us should die before we parted". He explained that he had been at the <a href="/wiki/Treachery_of_the_Long_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Treachery of the Long Knives">Treachery of the Long Knives</a>, but had escaped when God threw him a stake to defend himself with, making him the only Briton present to survive. Meanwhile, Hengist was placing his troops into formation, giving directions, and walking through the lines of troops, "the more to spirit them up".<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON150-151_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON150-151-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the armies in formation, battle began between the Britons and Saxons, both sides suffering "no small loss of blood". Eldol focused on attempting to find Hengist, but had no opportunity to fight him. "By the especial favour of God" the Britons took the upper hand, and the Saxons withdrew and made for Kaerconan (<a href="/wiki/Conisbrough" title="Conisbrough">Conisbrough</a>). Aurelius pursued them, killing or enslaving any Saxon he met on the way. Realizing Kaerconan would not hold against Aurelius, Hengist stopped outside the town and ordered his men to make a stand, "for he knew that his whole security now lay in his sword".<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON151-152_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON151-152-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aurelius reached Hengist, and a "most furious" fight ensued, with the Saxons maintaining their ground despite heavy losses. They came close to winning before a detachment of horses from the Armorican Britons arrived. When <a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, arrived, Eldol knew the day was won and grabbed Hengist's helmet, dragging him into the British ranks. The Saxons fled. Hengist's son Octa retreated to <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and his kinsman Eosa to Alclud (<a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON153_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON153-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three days after the battle, Aurelius called together a council of principal officers to decide what to do with Hengist. Eldol's brother Eldad, Bishop of Gloucester, said: </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>Though all should be unanimous for setting him at liberty, yet would I cut him to pieces. The prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> is my warrant, who, when he had <a href="/wiki/Agag" title="Agag">Agag</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a>, in his power, hewed him in pieces, saying, As thy sword hath made women childless, so shall thy mother be childless among women. Do therefore the same to Hengist, who is a second Agag.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON154_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON154-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>Consequently, Eldol drew Hengist out of the city and cut off his head. Aurelius, "who showed moderation in all his conduct", arranged for him to be buried and for a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">mound</a> to be raised over his corpse, according to the custom of pagans.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON154_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON154-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octa and Eosa surrendered to Aurelius, who granted them the country bordering Scotland and made a firm covenant with them.<sup id="cite_ref-THOMPSON154-155_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THOMPSON154-155-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_Edda"><i>Prose Edda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prose Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Icelander <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, writing in the 13th century, briefly mentions Hengist in the <a href="/wiki/Prologue_(Prose_Edda)" title="Prologue (Prose Edda)"><i>Prologue</i></a>, the first book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>. The <i>Prologue</i> gives a <a href="/wiki/Euhemerize" class="mw-redirect" title="Euhemerize">euhemerized</a> account of Germanic history, including the detail that Woden put three of his sons in charge of Saxony. The ruler of eastern Saxony was Veggdegg, one of whose sons was Vitrgils, the father of Vitta, the father of Hengist.<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horse-head_gables">Horse-head gables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Horse-head gables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On farmhouses in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, horse-head <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gables</a> were referred to as "Hengst und Hors" (Low German for "stallion and mare") as late as around 1875. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> notes that these horse-head gables can still be seen today, and says that the horse-head gables confirm that Hengist and Horsa were originally considered mythological, horse-shaped beings.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK139_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK139-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin Litchfield West</a> comments that the horse heads may have been remnants of pagan religious practices in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-WEST190_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEST190-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Dachschmuck.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sketch of a farmhouse gable"><img alt="Sketch of a farmhouse gable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Dachschmuck.png/120px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Dachschmuck.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Dachschmuck.png/180px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Dachschmuck.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Dachschmuck.png/240px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Dachschmuck.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sketch of a farmhouse gable</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_Pferdegiebel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gable with crossed horse heads, Hanover"><img alt="Gable with crossed horse heads, Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hannover_Pferdegiebel.jpg/120px-Hannover_Pferdegiebel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hannover_Pferdegiebel.jpg/250px-Hannover_Pferdegiebel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2786" data-file-height="2223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gable with crossed horse heads, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giebelschmuck_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_Pferdek%C3%B6pfe.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A gable in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="A gable in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giebelschmuck_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_Pferdek%C3%B6pfe.JPG/120px-Giebelschmuck_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_Pferdek%C3%B6pfe.