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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Intent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omissions_and_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omissions_and_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Omissions and biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omissions_and_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Anno_Domini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Anno_Domini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Use of Anno Domini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Anno_Domini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_historical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Other historical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Chronicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Hagiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Theological works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_and_astronomical_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_astronomical_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Historical and astronomical chronology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_astronomical_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Educational works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Latin poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vernacular_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernacular_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Vernacular poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernacular_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Veneration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Veneration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Modern legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bede</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" > 67 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93da" title="Bēda – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bēda" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="বিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Беда Вялебны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беда Вялебны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бэда Вялебны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэда Вялебны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Беда Достопочтени – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беда Достопочтени" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Venerabilis" title="Beda Venerabilis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Beda Venerabilis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Ctihodn%C3%BD" title="Beda Ctihodný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beda Ctihodný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Venerabilis" title="Beda Venerabilis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beda Venerabilis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βέδας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέδας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede_la_Honorinda" title="Bede la Honorinda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bede la Honorinda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سنت بید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت بید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8de_le_V%C3%A9n%C3%A9rable" title="Bède le Vénérable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bède le Vénérable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede" title="Bede – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bede" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4_%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="베다 베네라빌리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베다 베네라빌리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Բեդա Պատվելի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեդա Պատվելի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_%C4%8Casni" title="Beda Časni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beda Časni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Venerabilis" title="Beda Venerabilis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beda Venerabilis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_prestur" title="Beda prestur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beda prestur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_il_Venerabile" title="Beda il Venerabile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beda il Venerabile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="בדה ונרביליס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדה ונרביליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბედა ღირსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბედა ღირსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Mheshimiwa" title="Beda Mheshimiwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Beda Mheshimiwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Cien%C4%ABjamais" title="Beda Cienījamais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beda Cienījamais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_el_Venerabil" title="Beda el Venerabil – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Beda el Venerabil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Venerabilis" title="Beda Venerabilis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beda Venerabilis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede_the_Venerable" title="Bede the Venerable – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bede the Venerable" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ബീഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബീഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA)" title="بيدا (عالم لاهوت) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيدا (عالم لاهوت)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ベーダ・ヴェネラビリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベーダ・ヴェネラビリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_den_%C3%A6rverdige" title="Beda den ærverdige – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beda den ærverdige" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Czcigodny" title="Beda Czcigodny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beda Czcigodny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Venerabilul" title="Beda Venerabilul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beda Venerabilul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Беда Достопочтенный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беда Достопочтенный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede" title="Bede – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bede" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_i_Nderuari" title="Beda i Nderuari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beda i Nderuari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede" title="Bede – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bede" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Venerabilis" title="Beda Venerabilis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beda Venerabilis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_%C4%8Castitljivi" title="Beda Častitljivi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beda Častitljivi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Беда Поштовани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Беда Поштовани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Uva%C5%BEeni" title="Beda Uvaženi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beda Uvaženi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_Venerabilis" title="Beda Venerabilis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beda Venerabilis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_venerabilis" title="Beda venerabilis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beda venerabilis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda" title="Beda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Beda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="பீட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94" title="นักบุญบีด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักบุญบีด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede" title="Bede – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bede" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Беда Преподобний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Беда Преподобний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AA%C4%91a" title="Bêđa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bêđa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beda_(santo)" title="Beda (santo) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Beda (santo)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anglo-Saxon monk, writer and saint (672/3–735)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Beda" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beda (disambiguation)">Beda (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bede_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bede (disambiguation)">Bede (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Bede the Venerable</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="915" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Venerable Bede writing. Detail from a 12th century codex</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 673<a href="#cite_note-ASEEncBede-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a>, possibly Monkwearmouth in present-day Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England<a href="#cite_note-ASEEncBede-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 May 735 (aged 61 or 62) <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>, Northumbria<a href="#cite_note-ASEEncBede-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Declared a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> in 1899 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>25 May (Western Churches)</li> <li>27 May (Orthodox Church and the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> from 1899 to 1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Holding the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_writers" title="List of English writers">English writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, England, <a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Beda_University" title="San Beda University">San Beda University</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Beda_College_Alabang" title="San Beda College Alabang">San Beda College Alabang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazianzen">Nazianzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a><a href="#cite_note-CM_xxv-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theo-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bede (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/biːd/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: Bēda <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈbeːdɑ]</a>; 672/3 – 26 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Beda Venerabilis), was an English <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>, author and scholar. He was one of the greatest teachers and writers during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, and his most famous work, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>, gained him the title "The Father of <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">English History</a>". He served at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>. Born on lands belonging to the twin monastery of <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Monkwearmouth–Jarrow</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, England, Bede was sent to <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a> at the age of seven and later joined Abbot <a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>. Both of them survived a plague that struck in 686 and killed the majority of the population there. While Bede spent most of his life in the monastery, he travelled to several abbeys and monasteries across the British Isles, even visiting the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">archbishop of York</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Ceolwulf of Northumbria">Ceolwulf of Northumbria</a>. His theological writings were extensive and included a number of Biblical commentaries and other works of <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> erudition. Another important area of study for Bede was the academic discipline of <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a>, otherwise known to his contemporaries as the science of calculating calendar dates. One of the more important dates Bede tried to compute was Easter, an effort that was mired in controversy. He also helped popularize the practice of dating forward from the birth of Christ (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>—in the year of our Lord), a practice which eventually became commonplace in medieval Europe. He is considered by many historians to be the most important scholar of antiquity for the period between the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> in 604 and the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in 800. In 1899, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> declared him a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>. He is the only native of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to achieve this designation.<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> Bede was moreover a skilled linguist and translator, and his work made the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> writings of the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> much more accessible to his fellow <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, which contributed significantly to English <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Bede's monastery had access to an impressive library which included works by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>, and many others. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_Bedae_Venerabilis.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Opera_Bedae_Venerabilis.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Opera_Bedae_Venerabilis.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Opera_Bedae_Venerabilis.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Opera_Bedae_Venerabilis.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Opera_Bedae_Venerabilis.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Opera_Bedae_Venerabilis.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4198" data-file-height="6168" /></a><figcaption>Opera Bedae Venerabilis (1563)</figcaption></figure> Almost everything that is known of Bede's life is contained in the last chapter of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a history of the church in England. It was completed in about 731,<a href="#cite_note-Deconstruct5-6">[5]</a> and Bede implies that he was then in his fifty-ninth year, which would give a birth date in 672 or 673.<a href="#cite_note-ASEEncBede-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CM_xix-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> A minor source of information is the letter by his disciple Cuthbert (not to be confused with the saint, <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a>, who is mentioned in Bede's work) which relates Bede's death.<a href="#cite_note-Reread9-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> Bede, in the Historia, gives his birthplace as "on the lands of this monastery".<a href="#cite_note-HE_V_24_329-15">[12]</a> He is referring to the twin monasteries of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow,<a href="#cite_note-Farmer2004p47-48-16">[13]</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Wearside" title="Wearside">Wearside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> respectively. There is also a tradition that he was born at <a href="/wiki/Monkton,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkton, Tyne and Wear">Monkton</a>, two miles from the site where the monastery at Jarrow was later built.<a href="#cite_note-ASEEncBede-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CM_xix-xx-17">[14]</a> Bede says nothing of his origins, but his connections with men of noble ancestry suggest that his own family was well-to-do.<a href="#cite_note-World4-18">[15]</a> Bede's first abbot was <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a>, and the names "Biscop" and "Beda" both appear in a list of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Lindsey</a> from around 800, further suggesting that Bede came from a noble family.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beda_(name)" title="Beda (name)">Bede's name</a> reflects <a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a> Bīeda (Anglian Bēda).<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> It is an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> short name formed on the root of bēodan "to bid, command".<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> The name also occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, s.a. 501, as Bieda, one of the sons of the Saxon founder of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portsmouth#Pre-Norman" title="History of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Durham_Liber_Vitae" title="Durham Liber Vitae">Liber Vitae</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> names two priests with this name, one of whom is presumably Bede himself. Some manuscripts of the Life of Cuthbert, one of Bede's works, mention that <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a>'s own priest was named Bede; it is possible that this priest is the other name listed in the Liber Vitae.<a href="#cite_note-Reread8-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASC14-22">[19]</a> At the age of seven, Bede was sent as a <a href="/wiki/Puer_oblatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Puer oblatus">puer oblatus</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> to the monastery of Monkwearmouth by his family to be educated by Benedict Biscop and later by <a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World178-24">[21]</a> Bede does not say whether it was already intended at that point that he would be a monk.<a href="#cite_note-World241-25">[22]</a> It was fairly common in Ireland at this time for young boys, particularly those of noble birth, to be fostered out as an oblate; the practice was also likely to have been common among the Germanic peoples in England.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xx-26">[23]</a> Monkwearmouth's sister monastery at Jarrow was founded by Ceolfrith in 682, and Bede probably transferred to Jarrow with Ceolfrith that year.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer2004p47-48-16">[13]</a> The dedication stone for the church has survived as of 1969<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit">[update]</a>; it is dated 23 April 685, and as Bede would have been required to assist with menial tasks in his day-to-day life it is possible that he helped in building the original church.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xx-26">[23]</a> In 686, plague broke out at Jarrow. The Life of Ceolfrith, written in about 710, records that only two surviving monks were capable of singing the full offices; one was Ceolfrith and the other a young boy, who according to the anonymous writer had been taught by Ceolfrith. The two managed to do the entire service of the liturgy until others could be trained. The young boy was almost certainly Bede, who would have been about 14.<a href="#cite_note-World178-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plummer_I_xii-27">[24]</a> When Bede was about 17 years old, <a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a>, the abbot of <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>, visited Monkwearmouth and Jarrow. Bede would probably have met the abbot during this visit, and it may be that Adomnán sparked Bede's interest in the <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">Easter dating controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World181-28">[25]</a> In about 692, in Bede's nineteenth year, Bede was ordained a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> by his diocesan bishop, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hexham" title="Bishop of Hexham">bishop of Hexham</a>. The canonical age for the ordination of a deacon was 25; Bede's early ordination may mean that his abilities were considered exceptional,<a href="#cite_note-CM_xx-26">[23]</a> but it is also possible that the minimum age requirement was often disregarded.<a href="#cite_note-World5-29">[26]</a> There might have been minor orders ranking below a deacon; but there is no record of whether Bede held any of these offices.<a href="#cite_note-World253-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[d]</a> In Bede's thirtieth year (about 702), he became a priest, with the ordination again performed by Bishop John.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> In about 701 Bede wrote his first works, the De Arte Metrica and De Schematibus et Tropis; both were intended for use in the classroom.<a href="#cite_note-World5-29">[26]</a> He continued to write for the rest of his life, eventually completing over 60 books, most of which have survived. Not all his output can be easily dated, and Bede may have worked on some texts over a period of many years.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-World5-29">[26]</a> His last surviving work is a letter to <a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Ecgbert of York</a>, a former student, written in 734.