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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Roots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Inflorescence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Phylogeny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Natural habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Domestication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dispersal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Harvesting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substitutes_for_cooler_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substitutes_for_cooler_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Substitutes for cooler climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substitutes_for_cooler_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.6 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.7 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Allergens </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allergens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Allergens subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Allergens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Topical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coconut_meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Coconut meat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macapuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macapuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Macapuno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macapuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coconut_milk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_milk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Coconut milk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_milk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coconut_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 Coconut water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coconut_flour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_flour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.6 Coconut flour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_flour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sprouted_coconut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprouted_coconut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.7 Sprouted coconut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprouted_coconut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_of_palm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_of_palm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.8 Heart of palm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_of_palm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toddy_and_sap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toddy_and_sap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.9 Toddy and sap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toddy_and_sap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coconut_vinegar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_vinegar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.10 Coconut vinegar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_vinegar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coconut_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Coconut oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coconut_butter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_butter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Coconut butter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_butter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Copra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Husks_and_shells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husks_and_shells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Husks and shells </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Husks_and_shells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Coir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Leaves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Timber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roots_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Roots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tool_and_shelter_for_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tool_and_shelter_for_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8.1 Tool and shelter for animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tool_and_shelter_for_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myths_and_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths_and_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Myths and legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths_and_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Historical records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 In politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Coconut</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/U" title="U – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="U" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalm" title="Kokospalm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kokospalm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A3" title="ኮኮነት ዘምባባ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮኮነት ዘምባባ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جوز الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوز الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A6" title="Հնդկընկոյզ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հնդկընկոյզ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" title="Cocos nucifera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cocos nucifera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokos_palmas%C4%B1" title="Kokos palması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kokos palması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نارگیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نارگیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuh" title="Nyuh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nyuh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="নারিকেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারিকেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiur" title="Nyiur – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nyiur" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2-%C3%A1" title="Iâ-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iâ-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Какосавая пальма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Какосавая пальма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="नारियल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नारियल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyog" title="Niyog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Niyog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokonas" title="Kokonas – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kokonas" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кокосова палма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кокосова палма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8D" title="བེ་ཏ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བེ་ཏ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoter" title="Cocoter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cocoter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Кокос пальми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кокос пальми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" title="Cocos nucifera – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cocos nucifera" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosovn%C3%ADk_o%C5%99echoplod%C3%BD" title="Kokosovník ořechoplodý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kokosovník ořechoplodý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneuen_goco" title="Cneuen goco – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cneuen goco" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpakpa" title="Kpakpa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kpakpa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokos" title="Kokos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kokos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalme" title="Kokospalme – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kokospalme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%84%DE%A7" title="ކުރުނބާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކުރުނބާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%AD_bich%CA%BCiy%C4%85%CA%BC" title="Magí bichʼiyąʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Magí bichʼiyąʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookospalm" title="Kookospalm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kookospalm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κοκοφοίνικας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοκοφοίνικας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" title="Cocos nucifera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cocos nucifera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoso" title="Kokoso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kokoso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokondo" title="Kokondo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kokondo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نارگیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نارگیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocotier" title="Cocotier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cocotier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn%C3%B3_c%C3%B3c%C3%B3" title="Cnó cócó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cnó cócó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro_bainney" title="Cro bainney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cro bainney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco" title="Coco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B3" title="નારિયેળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નારિયેળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A2-%C3%A8" title="Yâ-è – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yâ-è" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%BD%94%EC%95%BC%EC%9E%90" title="코코야자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코코야자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attagara" title="Attagara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Attagara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Կոկոսյան արմավենի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոկոսյան արմավենի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="नारियल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नारियल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosowa_palma" title="Kokosowa palma – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kokosowa palma" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosova_palma" title="Kokosova palma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kokosova palma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo" title="Bongo – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoso" title="Kokoso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kokoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa" title="Kelapa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelapa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Кокоспальмæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кокоспальмæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmQhekezani" title="UmQhekezani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmQhekezani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3koshneta" title="Kókoshneta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kókoshneta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" title="Cocos nucifera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cocos nucifera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קוקוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוקוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krambil" title="Krambil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krambil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ ಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ქოქოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქოქოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%97%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%95" title="خوٗپرٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خوٗپرٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кокос пальмасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кокос пальмасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnazi_(mti)" title="Mnazi (mti) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnazi (mti)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoye" title="Kokoye – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kokoye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BBza_hind%C3%AA" title="Gûza hindê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gûza hindê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Гьиндусттан гьивхь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Гьиндусттан гьивхь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" title="Cocos nucifera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cocos nucifera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalma" title="Kokospalma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kokospalma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalm" title="Kokospalm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kokospalm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie%C5%A1utin%C4%97_kokospalm%C4%97" title="Riešutinė kokospalmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Riešutinė kokospalmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohi" title="Ohi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Ohi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokot%C3%AD" title="Kokotí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kokotí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3kuszp%C3%A1lma" title="Kókuszpálma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kókuszpálma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%A8yor" title="Nyèyor – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Nyèyor" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="नारियल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नारियल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кокосова палма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кокосова палма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voaniho" title="Voaniho – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voaniho" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="തെങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu" title="Niu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Niu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B3" title="नारळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नारळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جوز الهند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوز الهند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa" title="Kelapa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelapa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯌꯨꯕꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯕꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karambia" title="Karambia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karambia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A0-c%C4%AB" title="Ià-cī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ià-cī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco" title="Coco – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Coco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Далдуу мод – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Далдуу мод" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အုန်းပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အုန်းပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu" title="Niu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Niu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalm" title="Kokospalm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kokospalm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2" title="नरिवल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नरिवल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B7" title="ココヤシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ココヤシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospualem" title="Kokospualem – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kokospualem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalme" title="Kokospalme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kokospalme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalme" title="Kokospalme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kokospalme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ନଡ଼ିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2" title="ਨਾਰੀਅਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਰੀਅਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84" title="ناریئل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناریئل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ناريال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناريال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="ដូង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ដូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokonas" title="Kokonas – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kokonas" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokos_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwy" title="Kokos właściwy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kokos właściwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coqueiro" title="Coqueiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coqueiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nd_cevizi" title="İnd cevizi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnd cevizi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%E2%80%99ari" title="Ha’ari – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Ha’ari" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocotier" title="Cocotier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cocotier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikwayu" title="Pikwayu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pikwayu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кокосовая пальма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кокосовая пальма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/abinung" title="abinung – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="abinung" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="नारिकेलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नारिकेलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaenit" title="Cocaenit – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cocaenit" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="පොල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_palm" title="Coconut palm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coconut palm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ناريل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ناريل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosovn%C3%ADk" title="Kokosovník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kokosovník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosova_palma" title="Kokosova palma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kokosova palma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumbe" title="Qumbe – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qumbe" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گوێزی ھیندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوێزی ھیندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кокосова палма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кокосова палма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosova_palma" title="Kokosova palma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kokosova palma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapa" title="Kalapa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalapa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookospalmu" title="Kookospalmu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kookospalmu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokospalm" title="Kokospalm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kokospalm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko" title="Buko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="தென்னை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்னை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="కొబ్బరి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొబ్బరి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="มะพร้าว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะพร้าว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu" title="Niu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Niu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ಬೊಂಡ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬೊಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan_cevizi" title="Hindistan cevizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan cevizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokos_palmasy" title="Kokos palmasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kokos palmasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kube" title="Kube – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kube" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwa" title="Kwakwa – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwakwa" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кокосова пальма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кокосова пальма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ناریل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناریل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%ABa" title="Dừa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dừa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko" title="Koko – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Koko" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%88%E6%9E%92" title="楈枒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="楈枒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lub%C3%AD" title="Lubí – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lubí" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko" title="Koko – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Koko" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%B0" title="椰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="椰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of plant in the palm family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the plant. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coconut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coconut (disambiguation)">Coconut (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Coconut tree" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Tree_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Coconut Tree (disambiguation)">Coconut Tree (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grated coconut" redirects here. For the Pro-Rodeo Hall of Fame bucking horse, see <a href="/wiki/Grated_Coconut_(horse)" title="Grated Coconut (horse)">Grated Coconut (horse)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Coconut <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 55–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.38461538462px; width:18.615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.38461538462px; width:18.615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.38461538462px; width:16.615384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div>Early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> – Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composite drawing of tree, and its fruit in various stages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg/220px-Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg/330px-Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg/440px-Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="2362" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two coconuts on vines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Coconut_4.jpg/220px-Coconut_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Coconut_4.jpg/330px-Coconut_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Coconut_4.jpg/440px-Coconut_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cocos" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arecoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecoideae">Arecoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subtribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Attaleinae" title="Attaleinae">Attaleinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocos</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">C. nucifera</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Cocos nucifera <div style="font-size: 85%;">L.