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giebelschmuck_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_Pferdek%C3%B6pfe.JPG/180px-Giebelschmuck_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_Pferdek%C3%B6pfe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giebelschmuck_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_Pferdek%C3%B6pfe.JPG/240px-Giebelschmuck_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_Pferdek%C3%B6pfe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gable in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gable in Hanover"><img alt="A gable in Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel.jpg/120px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel.jpg/250px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gable in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Buchholz in der Nordheide"><img alt="Coat of arms of Buchholz in der Nordheide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DEU_Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide_COA.svg/102px-DEU_Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DEU_Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide_COA.svg/153px-DEU_Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DEU_Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide_COA.svg/205px-DEU_Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide" title="Buchholz in der Nordheide">Buchholz in der Nordheide</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DE-NI_03-1-01-000_Thune_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Thune, Brunswick"><img alt="Coat of arms of Thune, Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DE-NI_03-1-01-000_Thune_COA.svg/106px-DE-NI_03-1-01-000_Thune_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DE-NI_03-1-01-000_Thune_COA.svg/159px-DE-NI_03-1-01-000_Thune_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DE-NI_03-1-01-000_Thune_COA.svg/213px-DE-NI_03-1-01-000_Thune_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Thune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Spornitz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Spornitz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Coat of arms of Spornitz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wappen_Spornitz.svg/120px-Wappen_Spornitz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wappen_Spornitz.svg/250px-Wappen_Spornitz.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Spornitz" title="Spornitz">Spornitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1877 version of the logo of the Raiffeisen farmers' co-operative movement"><img alt="An 1877 version of the logo of the Raiffeisen farmers' co-operative movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg/120px-Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg/144px-Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg/192px-Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1877 version of the logo of the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Raiffeisen</a> farmers' co-operative movement</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnesburg_Fragment_and_Beowulf"><i>Finnesburg Fragment</i> and <i>Beowulf</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finnesburg Fragment and Beowulf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Hengest appears in line 34 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></i>, which describes the legendary <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Finnsburg" title="Battle of Finnsburg">Battle of Finnsburg</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">scop</a> recites a composition summarizing the Finnsburg events, including information not provided in the fragment. Hengest is mentioned in lines 1082 and 1091.<sup id="cite_ref-CHICKERINGJR111AND113_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHICKERINGJR111AND113-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have proposed that the figure mentioned in both of these references is one and the same as the Hengist of the Hengist and Horsa accounts, though Horsa is not mentioned in either source. In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> argued that Hengist was a historical figure, and that Hengist came to Britain after the events recorded in the <i>Finnesburg Fragment</i> and <i>Beowulf</i>. Patrick Sims-Williams is more sceptical of the account, suggesting that Bede's Canterbury source, which he relied on for his account of Hengist and Horsa in the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, had confused two separate traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-WALLACE-HADRILL215_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WALLACE-HADRILL215-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_twin_brothers_and_divine_Indo-European_horse_twins">Germanic twin brothers and divine Indo-European horse twins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germanic twin brothers and divine Indo-European horse twins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several sources attest that the Germanic peoples venerated a <a href="/wiki/Divine_twins" title="Divine twins">divine pair of twin brothers</a>. The earliest reference to this practice derives from <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(historian)" title="Timaeus (historian)">Timaeus</a> (c. 345 – c. 250 BC). Timaeus records that the Celts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> were especially devoted to <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">what he describes as</a> <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>. In his work <i>Germania</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> records the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Alcis_(gods)" title="Alcis (gods)">Alcis</a>, whom he identifies with Castor and Pollux. Germanic legends mention various brothers as founding figures. The 1st- or 2nd-century historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> cites the brothers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raos_and_Raptos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raos and Raptos (page does not exist)">Raos and Raptos</a> as the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Astings</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>'s 8th-century <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lombards" title="History of the Lombards">History of the Lombards</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> migrated southward from Scandinavia led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibur_and_Aio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibur and Aio (page does not exist)">Ibur and Aio</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> records in his 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Deeds of the Danes</a></i> that this migration was prompted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggi_and_Ebbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggi and Ebbi (page does not exist)">Aggi and Ebbi</a>. In related Indo-European cultures, similar traditions are attested, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dioscuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscuri">Dioscuri</a>. Scholars have theorized that these divine twins in Indo-European cultures stem from divine twins in prehistoric Proto-Indo-European culture.<sup id="cite_ref-PROTO-INDO_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROTO-INDO-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a> comments on the great importance of the horse in Indo-European religion, as exemplified "most obviously" by various mythical brothers appearing in Indo-European legend, including Hengist and Horsa: </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>Some would maintain that the <i>premier</i> animal of the Indo-European sacrifice and ritual was probably the horse. We have already seen how its embedment in Proto-Indo-European society lies not just in its lexical reconstruction but also in the proliferation of personal names which contain "horse" as an element among the various Indo-European peoples. Furthermore, we witness the importance of the horse in Indo-European rituals and mythology. One of the most obvious examples is the recurrent depiction of twins such as the Indic Asvins "horsemen," the Greek horsemen Castor and Pollux, the legendary Anglo-Saxon settlers Horsa and Hengist [...] or the Irish twins of <a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a>, born after she had completed a horse race. All of these attest the existence of Indo-European divine twins associated with or represented by horses.