<a href="#cite_note-World5-29">[26]</a> A 6th-century Greek and Latin manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> that is believed to have been used by Bede survives and is now in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. It is known as the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Laudianus" title="Codex Laudianus">Codex Laudianus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World234-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> Bede may have worked on some of the Latin Bibles that were copied at Jarrow, one of which, the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a>, is now held by the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Library" title="Laurentian Library">Laurentian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_20a-33">[29]</a> Bede was a teacher as well as a writer;<a href="#cite_note-Ray_57-34">[30]</a> he enjoyed music and was said to be accomplished as a singer and as a reciter of poetry in the vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-World5-29">[26]</a> It is possible that he suffered a speech impediment, but this depends on a phrase in the introduction to his verse life of St Cuthbert. Translations of this phrase differ, and it is uncertain whether Bede intended to say that he was cured of a speech problem, or merely that he was inspired by the saint's works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting19355–6-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock197621-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[e]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bede_dictating_to_a_scribe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bede_dictating_to_a_scribe.JPG/220px-Bede_dictating_to_a_scribe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bede_dictating_to_a_scribe.JPG/330px-Bede_dictating_to_a_scribe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bede_dictating_to_a_scribe.JPG/440px-Bede_dictating_to_a_scribe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> depicting Bede dictating to a scribe</figcaption></figure> In 708, some monks at <a href="/wiki/Hexham_Abbey" title="Hexham Abbey">Hexham</a> accused Bede of having committed heresy in his work De Temporibus.<a href="#cite_note-World267-38">[33]</a> The standard theological view of world history at the time was known as the <a href="/wiki/Six_Ages_of_the_World" title="Six Ages of the World">Six Ages of the World</a>; in his book, Bede calculated the age of the world for himself, rather than accepting the authority of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>, and came to the conclusion that Christ had been born 3,952 years after the creation of the world, rather than the figure of over 5,000 years that was commonly accepted by theologians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede198538-39">[34]</a> The accusation occurred in front of the bishop of Hexham, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>, who was present at a feast when some drunken monks made the accusation. Wilfrid did not respond to the accusation, but a monk present relayed the episode to Bede, who replied within a few days to the monk, writing a letter setting forth his defence and asking that the letter also be read to Wilfrid.<a href="#cite_note-World267-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[f]</a> Bede had another brush with Wilfrid, for the historian says that he met Wilfrid sometime between 706 and 709 and discussed <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a>, the abbess of Ely. Wilfrid had been present at the exhumation of her body in 695, and Bede questioned the bishop about the exact circumstances of the body and asked for more details of her life, as Wilfrid had been her advisor.<a href="#cite_note-Goffart322-41">[35]</a> In 733, Bede travelled to York to visit Ecgbert, who was then <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">bishop of York</a>. The See of York was elevated to an archbishopric in 735, and it is likely that Bede and Ecgbert discussed the proposal for the elevation during his visit.<a href="#cite_note-World305-42">[36]</a> Bede hoped to visit Ecgbert again in 734 but was too ill to make the journey.<a href="#cite_note-World305-42">[36]</a> Bede also travelled to the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> and at some point visited the otherwise unknown monastery of a monk named Wicthed, a visit that is mentioned in a letter to that monk. Because of his widespread correspondence with others throughout the British Isles, and because many of the letters imply that Bede had met his correspondents, it is likely that Bede travelled to some other places, although nothing further about timing or locations can be guessed.<a href="#cite_note-Reread15-43">[37]</a> It seems certain that he did not visit Rome, however, as he did not mention it in the autobiographical chapter of his Historia Ecclesiastica.<a href="#cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969p556n-44">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm</a>, a correspondent of Bede's who assisted him by finding documents for him in Rome, is known to have visited Bede, though the date cannot be determined beyond the fact that it was after Nothhelm's visit to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Plummer_II_3-45">[39]</a> Except for a few visits to other monasteries, his life was spent in a round of prayer, observance of the monastic discipline and study of the Sacred Scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> He was considered the most learned man of his time.<a href="#cite_note-SHMI-47">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bede.jpg/220px-Bede.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bede.jpg/330px-Bede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bede.jpg/440px-Bede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Bede's tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee_(church_architecture)" title="Galilee (church architecture)">Galilee Chapel</a> at the west end of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Bede died on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Feast of the Ascension</a>, Thursday, 26 May 735, on the floor of his cell, singing "Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit"<a href="#cite_note-SHMI-47">[41]</a> and was buried at Jarrow.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> Cuthbert, a disciple of Bede's, wrote a letter to a Cuthwin (of whom nothing else is known), describing Bede's last days and his death. According to Cuthbert, Bede fell ill, "with frequent attacks of breathlessness but almost without pain", before Easter. On the Tuesday, two days before Bede died, his breathing became worse and his feet swelled. He continued to dictate to a scribe, however, and despite spending the night awake in prayer he dictated again the following day.<a href="#cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-587-48">[42]</a> At three o'clock, according to Cuthbert, he asked for a box of his to be brought and distributed among the priests of the monastery "a few treasures" of his: "some pepper, and napkins, and some incense". That night he dictated a final sentence to the scribe, a boy named Wilberht, and died soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-587-48">[42]</a> The account of Cuthbert does not make entirely clear whether Bede died before midnight or after. However, by the reckoning of Bede's time, passage from the old day to the new occurred at sunset, not midnight, and Cuthbert is clear that he died after sunset. Thus, while his box was brought at three o'clock Wednesday afternoon of 25 May, by the time of the final dictation it was considered 26 May, although it might still have been 25 May in modern usage.<a href="#cite_note-World307-49">[43]</a> Cuthbert's letter also relates a five-line poem in the vernacular that Bede composed on his deathbed, known as "<a href="/wiki/Bede%27s_Death_Song" title="Bede's Death Song">Bede's Death Song</a>". It is the most-widely copied Old English poem and appears in 45 manuscripts, but its attribution to Bede is not certain—not all manuscripts name Bede as the author, and the ones that do are of later origin than those that do not.<a href="#cite_note-BEASE_59-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-581n-51">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> Bede's remains may have been transferred to Durham Cathedral in the 11th century; his tomb there was looted in 1541, but the contents were probably re-interred in the Galilee chapel at the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> One further oddity in his writings is that in one of his works, the Commentary on the Seven Catholic Epistles, he writes in a manner that gives the impression he was married.<a href="#cite_note-Reread8-21">[18]</a> The section in question is the only one in that work that is written in first-person view. Bede says: "Prayers are hindered by the conjugal duty because as often as I perform what is due to my wife I am not able to pray."<a href="#cite_note-QWard57-53">[47]</a> Another passage, in the Commentary on Luke, also mentions a wife in the first person: "Formerly I possessed a wife in the lustful passion of desire and now I possess her in honourable sanctification and true love of Christ."<a href="#cite_note-QWard57-53">[47]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Benedicta_Ward" title="Benedicta Ward">Benedicta Ward</a> argued that these passages are Bede employing a rhetorical device.<a href="#cite_note-Ward57-54">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Bede" title="List of works by Bede">List of works by Bede</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_Yates_Thompson_MS_26_f.2r_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BL_Yates_Thompson_MS_26_f.2r_%28cropped%29.png/170px-BL_Yates_Thompson_MS_26_f.2r_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BL_Yates_Thompson_MS_26_f.2r_%28cropped%29.png/255px-BL_Yates_Thompson_MS_26_f.2r_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BL_Yates_Thompson_MS_26_f.2r_%28cropped%29.png/340px-BL_Yates_Thompson_MS_26_f.2r_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4645" data-file-height="6714" /></a><figcaption>Bede writing, from a 12th-century copy of his Life of St Cuthbert (Yates Thompson MS 26, f. 2r)</figcaption></figure> Bede wrote scientific, historical and theological works, reflecting the range of his writings from music and <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">metrics</a> to exegetical <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a> commentaries. He knew <a href="/wiki/Church_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church father">patristic</a> literature, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> writers. He knew some Greek. Bede's scriptural commentaries employed the <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> method of interpretation,<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> and his history includes accounts of miracles, which to modern historians has seemed at odds with his critical approach to the materials in his history. Modern studies have shown the important role such concepts played in the world-view of Early Medieval scholars.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> Although Bede is mainly studied as a historian now, in his time his works on grammar, chronology, and biblical studies were as important as his historical and hagiographical works. The non-historical works contributed greatly to the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goffart242-57">[51]</a> He has been credited with writing a <a href="/wiki/Paenitentiale_Bedae" title="Paenitentiale Bedae">penitential</a>, though his authorship of this work is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical History of the English People">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_(cropped_centre).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg/170px-E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg/255px-E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg/340px-E-codices_bke-0047_001v_medium_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>The Venerable Bede writing the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>, from a 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Engelberg_Abbey" title="Engelberg Abbey">Engelberg Abbey</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> Bede's best-known work is the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, or An Ecclesiastical History of the English People,<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_21-59">[53]</a> completed in about 731. Bede was aided in writing this book by <a href="/wiki/Albinus_(abbot)" title="Albinus (abbot)">Albinus</a>, abbot of <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> The first of the five books begins with some geographical background and then sketches the history of England, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar's</a> invasion in 55 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_22-61">[55]</a> A brief account of Christianity in Roman Britain, including the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">St Alban</a>, is followed by the story of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a>'s mission to England in 597, which brought Christianity to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> The second book begins with the death of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> in 604 and follows the further progress of Christianity in Kent and the first attempts to evangelise Northumbria.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_31-62">[56]</a> These ended in disaster when <a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda</a>, the pagan king of Mercia, killed the newly Christian <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hatfield_Chase" title="Battle of Hatfield Chase">Battle of Hatfield Chase</a> in about 632.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_31-62">[56]</a> The setback was temporary, and the third book recounts the growth of Christianity in Northumbria under kings <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswy_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswy of Northumbria">Oswy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_31–2-63">[57]</a> The climax of the third book is the account of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Whitby" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Whitby">Council of Whitby</a>, traditionally seen as a major turning point in English history.<a href="#cite_note-Whitby1-64">[58]</a> The fourth book begins with the consecration of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore of Canterbury">Theodore</a> as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and recounts Wilfrid's efforts to bring Christianity to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_32-65">[59]</a> The fifth book brings the story up to Bede's day and includes an account of missionary work in Frisia and of the conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">British church</a> over the correct dating of Easter.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_32-65">[59]</a> Bede wrote a preface for the work, in which he dedicates it to <a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Ceolwulf of Northumbria">Ceolwulf</a>, king of Northumbria.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> The preface mentions that Ceolwulf received an earlier draft of the book; presumably Ceolwulf knew enough Latin to understand it, and he may even have been able to read it.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_22-61">[55]</a> The preface makes it clear that Ceolwulf had requested the earlier copy, and Bede had asked for Ceolwulf's approval; this correspondence with the king indicates that Bede's monastery had connections among the Northumbrian nobility.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> The monastery at Wearmouth-Jarrow had an excellent library. Both Benedict Biscop and Ceolfrith had acquired books from the Continent, and in Bede's day the monastery was a renowned centre of learning.<a href="#cite_note-BEASE_MJ-67">[61]</a> It has been estimated that there were about 200 books in the monastic library.<a href="#cite_note-BEASE_286–7-68">[62]</a> For the period prior to Augustine's arrival in 597, Bede drew on earlier writers, including <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Solinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_25-69">[63]</a> He had access to two works of Eusebius: the <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiastica</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Eusebius)" title="Chronicon (Eusebius)">Chronicon</a>, though he had neither in the original Greek; instead he had a Latin translation of the Historia, by Rufinus, and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s translation of the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Jerome)" title="Chronicon (Jerome)">Chronicon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LH_162-70">[64]</a> He also knew Orosius's Adversus Paganus, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>' Historia Francorum, both Christian histories,<a href="#cite_note-LH_162-70">[64]</a> as well as the work of <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, a pagan historian.<a href="#cite_note-LH_163-71">[65]</a> He used <a href="/wiki/Constantius_of_Lyon" title="Constantius of Lyon">Constantius</a>'s Life of Germanus as a source for <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre" title="Germanus of Auxerre">Germanus</a>'s visits to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_25-69">[63]</a> Bede's account of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> is drawn largely from <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae" title="De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae">De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BEASE_Gildas-72">[66]</a> Bede would also have been familiar with more recent accounts such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Ripon" title="Stephen of Ripon">Stephen of Ripon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Wilfrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Wilfrid">Life of Wilfrid</a>, and anonymous Life of Gregory the Great and Life of Cuthbert.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_25-69">[63]</a> He also drew on <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>'s Antiquities, and the works of <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mey831-73">[67]</a> and there was a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a> in Bede's monastery.<a href="#cite_note-Mey843-74">[68]</a> Bede quotes from several classical authors, including <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a>, but he may have had access to their work via a Latin grammar rather than directly.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxv-3">[3]</a> However, it is clear he was familiar with the works of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, and his monastery also owned copies of the works of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxv-3">[3]</a> He probably drew his account of Alban from a life of that saint which has not survived. He acknowledges two other lives of saints directly; one is a life of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Fursey" title="Saint Fursey">Fursa</a>, and the other of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Barking" title="Æthelburh of Barking">Æthelburh</a>; the latter no longer survives.<a href="#cite_note-Plummer_I_xxiv-75">[69]</a> He also had access to a life of Ceolfrith.<a href="#cite_note-LH_164-76">[70]</a> Some of Bede's material came from oral traditions, including a description of the physical appearance of <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a>, who had died nearly 90 years before Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica was written.<a href="#cite_note-LH_164-76">[70]</a> Bede had correspondents who supplied him with material. Albinus, the abbot of the monastery in Canterbury, provided much information about the church in Kent, and with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Nothelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothelm">Nothhelm</a>, at that time a priest in London, obtained copies of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>'s correspondence from Rome relating to <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Augustine's mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_25-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEASE_Nothhelm-77">[71]</a> Almost all of Bede's information regarding Augustine is taken from these letters.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> Bede acknowledged his correspondents in the preface to the Historia Ecclesiastica;<a href="#cite_note-HE_pref-78">[72]</a> he was in contact with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Winchester" title="Daniel of Winchester">Daniel of Winchester</a>, for information about the history of the church in Wessex and also wrote to the monastery at <a href="/wiki/Lastingham" title="Lastingham">Lastingham</a> for information about <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Chad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HE_pref-78">[72]</a> Bede also mentions an Abbot Esi as a source for the affairs of the East Anglian church, and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Kinebertus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinebertus">Cynibert</a> for information about Lindsey.<a href="#cite_note-HE_pref-78">[72]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Walter Goffart</a> argues that Bede based the structure of the Historia on three works, using them as the framework around which the three main sections of the work were structured. For the early part of the work, up until the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Gregorian mission</a>, Goffart feels that Bede used De excidio. The second section, detailing the Gregorian mission of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> was framed on Life of Gregory the Great written at Whitby. The last section, detailing events after the Gregorian mission, Goffart feels was modelled on Life of Wilfrid.<a href="#cite_note-Goffart296-79">[73]</a> Most of Bede's informants for information after Augustine's mission came from the eastern part of Britain, leaving significant gaps in the knowledge of the western areas, which were those areas likely to have a native Briton presence.<a href="#cite_note-Deconstruct7-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deconstruct12-81">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Models_and_style">Models and style</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Models and style">edit</a>]</div> Bede's stylistic models included some of the same authors from whom he drew the material for the earlier parts of his history. His introduction imitates the work of Orosius,<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> and his title is an echo of Eusebius's Historia Ecclesiastica.<a href="#cite_note-ASEEncBede-1">[1]</a> Bede also followed Eusebius in taking the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> as the model for the overall work: where Eusebius used the Acts as the theme for his description of the development of the church, Bede made it the model for his history of the Anglo-Saxon church.