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocos_nucifera_origin_native_range_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cocos_nucifera_origin_native_range_map.svg/220px-Cocos_nucifera_origin_native_range_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cocos_nucifera_origin_native_range_map.svg/330px-Cocos_nucifera_origin_native_range_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cocos_nucifera_origin_native_range_map.svg/440px-Cocos_nucifera_origin_native_range_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="251" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Possible native range prior to <a href="/wiki/Crop_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop domestication">domestication</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-WCSP-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Coccus Mill.</li> <li>Calappa Steck</li> <li>Coccos Gaertn.</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm tree</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a>) and the only living <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Cocos.<a href="#cite_note-WCSP-1">[1]</a> The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut")<a href="#cite_note-COD-2">[2]</a> can refer to the whole coconut palm, the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, which botanically is a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a>. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>. The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> extracted from it, forms a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a>. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> contains a large quantity of an almost clear liquid, called "<a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a>" or "coconut juice". Mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">plant milk</a> from the flesh, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> from the hard shell, and <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a> from the fibrous <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husk</a>. Dried coconut flesh is called <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking – <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a> in particular – as well as in <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>. Sweet coconut sap can be made into drinks or fermented into <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coconut_vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut vinegar">coconut vinegar</a>. The hard shells, fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for <a href="/wiki/Furnishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnishing">furnishing</a> and decoration. The coconut has cultural and religious significance in certain societies, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Pacific Ocean">Western Pacific</a> where it is featured in their mythologies, songs, and oral traditions. The fall of its mature fruit has led to a preoccupation with <a href="/wiki/Death_by_coconut" title="Death by coconut">death by coconut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> religions.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lew-5">[5]</a> It has also acquired religious significance in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> cultures, where it is used in <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hinduism</a>. It forms the basis of wedding and worship rituals in Hinduism. It also plays a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a> founded in 1963 in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Coconuts were first <a href="/wiki/Crop_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop domestication">domesticated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> and were spread during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> via their <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">seaborne migrations</a> as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>, and as far west as <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>. They played a critical role in the long sea voyages of Austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boats</a>. Coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a> by <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">European</a> sailors. Based on these separate introductions, coconut populations can still be divided into Pacific coconuts and Indo-Atlantic coconuts, respectively. Coconuts were introduced by Europeans to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonial era</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>, but there is evidence of a possible <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> introduction of Pacific coconuts to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> by Austronesian sailors. The evolutionary origin of the coconut is under dispute, with theories stating that it may have evolved in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, South America, or Pacific islands. Trees can grow up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant to cold and prefer copious precipitation and full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. In 2022, about 73% of the world's supply of coconuts was produced by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_tree_leave.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coconut_tree_leave.jpeg/220px-Coconut_tree_leave.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coconut_tree_leave.jpeg/330px-Coconut_tree_leave.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coconut_tree_leave.jpeg/440px-Coconut_tree_leave.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Coconut palm leaves</figcaption></figure> Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall, with <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a> leaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 centimetres (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">trunk</a> smooth.<a href="#cite_note-Pradeepkumar-6">[6]</a> On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> per year, but more often yields less than 30.<a href="#cite_note-Grimwood18-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarian-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravi-9">[9]</a> Given proper care and growing conditions, coconut palms produce their first fruit in six to ten years, taking 15 to 20 years to reach peak production.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> True-to-type <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf plant">dwarf</a> varieties of Pacific coconuts have been cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> since ancient times. These varieties were selected for slower growth, sweeter coconut water, and often brightly colored fruits.<a href="#cite_note-lebrun2013-11">[11]</a> Many modern varieties are also grown, including the <a href="/wiki/Maypan_coconut_palm" title="Maypan coconut palm">Maypan</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_coconut" title="King coconut">King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macapuno" title="Macapuno">Macapuno</a>. These vary by the taste of the coconut water and color of the fruit, as well as other genetic factors.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit">Fruit</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocos_nucifera_(coconut)_5_(38507429165).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cross-section of the niu kafa form of the fruits of wild and Indo-Atlantic coconuts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_5_%2838507429165%29.jpg/250px-Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_5_%2838507429165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_5_%2838507429165%29.jpg/375px-Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_5_%2838507429165%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_5_%2838507429165%29.jpg/500px-Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_5_%2838507429165%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="1749" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The niu kafa form of the fruits of wild and Indo-Atlantic coconuts</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocos_nucifera_(coconut)_2_(39384972311).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cross-section of the niu vai form of the fruits of domesticated Pacific coconuts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_2_%2839384972311%29.jpg/250px-Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_2_%2839384972311%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_2_%2839384972311%29.jpg/375px-Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_2_%2839384972311%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_2_%2839384972311%29.jpg/500px-Cocos_nucifera_%28coconut%29_2_%2839384972311%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="2378" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The niu vai form of the fruits of domesticated Pacific coconuts</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Exocarp_of_coconut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exocarp of coconut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Exocarp_of_coconut.jpg/250px-Exocarp_of_coconut.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Exocarp_of_coconut.jpg/375px-Exocarp_of_coconut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Exocarp_of_coconut.jpg/500px-Exocarp_of_coconut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Exocarp of coconut.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botanically</a>, the coconut fruit is a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">true nut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-botany-13">[13]</a> Like other fruits, it has <a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">three layers</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Exocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocarp">exocarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesocarp">mesocarp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a>. The exocarp is the glossy outer skin, usually yellow-green to yellow-brown in color. The mesocarp is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a>, which has many traditional and commercial uses. Both the exocarp and the mesocarp make up the "husk" of the coconut, while the endocarp makes up the hard coconut "shell". The endocarp is around <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 millimetres (1⁄8 inch) thick and has three distinctive <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a> pores (<a href="/wiki/Micropyle_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropyle (botany)">micropyles</a>) on the distal end. Two of the pores are plugged (the "eyes"), while one is functional.<a href="#cite_note-Ledo-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JfBohol7038naturefvf_39.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/JfBohol7038naturefvf_39.JPG/220px-JfBohol7038naturefvf_39.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/JfBohol7038naturefvf_39.JPG/330px-JfBohol7038naturefvf_39.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/JfBohol7038naturefvf_39.JPG/440px-JfBohol7038naturefvf_39.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Palm heavy with fruit</figcaption></figure> The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown <a href="/wiki/Seed_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed coat">seed coat</a> around <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">0.2 mm (1⁄64 in) thick. The endocarp is initially filled with a multinucleate liquid <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a>). As development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the endocarp up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">11 mm (3⁄8 in) thick, starting at the distal end. They eventually form the edible solid endosperm (the "coconut meat" or "coconut flesh") which hardens over time. The small cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Plant_embryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant embryo">embryo</a> is embedded in the solid endosperm directly below the functional pore of the endosperm. During germination, the embryo pushes out of the functional pore and forms a <a href="/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium">haustorium</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_sprout" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut sprout">coconut sprout</a>) inside the central cavity. The haustorium absorbs the solid endosperm to nourish the seedling.<a href="#cite_note-Ledo-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-duke-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sugimuma-17">[17]</a> Coconut fruits have two distinctive forms depending on <a href="#domestication">§ domestication</a>. Wild coconuts feature an elongated triangular fruit with a thicker husk and a smaller amount of endosperm. These allow the fruits to be more buoyant and make it easier for them to lodge into sandy shorelines, making their shape ideal for ocean dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-Lebrun-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lutz-20">[20]</a> Domesticated Pacific coconuts, on the other hand, are rounded in shape with a thinner husk and a larger amount of endosperm. Domesticated coconuts also contain more <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lebrun-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lutz-20">[20]</a> These two forms are referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> terms niu kafa for the elongated wild coconuts, and niu vai for the rounded domesticated Pacific coconuts.<a href="#cite_note-Lebrun-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lutz-20">[20]</a> A full-sized coconut fruit weighs about 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds 1 ounce). Coconuts sold domestically in coconut-producing countries are typically not de-husked. Especially immature coconuts (6 to 8 months from flowering) are sold for coconut water and softer jelly-like coconut meat (known as "green coconuts", "young coconuts", or "water coconuts"), where the original coloration of the fruit is more aesthetically pleasing.<a href="#cite_note-Paull-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-postharvest-22">[22]</a> Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. This results in the naked coconut "shell" with three pores more familiar in countries where coconuts are not grown locally. De-husked coconuts typically weigh around 750 to 850 grams (1 lb 10 oz to 1 lb 14 oz). De-husked coconuts are also easier for consumers to open, but have a shorter postharvest storage life of around two to three weeks at temperatures of 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F) or up to 2 months at 0 to 1.5 °C (32.0 to 34.7 °F). In comparison, mature coconuts with the husk intact can be stored for three to five months at normal room temperature .<a href="#cite_note-Paull-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-postharvest-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots">Roots</h3></div> Unlike some other plants, the <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm tree</a> has neither a <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Root_hair" title="Root hair">root hairs</a>, but has a <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_root_system" title="Fibrous root system">fibrous root system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pk-23">[23]</a> The root system consists of an abundance of thin roots that grow outward from the plant near the surface. Only a few of the roots penetrate deep into the soil for stability. This type of root system is known as fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. Other types of large trees produce a single downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots growing from it. 2,000–4,000 <a href="/wiki/Adventitious_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventitious root">adventitious roots</a> may grow, each about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 cm (1⁄2 in) large. Decayed roots are replaced regularly as the tree grows new ones.<a href="#cite_note-agro-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocos_nucifera_(11124377083).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cocos_nucifera_%2811124377083%29.jpg/220px-Cocos_nucifera_%2811124377083%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cocos_nucifera_%2811124377083%29.jpg/330px-Cocos_nucifera_%2811124377083%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cocos_nucifera_%2811124377083%29.jpg/440px-Cocos_nucifera_%2811124377083%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Inflorescence unfurling</figcaption></figure> The palm produces both the female and male <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> on the same <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>; thus, the palm is <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pk-23">[23]</a> However, there is some evidence that it may be <a href="/wiki/Polygamomonoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamomonoecious">polygamomonoecious</a> and may occasionally have bisexual flowers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The female flower is much larger than the male flower. Flowering occurs continuously. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-<a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinated</a>, although most dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.<a href="#cite_note-Lutz-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miocene_coconut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small blackened fossil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Miocene_coconut.jpg/220px-Miocene_coconut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Miocene_coconut.jpg/330px-Miocene_coconut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Miocene_coconut.jpg/440px-Miocene_coconut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Fossil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_zeylandica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos zeylandica (page does not exist)">Cocos zeylandica</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, approximately the size of a <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3.5 cm (1+1⁄2 in) long</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history">evolutionary history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> distribution of Cocos nucifera and other members of the tribe <a href="/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a> is more ambiguous than modern-day dispersal and distribution, with its ultimate origin and pre-human dispersal still unclear. There are currently two major viewpoints on the origins of the genus Cocos, one in the Indo-Pacific, and another in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Srivastava2014-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nayar2016-27">[27]</a> The vast majority of Cocos-like fossils have been recovered generally from only two regions in the world: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and west-central <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. However, like most palm fossils, Cocos-like fossils are still putative, as they are usually difficult to identify.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar2016-27">[27]</a> The earliest Cocos-like fossil to be found was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_zeylandica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos zeylandica (page does not exist)">Cocos zeylandica</a>, a fossil species described as small fruits, around <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3.5 cm (1+1⁄2 in) × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.3 to 2.5 cm (1⁄2 to 1 in) in size, recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> (~23 to 5.3 million years ago) of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1926. Since then, numerous other fossils of similar fruits were recovered throughout New Zealand from the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. But research on them is still ongoing to determine their phylogenetic affinities.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar2016-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conran2015-28">[28]</a> Endt & Hayward (1997) have noted their resemblance to members of the South American genus <a href="/wiki/Parajubaea" title="Parajubaea">Parajubaea</a>, rather than Cocos, and propose a South American origin.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar2016-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Endt1997-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayward2012-30">[30]</a> Conran et al. (2015), however, suggests that their diversity in New Zealand indicate that they evolved endemically, rather than being introduced to the islands by long-distance dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-Conran2015-28">[28]</a> In west-central India, numerous fossils of Cocos-like fruits, leaves, and stems have been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Morphotaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphotaxa">morphotaxa</a> like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmoxylon_sundaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmoxylon sundaran (page does not exist)">Palmoxylon sundaran</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmoxylon_insignae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmoxylon insignae (page does not exist)">Palmoxylon insignae</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmocarpon_cocoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmocarpon cocoides (page does not exist)">Palmocarpon cocoides</a>. Cocos-like fossils of fruits include <a href="/wiki/Cocos_intertrappeansis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos intertrappeansis">Cocos intertrappeansis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_pantii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos pantii (page does not exist)">Cocos pantii</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_sahnii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos sahnii (page does not exist)">Cocos sahnii</a>. They also include fossil fruits that have been tentatively identified as modern Cocos nucifera. These include two specimens named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_palaeonucifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos palaeonucifera (page does not exist)">Cocos palaeonucifera</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_binoriensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos binoriensis (page does not exist)">Cocos binoriensis</a>, both dated by their authors to the <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> (70 to 62 million years ago). C. binoriensis has been claimed by their authors to be the earliest known fossil of Cocos nucifera.