<sup id="cite_ref-MALLORY135_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MALLORY135-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uffington_White_Horse">Uffington White Horse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uffington White Horse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse" title="Uffington White Horse">Uffington White Horse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_horse_from_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/White_horse_from_air.jpg/250px-White_horse_from_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/White_horse_from_air.jpg/330px-White_horse_from_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/White_horse_from_air.jpg/500px-White_horse_from_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse" title="Uffington White Horse">Uffington White Horse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In his 17th-century work <i>Monumenta Britannica</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a> ascribes the <a href="/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse" title="Uffington White Horse">Uffington White Horse</a> <a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">hill figure</a> to Hengist and Horsa, stating that "the White Horse was their Standard at the Conquest of Britain". However, he also ascribes the origins of the horse to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Britons">Ancient Britons</a>, reasoning that the horse resembles Celtic Iron Age coins. As a result, advocates of a Saxon origin of the figure debated with those favouring an ancient British origin for three centuries after Aubrey's findings. In 1995, using <a href="/wiki/Optically_stimulated_luminescence" title="Optically stimulated luminescence">optically stimulated luminescence</a> dating, David Miles and Simon Palmer of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Archaeology" title="Oxford Archaeology">Oxford Archaeology</a> Unit assigned the Uffington White Horse to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHWYZER45AND56_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHWYZER45AND56-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aschanes">Aschanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aschanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> identified Hengist with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aschanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aschanes (page does not exist)">Aschanes</a>, mythical first King of the Saxons, in their notes for legend number 413 of their <i>German Legends</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editor and translator Donald Ward, in his commentary on the tale, regards the identification as untenable on linguistic grounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_influence">Modern influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg/220px-Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg/330px-Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg/440px-Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCnde" title="Bünde">Bünde</a>, Germany, depicting Hengist and Horsa</figcaption></figure> <p>Hengist and Horsa have appeared in a variety of media in the modern period. Written between 1616 and 1620, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Hengist,_King_of_Kent" title="Hengist, King of Kent">Hengist, King of Kent</a></i> features portrayals of both Hengist and Horsa (as <i>Hersus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-TAYLORLAVAGNINO1448_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAYLORLAVAGNINO1448-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 July 1776, the first committee for the production of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a> convened. One of three members of the committee, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, proposed that one side of the seal feature Hengist and Horsa, "the Saxon chiefs from whom we claim the honor of being descended, and whose political principles and form of government we assumed".<sup id="cite_ref-MERILL98_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MERILL98-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hengist and Horsus" appear as antagonists in the play <i><a href="/wiki/Vortigern_and_Rowena" title="Vortigern and Rowena">Vortigern and Rowena</a></i>, which was touted as a newly discovered work by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> in 1796, but was soon revealed as a hoax by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Ireland" title="William Henry Ireland">William Henry Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CamelotProject_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamelotProject-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair have plaques in the <a href="/wiki/Walhalla_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhalla Temple">Walhalla Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, which honours distinguished figures of German history.<sup id="cite_ref-EVERILL12_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVERILL12-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, two British <a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">military gliders</a> took their names from the brothers: the <a href="/wiki/Slingsby_Hengist" title="Slingsby Hengist">Slingsby Hengist</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIGL19_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIGL19-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa" title="Airspeed Horsa">Airspeed Horsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FREDERIKSEN14_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FREDERIKSEN14-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th-century American poet <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers" title="Robinson Jeffers">Robinson Jeffers</a> composed a poem titled <i>Ode to Hengist and Horsa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HUNT423_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HUNT423-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>'s poem <i>Hengist Quiere Hombres (449 A.D.)</i> was published in translation in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Georg_of_Denmark" title="Prince Georg of Denmark">Prince Georg of Denmark</a> came to <a href="/wiki/Pegwell_Bay" title="Pegwell Bay">Pegwell Bay</a> in Kent to dedicate the longship <i><a href="/wiki/Hugin_(longship)" title="Hugin (longship)">Hugin</a></i>, commemorating the landing of Hengest and Horsa at nearby Ebbsfleet 1500 years earlier in 449 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Hengist and Horsa are not referenced in the medieval tales of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, some modern Arthurian tales do link them. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart_(novelist)" title="Mary Stewart (novelist)">Mary Stewart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlin Trilogy">Merlin Trilogy</a></i>, Hengist and Horsa are executed by Ambrosius; Hengist is given full Saxon funeral honours, cremated with his weapons on a pyre. In <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duggan" title="Alfred Duggan">Alfred Duggan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Conscience_of_the_King" title="Conscience of the King">Conscience of the King</a></i>, Hengist plays a major role in the early career of <a href="/wiki/Cerdic_of_Wessex" title="Cerdic of Wessex">Cerdic Elesing</a>, legendary founder of the kingdom of Wessex. </p><p>Part of the <a href="/wiki/A299_road" title="A299 road">A299 road</a> on the Isle of Thanet is named Hengist Way.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcis_(gods)" title="Alcis (gods)">Alcis (gods)</a>, Germanic horse brother deities venerated by the Naharvali, a Germanic people described by Tacitus in 1 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1vieniai" title="Ašvieniai">Ašvieniai</a>. Lithuanian brother horse deities, also used crossed, on top of cottage house roofs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a>, Vedic twin deities of medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_twins" title="Divine twins">Divine twins</a>, A number of Indo-European mythical brother deities, associated with horses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses in Germanic paganism</a>, wider importance of horses in early Germanic cultures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Steed" title="Saxon Steed">Saxon Steed</a>, a heraldic motif</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian horseman</a>, sometimes linked to the Dioscuri</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HALSALL60-62-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HALSALL60-62_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsall (2013:60-62).