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_26-82">[76]</a> Bede quoted his sources at length in his narrative, as Eusebius had done.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> Bede also appears to have taken quotes directly from his correspondents at times. For example, he almost always uses the terms "Australes" and "Occidentales" for the South and West Saxons respectively, but in a passage in the first book he uses "Meridiani" and "Occidui" instead, as perhaps his informant had done.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> At the end of the work, Bede adds a brief autobiographical note; this was an idea taken from Gregory of Tours' earlier History of the Franks.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_27-83">[77]</a> Bede's work as a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographer</a> and his detailed attention to dating were both useful preparations for the task of writing the Historia Ecclesiastica. His interest in computus, the science of calculating the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">date of Easter</a>, was also useful in the account he gives of the controversy between the British and Anglo-Saxon church over the correct method of obtaining the Easter date.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_21-59">[53]</a> Bede is described by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Michael Lapidge</a> as "without question the most accomplished Latinist produced in these islands in the Anglo-Saxon period".<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> His Latin has been praised for its clarity, but his style in the Historia Ecclesiastica is not simple. He knew rhetoric and often used figures of speech and rhetorical forms which cannot easily be reproduced in translation, depending as they often do on the connotations of the Latin words. However, unlike contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a>, whose Latin is full of difficulties, Bede's own text is easy to read.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxxvii-85">[79]</a> In the words of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Plummer" title="Charles Plummer">Charles Plummer</a>, one of the best-known editors of the Historia Ecclesiastica, Bede's Latin is "clear and limpid ... it is very seldom that we have to pause to think of the meaning of a sentence ... Alcuin rightly praises Bede for his unpretending style."<a href="#cite_note-Plummer_I_liii-86">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intent">Intent</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intent">edit</a>]</div> Bede's primary intention in writing the Historia Ecclesiastica was to show the growth of the united church throughout England. The native Britons, whose Christian church survived the departure of the Romans, earn Bede's ire for refusing to help convert the Anglo-Saxons; by the end of the Historia the English, and their church, are dominant over the Britons.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxx-87">[81]</a> This goal, of showing the movement towards unity, explains Bede's animosity towards the British method of calculating Easter: much of the Historia is devoted to a history of the dispute, including the final resolution at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a> in 664.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_27-83">[77]</a> Bede is also concerned to show the unity of the English, despite the disparate kingdoms that still existed when he was writing. He also wants to instruct the reader by spiritual example and to entertain, and to the latter end he adds stories about many of the places and people about which he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxx-87">[81]</a> N. J. Higham argues that Bede designed his work to promote his reform agenda to Ceolwulf, the Northumbrian king. Bede painted a highly optimistic picture of the current situation in the Church, as opposed to the more pessimistic picture found in his private letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2013476–493-88">[82]</a> Bede's extensive use of miracles can prove difficult for readers who consider him a more or less reliable historian but do not accept the possibility of miracles. Yet both reflect an inseparable integrity and regard for accuracy and truth, expressed in terms both of historical events and of a tradition of Christian faith that continues. Bede, like Gregory the Great whom Bede quotes on the subject in the Historia, felt that faith brought about by miracles was a stepping stone to a higher, truer faith, and that as a result miracles had their place in a work designed to instruct.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxxiv-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omissions_and_biases">Omissions and biases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Omissions and biases">edit</a>]</div> Bede is somewhat reticent about the career of Wilfrid, a contemporary and one of the most prominent clerics of his day. This may be because Wilfrid's opulent lifestyle was uncongenial to Bede's monastic mind; it may also be that the events of Wilfrid's life, divisive and controversial as they were, simply did not fit with Bede's theme of the progression to a unified and harmonious church.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer_31-62">[56]</a> Bede's account of the early migrations of the Angles and Saxons to England omits any mention of a movement of those peoples across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> from Britain to <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> described by <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, who was writing in the sixth century. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Frank Stenton</a> describes this omission as "a scholar's dislike of the indefinite"; traditional material that could not be dated or used for Bede's didactic purposes had no interest for him.<a href="#cite_note-Stenton_8–9-90">[84]</a> Bede was a Northumbrian, and this tinged his work with a local bias.<a href="#cite_note-JMWH_xxxi-91">[85]</a> The sources to which he had access gave him less information about the west of England than for other areas.<a href="#cite_note-TCOB_119-92">[86]</a> He says relatively little about the achievements of Mercia and Wessex, omitting, for example, any mention of Boniface, a West Saxon missionary to the continent of some renown and of whom Bede had almost certainly heard, though Bede does discuss Northumbrian missionaries to the continent. He is also parsimonious in his praise for <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a>, a West Saxon who had done much to convert the native Britons to the Roman form of Christianity. He lists seven kings of the Anglo-Saxons whom he regards as having held <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a>, or overlordship; only one king of Wessex, <a href="/wiki/Ceawlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceawlin">Ceawlin</a>, is listed as <a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a>, and none from Mercia, though elsewhere he acknowledges the secular power several of the Mercians held.<a href="#cite_note-TCOB_21–2-93">[87]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Robin_Fleming" title="Robin Fleming">Robin Fleming</a> states that he was so hostile to Mercia because Northumbria had been diminished by Mercian power that he consulted no Mercian informants and included no stories about its saints.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Bede relates the story of Augustine's mission from Rome, and tells how the British clergy refused to assist Augustine in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. This, combined with Gildas's negative assessment of the British church at the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasions, led Bede to a very critical view of the native church. However, Bede ignores the fact that at the time of Augustine's mission, the history between the two was one of warfare and conquest, which, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Barbara Yorke</a>, would have naturally "curbed any missionary impulses towards the Anglo-Saxons from the British clergy."<a href="#cite_note-TCOB_118-95">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_Anno_Domini">Use of Anno Domini</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use of Anno Domini">edit</a>]</div> At the time Bede wrote the Historia Ecclesiastica, there were two common ways of referring to dates. One was to use <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indictions</a>, which were 15-year cycles, counting from 312 AD. There were three different varieties of indiction, each starting on a different day of the year. The other approach was to use regnal years—the reigning Roman emperor, for example, or the ruler of whichever kingdom was under discussion. This meant that in discussing conflicts between kingdoms, the date would have to be given in the regnal years of all the kings involved. Bede used both these approaches on occasion but adopted a third method as his main approach to dating: the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> method invented by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xviii-96">[90]</a> Although Bede did not invent this method, his adoption of it and his promulgation of it in De Temporum Ratione, his work on chronology, is the main reason it is now so widely used.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xviii-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stenton_186-97">[91]</a> Bede's Easter table, contained in De Temporum Ratione, was developed from <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus%27_Easter_table" title="Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table">Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assessment">Assessment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a>]</div> The Historia Ecclesiastica was copied often in the Middle Ages, and about 160 manuscripts containing it survive. About half of those are located on the European continent, rather than in the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-Companion4-98">[92]</a> Most of the 8th- and 9th-century texts of Bede's Historia come from the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reread21-99">[93]</a> This total does not include manuscripts with only a part of the work, of which another 100 or so survive. It was printed for the first time between 1474 and 1482, probably at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Companion4-98">[92]</a> Modern historians have studied the Historia extensively, and several editions have been produced.<a href="#cite_note-Nar236-100">[94]</a> For many years, early Anglo-Saxon history was essentially a retelling of the Historia, but recent scholarship has focused as much on what Bede did not write as what he did. The belief that the Historia was the culmination of Bede's works, the aim of all his scholarship, was a belief common among historians in the past but is no longer accepted by most scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Nar238-101">[95]</a> Modern historians and editors of Bede have been lavish in their praise of his achievement in the Historia Ecclesiastica. Stenton regards it as one of the "small class of books which transcend all but the most fundamental conditions of time and place", and regards its quality as dependent on Bede's "astonishing power of co-ordinating the fragments of information which came to him through tradition, the relation of friends, or documentary evidence ... In an age where little was attempted beyond the registration of fact, he had reached the conception of history."<a href="#cite_note-Stenton_187-102">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Patrick Wormald</a> describes him as "the first and greatest of England's historians".<a href="#cite_note-Worm29-103">[97]</a> The Historia Ecclesiastica has given Bede a high reputation, but his concerns were different from those of a modern writer of history.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> His focus on the history of the organisation of the English church, and on heresies and the efforts made to root them out, led him to exclude the secular history of kings and kingdoms except where a moral lesson could be drawn or where they illuminated events in the church.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> Besides the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the medieval writers <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> used his works as sources and inspirations.<a href="#cite_note-Reread27-104">[98]</a> Early modern writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a>, the Elizabethan Archbishop of Canterbury, also utilised the Historia, and his works were used by both Protestant and Catholic sides in the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">wars of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reread33-105">[99]</a> Some historians have questioned the reliability of some of Bede's accounts. One historian, Charlotte Behr, thinks that the Historia's account of the arrival of the Germanic invaders in Kent should not be considered to relate what actually happened, but rather relates myths that were current in Kent during Bede's time.<a href="#cite_note-Behr-106">[100]</a> It is likely that Bede's work, because it was so widely copied, discouraged others from writing histories and may even have led to the disappearance of manuscripts containing older historical works.<a href="#cite_note-Plummer_I_xlvii-107">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_historical_works">Other historical works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other historical works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athelstan_(cropped_centre).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Athelstan_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg/220px-Athelstan_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Athelstan_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg/330px-Athelstan_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Athelstan_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg/440px-Athelstan_%28cropped_centre%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>A page from a copy of Bede's Lives of St Cuthbert, showing <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">King Æthelstan</a> presenting the work to the saint. This manuscript was given to St Cuthbert's shrine in 934.<a href="#cite_note-OIHBM_42-108">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronicles">Chronicles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chronicles">edit</a>]</div> As Chapter 66 of his On the Reckoning of Time, in 725 Bede wrote the Greater Chronicle (chronica maiora), which sometimes circulated as a separate work. For recent events the Chronicle, like his Ecclesiastical History, relied upon Gildas, upon a version of the <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a> current at least to the papacy of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> (687–701), and other sources. For earlier events he drew on Eusebius's Chronikoi Kanones. The dating of events in the Chronicle is inconsistent with his other works, using the era of creation, the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hagiography">Hagiography</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hagiography">edit</a>]</div> His other historical works included lives of the abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow, as well as verse and prose lives of <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">St Cuthbert</a>, an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola" title="Paulinus of Nola">Paulinus of Nola</a>'s Life of St Felix, and a translation of the Greek Passion of <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_of_Persia" title="Anastasius of Persia">St Anastasius</a>. He also created a listing of saints, the Martyrology.<a href="#cite_note-Goffart245-110">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_works">Theological works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theological works">edit</a>]</div> In his own time, Bede was as well known for his biblical commentaries, and for his exegetical and other theological works. The majority of his writings were of this type and covered the Old Testament and the New Testament. Most survived the Middle Ages, but a few were lost.<a href="#cite_note-BedeVen42-111">[105]</a> It was for his theological writings that he earned the title of Doctor Anglorum and why he was declared a saint.<a href="#cite_note-Theo-4">[4]</a> Bede synthesised and transmitted the learning from his predecessors, as well as made careful, judicious innovation in knowledge (such as recalculating the age of the Earth—for which he was censured before surviving the heresy accusations and eventually having his views championed by Archbishop Ussher in the sixteenth century—see below) that had theological implications. In order to do this, he learned Greek and attempted to learn Hebrew. He spent time reading and rereading both the Old and the New Testaments. He mentions that he studied from a text of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, which itself was from the Hebrew text.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxv-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theo-4">[4]</a> He also studied both the Latin and the Greek Fathers of the Church. In the monastic library at Jarrow were numerous books by theologians, including works by <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, Jerome, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxv-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theo-4">[4]</a> He used these, in conjunction with the Biblical texts themselves, to write his commentaries and other theological works.<a href="#cite_note-Theo-4">[4]</a> He had a Latin translation by <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_of_Antioch" title="Evagrius of Antioch">Evagrius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>'s Life of Antony and a copy of <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a>' Life of St Martin.<a href="#cite_note-CM_xxv-3">[3]</a> He also used lesser known writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Eclanum" title="Julian of Eclanum">Julian of Eclanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyconius" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyconius">Tyconius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prosper_of_Aquitaine" title="Prosper of Aquitaine">Prosper of Aquitaine</a>. Bede was the first to refer to Jerome, Augustine, Pope Gregory and Ambrose as the four Latin <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">Fathers of the Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ward44-112">[106]</a> It is clear from Bede's own comments that he felt his calling was to explain to his students and readers the theology and thoughts of the Church Fathers.<a href="#cite_note-Mey827-113">[107]</a> Bede also wrote homilies, works written to explain theology used in worship services. He wrote homilies on the major Christian seasons such as <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, or Easter, as well as on other subjects such as anniversaries of significant events.<a href="#cite_note-Theo-4">[4]</a> Both types of Bede's theological works circulated widely in the Middle Ages. Several of his biblical commentaries were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Glossa_Ordinaria" title="Glossa Ordinaria">Glossa Ordinaria</a>, an 11th-century collection of biblical commentaries. Some of Bede's homilies were collected by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, and they were used in that form in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Monastic Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a> used Bede's homilies in his missionary efforts on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Theo-4">[4]</a> Bede sometimes included in his theological books an acknowledgement of the predecessors on whose works he drew. In two cases he left instructions that his marginal notes, which gave the details of his sources, should be preserved by the copyist, and he may have originally added marginal comments about his sources to others of his works. Where he does not specify, it is still possible to identify books to which he must have had access by quotations that he uses. A full catalogue of the library available to Bede in the monastery cannot be reconstructed, but it is possible to tell, for example, that Bede was very familiar with the works of Virgil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaistner1935237–262-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[g]</a> There is little evidence that he had access to any other of the pagan Latin writers—he quotes many of these writers, but the quotes are almost always found in the Latin grammars that were common in his day, one or more of which would certainly have been at the monastery. Another difficulty is that manuscripts of early writers were often incomplete: it is apparent that Bede had access to Pliny's <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Encyclopaedia</a>, for example, but it seems that the version he had was missing book xviii, since he did not quote from it in his De temporum ratione.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaistner1935237–262-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[h]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Venerable_Bede_translates_John_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Venerable_Bede_translates_John_1902.jpg/170px-The_Venerable_Bede_translates_John_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Venerable_Bede_translates_John_1902.jpg/255px-The_Venerable_Bede_translates_John_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/The_Venerable_Bede_translates_John_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Cropped portrait from The Last Chapter by <a href="/wiki/J._Doyle_Penrose" title="J. Doyle Penrose">J. Doyle Penrose</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1902), showing Bede finishing his translation of the Gospel of John on his deathbed</figcaption></figure>Bede's works included Commentary on Revelation,<a href="#cite_note-Ward51-117">[109]</a> Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Epistles">Catholic Epistles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ward56-118">[110]</a> Commentary on Acts, Reconsideration on the Books of Acts,<a href="#cite_note-Ward58-119">[111]</a> On the Gospel of Mark, On the Gospel of Luke, and Homilies on the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-Ward60-120">[112]</a> At the time of his death he was working on a translation of the Gospel of John into English.