<a href="#cite_note-Srivastava2014-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nayar2016-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh2016-31">[31]</a> Outside of New Zealand and India, only two other regions have reported Cocos-like fossils, namely <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. In Australia, a Cocos-like fossil fruit, measuring <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">10 cm × 9.5 cm (3+7⁄8 in × 3+3⁄4 in), were recovered from the Chinchilla Sand Formation dated to the latest <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> or basal <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. Rigby (1995) assigned them to modern Cocos nucifera based on its size.<a href="#cite_note-Srivastava2014-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nayar2016-27">[27]</a> In Colombia, a single Cocos-like fruit was recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">middle to late Paleocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n_Formation" title="Cerrejón Formation">Cerrejón Formation</a>. The fruit, however, was compacted in the fossilization process and it was not possible to determine if it had the diagnostic three pores that characterize members of the tribe <a href="/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a>. Nevertheless, Gomez-Navarro et al. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit.<a href="#cite_note-Gomez-Navarro2009-32">[32]</a> Further complicating measures to determine the evolutionary history of Cocos is the genetic diversity present within C. nucifera as well as its relatedness to other palms. Phylogenetic evidence supports the closest relatives of Cocos being either <a href="/wiki/Syagrus_(plant)" title="Syagrus (plant)">Syagrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a>, both of which are found in South America. However, Cocos is not thought to be indigenous to South America, and the highest genetic diversity is present in Asian Cocos, indicating that at least the modern species Cocos nucifera is native to there. In addition, fossils of potential Cocos ancestors have been recovered from both Colombia and India. In order to resolve this enigma, a 2014 study proposed that the ancestors of Cocos had likely originated on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast of what is now Colombia, and during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> the ancestral Cocos performed a long-distance dispersal across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. From here, island-hopping via <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">coral atolls</a> lining the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Sea</a>, potentially boosted by ocean currents at the time, would have proved crucial to dispersal, eventually allowing ancestral coconuts to reach India. The study contended that an adaptation to coral atolls would explain the prehistoric and modern distributions of Cocos, would have provided the necessary evolutionary pressures, and would account for morphological factors such as a thick husk to protect against ocean degradation and provide a moist medium in which to germinate on sparse atolls.<a href="#cite_note-Harries-2014-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The name coconut is derived from the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> word <a href="/wiki/Coco_(folklore)" title="Coco (folklore)">coco</a>, meaning 'head' or 'skull' after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Losada-37">[37]</a> Coco and coconut apparently came from 1521 encounters by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> explorers with <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a>, with the coconut shell reminding them of a <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a> or <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witch</a> in Portuguese folklore called <a href="/wiki/Coco_(folklore)" title="Coco (folklore)">coco</a> (also côca).<a href="#cite_note-Losada-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In the West it was originally called nux indica, a name used by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in 1280 while in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. He took the term from the Arabs, who called it جوز هندي jawz hindī, translating to 'Indian nut'.<a href="#cite_note-Elzabroek-39">[39]</a> Thenga, its <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> name, was used in the detailed description of coconut found in <a href="/wiki/Itinerario" title="Itinerario">Itinerario</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> published in 1510 and also in the later <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Indicus_Malabaricus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortus Indicus Malabaricus">Hortus Indicus Malabaricus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grimwood1-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> first wanted to name the coconut genus Coccus from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinizing</a> the Portuguese word coco, because he saw works by other botanists in middle of the 17th century use the name as well. He consulted the catalogue Herbarium Amboinense by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Eberhard_Rumphius" title="Georg Eberhard Rumphius">Georg Eberhard Rumphius</a> where Rumphius said that coccus was a <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonym</a> of coccum and coccus from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> κόκκος kokkos meaning "grain"<a href="#cite_note-Liddel-41">[41]</a> or "berry", but <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> identified coccus with "<a href="/wiki/Kermes_(insect)" title="Kermes (insect)">kermes insects</a>"; Rumphius preferred the word cocus as a replacement. However, the word cocus could also mean "cook" like coquus in Latin,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> so Linnaeus chose Cocos directly from the Portuguese word coco instead.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific name (botany)">specific name</a> nucifera is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words nux (nut) and fera (bearing), for 'nut-bearing'.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> Coconuts have a nearly <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a> due to human cultivation and dispersal. However, their original distribution was in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a>, in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perera-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genomics_of_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomics of domestication">Genomics of domestication</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_(per_Benton_et_al,_2012,_adapted_from_Bellwood,_2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Pacific and Indian oceans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/400px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/600px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/800px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="7268" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>Chronological dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a><a href="#cite_note-Chambers2013-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench2009Remap-47">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> Modern genetic studies have identified the center of origin of coconuts as being the <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a>, the region between western <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, where it shows greatest genetic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Perera-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-agro-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baudouin2008-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a> Their cultivation and spread was closely tied to the early migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> who carried coconuts as <a href="/wiki/Canoe_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe plants">canoe plants</a> to the islands they settled.<a href="#cite_note-Baudouin2008-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2016-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brouwers2011-51">[51]</a> The similarities of the local names in the <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesian</a> region is also cited as evidence that the plant originated in the region. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_languages" title="Melanesian languages">Melanesian</a> term niu; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> term niyog; and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word nyiur or nyior.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Other evidence for a <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a> origin is the native range of the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_crab" title="Coconut crab">coconut crab</a>; and the higher amounts of C. nucifera-specific insect pests in the region (90%) in comparison to the Americas (20%), and Africa (4%).<a href="#cite_note-Lew-5">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distributions_of_Indo-Atlantic_and_Pacific_coconut_subpopulations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Geographical_distributions_of_Indo-Atlantic_and_Pacific_coconut_subpopulations.png/300px-Geographical_distributions_of_Indo-Atlantic_and_Pacific_coconut_subpopulations.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Geographical_distributions_of_Indo-Atlantic_and_Pacific_coconut_subpopulations.png/450px-Geographical_distributions_of_Indo-Atlantic_and_Pacific_coconut_subpopulations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Geographical_distributions_of_Indo-Atlantic_and_Pacific_coconut_subpopulations.png/600px-Geographical_distributions_of_Indo-Atlantic_and_Pacific_coconut_subpopulations.png 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="1274" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Geographical distributions of Indo-Atlantic and Pacific coconut subpopulations and their genetic composition (Gunn et al., 2011)<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_(Gunn,_Baudouin,%26_Olsen,_2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png/300px-Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png/450px-Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png/600px-Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2581" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lutz-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brouwers2011-51">[51]</a></div></div></div></div></div> A study in 2011 identified two highly genetically differentiated subpopulations of coconuts, one originating from <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> (the Pacific group) and the other from the southern margins of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (the Indo-Atlantic group). The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios. The distribution of the Pacific coconuts correspond to regions settled by Austronesian voyagers indicating that its spread was largely the result of human introductions. It is most strikingly displayed in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, an island settled by Austronesian sailors at around 2000 to 1500 <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a>. The coconut populations on the island show genetic admixture between the two subpopulations indicating that Pacific coconuts were first brought by the Austronesian settlers, which then interbred with the later Indo-Atlantic coconuts brought by Europeans from India.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2016-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wa%27a_kaulua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boat on ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wa%27a_kaulua.jpg/220px-Wa%27a_kaulua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wa%27a_kaulua.jpg/330px-Wa%27a_kaulua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wa%27a_kaulua.jpg/440px-Wa%27a_kaulua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wa%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Wa'a">wa'a kaulua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">double-hulled canoe</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i">Hawai'i</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamarans</a> were one of the early technological innovations of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> that allowed them to colonize the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> and introduce coconuts and other <a href="/wiki/Canoe_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe plants">canoe plants</a> along their migration routes.<a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johns-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> Genetic studies of coconuts have also confirmed <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> populations of coconuts in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. However, it is not native and displays a genetic bottleneck resulting from a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>. A study in 2008 showed that the coconuts in the Americas are genetically closest related to the coconuts in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and not to any other nearby coconut populations (including <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>). Such an origin indicates that the coconuts were not introduced naturally, such as by sea currents. The researchers concluded that it was brought by early Austronesian sailors to the Americas from at least 2,250 BP, and may be proof of pre-Columbian contact between Austronesian cultures and South American cultures. It is further strengthened by other similar botanical evidence of contact, like the pre-colonial presence of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> in Oceanian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Baudouin2008-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brouwers2011-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-57">[57]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">colonial era</a>, Pacific coconuts were further introduced to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a> In contrast to the Pacific coconuts, Indo-Atlantic coconuts were largely spread by Arab and Persian traders into the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> coast. Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> ships from their colonies in coastal <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>; first introduced to coastal <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, then onwards into the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. All of these introductions are within the last few centuries, relatively recent in comparison to the spread of Pacific coconuts.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_habitat">Natural habitat</h3></div> The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>. It prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall (1,500–2,500 mm [59–98 in] annually), which makes colonizing shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward.<a href="#cite_note-sppia-58">[58]</a> Coconuts also need high <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> (at least 70–80%) for optimum growth, which is why they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity. However, they can be found in humid areas with low annual precipitation such as in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which receives only about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">250 mm (9+3⁄4 in) of rainfall per year, but is consistently warm and humid. Coconut palms require warm conditions for successful growth, and are intolerant of cold weather. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37 °C (82 and 99 °F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 4–12 °C (39–54 °F); they will survive brief drops to 0 °C (32 °F). Severe frost is usually fatal, although they have been known to recover from temperatures of −4 °C (25 °F). Due to this, there are not many <a href="/wiki/Coconut_palms_in_California" title="Coconut palms in California">coconut palms in California</a>. <a href="#cite_note-sppia-58">[58]</a> They may grow but not fruit properly in areas with insufficient warmth or sunlight, such as <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. The conditions required for coconut trees to grow without any care are: <ul><li>Mean daily temperature above 12–13 °C (54–55 °F) every day of the year</li> <li>Mean annual rainfall above 1,000 mm (39 in)</li> <li>No or very little overhead <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a>, since even small trees require direct sun</li></ul> The main limiting factor for most locations which satisfy the rainfall and temperature requirements is canopy growth, except those locations near coastlines, where the sandy soil and salt spray limit the growth of most other trees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div> Wild coconuts are naturally restricted to coastal areas in sandy, saline soils. The fruit is adapted for ocean dispersal. Coconuts could not reach inland locations without human intervention (to carry seednuts, plant seedlings, etc.) and early germination on the palm (vivipary) was important.<a href="#cite_note-HCH_2-59">[59]</a> Coconuts today can be grouped into two highly genetically distinct subpopulations: the Indo-Atlantic group originating from southern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and nearby regions (including <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laccadives" class="mw-redirect" title="Laccadives">Laccadives</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>); and the Pacific group originating from the region between <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence all point to the early domestication of Pacific coconuts by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> in maritime Southeast Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> (c. 3000 to 1500 BCE). Although archaeological remains dating to 1000 to 500 BCE also suggest that the Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also later independently cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian peoples</a>, only Pacific coconuts show clear signs of domestication traits like dwarf habits, self-pollination, and rounded fruits. Indo-Atlantic coconuts, in contrast, all have the ancestral traits of tall habits and elongated triangular fruits.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lew-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baudouin2008-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-scid-60">[60]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_fruits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coconut_fruits.jpg/220px-Coconut_fruits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coconut_fruits.jpg/330px-Coconut_fruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coconut_fruits.jpg/440px-Coconut_fruits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Indo-Atlantic coconut from eastern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with the elongated triangular niu kafa-type fruits</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_ponds_Pandanus_San_Miguel_Bulacan_Highway_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fish_ponds_Pandanus_San_Miguel_Bulacan_Highway_20.JPG/220px-Fish_ponds_Pandanus_San_Miguel_Bulacan_Highway_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fish_ponds_Pandanus_San_Miguel_Bulacan_Highway_20.JPG/330px-Fish_ponds_Pandanus_San_Miguel_Bulacan_Highway_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fish_ponds_Pandanus_San_Miguel_Bulacan_Highway_20.JPG/440px-Fish_ponds_Pandanus_San_Miguel_Bulacan_Highway_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Domesticated Pacific coconut from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> with bright yellow rounded niu vai-type fruits and a slow-growing <a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">dwarf</a> habit</div></div></div></div></div> The coconut played a critical role in the migrations of the Austronesian peoples. They provided a portable source of both food and water, allowing Austronesians to survive long sea voyages to colonize new islands as well as establish long-range trade routes. Based on linguistic evidence, the absence of words for coconut in the Taiwanese Austronesian languages makes it likely that the Austronesian coconut culture developed only after Austronesians started colonizing the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine islands</a>. The importance of the coconut in Austronesian cultures is evidenced by shared terminology of even very specific parts and uses of coconuts, which were carried outwards from the Philippines during the Austronesian migrations.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lew-5">[5]</a> Indo-Atlantic type coconuts were also later spread by <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> traders along the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> basin, resulting in limited admixture with Pacific coconuts introduced earlier to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> via the ancient <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime trade network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a> Coconuts can be broadly divided into two fruit types – the ancestral niu kafa form with a thick-husked, angular fruit, and the niu vai form with a thin-husked, spherical fruit with a higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>. The terms are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan language</a> and was adopted into scientific usage by Harries (1978).<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebrun-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harries-61">[61]</a> The niu kafa form is the wild ancestral type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away during <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a> on a new island. It is the dominant form in the Indo-Atlantic coconuts.<a href="#cite_note-Lebrun-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a> However, they may have also been partially selected for thicker husks for <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a> production, which was also important in Austronesian material culture as a source for cordage in building houses and boats.<a href="#cite_note-Lew-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efate_East_-_Very_old_coconut_plantations_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Efate_East_-_Very_old_coconut_plantations_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Efate_East_-_Very_old_coconut_plantations_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Efate_East_-_Very_old_coconut_plantations_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Efate_East_-_Very_old_coconut_plantations_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Efate_East_-_Very_old_coconut_plantations_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Efate_East_-_Very_old_coconut_plantations_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A coconut plantation in <a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></figcaption></figure> The niu vai form is the domesticated form dominant in Pacific coconuts. They were selected for by the Austronesian peoples for their larger endosperm-to-husk ratio as well as higher coconut water content, making them more useful as food and water reserves for sea voyages. The decreased buoyancy and increased fragility of this spherical, thin-husked fruit would not matter for a species that had started to be dispersed by humans and grown in plantations.<a href="#cite_note-Lebrun-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-19">[19]</a> Niu vai endocarp fragments have been recovered in archaeological sites in the <a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Matthias Islands">St. Matthias Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>. The fragments are dated to approximately 1000 BCE, suggesting that cultivation and artificial selection of coconuts were already practiced by the Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Lapita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita people">Lapita people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lew-5">[5]</a> Coconuts can also be broadly divided into two general types based on habit: the "Tall" (var. typica) and "Dwarf" (var. nana) varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Santos-62">[62]</a> The two groups are genetically distinct, with the dwarf variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting.<a href="#cite_note-Harries-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huang-63">[63]</a> The tall variety is <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a> while dwarf palms are <a href="/wiki/Autogamy" title="Autogamy">self-pollinating</a>, which has led to a much greater degree of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> within the tall group.<a href="#cite_note-Rivera-64">[64]</a> The dwarf coconut cultivars are fully domesticated, in contrast to tall cultivars which display greater diversity in terms of domestication (and lack thereof).<a href="#cite_note-Bourdeix-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rivera-64">[64]</a> The fact that all dwarf coconuts share three genetic markers out of thirteen (which are only present at low frequencies in tall cultivars) makes it likely that they all originate from a single domesticated population. Philippine and Malayan dwarf coconuts diverged early into two distinct types. They usually remain genetically isolated when introduced to new regions, making it possible to trace their origins. Numerous other dwarf cultivars also developed as the initial dwarf cultivar was introduced to other regions and hybridized with various tall cultivars. The origin of dwarf varieties is <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, which contain the tall cultivars that are genetically closest to dwarf coconuts.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-lebrun2013-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourdeix-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rivera-64">[64]</a> Sequencing of the genome of the tall and dwarf varieties revealed that they diverged 2 to 8 million years ago and that the dwarf variety arose through alterations in genes involved in the metabolism of the plant hormone <a href="/wiki/Gibberellin" title="Gibberellin">gibberellin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Another ancestral variety is the niu leka of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> (sometimes called the "Compact Dwarfs"). Although it shares similar characteristics to dwarf coconuts (including slow growth), it is genetically distinct and is thus believed to be independently domesticated, likely in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. Other cultivars of niu leka may also exist in other islands of the Pacific, and some are probably descendants of advanced crosses between Compact Dwarfs and Southeast Asian Dwarf types.<a href="#cite_note-lebrun2013-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourdeix-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersal">Dispersal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lefaga,_Return_to_Paradise_beach,_south_coast_Upolu_Island,_Samoa,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lefaga%2C_Return_to_Paradise_beach%2C_south_coast_Upolu_Island%2C_Samoa%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Lefaga%2C_Return_to_Paradise_beach%2C_south_coast_Upolu_Island%2C_Samoa%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lefaga%2C_Return_to_Paradise_beach%2C_south_coast_Upolu_Island%2C_Samoa%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Lefaga%2C_Return_to_Paradise_beach%2C_south_coast_Upolu_Island%2C_Samoa%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lefaga%2C_Return_to_Paradise_beach%2C_south_coast_Upolu_Island%2C_Samoa%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Lefaga%2C_Return_to_Paradise_beach%2C_south_coast_Upolu_Island%2C_Samoa%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Coconut trees on a beach in <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></figcaption></figure> Coconut fruit in the wild is light, buoyant, and highly water resistant. It is claimed that they evolved to disperse significant distances via <a href="/wiki/Marine_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine current">marine currents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foale-67">[67]</a> However, it can also be argued that the placement of the vulnerable eye of the nut (down when floating), and the site of the coir cushion are better positioned to ensure that the water-filled nut does not fracture when dropping on rocky ground, rather than for flotation. It is also often stated that coconuts can travel 110 days, or 5,000 km (3,000 mi), by sea and still be able to germinate.<a href="#cite_note-Edmondson-68">[68]</a> This figure has been questioned based on the extremely small sample size that forms the basis of the paper that makes this claim.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> provides an alternative, and much shorter, estimate based on his first-hand experience crossing the Pacific Ocean on the raft <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon-Tiki">Kon-Tiki</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Heyerdahl-69">[69]</a> <blockquote> The nuts we had in baskets on deck remained edible and capable of germinating the whole way to <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. But we had laid about half among the special provisions below deck, with the waves washing around them. Every single one of these was ruined by the sea water. And no coconut can float over the sea faster than a <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa</a> raft moves with the wind behind it.</blockquote> He also notes that several of the nuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 100 days or more.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-57">[57]</a> Drift models based on wind and ocean currents have shown that coconuts could not have drifted across the Pacific unaided.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-57">[57]</a> If they were naturally distributed and had been in the Pacific for a thousand years or so, then we would expect the eastern shore of Australia, with its own islands sheltered by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, to have been thick with coconut palms: the currents were directly into, and down along this coast. However, both <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> (put adrift after the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">Bounty mutiny</a>) found no sign of the nuts along this 2,000 km (1,200 mi) stretch when he needed water for his crew. Nor were there coconuts on the east side of the African coast until <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, nor in the Caribbean when first visited by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. They were commonly carried by Spanish ships as a source of fresh water. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach,_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sapling on a black sand beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach%2C_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG/220px-Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach%2C_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach%2C_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG/330px-Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach%2C_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach%2C_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG/440px-Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach%2C_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Coconut germinating on <a href="/wiki/Punalu%CA%BBu_Beach" title="Punaluʻu Beach">Punaluʻu Beach</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></figcaption></figure> These provide substantial circumstantial evidence that deliberate <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> voyagers were involved in carrying coconuts across the Pacific Ocean and that they could not have dispersed worldwide without human agency. More recently, genomic analysis of cultivated coconut (C. nucifera L.) has shed light on the movement. However, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">admixture</a>, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations.<a href="#cite_note-coco-71">[71]</a> Given that coconuts are ideally suited for inter-island group ocean dispersal, obviously some natural distribution did take place. However, the locations of the admixture events are limited to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and coastal east Africa, and exclude the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>. This pattern coincides with the known trade routes of Austronesian sailors. Additionally, a genetically distinct subpopulation of coconut on the Pacific coast of Latin America has undergone a genetic bottleneck resulting from a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>; however, its ancestral population is the Pacific coconut from the Philippines. This, together with their use of the South American <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, suggests that Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-coco-71">[71]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, the coconut is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduction</a>, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers (also Austronesians) from their homelands in the southern islands of Polynesia.<a href="#cite_note-Elzabroek-39">[39]</a> Specimens have been collected from the sea as far north as <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (but it is not known where they entered the water).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> They have been found in the Caribbean and the Atlantic coasts of Africa and South America for less than 500 years (the Caribbean native inhabitants do not have a dialect term for them, but use the Portuguese name), but evidence of their presence on the Pacific coast of South America antedates Columbus's arrival in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Perera-45">[45]</a> They are now almost ubiquitous between 26° N and 26° S except for the interiors of Africa and South America. The 2014 coral atoll origin hypothesis proposed that the coconut had dispersed in an island hopping fashion using the small, sometimes transient, coral atolls. It noted that by using these small atolls, the species could easily island-hop. Over the course of evolutionary time-scales the shifting atolls would have shortened the paths of colonization, meaning that any one coconut would not have to travel very far to find new land.<a href="#cite_note-Harries-2014-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coconut_palm_diseases" title="List of coconut palm diseases">List of coconut palm diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteropus_tonganus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pteropus_tonganus1.jpg/220px-Pteropus_tonganus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pteropus_tonganus1.jpg/330px-Pteropus_tonganus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pteropus_tonganus1.jpg/440px-Pteropus_tonganus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>The Pacific flying fox (<a href="/wiki/Pteropus_tonganus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropus tonganus">Pteropus tonganus</a>) feeding on <a href="/wiki/Coconut_flower_nectar" title="Coconut flower nectar">nectar</a> and pollen from coconut flowers in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></figcaption></figure> Coconuts are susceptible to the <a href="/wiki/Phytoplasma" title="Phytoplasma">phytoplasma</a> disease, <a href="/wiki/Lethal_yellowing" title="Lethal yellowing">lethal yellowing</a>. One recently selected <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maypan_coconut_palm" title="Maypan coconut palm">'Maypan'</a>, has been bred for resistance to this disease.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Yellowing diseases affect plantations in Africa, India, Mexico, the Caribbean and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Region">Pacific Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Konan et al., 2007 explains much <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease resistance">resistance</a> with a few <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> at a few <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite" title="Microsatellite">microsatellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Microsatellite-75">[75]</a> They find that '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu_Tall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanuatu Tall (page does not exist)">Vanuatu Tall</a>' and '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri-Lanka_Green_Dwarf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri-Lanka Green Dwarf (page does not exist)">Sri-Lanka Green Dwarf</a>' are the most resistant while '<a href="/w/index.php?title=West_African_Tall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West African Tall (page does not exist)">West African Tall</a>' breeds are especially susceptible.<a href="#cite_note-Microsatellite-75">[75]</a> The coconut palm is damaged by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a>) species which feed on it, including the <a href="/wiki/African_armyworm" title="African armyworm">African armyworm</a> (Spodoptera exempta) and <a href="/wiki/Batrachedra" title="Batrachedra">Batrachedra</a> spp.: B. arenosella, B. atriloqua (feeds exclusively on C. nucifera), B. mathesoni (feeds exclusively on C. nucifera), and B. nuciferae.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brontispa_longissima" title="Brontispa longissima">Brontispa longissima</a> (coconut leaf beetle) feeds on young leaves, and damages both <a href="/wiki/Seedlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seedlings">seedlings</a> and mature coconut palms. In 2007, the Philippines imposed a <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and 26 provinces to stop the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> and protect the Philippine coconut industry managed by some 3.5 million farmers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The fruit may also be damaged by <a href="/wiki/Eriophyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriophyid">eriophyid</a> <a href="/wiki/Coconut_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut mite">coconut mites</a> (Eriophyes guerreronis). This mite infests coconut plantations, and is devastating; it can destroy up to 90% of coconut production. The immature seeds are infested and desapped by larvae staying in the portion covered by the <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> of the immature seed; the seeds then drop off or survive deformed. Spraying with wettable <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> 0.4% or with <a href="/wiki/Neem" class="mw-redirect" title="Neem">Neem</a>-based pesticides can give some relief, but is cumbersome and labor-intensive. In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut mite">coconut mite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros beetle">rhinoceros beetle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_palm_weevil" class="mw-redirect" title="Red palm weevil">red palm weevil</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coconut_leaf_caterpillar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coconut leaf caterpillar (page does not exist)">coconut leaf caterpillar</a>. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coconut&action=edit">[update]</a> yielded no results; researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Agricultural_University" title="Kerala Agricultural University">Kerala Agricultural University</a> and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> Coconut palms are normally cultivated in hot and wet tropical climates. They need year-round warmth and moisture to grow well and fruit. Coconut palms are hard to establish in dry climates, and cannot grow there without frequent irrigation; in drought conditions, the new leaves do not open well, and older leaves may become desiccated; fruit also tends to be shed.<a href="#cite_note-sppia-58">[58]</a> The extent of cultivation in the tropics is threatening a number of habitats, such as <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>; an example of such damage to an ecoregion is in the Petenes mangroves of the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán region">Yucatán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Unique among plants, coconut trees can be irrigated with sea water.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Although that is recommended for coconut plants that are over 2 years old.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://en.vikaspedia.in/viewcontent/agriculture/crop-production/package-of-practices/plantation-crops/coconut/coconut-cultivation-practices">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h3></div> Coconut has a number of commercial and traditional <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>. They can be sorted mainly into tall cultivars, dwarf cultivars, and hybrid cultivars (hybrids between talls and dwarfs). Some of the dwarf cultivars such as 'Malayan dwarf' have shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing, while other cultivars such as 'Jamaican tall' are highly affected by the same plant disease. Some cultivars are more drought resistant such as 'West coast tall' (India) while others such as 'Hainan Tall' (China) are more cold tolerant. Other aspects such as seed size, shape and weight, and <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> thickness are also important factors in the selection of new cultivars. Some cultivars such as 'Fiji dwarf' form a large bulb at the lower stem and others are cultivated to produce very sweet coconut water with orange-colored husks (<a href="/wiki/King_coconut" title="King coconut">king coconut</a>) used entirely in fruit stalls for drinking (Sri Lanka, India).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:315px;max-width:315px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_notches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tree with notches cut in it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coconut_notches.jpg/100px-Coconut_notches.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coconut_notches.jpg/150px-Coconut_notches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coconut_notches.jpg/200px-Coconut_notches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1776" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:CoconutHarvestCazones.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CoconutHarvestCazones.JPG/120px-CoconutHarvestCazones.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CoconutHarvestCazones.JPG/180px-CoconutHarvestCazones.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CoconutHarvestCazones.JPG/240px-CoconutHarvestCazones.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_harvest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coconut_harvest.jpg/83px-Coconut_harvest.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coconut_harvest.jpg/125px-Coconut_harvest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coconut_harvest.jpg/166px-Coconut_harvest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="2866" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Harvesting coconuts in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is done by workers who climb the trees using notches cut into the trunk; Center: Worker harvesting coconuts in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> using ropes and <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a>; Right: Coconut workers in the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> using a loop of cloth around the ankles</div></div></div></div> The two most common harvesting methods are the climbing method and the pole method. Climbing is the most widespread, but it is also more dangerous and requires skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-tp2-80">[80]</a> Manually climbing trees is traditional in most countries and requires a specific posture that exerts pressure on the trunk with the feet. Climbers employed on coconut plantations often develop musculoskeletal disorders and risk severe injury or death from falling.<a href="#cite_note-Piggott-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-George-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CLambanog%E2%80%9D-_Philippines_Coconut_Wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E2%80%9CLambanog%E2%80%9D-_Philippines_Coconut_Wine.jpg/220px-%E2%80%9CLambanog%E2%80%9D-_Philippines_Coconut_Wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E2%80%9CLambanog%E2%80%9D-_Philippines_Coconut_Wine.jpg/330px-%E2%80%9CLambanog%E2%80%9D-_Philippines_Coconut_Wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E2%80%9CLambanog%E2%80%9D-_Philippines_Coconut_Wine.jpg/440px-%E2%80%9CLambanog%E2%80%9D-_Philippines_Coconut_Wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4959" data-file-height="3507" /></a><figcaption>Worker in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> using a bamboo bridge network to collect sweet coconut sap from cut flower stalks for the production of <a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">lambanog</a>, a distilled alcoholic drink</figcaption></figure> To avoid this, coconuts workers in the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> traditionally use <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolos</a> tied with a rope to the waist to cut grooves at regular intervals on the coconut trunks. This basically turns the trunk of the tree into a ladder, though it reduces the value of coconut timber recovered from the trees and can be an entry point for infection.<a href="#cite_note-fao-timber-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-tp2-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Safford-85">[85]</a> Other manual methods to make climbing easier include using a system of pulleys and ropes; using pieces of vine, rope, or cloth tied to both hands or feet; using spikes attached to the feet or legs; or attaching coconut husks to the trunk with ropes.<a href="#cite_note-COGENT-86">[86]</a> Modern methods use hydraulic elevators mounted on tractors or ladders.<a href="#cite_note-Loyola-87">[87]</a> Mechanical coconut climbing devices and even automated robots have also been recently developed in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tp-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-COGENT-86">[86]</a> The pole method uses a long pole with a cutting device at the end. In the Philippines, the traditional tool is known as the halabas and is made from a long bamboo pole with a sickle-like blade mounted at the tip. Though safer and faster than the climbing method, its main disadvantage is that it does not allow workers to examine and clean the crown of coconuts for pests and diseases.<a href="#cite_note-cpg-91">[91]</a> Determining whether to harvest is also important. Gatchalian et al. 1994 developed a <a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">sonometry</a> technique for precisely determining the stage of ripeness of young coconuts.<a href="#cite_note-Yahia-2011-92">[92]</a> A system of bamboo bridges and ladders directly connecting the tree canopies are also utilized in the Philippines for coconut plantations that harvest coconut sap (not fruits) for <a href="/wiki/Coconut_vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut vinegar">coconut vinegar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-Bello-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loyola-87">[87]</a> In other areas, like in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, coconuts are simply collected when they fall to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-tp2-80">[80]</a> A more controversial method employed by a small number of coconut farmers in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and Malaysia use trained <a href="/wiki/Southern_pig-tailed_macaque" title="Southern pig-tailed macaque">pig-tailed macaques</a> to harvest coconuts. Thailand has been raising and training pig-tailed macaques to pick coconuts for around 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-npr-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-vm-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pratruangkrai-96">[96]</a> Training schools for pig-tailed macaques still exist both in southern Thailand and in the Malaysian state of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The practice of using macaques to harvest coconuts was exposed in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> by the <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a> (PETA) in 2019, resulting in calls for <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> on coconut products. PETA later clarified that the use of macaques is not practiced in the Philippines, India, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and other major coconut-producing regions.