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YORKE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YORKE_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yorke (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HARLAND32-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HARLAND32_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harland (2021:32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1982" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J.R.R. (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i>. George Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0482-9003-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-0482-9003-3"><bdi>0-0482-9003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finn+and+Hengest&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-0482-9003-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span> (based on lectures delivered just before and after WWII)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MALLORY135-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MALLORY135_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MALLORY135_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallory (2005:135).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOLKEIN173-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOLKEIN173_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien (2006:173).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHERLEY-PRICE63-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SHERLEY-PRICE63_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede (1990:63).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INGRAM13-14-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INGRAM13-14_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingram (1823:13-14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INGRAM15-16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INGRAM15-16_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingram (1823:15-16).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN18-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN18_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN22_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN22-23-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN22-23_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:22–23).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN23-24-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN23-24_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:23–24).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN29-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN29_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:29).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN30-31-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN30-31_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:30–31).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN31-32-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN31-32_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:31–32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN33-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN33_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:33).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUNN34-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUNN34_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn (1819:34).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON116-117-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON116-117_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:116–117).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON117-118-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON117-118_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (117–118).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON118-119-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON118-119_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON118-119_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:118–119).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshley2005" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWeBAAAQBAJ"><i>A Brief History of King Arthur</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" title="Constable & Robinson">Constable & Robinson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1472107659" title="Special:BookSources/1472107659"><bdi>1472107659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+King+Arthur&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1472107659&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnBWeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON119-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON119_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:119).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSOIN120-121-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSOIN120-121_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:120–121).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON121-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON121_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:121).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON121-122-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON121-122_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:121–122).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON122-123-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON122-123_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:122–123).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON123-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON123_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:123).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON124-125-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON124-125_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:124–125).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON125-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON125_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:125).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON125-126-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON125-126_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:125–126).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON149-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON149_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON149_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:149).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2014" class="citation journal cs1">English, Mark (2014). "Maisbeli: A Place-Name Problem from Geoffrey of Monmouth". <i>Notes & Queries</i>. <b>259</b>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjt236">10.1093/notesj/gjt236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+%26+Queries&rft.atitle=Maisbeli%3A+A+Place-Name+Problem+from+Geoffrey+of+Monmouth&rft.volume=259&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjt236&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON150-151-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON150-151_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:150–151).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON151-152-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON151-152_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:151–152).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON153-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON153_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:153).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON154-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON154_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON154_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:154).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THOMPSON154-155-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THOMPSON154-155_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1842:154–155).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES4_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1995:4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK139-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK139_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:139).