<a href="#cite_note-Loyn270-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> He did this for the last 40 days of his life. When the last passage had been translated he said: "All is finished."<a href="#cite_note-SHMI-47">[41]</a> The works dealing with the Old Testament included Commentary on Samuel,<a href="#cite_note-Ward67-123">[115]</a> Commentary on Genesis,<a href="#cite_note-Ward68-124">[116]</a> Commentaries on Ezra and Nehemiah, On the Temple, On the Tabernacle,<a href="#cite_note-Ward72-125">[117]</a> Commentaries on Tobit, Commentaries on Proverbs,<a href="#cite_note-Obermair45-126">[118]</a> Commentaries on the Song of Songs, Commentaries on the Canticle of Habakkuk.<a href="#cite_note-Ward74-127">[119]</a> The works on Ezra, the tabernacle and the temple were especially influenced by Gregory the Great's writings.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory80-128">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_astronomical_chronology">Historical and astronomical chronology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical and astronomical chronology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beda_-_De_natura_rerum,_1529_-_4784142.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Beda_-_De_natura_rerum%2C_1529_-_4784142.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Beda_-_De_natura_rerum%2C_1529_-_4784142.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Beda_-_De_natura_rerum%2C_1529_-_4784142.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Beda_-_De_natura_rerum%2C_1529_-_4784142.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Beda_-_De_natura_rerum%2C_1529_-_4784142.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Beda_-_De_natura_rerum%2C_1529_-_4784142.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="4550" /></a><figcaption>De natura rerum, 1529</figcaption></figure> De temporibus, or On Time, written in about 703, provides an introduction to the principles of Easter computus.<a href="#cite_note-BedeVen37-129">[121]</a> This was based on parts of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologies</a>, and Bede also included a chronology of the world which was derived from Eusebius, with some revisions based on Jerome's translation of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> In about 723,<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> Bede wrote a longer work on the same subject, <a href="/wiki/The_Reckoning_of_Time" title="The Reckoning of Time">On the Reckoning of Time</a>, which was influential throughout the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-BedeVen38-130">[122]</a> He also wrote several shorter letters and essays discussing specific aspects of computus. On the Reckoning of Time (De temporum ratione) included an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>, including an explanation of how the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">spherical Earth</a> influenced the changing <a href="/wiki/Length_of_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Length of day">length of daylight</a>, of how the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasonal</a> motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the <a href="/wiki/New_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Moon">new moon</a> at evening twilight.<a href="#cite_note-Bede2004pp82-85-131">[123]</a> Bede also records the effect of the moon on <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>. He shows that the twice-daily timing of tides is related to the Moon and that the lunar monthly cycle of spring and neap tides is also related to the Moon's position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede200464–65-132">[124]</a> He goes on to note that the times of tides vary along the same coast and that the water movements cause low tide at one place when there is high tide elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede200465-133">[125]</a> Since the focus of his book was the computus, Bede gave instructions for <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy#Synod_of_Whitby_in_664" title="Easter controversy">computing the date of Easter</a> from the date of the <a href="/wiki/Paschal_full_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschal full moon">Paschal full moon</a>, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>, and for many other calculations related to the calendar. He gives some information about the months of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon calendar">Anglo-Saxon calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bede2004pp53-4-134">[126]</a> Any codex of Bede's Easter table is normally found together with a codex of his De temporum ratione. His Easter table, being an exact extension of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>' Paschal table and covering the time interval AD 532–1063,<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> contains a 532-year Paschal cycle based on the so-called classical Alexandrian 19-year lunar cycle,<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> being the close variant of bishop <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus</a>' 19-year lunar cycle proposed by <a href="/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria" title="Annianus of Alexandria">Annianus</a> and adopted by bishop <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> around AD 425.<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> The ultimate similar (but rather different) predecessor of this Metonic 19-year lunar cycle is the one invented by <a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a> around AD 260.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> For calendric purposes, Bede made a new calculation of the <a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">age of the world</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation</a>, which he dated as 3952 BC. Because of his innovations in computing the age of the world, he was accused of heresy at the table of Bishop Wilfrid, his chronology being contrary to accepted calculations. Once informed of the accusations of these "lewd rustics", Bede refuted them in his Letter to Plegwin.<a href="#cite_note-Bede2004ppxxx-139">[131]</a> In addition to these works on astronomical timekeeping, he also wrote <a href="/wiki/De_natura_rerum_(Bede)" title="De natura rerum (Bede)">De natura rerum</a>, or On the Nature of Things, modelled in part after the work of the same title by Isidore of Seville.<a href="#cite_note-BedeVen36-140">[132]</a> His works were so influential that late in the ninth century <a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a>, a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Monastery of St Gall</a> in Switzerland, wrote that "God, the orderer of natures, who raised the Sun from the East on the fourth day of Creation, in the sixth day of the world has made Bede rise from the West as a new Sun to illuminate the whole Earth".<a href="#cite_note-Bede2004plxxxv-141">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_works">Educational works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Educational works">edit</a>]</div> Bede wrote some works designed to help teach grammar in the abbey school. One of these was De arte metrica, a discussion of the composition of Latin verse, drawing on previous grammarians' work. It was based on Donatus's De pedibus and <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>'s De finalibus and used examples from Christian poets as well as Virgil. It became a standard text for the teaching of Latin verse during the next few centuries. Bede dedicated this work to Cuthbert, apparently a student, for he is named "beloved son" in the dedication, and Bede says "I have laboured to educate you in divine letters and ecclesiastical statutes."<a href="#cite_note-BedeVen31-142">[134]</a> De orthographia is a work on <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, designed to help a medieval reader of Latin with unfamiliar abbreviations and words from classical Latin works. Although it could serve as a textbook, it appears to have been mainly intended as a reference work. The date of composition for both of these works is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-BedeVen35-143">[135]</a> De schematibus et tropis sacrae scripturae discusses the Bible's use of rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> Bede was familiar with pagan authors such as Virgil, but it was not considered appropriate to teach biblical grammar from such texts, and Bede argues for the superiority of Christian texts in understanding Christian literature.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CM_xxvi-144">[136]</a> Similarly, his text on poetic metre uses only Christian poetry for examples.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_poetry">Latin poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin poetry">edit</a>]</div> A number of poems have been attributed to Bede. His poetic output has been systematically surveyed and edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Michael Lapidge</a>, who concluded that the following works belong to Bede: the Versus de die iudicii ("verses on the day of Judgement", found complete in 33 manuscripts and fragmentarily in 10); the metrical Vita Sancti Cudbercti ("Life of St Cuthbert"); and two collections of verse mentioned in the Historia ecclesiastica V.24.2. Bede names the first of these collections as "librum epigrammatum heroico metro siue elegiaco" ("a book of epigrams in the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroic meter">heroic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elegiac_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegiac meter">elegiac metre</a>"), and much of its content has been reconstructed by Lapidge from scattered attestations under the title <a href="/wiki/Liber_epigrammatum" title="Liber epigrammatum">Liber epigrammatum</a>. The second is named as "liber hymnorum diuerso metro siue rythmo" ("a book of hymns, diverse in metre or rhythm"); this has been reconstructed by Lapidge as containing ten liturgical hymns, one paraliturgical hymn (for the Feast of <a href="/wiki/St_%C3%86thelthryth" class="mw-redirect" title="St Æthelthryth">St Æthelthryth</a>), and four other hymn-like compositions.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vernacular_poetry">Vernacular poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vernacular poetry">edit</a>]</div> According to his disciple Cuthbert, Bede was doctus in nostris carminibus ("learned in our songs"). Cuthbert's letter on Bede's death, the Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae, moreover, commonly is understood to indicate that Bede composed a five-line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as <a href="/wiki/Bede%27s_Death_Song" title="Bede's Death Song">Bede's Death Song</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> And he used to repeat that sentence from <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St Paul</a> "It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God," and many other verses of Scripture, urging us thereby to awake from the slumber of the soul by thinking in good time of our last hour. And in our own language—for he was familiar with English poetry—speaking of the soul's dread departure from the body: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Fore ðæm nedfere nænig wiorðe ðonc snottora ðon him ðearf siæ to ymbhycgenne ær his hinionge hwæt his gastæ godes oððe yfles æfter deað dæge doemed wiorðe.<a href="#cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-3-146">[138]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Facing that enforced journey, no man can be More prudent than he has good call to be, If he consider, before his going hence, What for his spirit of good hap or of evil After his day of death shall be determined. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </blockquote> As Opland notes, however, it is not entirely clear that Cuthbert is attributing this text to Bede: most manuscripts of the latter do not use a <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> to describe Bede's presentation of the song, and the theme was relatively common in Old English and Anglo-Latin literature. The fact that Cuthbert's description places the performance of the Old English poem in the context of a series of quoted passages from Sacred Scripture might be taken as evidence simply that Bede also cited analogous vernacular texts.<a href="#cite_note-Opland140-147">[139]</a> On the other hand, the inclusion of the Old English text of the poem in Cuthbert's Latin letter, the observation that Bede "was learned in our song," and the fact that Bede composed a Latin poem on the same subject all point to the possibility of his having written it. By citing the poem directly, Cuthbert seems to imply that its particular wording was somehow important, either since it was a vernacular poem endorsed by a scholar who evidently frowned upon secular entertainment<a href="#cite_note-Mccready14-148">[140]</a> or because it is a direct quotation of Bede's last original composition.<a href="#cite_note-Opland14-149">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Veneration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depiction_of_St._Bede_the_Venerable_(at_St._Bede%27s_school,_Chennai)_-_Image_has_been_cropped_for_better_presentation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Depiction_of_St._Bede_the_Venerable_%28at_St._Bede%27s_school%2C_Chennai%29_-_Image_has_been_cropped_for_better_presentation.jpg/170px-Depiction_of_St._Bede_the_Venerable_%28at_St._Bede%27s_school%2C_Chennai%29_-_Image_has_been_cropped_for_better_presentation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Depiction_of_St._Bede_the_Venerable_%28at_St._Bede%27s_school%2C_Chennai%29_-_Image_has_been_cropped_for_better_presentation.jpg/255px-Depiction_of_St._Bede_the_Venerable_%28at_St._Bede%27s_school%2C_Chennai%29_-_Image_has_been_cropped_for_better_presentation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Depiction_of_St._Bede_the_Venerable_%28at_St._Bede%27s_school%2C_Chennai%29_-_Image_has_been_cropped_for_better_presentation.jpg/340px-Depiction_of_St._Bede_the_Venerable_%28at_St._Bede%27s_school%2C_Chennai%29_-_Image_has_been_cropped_for_better_presentation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Bede depicted at <a href="/wiki/St._Bede%27s_Anglo_Indian_Higher_Secondary_School" title="St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School">St Bede's School</a>, Chennai</figcaption></figure> There is no evidence for cult being paid to Bede in England in the 8th century. One reason for this may be that he died on the feast day of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>. Later, when he was <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">venerated</a> in England, he was either commemorated after Augustine on 26 May, or his feast was moved to 27 May. However, he was venerated outside England, mainly through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>, both of whom promoted the cult on the continent. Boniface wrote repeatedly back to England during his missionary efforts, requesting copies of Bede's theological works.<a href="#cite_note-Ward136-150">[142]</a> Alcuin, who was taught at the school set up in York by Bede's pupil Ecgbert, praised Bede as an example for monks to follow and was instrumental in disseminating Bede's works to all of Alcuin's friends.<a href="#cite_note-Ward136-150">[142]</a> Bede's cult became prominent in England during the 10th-century revival of monasticism and by the 14th century had spread to many of the cathedrals of England. <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(Bishop_of_Worcester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfstan (Bishop of Worcester)">Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester</a> was a particular devotee of Bede's, dedicating a church to him in 1062, which was Wulfstan's first undertaking after his consecration as bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Ward139-151">[143]</a> His body was '<a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a>' (the ecclesiastical term for relocation of relics) from Jarrow to Durham Cathedral around 1020, where it was placed in the same tomb with St Cuthbert. Later Bede's remains were moved to a shrine in the Galilee Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> in 1370. The shrine was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, but the bones were reburied in the chapel. In 1831 the bones were dug up and then reburied in a new tomb, which is still there.<a href="#cite_note-Companion4pic-152">[144]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> were claimed by <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury</a><a href="#cite_note-Farmer2004p47-48-16">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reread24-153">[145]</a> His scholarship and importance to Catholicism were recognised in 1899 when the Vatican declared him a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> He is the only Englishman named a Doctor of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-SHMI-47">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Companion4-98">[92]</a> He is also the only Englishman in <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a> X.130), mentioned among theologians and doctors of the church in the same canto as <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> and the Scot <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_St_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of St Victor">Richard of St Victor</a>. His feast day was included in the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> in 1899, for celebration on 27 May rather than on his date of death, 26 May, which was then the feast day of <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="St Augustine of Canterbury">St Augustine of Canterbury</a>. He is venerated in the Catholic Church,<a href="#cite_note-Companion4-98">[92]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> on 25 May, and in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with a feast day on 27 May (Βεδέα του Ομολογητού).<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> Bede became known as <a href="/wiki/Venerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable">Venerable</a> Bede (Latin: Beda Venerabilis) by the 9th century<a href="#cite_note-Companion3-158">[150]</a> because of his holiness,<a href="#cite_note-SHMI-47">[41]</a> but this was not linked to consideration for <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">sainthood</a> by the Catholic Church. According to a legend, the epithet was miraculously supplied by angels, thus completing his unfinished epitaph.<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[i]</a> It is first utilised in connection with Bede in the 9th century, where Bede was grouped with others who were called "venerable" at two ecclesiastical councils held at Aachen in 816 and 836. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> then referred to him as venerable consistently. By the 11th and 12th century, it had become commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-Reread9-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_legacy">Modern legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Chronicle_Venerable_Bede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nuremberg_Chronicle_Venerable_Bede.jpg/170px-Nuremberg_Chronicle_Venerable_Bede.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nuremberg_Chronicle_Venerable_Bede.jpg/255px-Nuremberg_Chronicle_Venerable_Bede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nuremberg_Chronicle_Venerable_Bede.jpg/340px-Nuremberg_Chronicle_Venerable_Bede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the Venerable Bede (on CLVIIIv) from the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a>, 1493</figcaption></figure>Bede's reputation as a historian, based mostly on the Historia Ecclesiastica, remains strong.<a href="#cite_note-Stenton_187-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Worm29-103">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> called him "the greatest historical writer since <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>".<a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Walter Goffart</a> says of Bede that he "holds a privileged and unrivalled place among first historians of Christian Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Nar236-100">[94]</a> He is patron of <a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a> in Rome which prepares older men for the Roman Catholic priesthood. His life and work have been celebrated with the annual Jarrow Lecture, held at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Jarrow" title="St Paul's Church, Jarrow">St Paul's Church, Jarrow</a>, since 1958.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a> Bede has been described as a progressive scholar, who made Latin and Greek teachings accessible to his fellow Anglo-Saxons.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jarrow_Hall_(museum)" title="Jarrow Hall (museum)">Jarrow Hall</a> (formerly Bede's World), in Jarrow, is a museum that celebrates the history of Bede and other parts of English heritage, on the site where he lived. <a href="/wiki/Bede_Metro_station" title="Bede Metro station">Bede Metro station</a>, part of the Tyne and Wear Metro light rail network, is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Bede <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Bede&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Bede">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Bede&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Bede <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Bede&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Bede">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Bede&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_of_Bede%27s_Historia_Ecclesiastica" title="List of manuscripts of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica">List of manuscripts of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Bede" title="List of works by Bede">List of works by Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval ecclesiastic historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, also a Doctor of the Church, was originally from Italy. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Bede's words are "Ex quo tempore accepti presbyteratus usque ad annum aetatis meae LVIIII ..."; which means "From the time I became a priest until the fifty-ninth year of my life I have made it my business ... to make brief extracts from the works of the venerable fathers on the holy Scriptures ..."<a href="#cite_note-CM_566–7-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-World253-10">[9]</a> Other, less plausible, interpretations of this passage have been suggested—for example that it means Bede stopped writing about scripture in his fifty-ninth year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting19354-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Cuthbert is probably the same person as the later abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow, but this is not entirely certain.<a href="#cite_note-Reread9-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> lists six orders below a deacon, but these orders need not have existed at Monkwearmouth.<a href="#cite_note-World253-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The key phrase is per linguae curationem, which is variously translated as "how his tongue was healed", "[a] canker on the tongue", or, following a different interpretation of curationem, "the guidance of my tongue".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock197621-36">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The letter itself is in Bedae Opera de Temporibus edited by C. W. Jones, pp. 307–315 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaistner1935">Laistner 1935</a>, pp. 263–266 provides a list of works definitely or tentatively identified as in Bede's library. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaistner1935">Laistner 1935</a>, pp. 263–266 provides a list of works definitely or tentatively identified as in Bede's library. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> The legend tells that the monk engraving the tomb was stuck for an epithet. He had got as far as Hac sunt in fossa Bedae ... ossa ("Here in this grave are the bones of ... Bede") before heading off to bed. In the morning an angel had inserted the word venerabilis. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ASEEncBede-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASEEncBede_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASEEncBede_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASEEncBede_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASEEncBede_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASEEncBede_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASEEncBede_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay2001">Ray 2001</a>, pp. 57–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Hutchinson-Hall, John (Ellsworth). Orthodox Saints of the British Isles. Vol II (St. Eadfrith Press, 2014) p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xxv-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxv_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxv_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxv_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxv_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxv_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxv_3-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. xxv–xxvi </li> <li id="cite_note-Theo-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theo_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theo_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theo_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theo_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theo_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theo_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theo_4-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard2001">Ward 2001</a>, pp. 57–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deconstruct5-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Deconstruct5_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooks2006">Brooks 2006</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xix-7"><a href="#cite_ref-CM_xix_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, p. xix </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-23">x</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2004">Campbell 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_566–7-9"><a href="#cite_ref-CM_566–7_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. 566–567 </li> <li id="cite_note-World253-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World253_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World253_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World253_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting19354-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting19354_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhiting1935">Whiting 1935</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread9-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reread9_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reread9_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reread9_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2006">Higham 2006</a>, pp. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-HE_V_24_329-15"><a href="#cite_ref-HE_V_24_329_15-0">^</a> Bede, Ecclesiastical History, V.24, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer2004p47-48-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer2004p47-48_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer2004p47-48_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer2004p47-48_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarmer2004">Farmer 2004</a>, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xix-xx-17"><a href="#cite_ref-CM_xix-xx_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. xix–xx </li> <li id="cite_note-World4-18"><a href="#cite_ref-World4_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> J. Insley, "Portesmutha" in: <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</a> vol. 23, Walter de Gruyter (2003), 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch s.v. BUD (289) connects the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> short name <a href="/wiki/Bodo_(given_name)" title="Bodo (given name)">Bodo</a> (variants Boto, Boddo, Potho, Boda, Puoto etc.) as from the same verbal root. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread8-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reread8_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reread8_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2006">Higham 2006</a>, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASC14-22"><a href="#cite_ref-ASC14_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanton1998">Swanton 1998</a>, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKendall2010">Kendall 2010</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFRowley2017">Rowley 2017</a>, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-World178-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World178_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World178_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-World241-25"><a href="#cite_ref-World241_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xx-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xx_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xx_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xx_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, p. xx </li> <li id="cite_note-Plummer_I_xii-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Plummer_I_xii_27-0">^</a> Plummer, Bedae Opera Historica, vol. I, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-World181-28"><a href="#cite_ref-World181_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-World5-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World5_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World5_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World5_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World5_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World5_29-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-World234-31"><a href="#cite_ref-World234_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley/library/specialcollections/western_rarebooks/medieval">"Classical and Medieval MSS"</a>. Bodleian Library. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+and+Medieval+MSS&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fbodley%2Flibrary%2Fspecialcollections%2Fwestern_rarebooks%2Fmedieval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_20a-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_20a_33-0">^</a> A few pages from another copy are held by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <a href="#CITEREFFarmer1978">Farmer 1978</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray_57-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_57_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay2001">Ray 2001</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting19355–6-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting19355–6_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhiting1935">Whiting 1935</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock197621-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock197621_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock197621_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitelock1976">Whitelock 1976</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-World267-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World267_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World267_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede198538-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede198538_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede1985">Bede 1985</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffart322-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Goffart322_41-0">^</a> Goffart, Narrators p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-World305-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World305_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World305_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread15-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Reread15_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2006">Higham 2006</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969p556n-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ColgraveMynors1969p556n_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, p. 556n </li> <li id="cite_note-Plummer_II_3-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Plummer_II_3_45-0">^</a> Plummer, Bedae Opera Historica, vol. II, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth2022" class="citation web cs1">Firth, Ashley (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manchistorian.com/who-was-bede/">"Who Was Bede?"</a>. MancHistorian. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MancHistorian&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Bede%3F&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanchistorian.com%2Fwho-was-bede%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHMI-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SHMI_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHMI_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHMI_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHMI_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHMI_47-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFr._Paolo_O._Pirlo,_SHMI1997" class="citation book cs1">Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Venerable Bede". My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-91595-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-91595-4-4"><bdi>978-971-91595-4-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Venerable+Bede&rft.btitle=My+First+Book+of+Saints&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Sons+of+Holy+Mary+Immaculate+%E2%80%93+Quality+Catholic+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-91595-4-4&rft.au=Fr.+Paolo+O.+Pirlo%2C+SHMI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-587-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-587_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-587_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. 580–587 </li> <li id="cite_note-World307-49"><a href="#cite_ref-World307_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1990">Blair 1990</a>, p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-BEASE_59-50"><a href="#cite_ref-BEASE_59_50-0">^</a> Donald Scragg, "Bede's Death Song", in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-581n-51"><a href="#cite_ref-ColgraveMynors1969pp580-581n_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. 580–581n </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030450/http://www.europeanaregia.eu/en/manuscripts/st-gallen-stiftsbibliothek-cod-sang-254/en">"St. Gallen Stiftsbibliothek Cod. Sang. 254. Jerome, Commentary on the Old Testament book of Isaiah. Includes the most authentic version of the Old English "Death Song" by the Venerable Bede"</a>. Europeana Regia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanaregia.eu/en/manuscripts/st-gallen-stiftsbibliothek-cod-sang-254/en">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europeana+Regia&rft.atitle=St.+Gallen+Stiftsbibliothek+Cod.+Sang.+254.+Jerome%2C+Commentary+on+the+Old+Testament+book+of+Isaiah.+Includes+the+most+authentic+version+of+the+Old+English+%22Death+Song%22+by+the+Venerable+Bede&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanaregia.eu%2Fen%2Fmanuscripts%2Fst-gallen-stiftsbibliothek-cod-sang-254%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QWard57-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QWard57_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QWard57_53-1">b</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward57-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward57_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Holder (trans.), Bede: On the Tabernacle, (Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Pr., 1994), pp. xvii–xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> McClure and Collins, The Ecclesiastical History, pp. xviii–xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffart242-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Goffart242_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoffart1988">Goffart 1988</a>, pp. 242–243 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzen1983" class="citation book cs1">Frantzen, Allan J. (1983). The Literature of Penance in Anglo-Saxon England (1st ed.). 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London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albinus&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_22-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_22_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_22_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarmer1978">Farmer 1978</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_31-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_31_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_31_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_31_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarmer1978">Farmer 1978</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_31–2-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_31–2_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarmer1978">Farmer 1978</a>, pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitby1-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitby1_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbels1983">Abels 1983</a>, pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_32-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_32_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_32_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarmer1978">Farmer 1978</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Bede, "Preface", Historia Ecclesiastica, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-BEASE_MJ-67"><a href="#cite_ref-BEASE_MJ_67-0">^</a> Cramp, "Monkwearmouth (or Wearmouth) and Jarrow", pp. 325–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-BEASE_286–7-68"><a href="#cite_ref-BEASE_286–7_68-0">^</a> Michael Lapidge, "Libraries", in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 286–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_25-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_25_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_25_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_25_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_25_69-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarmer1978">Farmer 1978</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-LH_162-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LH_162_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LH_162_70-1">b</a> Campbell, "Bede", in Dorey, Latin Historians, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-LH_163-71"><a href="#cite_ref-LH_163_71-0">^</a> Campbell, "Bede", in Dorey, Latin Historians, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-BEASE_Gildas-72"><a href="#cite_ref-BEASE_Gildas_72-0">^</a> Lapidge, "Gildas", p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mey831-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Mey831_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyvaert1996">Meyvaert 1996</a>, p. 831 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mey843-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Mey843_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyvaert1996">Meyvaert 1996</a>, p. 843 </li> <li id="cite_note-Plummer_I_xxiv-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Plummer_I_xxiv_75-0">^</a> Plummer, Bedae Opera Historic, vol. 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I, pp. liii–liv. </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xxx-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxx_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxx_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. xxx–xxxi </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2013476–493-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2013476–493_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2013">Higham 2013</a>, pp. 476–493. </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xxxiv-89"><a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxxiv_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. xxxiv–xxxvi </li> <li id="cite_note-Stenton_8–9-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Stenton_8–9_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-JMWH_xxxi-91"><a href="#cite_ref-JMWH_xxxi_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1988">Wallace-Hadrill 1988</a>, p. xxxi </li> <li id="cite_note-TCOB_119-92"><a href="#cite_ref-TCOB_119_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYorke2006">Yorke 2006</a>, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-TCOB_21–2-93"><a href="#cite_ref-TCOB_21–2_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYorke2006">Yorke 2006</a>, pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2011">Fleming 2011</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-TCOB_118-95"><a href="#cite_ref-TCOB_118_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYorke2006">Yorke 2006</a>, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xviii-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xviii_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM_xviii_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgraveMynors1969">Colgrave & Mynors 1969</a>, pp. xviii–xix </li> <li id="cite_note-Stenton_186-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Stenton_186_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-Companion4-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Companion4_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Companion4_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Companion4_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Companion4_98-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2008">Wright 2008</a>, pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread21-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Reread21_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2006">Higham 2006</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nar236-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nar236_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nar236_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoffart1988">Goffart 1988</a>, p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nar238-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Nar238_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoffart1988">Goffart 1988</a>, pp. 238–239 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stenton_187-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stenton_187_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stenton_187_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-Worm29-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Worm29_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Worm29_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormald1999">Wormald 1999</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread27-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Reread27_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2006">Higham 2006</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread33-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Reread33_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2006">Higham 2006</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Behr-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Behr_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehr2000">Behr 2000</a>, pp. 25–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-Plummer_I_xlvii-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Plummer_I_xlvii_107-0">^</a> Plummer, Bedae Opera Historica, vol. I, p. xlvii and note. </li> <li id="cite_note-OIHBM_42-108"><a href="#cite_ref-OIHBM_42_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCannonGriffiths1997">Cannon & Griffiths 1997</a>, pp. 