<a href="#cite_note-Loyola-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substitutes_for_cooler_climates">Substitutes for cooler climates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a></div> In cooler climates (but not less than <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA Zone 9</a>), a similar palm, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen palm">queen palm</a> (Syagrus romanzoffiana), is used in <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a>. Its fruits are similar to coconut, but smaller. The queen palm was originally classified in the genus Cocos along with the coconut, but was later reclassified in <a href="/wiki/Syagrus_(plant)" title="Syagrus (plant)">Syagrus</a>. A recently discovered palm, <a href="/wiki/Beccariophoenix_alfredii" title="Beccariophoenix alfredii">Beccariophoenix alfredii</a> from <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, is nearly identical to the coconut, more so than the queen palm and can also be grown in slightly cooler climates than the coconut palm. Coconuts can only be grown in temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) and need a daily temperature above 22 °C (72 °F) to produce fruit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>Coconut production, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background: #ddf;">Production (millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>17.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>14.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>13.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>World</th> <th>62.4 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-faostat-98">[98]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production" title="List of countries by coconut production">List of countries by coconut production</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_Coconut_Community" title="Asian and Pacific Coconut Community">Asian and Pacific Coconut Community</a></div> In 2022, world production of coconuts was 62 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, India, and the Philippines, with 73% combined of the total.<a href="#cite_note-faostat-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div> Indonesia is the world's largest producer of coconuts, with a gross production of 15 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nata_de_coco_(Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nata_de_coco_%28Philippines%29.jpg/220px-Nata_de_coco_%28Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nata_de_coco_%28Philippines%29.jpg/330px-Nata_de_coco_%28Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nata_de_coco_%28Philippines%29.jpg/440px-Nata_de_coco_%28Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Red <a href="/wiki/Nata_de_coco" title="Nata de coco">Nata de coco</a> in syrup from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines is the world's second-largest producer of coconuts. It was the world's largest producer for decades until a decline in production due to aging trees as well as from typhoon devastations. Indonesia overtook it in 2010. It is still the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, accounting for 64% of global production. The production of coconuts plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">economy</a>, with 25% of cultivated land (around 3.56 million hectares) used for coconut plantations and approximately 25 to 33% of the population reliant on coconuts for their livelihood.<a href="#cite_note-Tacio-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calderon-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-McAloon-102">[102]</a> Two important coconut products were first developed in the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Macapuno" title="Macapuno">Macapuno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nata_de_coco" title="Nata de coco">Nata de coco</a>. Macapuno is a coconut variety with a jelly-like coconut meat. Its meat is sweetened, cut into strands, and sold in glass jars as coconut strings, sometimes labeled as "coconut sport". Nata de coco, also called coconut gel, is another jelly-like coconut product made from fermented coconut water.<a href="#cite_note-tietze-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-rillo-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_Market.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many stacked coconuts, with man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coconut_Market.JPG/180px-Coconut_Market.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coconut_Market.JPG/270px-Coconut_Market.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coconut_Market.JPG/360px-Coconut_Market.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="2707" /></a><figcaption>Coconuts being sold on a street in India</figcaption></figure> Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar" class="mw-redirect" title="Andaman and Nicobar">Andaman and Nicobar</a>. As per 2014–15 statistics from Coconut Development Board of Government of India, four southern states combined account for almost 90% of the total production in the country: Tamil Nadu (33.8%), Karnataka (25.2%), Kerala (24.0%), and Andhra Pradesh (7.2%).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (<a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>) account for the remaining productions. Though Kerala has the largest number of coconut trees, in terms of production per hectare, Tamil Nadu leads all other states. In Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirupur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupur">Tirupur</a> regions top the production list.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The coconut tree is the official state tree of Kerala, India. In Goa, the coconut tree has been reclassified by the government as a palm (rather than a tree), enabling farmers and developers to clear land with fewer restrictions and without needing permission from the forest department before cutting a coconut tree.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coconut&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The main coconut-producing area in the Middle East is the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar">Dhofar</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, but they can be grown all along the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coasts, because these seas are tropical and provide enough humidity (through seawater evaporation) for coconut trees to grow. The young coconut plants need to be nursed and irrigated with drip pipes until they are old enough (stem bulb development) to be irrigated with <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> or seawater alone, after which they can be replanted on the beaches. In particular, the area around <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> maintains large coconut plantations similar to those found across the Arabian Sea in Kerala. The reasons why coconut are cultivated only in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mahrah">Al Mahrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadramaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadramaut">Hadramaut</a> governorates and in the Sultanate of Oman, but not in other suitable areas in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, may originate from the fact that Oman and Hadramaut had long <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a> trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, as well as southern India and China. Omani people needed the coir rope from the coconut fiber to stitch together their traditional seagoing <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a> vessels in which nails were never used. The know-how of coconut cultivation and necessary <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">soil fixation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> may have found its way into Omani, Hadrami and Al-Mahra culture by people who returned from those overseas areas. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_hafa_corniche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trees along a road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Al_hafa_corniche.jpg/220px-Al_hafa_corniche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Al_hafa_corniche.jpg/330px-Al_hafa_corniche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Al_hafa_corniche.jpg/440px-Al_hafa_corniche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Coconut trees line the beaches and corniches of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></figcaption></figure> The ancient coconut groves of Dhofar were mentioned by the medieval Moroccan traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> in his writings, known as Al <a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The annual rainy season known locally as <a href="/wiki/Khareef" title="Khareef">khareef</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> makes coconut cultivation easy on the Arabian east coast. Coconut trees also are increasingly grown for decorative purposes along the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> with the help of irrigation. The UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree imports from other countries to reduce the spread of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> to other native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coconut trees poses a risk of cross-species palm pests, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros beetle">rhinoceros beetles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_palm_weevil" class="mw-redirect" title="Red palm weevil">red palm weevils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for <a href="/wiki/Lethal_yellowing" title="Lethal yellowing">lethal yellowing</a>, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. It is spread by host insects that thrive on heavy turf grasses. Therefore, heavy turf grass environments (<a href="/wiki/Beach_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach resort">beach resorts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a>) also pose a major threat to local coconut trees. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Dessert_banana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dessert banana">dessert banana</a> plants and local wild beach flora such as <a href="/wiki/Scaevola_taccada" title="Scaevola taccada">Scaevola taccada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_pes-caprae" title="Ipomoea pes-caprae">Ipomoea pes-caprae</a> were used as humidity-supplying green undergrowth for coconut trees, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Sea_almond" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea almond">sea almond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_hibiscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea hibiscus">sea hibiscus</a>. Due to growing <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyles</a> and heavy-handed landscaping, a decline in these traditional farming and soil-fixing techniques has occurred. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> is the world's fourth-largest producer of coconuts and is the second-largest producer of coconut oil and copra, accounting for 15% of the global production.<a href="#cite_note-sri-111">[111]</a> The production of coconuts is the main source of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka economy</a>, with 12% of cultivated land and 409,244 hectares used for coconut growing (2017). Sri Lanka established its Coconut Development Authority and Coconut Cultivation Board and Coconut Research Institute in the early <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-sri-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_Sport_Balls_(Macapuno).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coconut_Sport_Balls_%28Macapuno%29.jpg/220px-Coconut_Sport_Balls_%28Macapuno%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coconut_Sport_Balls_%28Macapuno%29.jpg/330px-Coconut_Sport_Balls_%28Macapuno%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coconut_Sport_Balls_%28Macapuno%29.jpg/440px-Coconut_Sport_Balls_%28Macapuno%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Macapuno" title="Macapuno">Macapuno</a> <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">preserves</a> sold in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, coconut palms can be grown and reproduced outdoors without irrigation in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, southern and central <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and the territories of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>. Coconut palms are also periodically successful in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Lower Rio Grande Valley</a> region of <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">southern Texas</a> and in other microclimates in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">southwest</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, wild populations of coconut palms extend up the East Coast from <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Inlet" title="Jupiter Inlet">Jupiter Inlet</a>, and up the West Coast from <a href="/wiki/Marco_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Island">Marco Island</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sarasota" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasota">Sarasota</a>. Many of the smallest coral islands in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts that have drifted or been deposited by ocean currents. Coconut palms are cultivated north of South Florida to roughly <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa Beach">Cocoa Beach</a> on the East Coast and <a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater</a> on the West Coast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. However, they are mainly present as decoration, and the Australian coconut industry is small; Australia is a net importer of coconut products. Australian cities put much effort into de-fruiting decorative coconut trees to ensure that mature coconuts do not fall and injure people.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allergens">Allergens</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> is increasingly used in the food industry.<a href="#cite_note-MichavilaAmat2015-114">[114]</a> Proteins from coconut <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">may cause allergic reactions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>, in some people.<a href="#cite_note-MichavilaAmat2015-114">[114]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> declared that coconut must be disclosed as an ingredient on package labels as a "tree nut" with potential <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergenicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical">Topical</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Cocamidopropyl_betaine" title="Cocamidopropyl betaine">Cocamidopropyl betaine</a> (CAPB) is a <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> manufactured from coconut oil that is increasingly used as an ingredient in personal hygiene products and cosmetics, such as <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoos</a>, liquid <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>, cleansers and <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-JacobAmini2008-116">[116]</a> CAPB may cause mild skin irritation,<a href="#cite_note-JacobAmini2008-116">[116]</a> but allergic reactions to CAPB are rare<a href="#cite_note-SchnuchLessmann2011-117">[117]</a> and probably related to impurities rendered during the manufacturing process (which include <a href="/wiki/Amidoamine" title="Amidoamine">amidoamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimethylaminopropylamine" title="Dimethylaminopropylamine">dimethylaminopropylamine</a>) rather than CAPB itself.<a href="#cite_note-JacobAmini2008-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_Wall_clock_coir_work5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coconut_Wall_clock_coir_work5.jpg/200px-Coconut_Wall_clock_coir_work5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coconut_Wall_clock_coir_work5.jpg/300px-Coconut_Wall_clock_coir_work5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coconut_Wall_clock_coir_work5.jpg/400px-Coconut_Wall_clock_coir_work5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption> Coconut wall <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconuts_for_sale,_Puthia_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stack of green coconuts on cart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coconuts_for_sale%2C_Puthia_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Coconuts_for_sale%2C_Puthia_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coconuts_for_sale%2C_Puthia_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Coconuts_for_sale%2C_Puthia_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coconuts_for_sale%2C_Puthia_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Coconuts_for_sale%2C_Puthia_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>Immature green coconuts sold in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> for <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a> and their soft jelly-like flesh</figcaption></figure> The coconut palm is grown throughout the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and nonculinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm can be used by humans in some manner and has significant economic value. Coconuts' versatility is sometimes noted in its naming. In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, it is kalpa vriksha ("the tree which provides all the necessities of life"). In the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, it is pokok seribu guna ("the tree of a thousand uses"). In the Philippines, the coconut is commonly called the "<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a>".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> It is one of the most useful trees in the world.<a href="#cite_note-duke-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Coconut" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Coconut"> Coconut</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Coconut meat, raw</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconuts_-_single_and_cracked_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coconuts_-_single_and_cracked_open.jpg/235px-Coconuts_-_single_and_cracked_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coconuts_-_single_and_cracked_open.jpg/353px-Coconuts_-_single_and_cracked_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coconuts_-_single_and_cracked_open.jpg/470px-Coconuts_-_single_and_cracked_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,480 kJ (350 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">15.23 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">6.23 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">9.0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">33.49 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">29.698 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.425 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.366 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">3.33 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.039 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.121 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.131 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.247 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.147 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.062 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">Cystine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.066 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.169 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.103 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.202 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.546 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.077 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.170 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.325 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.761 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.158 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.138 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.172 g</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.066 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.020 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.540 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.300 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.054 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 26 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 3.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.24 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.2 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 14 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">48%</div> 0.435 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 2.43 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 32 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">65%</div> 1.500 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 113 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 356 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">18%</div> 10.1 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 20 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.10 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">47 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170169/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-119">[119]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-120">[120]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving of raw coconut flesh supplies 1,480 kilojoules (354 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and a high amount of total <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (33 grams), especially <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> (89% of total fat), along with a moderate quantity of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> (15g), and <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> (3g). <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">Micronutrients</a> in significant content (more than 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>) include the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (table). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coconut_meat">Coconut meat</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grated coconut" redirects here. For the bucking horse, see <a href="/wiki/Grated_Coconut_(horse)" title="Grated Coconut (horse)">Grated Coconut (horse)</a>.</div> The edible white, fleshy part of the seed (the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>) is known as the "coconut meat", "coconut flesh", or "coconut kernel".<a href="#cite_note-Roehl_1996_p._115-121">[121]</a> In the coconut industry, coconut meat can be classified loosely into three different types depending on maturity – namely "Malauhog", "Malakanin" and "Malakatad". The terminology is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a>. Malauhog (literally "<a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>-like") refers to very young coconut meat (around 6 to 7 months old) which has a translucent appearance and a gooey texture that disintegrates easily. Malakanin (literally "<a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">cooked rice</a>-like") refers to young coconut meat (around 7–8 months old) which has a more opaque white appearance, a soft texture similar to cooked rice, and can still be easily scraped off the coconut shell. Malakatad (literally "leather-like") refers to fully mature coconut meat (around 8 to 9 months old) with an opaque white appearance, a tough rubbery to leathery texture, and is difficult to separate from the shell.