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WEST190-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WEST190_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West (2007:190).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHICKERINGJR111AND113-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHICKERINGJR111AND113_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chickering Jr. (2006:111 and 1113).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WALLACE-HADRILL215-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WALLACE-HADRILL215_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace-Hadrill (1993:215).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PROTO-INDO-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PROTO-INDO_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:59–60) and Mallory (2005:135).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHWYZER45AND56-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCHWYZER45AND56_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwyzer (1999:45 and 56).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The German Legends of the Brothers Grimm</i> volume 2, edited and translated by Donald Ward, Millington Books, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAYLORLAVAGNINO1448-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAYLORLAVAGNINO1448_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor. Lavagnino (2007:1148).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MERILL98-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MERILL98_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson (1970:98).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CamelotProject-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CamelotProject_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/ireland.htm">"Vortigern"</a>. <i>The Camelot Project</i>. University of Rochester<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Camelot+Project&rft.atitle=Vortigern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.rochester.edu%2Fcamelot%2Fireland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVERILL12-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EVERILL12_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everill (1845:12).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIGL19-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIGL19_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigl (2007:19).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FREDERIKSEN14-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FREDERIKSEN14_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frédriksen (2001:14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUNT423-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HUNT423_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt (1991:423).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorges1977" class="citation magazine cs1">Borges, Jorge Luis (1977-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1977-06-20/flipbook/034/">"Hengist Wants Men (449 A.D.)"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Reid_(poet)" title="Alastair Reid (poet)">Reid, Alastair</a>. New York, NY: Condé Nast<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Hengist+Wants+Men+%28449+A.D.%29&rft.date=1977-06-20&rft.aulast=Borges&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.newyorker.com%2Fnewyorker%2F1977-06-20%2Fflipbook%2F034%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WME8QE_Beginning_of_English_History_Commemoration_Stone_Pegwell_Bay_Kent_UK">"Beginning of English History" Commemoration Stone - Pegwell Bay, Kent, UK - UK Historical Markers on Waymarking.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beginning+of+English+History%22+Commemoration+Stone+-+Pegwell+Bay%2C+Kent%2C+UK+-+UK+Historical+Markers+on+Waymarking.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWME8QE_Beginning_of_English_History_Commemoration_Stone_Pegwell_Bay_Kent_UK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OpenStreetMap <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/51.3410/1.3366">https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/51.3410/1.3366</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChickering2006" class="citation book cs1">Chickering, Howell D. Jr. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beowulf00howe"><i>Beowulf: A Dual-Language Edition</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-9622-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-9622-7"><bdi>1-4000-9622-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beowulf%3A+A+Dual-Language+Edition&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4000-9622-7&rft.aulast=Chickering&rft.aufirst=Howell+D.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeowulf00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverill1845" class="citation book cs1">Everill, George (1845). <i>A Translation of Walhalla's Inmates described by Lewis the First, King of Bavaria</i>. Munich: George Franz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Translation+of+Walhalla%27s+Inmates+described+by+Lewis+the+First%2C+King+of+Bavaria&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=George+Franz&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Everill&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaulkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Faulkes, Anthony (1995). <i>Edda</i>. <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3"><bdi>0-460-87616-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edda&rft.pub=Everyman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-460-87616-3&rft.aulast=Faulkes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrédriksen2001" class="citation book cs1">Frédriksen, John C. (2001). <i>International Warbirds: an Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-364-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-364-5"><bdi>1-57607-364-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Warbirds%3A+an+Illustrated+Guide+to+World+Military+Aircraft%2C+1914%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57607-364-5&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9driksen&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuest,_Edwin1853" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Guest" title="Edwin Guest">Guest, Edwin</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3917316;view=1up;seq=42">"On the Etymology of the word <i>Stone-henge</i>"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Philological Society</i>. <b>6</b> (130).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Etymology+of+the+word+Stone-henge&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=130&rft.date=1853&rft.au=Guest%2C+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3917316%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunn1819" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, William (1819). <i>Historia Brittonum</i>. London: Printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Brittonum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+John+and+Arthur+Arch%2C+Cornhill&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunt1991" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Tim, ed. (1991). <i>The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers: 1938–1962</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1847-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1847-4"><bdi>0-8047-1847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Poetry+of+Robinson+Jeffers%3A+1938%E2%80%931962&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8047-1847-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Halsall" title="Guy Halsall">Halsall, Guy</a> (2013). <i>World of Arthur: Facts and Fictions of the Dark Ages</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Arthur%3A+Facts+and+Fictions+of+the+Dark+Ages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarland2021" class="citation book cs1">Harland, James (2021). <i>Ethnic Identity and the Archaeology of the aduentus Saxonum</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+and+the+Archaeology+of+the+aduentus+Saxonum&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngram1823" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, James Henry (1823). <i>The Saxon chronicle, with an English Translation and Notes, Critical and Explanatory</i>. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster-Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saxon+chronicle%2C+with+an+English+Translation+and+Notes%2C+Critical+and+Explanatory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+and+Brown%2C+Paternoster-Row&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lyon, Bryce. "From Hengist and Horsa to Edward of Caernarvon: Recent writing on English history" in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. <i>Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939</i> (Harvard University Press, 1966), pp 1–57; historiography</li> <li>Lyon, Bryce. " Change or Continuity: Writing since 1965 on English History before Edward of Caernarvon," in Richard Schlatter, ed., <i>Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966</i> (Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 1–34, historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallory2005" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1"><bdi>0-500-27616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-500-27616-1&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNigl2007" class="citation book cs1">Nigl, Alfred J. (2007). <i>Silent Wings, Silent Death</i>. Graphic Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882824-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882824-31-1"><bdi>978-1-882824-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Wings%2C+Silent+Death&rft.pub=Graphic+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-882824-31-1&rft.aulast=Nigl&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1970" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Merill D. (1970). <i>Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography</i>. Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501909-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501909-1"><bdi>0-19-501909-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+the+New+Nation%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-19-501909-1&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merill+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwyzer1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schwyzer" title="Philip Schwyzer">Schwyzer, Philip</a> (1999). "The Scouring of the White Horse: Archaeology, Identity, and 'Heritage'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Representations</i>. Special Issue: New Perspectives in British Studies (Winter, 1999). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scouring+of+the+White+Horse%3A+Archaeology%2C+Identity%2C+and+%27Heritage%27&rft.btitle=Representations&rft.series=Special+Issue%3A+New+Perspectives+in+British+Studies+%28Winter%2C+1999%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Schwyzer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBede1990" class="citation book cs1">Bede (1990). <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Sherley-Price" title="Leo Sherley-Price">Leo Sherley-Price</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044565-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044565-X"><bdi>0-14-044565-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-044565-X&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimek2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2007). <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. Translated by Angela Hall. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7"><bdi>978-0-85991-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-513-7&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylorLavagnino2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Gary; Lavagnino, John, eds. (2007). <i>Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922588-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922588-0"><bdi>978-0-19-922588-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Middleton%3A+The+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922588-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1842" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Aaron (1842). <i>The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth: In Twelve Books</i>. London: James Bohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+History+of+Geoffrey+of+Monmouth%3A+In+Twelve+Books&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Bohn&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (1855). <i>The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, the Scôp or Gleeman's Tale, and The Fight at Finnesburg</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Poems+of+Beowulf%2C+the+Sc%C3%B4p+or+Gleeman%27s+Tale%2C+and+The+Fight+at+Finnesburg&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bliss" title="Alan Bliss">Bliss, Alan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-261-10355-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-261-10355-5"><bdi>0-261-10355-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finn+and+Hengest&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-261-10355-5&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurville-Petre1953–57" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Turville-Petre" title="Joan Turville-Petre">Turville-Petre, J. E.</a> (1953–57). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Saga-Book%201-22%20searchable/Saga-Book%20XIV.pdf">"Hengest and Horsa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Saga-Book</i>. <b>14</b>. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Society_for_Northern_Research" title="Viking Society for Northern Research">Viking Society for Northern Research</a>: <span class="nowrap">273–</span>90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saga-Book&rft.atitle=Hengest+and+Horsa&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1953%2F1957&rft.aulast=Turville-Petre&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2FSaga-Book%25201-22%2520searchable%2FSaga-Book%2520XIV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (1993). "Fact or Fiction? The Written Evidence for the Fifth and Sixth Centuries AD". <i>Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxon+Studies+in+Archaeology+and+History&rft.atitle=Fact+or+Fiction%3F+The+Written+Evidence+for+the+Fifth+and+Sixth+Centuries+AD&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Wallace-Hadrill" title="J. M. Wallace-Hadrill">Wallace-Hadrill, John Michael</a> (1993). <i>Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People: A Historical Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822174-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822174-6"><bdi>0-19-822174-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bede%27s+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%3A+A+Historical+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-822174-6&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1">West, Martin Litchfield (2007). <i>Indo-European Poetry and Myth</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHengist+and+Horsa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengist_and_Horsa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Kent</a> </b><br />455/456–488 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oisc_of_Kent" title="Oisc of Kent">Oisc</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent" title="List of monarchs of Kent">Monarchs of Kent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hengest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsa">Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oisc_of_Kent" title="Oisc of Kent">Oisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eormenric_of_Kent" title="Eormenric of Kent">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadbald_of_Kent" title="Eadbald of Kent">Eadbald</a></li> <li>Æðelwald <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eorcenberht_of_Kent" title="Eorcenberht of Kent">Eorcenberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eormenred_of_Kent" title="Eormenred of Kent">Eormenred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Kent" title="Ecgberht of Kent">Ecgberht I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlothhere_of_Kent" title="Hlothhere of