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Wallis (trans.), The Reckoning of Time, pp. lxvii–lxxi, 157–237, 353–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffart245-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Goffart245_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoffart1988">Goffart 1988</a>, pp. 245–246 </li> <li id="cite_note-BedeVen42-111"><a href="#cite_ref-BedeVen42_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1987">Brown 1987</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward44-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward44_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mey827-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Mey827_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyvaert1996">Meyvaert 1996</a>, p. 827 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaistner1935237–262-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaistner1935237–262_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaistner1935237–262_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaistner1935">Laistner 1935</a>, pp. 237–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward51-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward51_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward56-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward56_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward58-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward58_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, pp. 58–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward60-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward60_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-Loyn270-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Loyn270_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoyn1962">Loyn 1962</a>, p. 270 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Bühler, Curt F. "<a href="//doi.org/10.2307/43626101" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/43626101">A Lollard Tract: on Translating the Bible Into English</a>". Medium Ævum, vol. 7, no. 3, 1938, p. 181. Retrieved 9 March 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward67-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward67_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward68-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward68_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward72-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward72_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Obermair45-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Obermair45_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObermair2010">Obermair 2010</a>, pp. 45–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward74-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward74_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard1990">Ward 1990</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory80-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory80_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThacker1998">Thacker 1998</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-BedeVen37-129"><a href="#cite_ref-BedeVen37_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1987">Brown 1987</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-BedeVen38-130"><a href="#cite_ref-BedeVen38_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1987">Brown 1987</a>, pp. 38–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede2004pp82-85-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede2004pp82-85_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede2004">Bede 2004</a>, pp. 82–85, 307–312 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede200464–65-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede200464–65_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede2004">Bede 2004</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede200465-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede200465_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede2004">Bede 2004</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede2004pp53-4-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede2004pp53-4_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede2004">Bede 2004</a>, pp. 53–54, 285–287; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nabkal.de/beda/beda_15.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Zuidhoek (2019) 103-120 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Zuidhoek (2019) 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Mosshammer (2008) 190-203 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Declercq (2000) 65-66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede2004ppxxx-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede2004ppxxx_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede2004">Bede 2004</a>, pp. xxx, 405–415 </li> <li id="cite_note-BedeVen36-140"><a href="#cite_ref-BedeVen36_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1987">Brown 1987</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede2004plxxxv-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede2004plxxxv_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBede2004">Bede 2004</a>, p. lxxxv </li> <li id="cite_note-BedeVen31-142"><a href="#cite_ref-BedeVen31_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1987">Brown 1987</a>, pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-BedeVen35-143"><a href="#cite_ref-BedeVen35_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1987">Brown 1987</a>, pp. 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-CM_xxvi-144"><a href="#cite_ref-CM_xxvi_144-0">^</a> Colgrave gives the example of <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_of_Vienne" title="Desiderius of Vienne">Desiderius of Vienne</a>, who was reprimanded by Gregory the Great for using "heathen" authors in his teaching. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Joseph P. McGowan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/32332/36157">review</a> of Michael Lapidge, ed. and tr. Bede's Latin Poetry. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2019. 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Vatican. 1899. pp. 358–359. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621175756/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS-32-1899-900-ocr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acta+Sanctae+Sedis&rft.pages=358-359&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fass%2Fdocuments%2FASS-32-1899-900-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ">Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEq7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/05/27/103796-venerable-bede-the-church-historian">"Venerable Bede, the Church Historian"</a>. www.oca.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Venerable+Bede%2C+the+Church+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2F103796-venerable-bede-the-church-historian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Companion3-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Companion3_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2008">Wright 2008</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02384a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: The Venerable Bede"</a>. New Advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Venerable+Bede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02384a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Adrian, Arthur A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3825516">Dean Stanley's Report of Conversations with Carlyle</a>". Victorian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, Indiana University Press, 1957, pp. 72–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914035758/http://www.stpaulschurchjarrow.com/index.php?p=1_9_The-Jarrow-Lecture">"The jarrow lecture"</a>. stpaulschurchjarrow.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpaulschurchjarrow.com/index.php?p=1_9_The-Jarrow-Lecture">the original</a> on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+jarrow+lecture&rft.pub=stpaulschurchjarrow.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpaulschurchjarrow.com%2Findex.php%3Fp%3D1_9_The-Jarrow-Lecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2016/07/how-sunderland-became-poster-child-brexit">"How Sunderland became a poster child for Brexit"</a>. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Sunderland+became+a+poster+child+for+Brexit&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F07%2Fhow-sunderland-became-poster-child-brexit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/bede-metro-station/">"Bede Metro Station | Co-Curate"</a>. co-curate.ncl.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=co-curate.ncl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Bede+Metro+Station+%7C+Co-Curate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fco-curate.ncl.ac.uk%2Fbede-metro-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedec._860" class="citation web cs1">Bede (c. 860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030450/http://www.europeanaregia.eu/en/manuscripts/st-gallen-stiftsbibliothek-cod-sang-254/en">"St. Gallen Stiftsbibliothek Cod. Sang. 254. Jerome, Commentary on the Old Testament book of Isaiah. Includes the most authentic version of the Old English "Death Song" by the Venerable Bede"</a>. Europeana Regia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanaregia.eu/en/manuscripts/st-gallen-stiftsbibliothek-cod-sang-254/en">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europeana+Regia&rft.atitle=St.+Gallen+Stiftsbibliothek+Cod.+Sang.+254.+Jerome%2C+Commentary+on+the+Old+Testament+book+of+Isaiah.+Includes+the+most+authentic+version+of+the+Old+English+%22Death+Song%22+by+the+Venerable+Bede&rft.au=Bede&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanaregia.eu%2Fen%2Fmanuscripts%2Fst-gallen-stiftsbibliothek-cod-sang-254%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"> ———  (1896). Plummer, C (ed.). Hist. eccl. · Venerabilis Baedae opera historica. Vol. 2 vols.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist.+eccl.+%C2%B7+Venerabilis+Baedae+opera+historica&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1969" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1969). <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Colgrave" title="Bertram Colgrave">Colgrave, Bertram</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._A._B._Mynors" title="R. A. B. Mynors">Mynors, R.A.B.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822202-6"><bdi>978-0-19-822202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bede%27s+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822202-6&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> (Parallel Latin text and English translation with English notes.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1985" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1985). David Hurst (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-nYAAAAMAAJ">The Commentary on the Seven Catholic Epistles of Bede the Venerable</a>. Cistercian Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879078829" title="Special:BookSources/9780879078829"><bdi>9780879078829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commentary+on+the+Seven+Catholic+Epistles+of+Bede+the+Venerable&rft.pub=Cistercian+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780879078829&rft.au=Bede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4-nYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1991" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1991). D. H. Farmer (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Sherley-Price" title="Leo Sherley-Price">Leo Sherley-Price</a>. Revised by R.E. Latham. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044565-7"><bdi>978-0-14-044565-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044565-7&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1994" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1994). McClure, Judith; Collins, Roger (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">The Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283866-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283866-7"><bdi>978-0-19-283866-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283866-7&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1943" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1943). Jones, C.W. (ed.). Bedae Opera de Temporibus. Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedae+Opera+de+Temporibus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Mediaeval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede2004" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2004). Bede: The Reckoning of Time. Translated by Wallis, Faith. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-693-1"><bdi>978-0-85323-693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bede%3A+The+Reckoning+of+Time&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-693-1&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede2011" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2011). On the Song of Songs and selected writings. The Classics of Western Spirituality. Translated by Holder, Arthur G. New York: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4700-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-4700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Song+of+Songs+and+selected+writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Classics+of+Western+Spirituality&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4700-7&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> (contains translations of On the Song of Songs, Homilies on the Gospels and selections from the Ecclesiastical history of the English people).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1998" class="citation book cs1">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by Swanton, Michael James. New York: Routledge. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92129-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92129-9"><bdi>978-0-415-92129-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92129-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels1983" class="citation journal cs1">Abels, Richard (1983). "The Council of Whitby: A Study in Early Anglo-Saxon Politics". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_British_Studies" title="Journal of British Studies">Journal of British Studies</a>. 23 (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385808">10.1086/385808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175617">175617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144462900">144462900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Whitby%3A+A+Study+in+Early+Anglo-Saxon+Politics&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144462900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385808&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2000" class="citation journal cs1">Behr, Charlotte (2000). "The Origins of Kingship in Early Medieval Kent". Early Medieval Europe. 9 (1): 25–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0254.00058">10.1111/1468-0254.00058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162301448">162301448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Kingship+in+Early+Medieval+Kent&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-52&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0254.00058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162301448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Blair, Peter Hunter</a> (1990). The World of Bede (Reprint of 1970 ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39819-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39819-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39819-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Bede&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1970&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39819-0&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Brooks, Nicholas</a> (2006). "From British to English Christianity: Deconstructing Bede's Interpretation of the Conversion". In Howe, Nicholas; Karkov, Catherine (eds.). Conversion and Colonization in Anglo-Saxon England. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-363-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-363-1"><bdi>978-0-86698-363-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+British+to+English+Christianity%3A+Deconstructing+Bede%27s+Interpretation+of+the+Conversion&rft.btitle=Conversion+and+Colonization+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Tempe&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86698-363-1&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(medievalist)" title="George Brown (medievalist)">Brown, George Hardin</a> (1987). Bede, the Venerable. Boston: Twayne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6940-1"><bdi>978-0-8057-6940-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bede%2C+the+Venerable&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-6940-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=George+Hardin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1999). "Royal and Ecclesiastical rivalries in Bede's History". Renascence. 51 (1): 19–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Frenascence19995213">10.5840/renascence19995213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renascence&rft.atitle=Royal+and+Ecclesiastical+rivalries+in+Bede%27s+History&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-33&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Frenascence19995213&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=George+Hardin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campbell, J. (23 September 2004). "Bede (673/4–735)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1922">10.1093/ref:odnb/1922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bede+%28673%2F4%E2%80%93735%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1922&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonGriffiths1997" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; Griffiths, Ralph (1997). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822786-1"><bdi>978-0-19-822786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822786-1&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1995). "Theodore, the English Church, and the Monothelete Controversy". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). Archbishop Theodore. Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England #11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48077-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48077-2"><bdi>978-0-521-48077-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodore%2C+the+English+Church%2C+and+the+Monothelete+Controversy&rft.btitle=Archbishop+Theodore&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Anglo-Saxon+England+%2311&rft.pages=88-95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48077-2&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgraveMynors1969" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Colgrave" title="Bertram Colgrave">Colgrave, Bertram</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._A._B._Mynors" title="R. A. B. Mynors">Mynors, R.A.B.</a> (1969). "Introduction". <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822202-6"><bdi>978-0-19-822202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Bede%27s+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822202-6&rft.aulast=Colgrave&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rft.au=Mynors%2C+R.A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclercq2000" class="citation book cs1">Declercq, Georges (2000). Anno Domini (The Origins of the Christian Era). Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503510507" title="Special:BookSources/9782503510507"><bdi>9782503510507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anno+Domini+%28The+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era%29&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782503510507&rft.aulast=Declercq&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorey1966" class="citation book cs1">Dorey, T.A. (1966). Latin Historians. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Historians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Dorey&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglisch1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Englisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigitte Englisch (page does not exist)">Englisch, Brigitte</a> (1994). Die Artes liberales im frühen Mittelalter (5.–9. Jahrhundert). Das Quadrivium und der Komputus als Indikatoren für Kontinuität und Erneuerung der exakten Wissenschaften zwischen Antike und Mittelalter. Stuttgart: Sudhoffs Archiv, Beihefte 33. pp. 71–80 (biography), pp. 242–246 (De natura rerum), pp. 280–370 (computus).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Artes+liberales+im+fr%C3%BChen+Mittelalter+%285.%E2%80%939.+Jahrhundert%29.+Das+Quadrivium+und+der+Komputus+als+Indikatoren+f%C3%BCr+Kontinuit%C3%A4t+und+Erneuerung+der+exakten+Wissenschaften+zwischen+Antike+und+Mittelalter&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=71-80+%28biography%29%2C+pp.+242-246+%28De+natura+rerum%29%2C+pp.+280-370+%28computus%29&rft.pub=Sudhoffs+Archiv%2C+Beihefte+33&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Englisch&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1978" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, David Hugh (1978). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282038-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282038-9"><bdi>978-0-19-282038-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-282038-9&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=David+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2004" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860949-0"><bdi>978-0-19-860949-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860949-0&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=David+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2011" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Robin (2011). Britain after Rome: The Fall and the Rise, 400 to 1070. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014823-7"><bdi>978-0-14-014823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+after+Rome%3A+The+Fall+and+the+Rise%2C+400+to+1070&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014823-7&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffart1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Goffart, Walter A.</a> (1988). The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05514-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05514-5"><bdi>978-0-691-05514-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrators+of+Barbarian+History+%28A.D.+550%E2%80%93800%29%3A+Jordanes%2C+Gregory+of+Tours%2C+Bede%2C+and+Paul+the+Deacon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05514-5&rft.aulast=Goffart&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2006" class="citation book cs1">Higham, N.J. (2006). (Re-)Reading Bede: The Historia Ecclesiastica in Context. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35368-7"><bdi>978-0-415-35368-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28Re-%29Reading+Bede%3A+The+Historia+Ecclesiastica+in+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35368-7&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2013" class="citation journal cs1">Higham, N.J. (2013). "Bede's Agenda in Book IV of the 'Ecclesiastical History of the English People': A Tricky Matter of Advising the King". Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 64 (3): 476–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022046913000523">10.1017/s0022046913000523</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159608095">159608095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Bede%27s+Agenda+in+Book+IV+of+the+%27Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%27%3A+A+Tricky+Matter+of+Advising+the+King&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=476-493&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022046913000523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159608095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2010" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Calvin B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cazpM2cTY9YC&pg=PA101">"Bede and Education"</a>. In DeGregorio, Scott (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Bede. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139825429" title="Special:BookSources/9781139825429"><bdi>9781139825429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bede+and+Education&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Bede&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=99-112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139825429&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Calvin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcazpM2cTY9YC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaistner1935" class="citation book cs1">Laistner, M.L.W. (1935). "The Library of the Venerable Bede". In A. 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Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198223177" title="Special:BookSources/9780198223177"><bdi>9780198223177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Library+of+the+Venerable+Bede&rft.btitle=Bede%3A+His+Life%2C+Times+and+Writings%3A+Essays+in+Commemoration+of+the+Twelfth+Century+of+his+Death&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=9780198223177&rft.aulast=Laistner&rft.aufirst=M.L.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAdEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge2005" class="citation book cs1">Lapidge, Michael (2005). "Poeticism in Pre-Conquest Anglo-Latin Prose". In <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Reinhardt" title="Tobias Reinhardt">Reinhardt, Tobias</a>; et al. (eds.). Aspects of the Language of Latin Prose. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726332-7"><bdi>978-0-19-726332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poeticism+in+Pre-Conquest+Anglo-Latin+Prose&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Language+of+Latin+Prose&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726332-7&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyn1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Loyn" title="H. R. Loyn">Loyn, H.R.</a> (1962). Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48232-6"><bdi>978-0-582-48232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England+and+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-582-48232-6&rft.aulast=Loyn&rft.aufirst=H.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCready1994" class="citation book cs1">McCready, William D. (1994). Miracles and the Venerable Bede: Studies and Texts. <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Mediaeval_Studies" title="Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies">Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies</a> #118. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-118-8"><bdi>978-0-88844-118-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracles+and+the+Venerable+Bede%3A+Studies+and+Texts&rft.place=Toronto&rft.series=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies+%23118&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88844-118-8&rft.aulast=McCready&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr-Harting1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayr-Harting" title="Henry Mayr-Harting">Mayr-Harting, Henry</a> (1991). The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00769-4"><bdi>978-0-271-00769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+Christianity+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-271-00769-4&rft.aulast=Mayr-Harting&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyvaert1996" class="citation journal cs1">Meyvaert, Paul (1996). "Bede, Cassiodorus, and the Codex Amiatinus". <a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a>. 71 (4). Medieval Academy of America: 827–883. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2865722">10.2307/2865722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865722">2865722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162009695">162009695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Bede%2C+Cassiodorus%2C+and+the+Codex+Amiatinus&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=827-883&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162009695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2865722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2865722&rft.aulast=Meyvaert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosshammer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alden_A._Mosshammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alden A. Mosshammer (page does not exist)">Mosshammer, Alden A.</a> (2008). The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199543120" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199543120"><bdi>978-0199543120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Computus+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199543120&rft.aulast=Mosshammer&rft.aufirst=Alden+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObermair2010" class="citation journal cs1">Obermair, Hannes (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cma.gbv.de/dr,cma,013,2010,a,03.pdf">"Novit iustus animas. Ein Bozner Blatt aus Bedas Kommentar der Sprüche Salomos"</a> (PDF). Concilium Medii Aevi. 31. Edition Ruprecht: 45–57. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1437-904X">1437-904X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cma.gbv.de/dr,cma,013,2010,a,03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concilium+Medii+Aevi&rft.atitle=Novit+iustus+animas.+Ein+Bozner+Blatt+aus+Bedas+Kommentar+der+Spr%C3%BCche+Salomos&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=45-57&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1437-904X&rft.aulast=Obermair&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcma.gbv.de%2Fdr%2Ccma%2C013%2C2010%2Ca%2C03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpland1980" class="citation book cs1">Opland, Jeff (1980). Anglo-Saxon Oral Poetry: A Study of the Traditions. New Haven and London: Yale U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02426-5"><bdi>978-0-300-02426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Oral+Poetry%3A+A+Study+of+the+Traditions&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+U.P&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02426-5&rft.aulast=Opland&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ray, Roger (2001). "Bede". In Lapidge, Michael; et al. (eds.). Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bede&rft.btitle=Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rowley, Sharon M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXoqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258">"Bede"</a>. In Echard, Sian; Rouse, Robert (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 257–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118396988" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118396988"><bdi>978-1118396988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bede&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Literature+in+Britain&rft.pages=257-264&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1118396988&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=Sharon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXoqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, F.M.</a> (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=F.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker1998" class="citation journal cs1">Thacker, Alan (1998). "Memorializing Gregory the Great: The Origin and Transmission of a Papal Cult in the 7th and early 8th centuries". Early Medieval Europe. 7 (1): 59–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0254.00018">10.1111/1468-0254.00018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161546509">161546509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=Memorializing+Gregory+the+Great%3A+The+Origin+and+Transmission+of+a+Papal+Cult+in+the+7th+and+early+8th+centuries&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-84&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0254.00018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161546509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1969" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, A. Hamilton (1969). Bede: His Life, Times and Writings: Essays in Commemoration of the Twelfth Century of his Death. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bede%3A+His+Life%2C+Times+and+Writings%3A+Essays+in+Commemoration+of+the+Twelfth+Century+of+his+Death&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=A.+Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tyler, Damian (April 2007). "Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh-Century England". <a href="/wiki/History_(The_Journal_of_the_Historical_Association)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (The Journal of the Historical Association)">History</a>. 92 (306): 144–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2007.00389.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.00389.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Reluctant+Kings+and+Christian+Conversion+in+Seventh-Century+England&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=306&rft.pages=144-161&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2007.00389.x&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Damian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Wallace-Hadrill" title="J. M. Wallace-Hadrill">Wallace-Hadrill, J.M.</a> (1988). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People: A Historical Commentary. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822269-9"><bdi>978-0-19-822269-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bede%27s+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%3A+A+Historical+Commentary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Medieval+Texts&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822269-9&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1990" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Benedicta (1990). The Venerable Bede. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-1494-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-1494-2"><bdi>978-0-8192-1494-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venerable+Bede&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-1494-2&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Benedicta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"> ———  (2001). "Bede the Theologian". In Evans, G.R. (ed.). The Medieval Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Medieval Period. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 57–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21203-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21203-4"><bdi>978-0-631-21203-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bede+the+Theologian&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Theologians%3A+An+Introduction+to+Theology+in+the+Medieval+Period&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=57-64&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21203-4&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Benedicta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting1935" class="citation book cs1">Whiting, C.E. (1935). "The Life of the Venerable Bede". In A. Hamilton Thompson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAdEAAAAYAAJ">Bede: His Life, Times and Writings: Essays in Commemoration of the Twelfth Century of his Death</a>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198223177" title="Special:BookSources/9780198223177"><bdi>9780198223177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+the+Venerable+Bede&rft.btitle=Bede%3A+His+Life%2C+Times+and+Writings%3A+Essays+in+Commemoration+of+the+Twelfth+Century+of+his+Death&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=9780198223177&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAdEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1976" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy (1976). "Bede and his Teachers and Friends". In Gerald Bonner (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTrHngEACAAJ">Famulus Christi: Essays in Commemoration of the Thirteenth Centenary of the Birth of the Venerable Bede</a>. SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281029495" title="Special:BookSources/9780281029495"><bdi>9780281029495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bede+and+his+Teachers+and+Friends&rft.btitle=Famulus+Christi%3A+Essays+in+Commemoration+of+the+Thirteenth+Centenary+of+the+Birth+of+the+Venerable+Bede&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780281029495&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTrHngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (1999). The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13496-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13496-1"><bdi>978-0-631-13496-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+English+Law%3A+King+Alfred+to+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-13496-1&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Wright" title="J. Robert Wright">Wright, J. Robert</a> (2008). A Companion to Bede: A Reader's Commentary on The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6309-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6309-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-6309-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Bede%3A+A+Reader%27s+Commentary+on+The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6309-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (2006). The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600–800. London: Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77292-2"><bdi>978-0-582-77292-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Britain%3A+Religion%2C+Politics+and+Society+in+Britain+c.+600%E2%80%93800&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-582-77292-2&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuidhoek2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Zuidhoek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Zuidhoek (page does not exist)">Zuidhoek, Jan</a> (2019). Reconstructing Metonic 19-year Lunar Cycles (on the basis of NASA's Six Millennium Catalog of Phases of the Moon). Zwolle: JZ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9090324678" title="Special:BookSources/978-9090324678"><bdi>978-9090324678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Metonic+19-year+Lunar+Cycles+%28on+the+basis+of+NASA%27s+Six+Millennium+Catalog+of+Phases+of+the+Moon%29&rft.place=Zwolle&rft.pub=JZ&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9090324678&rft.aulast=Zuidhoek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoryBailey2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Story" title="Joanna Story">Story, Joanna</a>; Bailey, Richard (2015). "The Skull of Bede". The Antiquaries Journal. 95: 325–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003581515000244">10.1017/s0003581515000244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163360680">163360680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Skull+of+Bede&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=325-350&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003581515000244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163360680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABede" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bede&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bede at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bede" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bede">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bede" class="extiw" title="q:Bede">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Bede" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Bede">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154938" class="extiw" title="d:Q154938">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcc.dickinson.edu/bede-historia-ecclesiastica/intro/preface">Dickinson College Commentaries: Historia Ecclēsiastica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39416">Works by Bede</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bede%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bede%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bede%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Bede%22%29%20OR%20%28%22672-735%22%20AND%20Bede%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Bede</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3335">Works by Bede</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201211451/http://www.bedesworld.co.uk/">Bede's World: the museum of early medieval Northumbria at Jarrow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20041125.shtml">The Venerable Bede</a> from <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/bede-book1.asp">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>, Books 1–5, L.C. Jane's 1903 Temple Classics translation. From the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Medieval Sourcebook">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.pdf">Bede's Ecclesiastical History and the Continuation of Bede (pdf)</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">CCEL</a>, edited & translated by A.M. Sellar.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804064713/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=4039&Itemid=28">Saint Bede</a>, complete works, in Latin, with historical works also in English at The Online Library of Liberty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janzuidhoek.net/Recondiony.htm">Dionysius Exiguus' Paschal table</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bede" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bede" title="Template:Bede"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bede" title="Template talk:Bede"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bede" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bede"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bede" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bede</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Bede" title="List of works by Bede">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_natura_rerum_(Bede)" title="De natura rerum (Bede)">De natura rerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenitentiale_Bedae" title="Paenitentiale Bedae">Paenitentiale Bedae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reckoning_of_Time" title="The Reckoning of Time">The Reckoning of Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Ecgbert of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwaetberht" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaetberht">Hwaetberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarrow_Hall_%E2%80%93_Anglo-Saxon_Farm,_Village_and_Bede_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarrow Hall – Anglo-Saxon Farm, Village and Bede Museum">Jarrow Hall Bede Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_of_Bede%27s_Historia_Ecclesiastica" title="List of manuscripts of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica">List of manuscripts of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Bede" title="Moore Bede">Moore Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Bede" title="Saint Petersburg Bede">Saint Petersburg Bede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="List of Anglo-Saxon saints">Saints of Anglo-Saxon England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British / Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aldate" title="Saint Aldate">Aldate of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Barloc">Barloc of Norbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brannoc_of_Braunton" title="Brannoc of Braunton">Brannoc of Braunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwalator" title="Branwalator">Branwalator of Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credan" title="Credan">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congar_of_Congresbury" title="Congar of Congresbury">Congar of Congresbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachuna" title="Dachuna">Dachuna of Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decuman" title="Decuman">Decuman of Watchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_of_Warrington" title="Elfin of Warrington">Elfin of Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Ramsey" title="Ivo of Ramsey">Ivo of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judoc" title="Judoc">Judoc of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melor" title="Melor">Melorius of Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectan_of_Hartland" title="Nectan of Hartland">Nectan of Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Neot_(monk)" title="Saint Neot (monk)">Neot of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumon">Rumon of Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sativola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sativola">Sativola of Exeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Anglian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_II_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelberht II of East Anglia">Æthelberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Faremoutiers" title="Æthelburh of Faremoutiers">Æthelburh of Faremoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Ramsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelflæd of Ramsey (page does not exist)">Æthelflæd of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Lindsey" title="Æthelwine of Lindsey">Æthelwine of Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulf" title="Adulf">Athwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blida" title="Saint Blida">Blida of Martham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwulf_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Botwulf of Thorney">Botwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissa_of_Crowland" title="Cissa of Crowland">Cissa of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuthbald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuthbald (page does not exist)">Cuthbald of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Eadmund of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadnoth_the_Younger" title="Eadnoth the Younger">Eadnoth of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthlac_of_Crowland" title="Guthlac of Crowland">Guthlac of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefrith_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Herefrith of Thorney">Herefrith of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiurmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiurmine (page does not exist)">Hiurmine of Blythburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_of_Thorney" title="Huna of Thorney">Huna of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pega" title="Pega">Pega of Peakirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Ely" title="Seaxburh of Ely">Seaxburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia" title="Sigeberht of East Anglia">Sigeberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tancred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Torthred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tova of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Walstan" title="Saint Walstan">Walstan of Bawburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendreda" title="Wendreda">Wendreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtburh" title="Wihtburh">Wihtburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfric_of_Holme" title="Wulfric of Holme">Wulfric of Holme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Barking" title="Æthelburh of Barking">Æthelburh of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildelith" title="Hildelith">Hildelith of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgyth" title="Osgyth">Osgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6bbi_of_Essex" title="Sæbbi of Essex">Sæbbi of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frisian, Frankish and Old Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balthild_of_Romsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balthild of Romsey (page does not exist)">Balthild of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Kent" title="Bertha of Kent">Bertha of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Burgundy" title="Felix of Burgundy">Felix of Dommoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimbald" title="Grimbald">Grimbald of St Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monegunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monegunda (page does not exist)">Monegunda of Watton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odwulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odwulf (page does not exist)">Odwulf of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfram_of_Sens" title="Wulfram of Sens">Wulfram of Grantham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish and Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boisil" title="Boisil">Boisil of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echa_of_Crayke" class="mw-redirect" title="Echa of Crayke">Echa of Crayke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultan_the_Scribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultan the Scribe (page does not exist)">Ultan the Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indract_of_Glastonbury" title="Indract of Glastonbury">Indract of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Dub" title="Máel Dub">Maildub of Malmesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kentish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domne_Eafe" title="Domne Eafe">Æbbe of Thanet (Domne Eafe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Kent" title="Æthelburh of Kent">Æthelburh of Kent </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_and_%C3%86thelberht" title="Æthelred and Æthelberht">Æthelred of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(abbot)" title="Albinus (abbot)">Albinus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edburga_of_Minster-in-Thanet" title="Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet">Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanswith" title="Eanswith">Eanswith of Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eormengyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eormengyth (page does not exist)">Eormengyth of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigeburh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigeburh (page does not exist)">Sigeburh of Thanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfnoth_of_Stowe" title="Ælfnoth of Stowe">Ælfnoth of Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_of_Crowland" title="Ælfthryth of Crowland">Ælfthryth of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelberht_of_Bedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelberht of Bedford (page does not exist)">Æthelberht of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelmod_of_Leominster" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelmod of Leominster">Æthelmod of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwynn_of_Sodbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelwynn of Sodbury (page does not exist)">Æthelwynn of Sodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwyn_of_Coln" title="Aldwyn of Coln">Aldwyn of Coln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beonna_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beonna of Breedon (page does not exist)">Beonna of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhthelm_of_Stafford" title="Beorhthelm of Stafford">Beorhthelm of Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotta_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotta of Breedon (page does not exist)">Cotta of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Credan_of_Evesham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Credan of Evesham (page does not exist)">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Cyneburh of Castor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyneburh_of_Gloucester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyneburh of Gloucester (page does not exist)">Cyneburh of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kenelm" title="Saint Kenelm">Cynehelm of Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyneswith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyneswith">Cyneswith of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">Eadburh of Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Pershore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadburh of Pershore">Eadburh of Pershore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadburh_of_Southwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadburh of Southwell (page does not exist)">Eadburh of Southwell </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgyth_of_Aylesbury" title="Eadgyth of Aylesbury">Eadgyth of Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadweard_of_Maugersbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadweard of Maugersbury (page does not exist)">Eadweard of Maugersbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_of_Stortford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdgyth of Stortford">Ealdgyth of Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earconwald" title="Earconwald">Earconwald of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egwin_of_Evesham" title="Egwin of Evesham">Egwin of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freomund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freomund (page does not exist)">Freomund of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuric" class="mw-redirect" title="Frithuric">Frithuric of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuswith" title="Frithuswith">Frithuswith of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuwold_of_Chertsey" title="Frithuwold of Chertsey">Frithuwold of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A6mma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hæmma (page does not exist)">Hæmma of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merefin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merefin (page does not exist)">Merefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildburh" title="Mildburh">Mildburh of Wenlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildgyth" title="Mildgyth">Mildgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milred" title="Milred">Milred of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osburh_of_Coventry" title="Osburh of Coventry">Osburh of Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regenhere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regenhere (page does not exist)">Regenhere of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Buckingham" title="Rumbold of Buckingham">Rumbold of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Tibba of Ryhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburgh" title="Werburgh">Werburgh of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rstan" title="Wærstan">Wærstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigstan" title="Wigstan">Wigstan of Repton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfhild_of_Barking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulfhild of Barking (page does not exist)">Wulfhild of Barking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northumbrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acca_of_Hexham" title="Acca of Hexham">Acca of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Coldingham" title="Æbbe of Coldingham">Æbbe "the Elder" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_the_Younger" title="Æbbe the Younger">Æbbe "the Younger" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d_of_Whitby" title="Ælfflæd of Whitby">Ælfflæd of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwald_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ælfwald I of Northumbria">Ælfwald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelburh_of_Hackness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelburh of Hackness (page does not exist)">Æthelburh of Hackness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelgyth_of_Coldingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelgyth of Coldingham (page does not exist)">Æthelgyth of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelsige_of_Ripon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelsige of Ripon (page does not exist)">Æthelsige of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(hermit)" title="Æthelwold (hermit)">Æthelwold of Farne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lindisfarne)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Lindisfarne)">Æthelwold of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchhild_of_Middleham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchhild of Middleham">Alchhild of Middleham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchmund_of_Hexham" title="Alchmund of Hexham">Alchmund of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmund_of_Derby" title="Alkmund of Derby">Alkmund of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Tyninghame" title="Baldred of Tyninghame">Balthere of Tyningham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beda of Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Bega" title="Saint Bega">Bega of Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bercthun" title="Bercthun">Bercthun of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfrith" title="Billfrith">Billfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwine" title="Botwine">Botwine of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Ceadda of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Ceolwulf of Northumbria">Ceolwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert of Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryhthelm" title="Dryhthelm">Dryhthelm of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadberht of Lindisfarne">Eadberht of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Leominster" title="Eadfrith of Leominster">Eadfrith of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadfrith of Lindisfarne">Eadfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Eadwine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdberht_of_Ripon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdberht of Ripon">Ealdberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Eanmund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Eanmund (page does not exist)">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Eardwulf of Northumbria">Eardwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Ripon" title="Ecgberht of Ripon">Ecgberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoda (page does not exist)">Eoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosterwine" title="Eosterwine">Eosterwine of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyglac" title="Hyglac">Hyglac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwig" title="Iwig">Iwig of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osana" title="Osana">Osana of Howden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthryth" title="Osthryth">Osthryth of Bardney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Deira" title="Oswine of Deira">Oswine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicgred">Sicgred of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigfrith" title="Sigfrith">Sigfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatberht" title="Tatberht">Tatberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtberht" title="Wihtberht">Wihtberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrith of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrith II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilgils" title="Wilgils">Wilgils of Ripon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmin_of_North_Crawley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmin of North Crawley (page does not exist)">Firmin of North Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">Birinus of Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Blaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentius_of_Peterborough" title="Florentius of Peterborough">Florentius of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Canterbury" title="Adrian of Canterbury">Hadrian of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Deacon" title="James the Deacon">James the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Canterbury" title="Peter of Canterbury">Peter of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Canterbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuthfl%C3%A6d" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthflæd">Cuthflæd of Lyminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthmann_of_Steyning" title="Cuthmann of Steyning">Cuthmann of Steyning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewina" title="Lewina">Lewina of Bishopstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Oxford" title="Æbbe of Oxford">Æbbe of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar_of_Selwood" title="Ælfgar of Selwood">Ælfgar of Selwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Exeter" title="Ælfgifu of Exeter">Ælfgifu of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_the_Bald" title="Ælfheah the Bald">Ælfheah of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Romsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelflæd of Romsey">Æthelflæd of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Athelney" title="Æthelwine of Athelney">Æthelwine of Athelney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benignus_of_Glastonbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benignus of Glastonbury (page does not exist)">Benignus of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beocca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beocca (page does not exist)">Beocca of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beorhthelm_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury (page does not exist)">Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornstan_of_Winchester" title="Beornstan of Winchester">Beornstan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Beornwald">Beornwald of Bampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthburh" title="Cuthburh">Cuthburh of Wimborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwenburh" title="Cwenburh">Cwenburh of Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Eadgar of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Polesworth" title="Edith of Polesworth">Eadgyth of Polesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Eadgyth of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Eadweard the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Eadweard the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwold_of_Cerne" title="Eadwold of Cerne">Eadwold of Cerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Earmund">Earmund of Stoke Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edor">Edor of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everilda" title="Everilda">Evorhilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithestan" title="Frithestan">Frithestan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6dde" title="Hædde">Hædde of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humbert_of_Stokenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humbert of Stokenham (page does not exist)">Humbert of Stokenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hwita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hwita (page does not exist)">Hwita of Whitchurch Canonicorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6rwynn" title="Mærwynn">Mærwynn of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithhun of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_Sherborne" title="Wulfsige of Sherborne">Wulfsige of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfthryth_of_Wilton" title="Wulfthryth of Wilton">Wulfthryth of Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclear origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arilda_of_Oldbury" title="Arilda of Oldbury">Arilda of Oldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthwara" title="Juthwara">Juthwara of Sherbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Mechlin" title="Rumbold of Mechlin">Rumbold of Mechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urith" title="Urith">Urith of Chittlehampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/16px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/24px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/32px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Portal:Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154938#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154938#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154938#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120962352">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61539765">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145158790620738851292">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120144648558757207523">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61167867496523060001">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5038167867554123060002">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9862167807351718130000">6</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52787/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118508237">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80039744">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885724g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885724g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00519908">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV059712">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35979387">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19992000061&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX840759">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/14188">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068230842">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90362380">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000045653&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000356612&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000802662">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=162402">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=205621">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199602004">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz11tg51ncgnkt">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810670642105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/18664">Vatican</a><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/18666">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258308005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000149142">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523270906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14272726">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01194740?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bede-the-venerable.">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500248520">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/21fb64c8-56b7-43d5-ad0c-65b82ab3bdad">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1171691">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118508237.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118508237">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026649535">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x352v5">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bede&oldid=1257444148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bede&oldid=1257444148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bede" title="Category:Bede">Bede</a></li><li><a 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