<a href="#cite_note-Gatchalian-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Javel-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_Day_12_(3415347493).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/India%2C_Day_12_%283415347493%29.jpg/220px-India%2C_Day_12_%283415347493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/India%2C_Day_12_%283415347493%29.jpg/330px-India%2C_Day_12_%283415347493%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/India%2C_Day_12_%283415347493%29.jpg/440px-India%2C_Day_12_%283415347493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>Soft immature coconut meat usually is eaten as is</figcaption></figure> Maturity is difficult to assess on an unopened coconut, and there is no technically proven method for determining maturity. Based on color and size, younger coconuts tend to be smaller and have brighter colors, while more mature coconuts have browner colors and are larger.<a href="#cite_note-Marikkar-124">[124]</a> They can also be determined traditionally by tapping on the coconut fruit. Malauhog has a "solid" sound when tapped, while Malakanin and Malakatad produce a "hollow" sound.<a href="#cite_note-Gatchalian-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Javel-123">[123]</a> Another method is to shake the coconut. Immature coconuts produce a sloshing sound when shaken (the sharper the sound, the younger it is), while fully mature coconuts do not.<a href="#cite_note-Allonsy-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grant-126">[126]</a> Both "Malauhog" and "Malakanin" meats of immature coconuts can be eaten as is or used in salads, drinks, desserts, and pastries such as <a href="/wiki/Buko_pie" title="Buko pie">buko pie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Es_kelapa_muda" title="Es kelapa muda">es kelapa muda</a>. Because of their soft textures, they are unsuitable for grating. Mature Malakatad coconut meat has a tough texture and thus is processed before consumption or made into <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>. Freshly shredded mature coconut meat, known as "grated coconut", "shredded coconut", or "coconut flakes", is used in the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>. They are also used as a <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnish</a> for various dishes, as in <a href="/wiki/Klepon" title="Klepon">klepon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puto_bumbong" title="Puto bumbong">puto bumbong</a>. They can also be cooked in sugar and eaten as a dessert in the Philippines known as <a href="/wiki/Bukayo" title="Bukayo">bukayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roehl_1996_p._115-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-polistico2-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Bassam-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Grated coconut that is dehydrated by drying or baking is known as "desiccated coconut". It contains less than 3% of the original moisture content of coconut meat. It is predominantly used in the <a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">bakery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a> industries (especially in non-coconut-producing countries) because of its longer shelf life compared to freshly grated coconut.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Desiccated coconut is used in confections and desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Macaroon" title="Macaroon">macaroons</a>. Dried coconut is also used as the filling for many <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">chocolate bars</a>. Some dried coconut is purely coconut, but others are manufactured with other ingredients, such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_metabisulfite" title="Sodium metabisulfite">sodium metabisulfite</a>. Coconut meat can also be cut into larger pieces or strips, dried, and salted to make "coconut chips" or "coco chips".<a href="#cite_note-El_Bassam-129">[129]</a> These can be toasted or baked to make bacon-like fixings.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macapuno">Macapuno</h4></div> A special cultivar of coconut known as <a href="/wiki/Macapuno" title="Macapuno">macapuno</a> produces a large amount of jelly-like coconut meat. Its meat fills the entire interior of the coconut shell, rather than just the inner surfaces. It was first developed for commercial cultivation in the Philippines and is used widely in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippine cuisine</a> for desserts, drinks, and pastries. It is also popular in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (where it is known as kopyor) for making beverages.<a href="#cite_note-rillo-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coconut_milk">Coconut milk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_using_coconut_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dishes using coconut milk">List of dishes using coconut milk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cononut_milk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bowl of white liquid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cononut_milk.JPG/220px-Cononut_milk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cononut_milk.JPG/330px-Cononut_milk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cononut_milk.JPG/440px-Cononut_milk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a>, a widely used ingredient in the cuisines of regions where coconuts are native</figcaption></figure> Coconut milk, not to be confused with coconut water, is obtained by pressing the grated coconut meat, usually with hot water added which extracts the coconut oil, proteins, and aromatic compounds. It is used for cooking various dishes. Coconut milk contains 5% to 20% fat, while coconut cream contains around 20% to 50% fat.<a href="#cite_note-NIIR-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-tp-88">[88]</a> Most of the fat is <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated</a> (89%), with <a href="/wiki/Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">lauric acid</a> being the major <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Coconut milk can be diluted to create <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut milk beverage">coconut milk beverages</a>. These have a much lower fat content and are suitable as <a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">milk substitutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIIR-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-tp-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk_powder" title="Coconut milk powder">Coconut milk powder</a>, a protein-rich powder, can be processed from coconut milk following <a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">centrifugation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">separation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spray_drying" title="Spray drying">spray drying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Coconut milk and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut cream">coconut cream</a> extracted from grated coconut is often added to various desserts and savory dishes, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Curries" class="mw-redirect" title="Curries">curries</a> and stews.<a href="#cite_note-grimwood-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-pca-process-139">[139]</a> It can also be diluted into a beverage. Various other products made from thickened coconut milk with sugar and/or eggs like <a href="/wiki/Coconut_jam" title="Coconut jam">coconut jam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_custard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut custard">coconut custard</a> are also widespread in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Duruz-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alford-141">[141]</a> In the Philippines, sweetened reduced coconut milk is marketed as <a href="/wiki/Coconut_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut syrup">coconut syrup</a> and is used for various desserts.<a href="#cite_note-thampan-142">[142]</a> Coconut oil extracted from coconut milk or copra is also used for <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a>, cooking, and making <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>, among other uses.<a href="#cite_note-grimwood-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-kurian-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coconut_water">Coconut water</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">Coconut water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_Drink,_Pangandaran.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cut open coconut with straw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coconut_Drink%2C_Pangandaran.JPG/220px-Coconut_Drink%2C_Pangandaran.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coconut_Drink%2C_Pangandaran.JPG/330px-Coconut_Drink%2C_Pangandaran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coconut_Drink%2C_Pangandaran.JPG/440px-Coconut_Drink%2C_Pangandaran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">Coconut water</a> drink</figcaption></figure> Coconut water serves as a suspension for the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> of the coconut during its <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle#Mitotic_phase_(chromosome_separation)" title="Cell cycle">nuclear phase</a> of development. Later, the endosperm matures and deposits onto the coconut rind during the cellular phase.<a href="#cite_note-botany-13">[13]</a> The water is consumed throughout the humid tropics, and has been introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Retail_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail market">retail market</a> as a processed <a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">sports drink</a>. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar. Per 100-gram serving, coconut water contains 19 <a href="/wiki/Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a> and no significant content of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrients">essential nutrients</a>. Coconut water can be drunk fresh or used in cooking as in <a href="/wiki/Binakol" title="Binakol">binakol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-endosperm-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> It can also be fermented to produce a jelly-like dessert known as <a href="/wiki/Nata_de_coco" title="Nata de coco">nata de coco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tietze-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coconut_flour">Coconut flour</h4></div> Coconut flour has also been developed for use in baking, to combat malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-grimwood-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sprouted_coconut">Sprouted coconut</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sprouted_coconut" title="Sprouted coconut">Sprouted coconut</a></div> Newly germinated coconuts contain a spherical edible mass known as the sprouted coconut or coconut sprout. It has a crunchy watery texture and a slightly sweet taste. It is eaten as is or used as an ingredient in various dishes. It is produced as the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> nourishes the <a href="/wiki/Plant_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant embryogenesis">developing embryo</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium">haustorium</a>, a spongy absorbent tissue formed from the distal part of embryo during coconut germination, which facilitates absorption of nutrients for the growing shoot and root.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart_of_palm">Heart of palm</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9850Foods_Fruits_Baliuag_Bulacan_Philippines_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/9850Foods_Fruits_Baliuag_Bulacan_Philippines_18.jpg/220px-9850Foods_Fruits_Baliuag_Bulacan_Philippines_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/9850Foods_Fruits_Baliuag_Bulacan_Philippines_18.jpg/330px-9850Foods_Fruits_Baliuag_Bulacan_Philippines_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/9850Foods_Fruits_Baliuag_Bulacan_Philippines_18.jpg/440px-9850Foods_Fruits_Baliuag_Bulacan_Philippines_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ubod (coconut <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">heart of palm</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">Apical buds</a> of adult plants are edible, and are known as "palm cabbage" or heart of palm. They are considered a rare delicacy, as harvesting the buds kills the palms. Hearts of palm are eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toddy_and_sap">Toddy and sap</h4></div> The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is drunk as <a href="/wiki/Hot_toddy" title="Hot toddy">toddy</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Tub%C3%A2" title="Tubâ">tubâ</a> in the Philippines (both fermented and fresh), tuak (Indonesia and Malaysia), karewe (fresh and not fermented, collected twice a day, for breakfast and dinner) in <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neera" title="Neera">neera</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. When left to ferment on its own, it becomes palm wine. Palm wine is distilled to produce <a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">arrack</a>. In the Philippines, this alcoholic drink is called <a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">lambanog</a> (historically also called vino de coco in Spanish) or "coconut vodka".<a href="#cite_note-lambanog-147">[147]</a> The sap can be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy such as te kamamai in Kiribati or dhiyaa hakuru and addu bondi in the Maldives. It can be reduced further to yield <a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">coconut sugar</a> also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">palm sugar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a>. A young, well-maintained tree can produce around 300 litres (79 US gallons) of toddy per year, while a 40-year-old tree may yield around 400 L (110 US gal).<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Coconut sap, usually extracted from cut inflorescence stalks is sweet when fresh and can be drunk as is such as in <a href="/wiki/Tuba_fresca" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba fresca">tuba fresca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (derived from the Philippine tubâ).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> They can also be processed to extract palm sugar.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The sap when fermented can also be made into coconut vinegar or various palm wines (which can be further <a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">distilled</a> to make arrack).<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs1912-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coconut_vinegar">Coconut vinegar</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vinegar#Palm" title="Vinegar">Vinegar § Palm</a></div> Coconut vinegar, made from fermented <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a> or sap, is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine (notably the Philippines, where it is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukang_tuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukang tuba (page does not exist)">sukang tuba</a>), as well as in some cuisines of India and Sri Lanka, especially <a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan cuisine</a>. A cloudy white liquid, it has a particularly sharp, acidic taste with a slightly yeasty note.<a href="#cite_note-polistico2-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coconut_oil">Coconut oil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></div> Coconut oil is commonly used in cooking, especially for frying. It can be used in liquid form as would other <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a>, or in solid form similar to <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>. Long-term consumption of coconut oil may have negative health effects similar to those from consuming other sources of <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a>, including butter, <a href="/wiki/Beef_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef fat">beef fat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Its chronic consumption may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a> by raising total <a href="/wiki/Blood_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cholesterol">blood cholesterol</a> levels through elevated blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">lauric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neela-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eyres2016-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coconut_butter">Coconut butter</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Coconut_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut butter">Coconut butter</a> is often used to describe solidified coconut oil, but has also been adopted as an alternate name for <a href="/wiki/Creamed_coconut" title="Creamed coconut">creamed coconut</a>, a specialty product made of coconut milk solids or <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">puréed</a> coconut meat and oil.<a href="#cite_note-Roehl_1996_p._115-121">[121]</a> Having a creamy Consistency that is spreadable, reminiscent of Peanut butter albeit a little richer.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copra">Copra</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">Copra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></div> Copra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing produces coconut oil and coconut meal. Coconut oil, aside from being used in cooking as an ingredient and for frying, is used in soaps, cosmetics, hair oil, and massage oil. Coconut oil is also a main ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic oils</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9 m (30 ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre). It takes around 6,000 full-grown coconuts to produce one tonne of copra.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Husks_and_shells">Husks and shells</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_button_factory_in_Dongjiao_-_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coconut_button_factory_in_Dongjiao_-_02.JPG/220px-Coconut_button_factory_in_Dongjiao_-_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coconut_button_factory_in_Dongjiao_-_02.JPG/330px-Coconut_button_factory_in_Dongjiao_-_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coconut_button_factory_in_Dongjiao_-_02.JPG/440px-Coconut_button_factory_in_Dongjiao_-_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Coconut buttons in Dongjiao Town, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China</figcaption></figure> The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a> manufactured from coconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. The coconut's obscure origin in foreign lands led to the notion of using cups made from the shell to neutralise poisoned drinks. <a href="/wiki/Coconut_cup" title="Coconut cup">Coconut cups</a> were frequently carved with scenes in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> and mounted with precious metals.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The husks can be used as <a href="/wiki/Personal_flotation_device" title="Personal flotation device">flotation devices</a>. As an <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing-160">[160]</a> a dried half coconut shell with husk can be used to buff floors. It is known as a bunot in the Philippines and simply a "coconut brush" in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. The fresh husk of a brown coconut may serve as a dish sponge or body sponge. <a href="/wiki/Coconut_cup" title="Coconut cup">Coconut cups</a>, often with highly decorated mounts in precious metals, were an exotic luxury in medieval and Early Modern Europe, that were also thought to have medical benefits. A <a href="/wiki/Coco_chocolatero" title="Coco chocolatero">coco chocolatero</a> was a simpler type of cup used to serve small quantities of beverages (such as chocolate drinks) between the 17th and 19th centuries in countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_with_coconut_Mok_(9107882174).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soup in coconuts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fish_with_coconut_Mok_%289107882174%29.jpg/220px-Fish_with_coconut_Mok_%289107882174%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fish_with_coconut_Mok_%289107882174%29.jpg/330px-Fish_with_coconut_Mok_%289107882174%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fish_with_coconut_Mok_%289107882174%29.jpg/440px-Fish_with_coconut_Mok_%289107882174%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>Fish curry being served in coconut shell in Thailand</figcaption></figure> In Asia, coconut shells are also used as bowls and in the manufacture of various handicrafts, including buttons carved from the dried shell. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Aloha_shirt" title="Aloha shirt">aloha shirts</a>. Tempurung, as the shell is called in the Malay language, can be used as a soup bowl and – if fixed with a handle – a ladle. In Thailand, the coconut husk is used as a potting medium to produce healthy forest tree <a href="/wiki/Sapling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapling">saplings</a>. The process of husk extraction from the coir bypasses the retting process, using a custom-built coconut husk extractor designed by <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>–Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre in 1986. Fresh husks contain more <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a> than old husks. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling growth.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The shell and husk can be burned for smoke to <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">repel</a> mosquitoes<a href="#cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing-160">[160]</a> and are used in parts of South India for this purpose. Half coconut shells are used in theatre <a href="/wiki/Foley_sound_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Foley sound effects">Foley sound effects</a> work, struck together to create the sound effect of a horse's hoofbeats. Dried half shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yehu" title="Yehu">yehu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banhu" title="Banhu">banhu</a>, along with the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_g%C3%A1o" title="Đàn gáo">đàn gáo</a> and Arabo-Turkic <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a>. In the Philippines, dried half shells are also used as a musical instrument in a folk dance called <a href="/wiki/Maglalatik" title="Maglalatik">maglalatik</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_coconut_fibre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men use industrial machinery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sri_Lankan_coconut_fibre.jpg/170px-Sri_Lankan_coconut_fibre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sri_Lankan_coconut_fibre.jpg/255px-Sri_Lankan_coconut_fibre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sri_Lankan_coconut_fibre.jpg/340px-Sri_Lankan_coconut_fibre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Extracting coir, the fiber from the coconut husk, in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> The shell, freed from the husk, and heated on warm ashes, exudes an oily material that is used to soothe dental pains in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> of Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-dyphon-162">[162]</a> In World War II, <a href="/wiki/Coastwatchers" title="Coastwatchers">coastwatcher</a> scout <a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Biuku Gasa">Biuku Gasa</a> was the first of two from the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> to reach the shipwrecked and wounded crew of <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109</a> commanded by future U.S. president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. Gasa suggested, for lack of paper, delivering by dugout canoe a message inscribed on a husked coconut shell, reading "Nauru Isl commander / native knows posit / he can pilot / 11 alive need small boat / Kennedy."