Kent">Hlothhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadric_of_Kent" title="Eadric of Kent">Eadric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_of_Kent" title="Mul of Kent">Mul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%A6fheard" title="Swæfheard">Swæfheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%A6fberht" title="Swæfberht">Swæfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Kent" title="Oswine of Kent">Oswine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtred_of_Kent" title="Wihtred of Kent">Wihtred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alric_of_Kent" title="Alric of Kent">Alric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadbert_I_of_Kent" title="Eadbert I of Kent">Eadbert I </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_II_of_Kent" title="Æthelbert II of Kent">Æthelbert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Kent" title="Eardwulf of Kent">Eardwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_II" title="Eadberht II">Eadberht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigered_of_Kent" title="Sigered of Kent">Sigered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanmund_of_Kent" title="Eanmund of Kent">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaberht_of_Kent" title="Heaberht of Kent">Heaberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_II_of_Kent" title="Ecgberht II of Kent">Ecgberht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealhmund_of_Kent" title="Ealhmund of Kent">Ealhmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_III_Pr%C3%A6n" title="Eadberht III Præn">Eadberht III Præn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthred_of_Kent" title="Cuthred of Kent">Cuthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_I_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf I of Mercia">Ceolwulf I</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Kent" title="Baldred of Kent">Baldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Kent" title="Æthelstan of Kent">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Existence uncertain (See <a href="/wiki/Eadbald_of_Kent#Ancestry_and_immediate_family" title="Eadbald of Kent">Eadbald</a>)</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Also monarch of Mercia</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Also monarch of East Anglia and Mercia</li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Also monarch of Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Mercia</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Also monarch of Wessex</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angul_(mythology)" title="Angul (mythology)">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo burial">Sutton Hoo burial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template talk:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Works by Geoffrey of Monmouth">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophetiae_Merlini" title="Prophetiae Merlini">Prophetiae Merlini</a></i> (c. 1135)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> (c. 1136)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Merlini" title="Vita Merlini">Vita Merlini</a></i> (c. 1150)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations_of_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Translations of Geoffrey of Monmouth">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Layamon's <i>Brut</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breta_s%C3%B6gur" title="Breta sögur">Breta sögur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merl%C3%ADn%C3%BAssp%C3%A1" title="Merlínússpá">Merlínússpá</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanactus" title="Albanactus">Albanactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhfrith_of_Deira" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhfrith of Deira">Alhfrith of Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibalus" title="Amphibalus">Amphibalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andragius" title="Andragius">Andragius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archgallo" title="Archgallo">Archgallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archmail" title="Archmail">Archmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvirargus" title="Arvirargus">Arvirargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Conanus" title="Aurelius Conanus">Aurelius Conanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldgabred" title="Beldgabred">Beldgabred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinus" title="Belinus">Belinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladud" title="Bladud">Bladud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledric_ap_Custennin" title="Bledric ap Custennin">Bledric ap Custennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledudo" title="Bledudo">Bledudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennius" title="Brennius">Brennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Greenshield" title="Brutus Greenshield">Brutus Greenshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Budic II of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadfan_ap_Iago" title="Cadfan ap Iago">Cadfan ap Iago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadoc" title="Cadoc">Cadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cador" title="Cador">Cador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camber (legendary king)">Camber (legendary king)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Britain" title="Cap of Britain">Cap of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetus_Silvius" title="Capetus Silvius">Capetus Silvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoir" title="Capoir">Capoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradocus" title="Caradocus">Caradocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Cassivellaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catellus" title="Catellus">Catellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherin" title="Cherin">Cherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledaucus" title="Cledaucus">Cledaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotenus" title="Clotenus">Clotenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilus" title="Coilus">Coilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II (son of Constantine III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)">Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine (Briton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordelia_of_Britain" title="Cordelia of Britain">Cordelia of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corineus" title="Corineus">Corineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunedagius" title="Cunedagius">Cunedagius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunobeline" title="Cunobeline">Cunobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danius" title="Danius">Danius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digueillus" title="Digueillus">Digueillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionotus" title="Dionotus">Dionotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunvallo_Molmutius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunvallo Molmutius">Dunvallo Molmutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebraucus" title="Ebraucus">Ebraucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edadus" title="Edadus">Edadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edern_ap_Nudd" title="Edern ap Nudd">Edern ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol" title="Eldol">Eldol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol,_Consul_of_Gloucester" title="Eldol, Consul of Gloucester">Eldol, Consul of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elidurus" title="Elidurus">Elidurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliud" title="Eliud">Eliud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enniaunus" title="Enniaunus">Enniaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrildis" title="Estrildis">Estrildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Eudaf Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrex" title="Ferrex">Ferrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgenius" title="Fulgenius">Fulgenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerennus" title="Gerennus">Gerennus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffar_the_Pict" title="Goffar the Pict">Goffar the Pict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogmagog_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogmagog (folklore)">Gogmagog (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goneril" title="Goneril">Goneril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorboduc" title="Gorboduc">Gorboduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbonianus" title="Gorbonianus">Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiderius" title="Guiderius">Guiderius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guithelin" title="Guithelin">Guithelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgintius" title="Gurgintius">Gurgintius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurguit_Barbtruc" title="Gurguit Barbtruc">Gurguit Barbtruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgustius" title="Gurgustius">Gurgustius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddoleu_ap_Ceidio" title="Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio">Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddydd" title="Gwenddydd">Gwenddydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Gwendolen" title="Queen Gwendolen">Queen Gwendolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena (empress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_the_Hun" title="Humber the Hun">Humber the Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iago_ap_Beli" title="Iago ap Beli">Iago ap Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idvallo" title="Idvallo">Idvallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenius_of_Britain" title="Ingenius of Britain">Ingenius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innogen" title="Innogen">Innogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jago_of_Britain" title="Jago of Britain">Jago of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Julius Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Sir Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keredic" title="Keredic">Keredic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimarcus" title="Kimarcus">Kimarcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinarius" title="Kinarius">Kinarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leil" title="Leil">Leil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leir_of_Britain" title="Leir of Britain">Leir of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrinus" title="Locrinus">Locrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lud_son_of_Heli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lud son of Heli">Lud son of Heli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddan" title="Maddan">Maddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubracius" title="Mandubracius">Mandubracius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Marcia" title="Queen Marcia">Queen Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus" title="Marganus">Marganus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus_II" title="Marganus II">Marganus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_of_Britain" title="Marius of Britain">Marius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mempricius" title="Mempricius">Mempricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merianus" title="Merianus">Merianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millus" title="Millus">Millus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvidus" title="Morvidus">Morvidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrddin_Wyllt" title="Myrddin Wyllt">Myrddin Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius_of_Britain" title="Nennius of Britain">Nennius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenus" title="Oenus">Oenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain mab Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandrasus" title="Pandrasus">Pandrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Peredur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredurus" title="Peredurus">Peredurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_the_Britons" title="Pir of the Britons">Pir of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_I" title="Porrex I">Porrex I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_II" title="Porrex II">Porrex II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Laberius_Durus" title="Quintus Laberius Durus">Quintus Laberius Durus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redechius" title="Redechius">Redechius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redon_of_Britain" title="Redon of Britain">Redon of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regan_(King_Lear)" title="Regan (King Lear)">Regan (King Lear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhydderch_Hael" title="Rhydderch Hael">Rhydderch Hael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivallo" title="Rivallo">Rivallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud_Hud_Hudibras" title="Rud Hud Hudibras">Rud Hud Hudibras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runo_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runo (legendary king)">Runo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawyl_Penuchel" title="Sawyl Penuchel">Sawyl Penuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvius_(mythology)" title="Silvius (mythology)">Silvius (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_I" title="Sisillius I">Sisillius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_II" title="Sisillius II">Sisillius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_III" title="Sisillius III">Sisillius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Gorbonianus" title="Son of Gorbonianus">Son of Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasciovanus" title="Tasciovanus">Tasciovanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trahern" title="Trahern">Trahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urianus" title="Urianus">Urianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venissa" title="Venissa">Venissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortiporius" title="Vortiporius">Vortiporius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Ywain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92thelwald_of_Deira" title="Œthelwald of Deira">Œthelwald of Deira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arfderydd" title="Battle of Arfderydd">Battle of Arfderydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guoloph" title="Battle of Guoloph">Battle of Guoloph</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Britanniae" title="Gesta Regum Britanniae">Gesta Regum Britanniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailoken" title="Lailoken">Lailoken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">List of legendary kings of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_rulers_of_Cornwall" title="List of legendary rulers of Cornwall">List of legendary rulers of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molmutine_Laws" title="Molmutine Laws">Molmutine Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Malvam" title="River Malvam">River Malvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(c._630)" title="Siege of Exeter (c. 630)">Siege of Exeter (c. 630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Locations associated with Arthurian legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Treason of the Long Knives">Treason of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantum" title="Trinovantum">Trinovantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_genealogy_of_Nennius" title="Trojan genealogy of Nennius">Trojan genealogy of Nennius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vera_historia_de_morte_Arthuri" title="Vera historia de morte Arthuri">Vera historia de morte Arthuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Oxford" title="Walter of Oxford">Walter of Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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