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> This coconut was later kept on the president's desk, and is now in the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Library">John F. Kennedy Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Philippine Coast Guard</a> used <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">unconventional</a> coconut husk <a href="/wiki/Boom_(containment)" title="Boom (containment)">boom</a> to clean up the oil slick in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Manila_Bay_oil_spill" title="2024 Manila Bay oil spill">2024 Manila Bay oil spill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coir">Coir</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a> (the fiber from the husk of the coconut) is used in <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">ropes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mat" title="Mat">mats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mat" title="Mat">doormats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a>, and sacks, as <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a> for boats, and as stuffing fiber for <a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">mattresses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> It is used in <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> in potting compost, especially in orchid mix. The coir is used to make brooms in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-dyphon-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaves">Leaves</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puso_of_cooked_rice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Triangular pouches made of coconut leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Puso_of_cooked_rice.JPG/220px-Puso_of_cooked_rice.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Puso_of_cooked_rice.JPG/330px-Puso_of_cooked_rice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Puso_of_cooked_rice.JPG/440px-Puso_of_cooked_rice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pus%C3%B4" title="Pusô">Pusô</a>, woven pouches of rice in various designs from the Philippines</figcaption></figure> The stiff midribs of coconut leaves are used for making <a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">brooms</a> in India, Indonesia (sapu lidi), Malaysia, the Maldives, and the Philippines (walis tingting). The green of the leaves (lamina) is stripped away, leaving the veins (long, thin, woodlike strips) which are tied together to form a broom or brush. A long handle made from some other wood may be inserted into the base of the bundle and used as a two-handed broom. The leaves also provide material for <a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">baskets</a> that can draw well water and for roofing <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatch</a>; they can be woven into mats, cooking <a href="/wiki/Skewer" title="Skewer">skewers</a>, and kindling <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a> as well. Leaves are also woven into small pouches that are filled with rice and cooked to make <a href="/wiki/Pus%C3%B4" title="Pusô">pusô</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketupat" title="Ketupat">ketupat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a>. In India, the woven coconut leaves are used to build wedding <a href="/wiki/Marquee_(tent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquee (tent)">marquees</a>, especially in the states of Kerala, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. The leaves are used for <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatching</a> houses, or for decorating climbing frames and <a href="/wiki/Meeting_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting room">meeting rooms</a> in Cambodia, where the plant is known as dôô:ng.<a href="#cite_note-dyphon-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timber">Timber</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_Palace_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Square with buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Coconut_Palace_Court.jpg/220px-Coconut_Palace_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Coconut_Palace_Court.jpg/330px-Coconut_Palace_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Coconut_Palace_Court.jpg/440px-Coconut_Palace_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Palace" title="Coconut Palace">Coconut Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines, built entirely out of coconut and local materials</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_trunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coconut_trunk.jpg/130px-Coconut_trunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coconut_trunk.jpg/195px-Coconut_trunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coconut_trunk.jpg/260px-Coconut_trunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Coconut trunk</figcaption></figure> Coconut trunks are used for building small bridges and huts; they are preferred for their straightness, strength, and salt resistance. In Kerala, coconut trunks are used for house construction. <a href="/wiki/Coconut_timber" title="Coconut timber">Coconut timber</a> comes from the trunk, and is increasingly being used as an ecologically sound substitute for endangered hardwoods. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Palace" title="Coconut Palace">Coconut Palace</a>. Hawaiians hollowed out the trunk to form drums, containers, or small canoes. The "branches" (leaf <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>) are strong and flexible enough to make a <a href="/wiki/Switch_(rod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch (rod)">switch</a>. The use of coconut branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese community on Choiseul in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_2">Roots</h3></div> The roots are used as a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">mouthwash</a>, and a folk medicine for <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grimwood18-7">[7]</a> A frayed piece of root can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">toothbrush</a>. In Cambodia, the roots are used in traditional medicine as a treatment for dysentery.<a href="#cite_note-dyphon-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Workman in coconut field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg/220px-Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg/330px-Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg/440px-Srilanka_coconut_rug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Making a rug from coconut fiber</figcaption></figure> The leftover fiber from coconut oil and coconut milk production, coconut meal, is used as livestock feed. The dried <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> is used as fuel in wood-fired <a href="/wiki/Stove" title="Stove">stoves</a>. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in <a href="/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture" title="Plant tissue culture">plant tissue culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micropropagation" title="Micropropagation">micropropagation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The smell of coconuts comes from the <a href="/wiki/%CE%94-Decalactone" title="Δ-Decalactone">6-pentyloxan-2-one</a> molecule, known as δ-decalactone in the food and fragrance industries.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tool_and_shelter_for_animals">Tool and shelter for animals</h4></div> Researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Museum" title="Melbourne Museum">Melbourne Museum</a> in Australia observed the <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> species <a href="/wiki/Amphioctopus_marginatus" title="Amphioctopus marginatus">Amphioctopus marginatus</a> <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool use by animals">use tools</a>, specifically coconut shells, for defense and shelter. The discovery of this behavior was observed in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a> in Indonesia between 1998 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican-173">[173]</a> Amphioctopus marginatus is the first <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> known to be able to use tools.<a href="#cite_note-AP-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times-174">[174]</a> A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or a small bird. Halved, drained coconuts can also be hung up as bird feeders, and after the flesh has gone, can be filled with fat in winter to attract <a href="/wiki/Tit_(bird)" title="Tit (bird)">tits</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coconut" title="Special:EditPage/Coconut">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_worship_at_the_shrine_of_the_Holy_Infant_Jesus_of_Prague,_Davao_City,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group of people with palm fronds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_worship_at_the_shrine_of_the_Holy_Infant_Jesus_of_Prague%2C_Davao_City%2C_Philippines.jpg/220px-A_worship_at_the_shrine_of_the_Holy_Infant_Jesus_of_Prague%2C_Davao_City%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_worship_at_the_shrine_of_the_Holy_Infant_Jesus_of_Prague%2C_Davao_City%2C_Philippines.jpg/330px-A_worship_at_the_shrine_of_the_Holy_Infant_Jesus_of_Prague%2C_Davao_City%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_worship_at_the_shrine_of_the_Holy_Infant_Jesus_of_Prague%2C_Davao_City%2C_Philippines.jpg/440px-A_worship_at_the_shrine_of_the_Holy_Infant_Jesus_of_Prague%2C_Davao_City%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Palaspas, woven palm fronds during <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> celebrations in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mu%C3%B1eco_de_coco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coconut carved to look like a monkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mu%C3%B1eco_de_coco.jpg/170px-Mu%C3%B1eco_de_coco.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mu%C3%B1eco_de_coco.jpg/255px-Mu%C3%B1eco_de_coco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mu%C3%B1eco_de_coco.jpg/340px-Mu%C3%B1eco_de_coco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption>A "coconut monkey" from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, a common souvenir carved from coconut shells</figcaption></figure> The coconut was a critical food item for the people of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and the Polynesians brought it with them as they spread to new islands.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos region">Ilocos region</a> of the northern Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano people</a> fill two halved coconut shells with diket (cooked sweet rice), and place liningta nga itlog (halved boiled egg) on top of it. This ritual, known as niniyogan, is an offering made to the deceased and one's ancestors. This accompanies the palagip (prayer to the dead). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offerings_on_the_sand,_Kuta_Beach,_Bali.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Offerings_on_the_sand%2C_Kuta_Beach%2C_Bali.JPG/170px-Offerings_on_the_sand%2C_Kuta_Beach%2C_Bali.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Offerings_on_the_sand%2C_Kuta_Beach%2C_Bali.JPG/255px-Offerings_on_the_sand%2C_Kuta_Beach%2C_Bali.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Offerings_on_the_sand%2C_Kuta_Beach%2C_Bali.JPG/340px-Offerings_on_the_sand%2C_Kuta_Beach%2C_Bali.JPG 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A canang, an offering of flowers, rice, and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> in woven coconut leaves from <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> A coconut (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: narikela) is an essential element of <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Often it is decorated with bright metal foils and other symbols of auspiciousness. It is offered during worship to a Hindu god or goddess. <a href="/wiki/Narali_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narali Purnima">Narali Purnima</a> is celebrated on a <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> day which usually signifies the end of <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season in India. The word Narali is derived from naral implying "coconut" in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a>. Fishermen give an offering of coconut to the sea to celebrate the beginning of a new fishing season.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Irrespective of their religious affiliations, fishermen of India often offer it to the rivers and seas in the hopes of having bountiful catches. Hindus often initiate the beginning of any new activity by breaking a coconut to ensure the blessings of the gods and successful completion of the activity. The Hindu goddess of well-being and wealth, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, is often shown holding a coconut.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In the foothills of the temple town of <a href="/wiki/Palani" title="Palani">Palani</a>, before going to worship <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, coconuts are broken at a place marked for the purpose. Every day, thousands of coconuts are broken, and some devotees break as many as 108 coconuts at a time as per the prayer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They are also used in Hindu weddings as a symbol of prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The flowers are used sometimes in wedding ceremonies in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-dyphon-162">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Social_Aid_and_Pleasure_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club">Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> traditionally throws hand-decorated coconuts, one of the most valuable <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> souvenirs, to parade revelers. The tradition began in the 1910s, and has continued since. In 1987, a "coconut law" was signed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">Edwin Edwards</a> exempting from insurance liability any decorated coconut "handed" from a Zulu float.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The coconut is also used as a target and prize in the traditional British fairground game <a href="/wiki/Coconut_shy" title="Coconut shy">coconut shy</a>. The player buys some small balls which are then thrown as hard as possible at coconuts balanced on sticks. The aim is to knock a coconut off the stand and win it.<a href="#cite_note-harries-181">[181]</a> It was the main food of adherents of the now discontinued Vietnamese religion <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Đạo Dừa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coconut_1-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myths_and_legends">Myths and legends</h3></div> Some South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myths</a> in which the coconut plays the main role. In the <a href="/wiki/Hainuwele" title="Hainuwele">Hainuwele</a> myth from <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldivian folklore">Maldivian folklore</a>, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the <a href="/wiki/Maldivians" title="Maldivians">Maldivians</a> on the coconut tree.<a href="#cite_note-NIAS_Press-184">[184]</a> In the story of <a href="/wiki/Sina_and_the_Eel" title="Sina and the Eel">Sina and the Eel</a>, the origin of the coconut is related as the beautiful woman Sina burying an eel, which eventually became the first coconut.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> According to urban legend, <a href="/wiki/Death_by_coconut" title="Death by coconut">more deaths are caused by falling coconuts than by sharks</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-flmnh-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_records">Historical records</h3></div> Literary evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan chronicles</a> indicates that the coconut was present in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> before the 1st century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-BlenchSpriggs1998-187">[187]</a> The earliest direct description is given by <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Topographia_Christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographia Christiana">Topographia Christiana</a> written around 545, referred to as "the great nut of India".<a href="#cite_note-Rosengarten-188">[188]</a> Another early mention of the coconut dates back to the "<a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a>" story of <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a> wherein he bought and sold a coconut during his fifth voyage.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In March 1521, a description of the coconut was given by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> writing in Italian and using the words "cocho"/"cochi", as recorded in his journal after the first European crossing of the Pacific Ocean during the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigation</a> and meeting the inhabitants of what would become known as Guam and the Philippines. He explained how at Guam "they eat coconuts" ("mangiano cochi") and that the natives there also "anoint the body and the hair with coconut and <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seed">beniseed</a> oil" ("ongieno el corpo et li capili co oleo de cocho et de giongioli").<a href="#cite_note-ap-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_politics">In politics</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">United States Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> said during a May 2023 <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> ceremony "<a href="/wiki/You_think_you_just_fell_out_of_a_coconut_tree%3F" title="You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?">You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?</a>", which became a <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">meme</a> among her supporters during <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">her failed 2024 presidential campaign</a>. <a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plantation_Crops_Research_Institute" title="Central Plantation Crops Research Institute">Central Plantation Crops Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Kerala" title="Coconut production in Kerala">Coconut production in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir_Board_of_India" title="Coir Board of India">Coir Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coconut_dishes" title="List of coconut dishes">List of coconut dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_made_using_coconut_milk" title="List of dishes made using coconut milk">List of dishes made using coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravanahatha" title="Ravanahatha">Ravanahatha</a> – a musical instrument sometimes made of coconuts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voanioala_gerardii" class="mw-redirect" title="Voanioala gerardii">Voanioala gerardii</a> – forest coconut, the closest relative of the modern coconut</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WCSP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529151328/http://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=44568">"Cocos L., Sp. Pl.: 1188 (1753)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=44568">the original</a> on May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=Cocos+L.%2C+Sp.+Pl.%3A+1188+%281753%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcsp.science.kew.org%2Fsynonomy.do%3Fname_id%3D44568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COD-2"><a href="#cite_ref-COD_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsall,_J.1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pearsall, J., ed. (1999). "Coconut". <a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Oxford Dictionary">Concise Oxford Dictionary</a> (10th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860287-1"><bdi>0-19-860287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coconut&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-860287-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayar2017" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, N Madhavan (2017). The Coconut: Phylogeny, Origins, and Spread. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. 10–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809778-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809778-6"><bdi>978-0-12-809778-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coconut%3A+Phylogeny%2C+Origins%2C+and+Spread&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-12-809778-6&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=N+Madhavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels,_Axel.2006" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Axel. (2006) [2004]. 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Retrieved December 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atimes.com&rft.atitle=Clarion+call+for+King+Coconut&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft.aulast=Bourdeix&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2Farticle%2Ffuture-coconut-threatened-lethal-yellowing-disease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsatellite-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Microsatellite_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsatellite_75-1">b</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaJain2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahuja, M.; Jain, S. (2017). Biodiversity and Conservation of Woody Plants. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_and_Biodiversity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sustainable Development and Biodiversity (page does not exist)">Sustainable Development and Biodiversity</a>. Vol. 17. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Cham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Cham (page does not exist)">Springer Cham</a>. pp. xii+511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-66426-2">10.1007/978-3-319-66426-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-4758">2352-4758</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-66425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-66425-5"><bdi>978-3-319-66425-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-474X">2352-474X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:518220">518220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation+of+Woody+Plants&rft.series=Sustainable+Development+and+Biodiversity&rft.pages=xii%2B511&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A518220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2352-4758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-66426-2&rft.issn=2352-474X&rft.isbn=978-3-319-66425-5&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Jain%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988">: 23 </dd> <dd></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsFoaleBourdeixNguyen2020" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Steve; Foale, Mike; Bourdeix, Roland; Nguyen, Quang; Biddle, Julianne (2020). Adkins, Steve; Foale, Mike; Bourdeix, Roland; Nguyen, Quang; Biddle, Julianne (eds.). Coconut Biotechnology: Towards the Sustainability of the 'Tree of Life'. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Cham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Cham (page does not exist)">Springer Cham</a>. pp. xv+282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-44988-9">10.1007/978-3-030-44988-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-44987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-44987-2"><bdi>978-3-030-44987-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220051653">220051653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coconut+Biotechnology%3A+Towards+the+Sustainability+of+the+%27Tree+of+Life%27&rft.pages=xv%2B282&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220051653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-44988-9&rft.isbn=978-3-030-44987-2&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Foale%2C+Mike&rft.au=Bourdeix%2C+Roland&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Quang&rft.au=Biddle%2C+Julianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988">: 128, 132 </dd> <dd></dd> <dd>These books cite this research.</dd> <dd></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonanKoffiKonanLebrun2010" class="citation journal cs1">Konan, K.; Koffi, K.; Konan, J.; Lebrun, P.; Dery, S.; Sangare, A. 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Retrieved May 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eSamskriti&rft.atitle=Coconut+%E2%80%93+Fruit+Of+Lustre+In+Indian+Culture&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=Patil&rft.aufirst=Vimla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esamskriti.com%2Fessay-chapters%2FCoconut-~-Fruit-of-Lustre-in-Indian-Culture-1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/narali-poornima.html">"Narali Purnima"</a>. Maharashtra Tourism. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715223636/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/narali-poornima.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narali+Purnima&rft.pub=Maharashtra+Tourism&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtratourism.net%2Ffestivals%2Fnarali-poornima.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Dallapiccola, Anna. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Hindu_Lore_and_Legend" title="Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend">Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1">0-500-51088-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramen2009" class="citation web cs1">Bramen, Lisa (November 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/food-rituals-in-hindu-weddings-72454431/">"Food Rituals in Hindu Weddings"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved May 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Food+Rituals+in+Hindu+Weddings&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.aulast=Bramen&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Ffood-rituals-in-hindu-weddings-72454431%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2017" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Mike (February 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/300/article_c189dcdb-1ec5-5629-84bb-2a2aaec89457.html">"How the Zulu coconut was saved from extinction"</a>. NOLA.com. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved May 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=How+the+Zulu+coconut+was+saved+from+extinction&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2F300%2Farticle_c189dcdb-1ec5-5629-84bb-2a2aaec89457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harries-181"><a href="#cite_ref-harries_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarries2004" class="citation journal cs1">Harries, Hugh C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105002/http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2004/vol48n2p77-82.pdf">"Fun Made The Fair Coconut Shy"</a> (PDF). Palms. 48 (2). The International Palm Society: 77–82. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2004/vol48n2p77-82.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 23, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palms&rft.atitle=Fun+Made+The+Fair+Coconut+Shy&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Harries&rft.aufirst=Hugh+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palms.org%2Fpalmsjournal%2F2004%2Fvol48n2p77-82.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coconut_1-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Coconut_1_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022095309/http://vinhthong.info/FAQ/faq_luomlat_CoconutReligion_ConPhung.html">"Coconut religion"</a>. Vinhthong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vinhthong.info/FAQ/faq_luomlat_CoconutReligion_ConPhung.html">the original</a> on October 22, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coconut+religion&rft.pub=Vinhthong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvinhthong.info%2FFAQ%2Ffaq_luomlat_CoconutReligion_ConPhung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2005" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David (November 17, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001/acref-9780195156690-e-657">Hainuwele – Oxford Reference</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515669-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928002738/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001/acref-9780195156690-e-657">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hainuwele+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Reference&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515669-0&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195156690.001.0001%2Facref-9780195156690-e-657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NIAS_Press-184"><a href="#cite_ref-NIAS_Press_184-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Romero-Frias" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier Romero-Frias">Romero-Frias, Xavier</a> (2012) Folk tales of the Maldives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niaspress.dk/catalogue2011/Catalogue_2012.pdf">NIAS Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131620/http://www.niaspress.dk/catalogue2011/Catalogue_2012.pdf">Archived</a> May 28, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-104-8">978-87-7694-104-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8776941055" title="Special:BookSources/978-8776941055">978-8776941055</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029035259/http://www.livingheritage.org.nz/schools/secondary/marcellin/samoa/eel.php">"Living Heritage – Marcellin College – Sina and the Eel"</a>. www.livingheritage.org.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingheritage.org.nz/schools/secondary/marcellin/samoa/eel.php">the original</a> on October 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livingheritage.org.nz&rft.atitle=Living+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Marcellin+College+%E2%80%93+Sina+and+the+Eel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingheritage.org.nz%2Fschools%2Fsecondary%2Fmarcellin%2Fsamoa%2Feel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flmnh-186"><a href="#cite_ref-flmnh_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729014133/http://shark.org.au/quotes.html">"International Shark Attack File"</a>. Shark Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shark.org.au/quotes.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Shark+Attack+File&rft.pub=Shark+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shark.org.au%2Fquotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchSpriggs1998-187"><a href="#cite_ref-BlenchSpriggs1998_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_BlenchMatthew_Spriggs1998" class="citation book cs1">Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&q=coconut&pg=PA396">Archaeology and Language: Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses</a>. Routledge. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11761-6"><bdi>978-0-415-11761-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language%3A+Correlating+archaeological+and+linguistic+hypotheses&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11761-6&rft.au=Roger+Blench&rft.au=Matthew+Spriggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWMHhfXxLaIC%26q%3Dcoconut%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosengarten-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosengarten_188-0">^</a> Rosengarten, Frederic Jr. (2004). The Book of Edible Nuts. Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&pg=PA65">65–93</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43499-5">978-0-486-43499-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/arabian/bl-arabian-5sindbad.htm">"The Fifth Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman – The Arabian Nights – The Thousand and One Nights – Sir Richard Burton translator"</a>. Classiclit.about.com. November 2, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225203730/http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/arabian/bl-arabian-5sindbad.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Voyage+of+Sindbad+the+Seaman+%E2%80%93+The+Arabian+Nights+%E2%80%93+The+Thousand+and+One+Nights+%E2%80%93+Sir+Richard+Burton+translator&rft.pub=Classiclit.about.com&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassiclit.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fbl-etexts%2Farabian%2Fbl-arabian-5sindbad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-190"><a href="#cite_ref-ap_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Pigafetta1906" class="citation book cs1">Antonio Pigafetta (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=283tAAAAMAAJ&q=cocho&pg=PA100">Magellan's Voyage Around the World, Volume 1 (translated by James Alexander Robertson)</a>. Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 64–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan%27s+Voyage+Around+the+World%2C+Volume+1+%28translated+by+James+Alexander+Robertson%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Antonio+Pigafetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D283tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcocho%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Conor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2024/07/21/kamala-harris-coconut-tree-quote-explained-what-she-meant-and-why-its-going-viral-as-biden-drops-out/">"Kamala Harris' 'Coconut Tree' Quote, Explained: What She Meant And Why It's Going Viral As She Launches Campaign"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved October 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Kamala+Harris%27+%27Coconut+Tree%27+Quote%2C+Explained%3A+What+She+Meant+And+Why+It%27s+Going+Viral+As+She+Launches+Campaign&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fconormurray%2F2024%2F07%2F21%2Fkamala-harris-coconut-tree-quote-explained-what-she-meant-and-why-its-going-viral-as-biden-drops-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Grimwood" class="citation book cs1">Grimwood BE, Ashman F (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA1">Coconut Palm Products: Their Processing in Developing Countries</a>. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-100853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-100853-9"><bdi>978-92-5-100853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coconut+Palm+Products%3A+Their+Processing+in+Developing+Countries&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-92-5-100853-9&rft.aulast=Grimwood&rft.aufirst=BE&rft.au=Ashman%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfY5hLeJ-WW4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Adkins S.W., M. Foale and Y.M.S. Samosir (eds.) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415155111/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/748/PR125%20full%20text.pdf">Coconut revival – new possibilities for the 'tree of life'</a>. Proceedings of the International Coconut Forum held in <a href="/wiki/Cairns,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns, Australia">Cairns, Australia</a>, November 22–24, 2005. ACIAR Proceedings No. 125. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86320-515-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86320-515-2">1-86320-515-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatugalRaoOliver2005" class="citation book cs1">Batugal, P.; Rao, V.R.; Oliver, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZhU8NWtMhwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false">Coconut Genetic Resources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bioversity_International" title="Bioversity International">Bioversity International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-629-4"><bdi>978-92-9043-629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coconut+Genetic+Resources&rft.pub=Bioversity+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-9043-629-4&rft.aulast=Batugal&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Rao%2C+V.R.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZhU8NWtMhwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3D%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoconut" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Frison, E.A.; Putter, C.A.J.; Diekmann, M. (eds.). (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/coconut.html">Coconut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510185018/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/coconut.html">Archived</a> May 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-156-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-156-5">978-92-9043-156-5</a>.</li> <li>International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312155455/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/descriptors_for_coconut_emcocos_nuciferaem_l.html">Descriptors for Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-215-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-215-9">978-92-9043-215-9</a>.</li> <li>Mathur, P.N.; Muralidharan, K.; Parthasarathy, V.A.; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/data_analysis_manual_for_coconut_researchers.html">Data Analysis Manual for Coconut Researchers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510195610/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/data_analysis_manual_for_coconut_researchers.html">Archived</a> May 10, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-736-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9043-736-9">978-92-9043-736-9</a>.</li> <li>Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. Adsule, and S.S. Kadam. (1992). World Oilseeds – Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-00112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-00112-4">978-0-442-00112-4</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Brazil" title="Coconut production in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_India" title="Coconut production in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Indonesia" title="Coconut production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Kerala" title="Coconut production in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Mexico" title="Coconut production in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Niue" title="Coconut production in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Coconut production in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Thailand" title="Coconut production in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Vietnam" title="Coconut production in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Brokencoconut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brokencoconut.jpg/70px-Brokencoconut.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brokencoconut.jpg/105px-Brokencoconut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brokencoconut.jpg/140px-Brokencoconut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2303" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_coconut" title="Creamed coconut">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadjan" title="Cadjan">Cadjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">Copra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_of_coconut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream of coconut">Cream of coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_jam" title="Coconut jam">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_cup" title="Coconut cup">Coconut cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_chocolatero" title="Coco chocolatero">Coco chocolatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_jewelry" title="Coconut jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lat%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Latík">Latík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macapuno" title="Macapuno">Macapuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut milk beverage">Milk beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nata_de_coco" title="Nata de coco">Nata de coco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk_powder" title="Coconut milk powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_skim_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut skim milk">Skim milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouted_coconut" title="Sprouted coconut">Sprouted coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh#Tempe_bongkrèk" title="Tempeh">Tempe bongkrèk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_timber" title="Coconut timber">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut vinegar">Vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coconut_dishes" title="List of coconut dishes">List of coconut dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_made_using_coconut_milk" title="List of dishes made using coconut milk">List of dishes made using coconut milk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coconut_palm_diseases" title="List of coconut palm diseases">Diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sago_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sago worm">Sago worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolaris_incurvata" title="Bipolaris incurvata">Bipolaris incurvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botryosphaeria_cocogena" title="Botryosphaeria cocogena">Botryosphaeria cocogena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursaphelenchus_cocophilus" title="Bursaphelenchus cocophilus">Bursaphelenchus cocophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadang-cadang" title="Cadang-cadang">Cadang-cadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnodium_footii" title="Capnodium footii">Capnodium footii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephaleuros_virescens" title="Cephaleuros virescens">Cephaleuros virescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticium_penicillatum" title="Corticium penicillatum">Corticium penicillatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytospora_palmarum" title="Cytospora palmarum">Cytospora palmarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmiellus_cocophilus" title="Marasmiellus cocophilus">Marasmiellus cocophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periconiella_cocoes" title="Periconiella cocoes">Periconiella cocoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestalotiopsis_palmarum" title="Pestalotiopsis palmarum">Pestalotiopsis palmarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeochoropsis_mucosa" title="Phaeochoropsis mucosa">Phaeochoropsis mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllosticta_palmetto" title="Phyllosticta palmetto">Phyllosticta palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_palmivora" title="Phytophthora palmivora">Phytophthora palmivora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoepicoccum_cocos" title="Pseudoepicoccum cocos">Pseudoepicoccum cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramularia_necator" title="Ramularia necator">Ramularia necator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmina_palmivora" title="Stigmina palmivora">Stigmina palmivora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_Coconut_Community" title="Asian and Pacific Coconut Community">Asian and Pacific Coconut Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Development_Board" title="Coconut Development Board">Coconut Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Baker_Company" title="Franklin Baker Company">Franklin Baker Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KERAFED" title="KERAFED">KERAFED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coconut_Authority" title="Philippine Coconut Authority">Philippine Coconut Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Engelhardt" title="August Engelhardt">August Engelhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Palace" title="Coconut Palace">Coconut Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_pearl" title="Coconut pearl">Coconut pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainuwele" title="Hainuwele">Hainuwele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Coconut_Day" title="World Coconut Day">World Coconut Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_think_you_just_fell_out_of_a_coconut_tree%3F" title="You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?">You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coconuts" title="Category:Coconuts">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_biodegradable_culinary_wrappings,_beddings,_layering_&amp;_dishware145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00FF7F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_wrappings" title="Template:Culinary wrappings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_wrappings" title="Template talk:Culinary wrappings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_wrappings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary wrappings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_biodegradable_culinary_wrappings,_beddings,_layering_&amp;_dishware145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Traditional <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">culinary</a> wrappings, beddings, layering & dishware</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">Avocado</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_husk" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn husk">Corn husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantain_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain leaf">Plantain leaf</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/100px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/150px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/200px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betel_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel leaf">Betel leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">Canna</a> leaf</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coconut</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Curry leaves">Curry leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape leaf">Grape leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera#Leaves" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> leaf (<a href="/wiki/Mochi#Seasonal_specialities" title="Mochi">Kashiwa mochi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandan leaf">Pandan leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrynium" title="Phrynium">Phrynium</a> placentarium leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">Reed</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">Taro</a> leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a> leaf</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00FF7F;;width:1%">As dishware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patravali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patravali">Patravali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapari">Tapari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuts115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuts" title="Template:Nuts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuts" title="Template talk:Nuts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuts115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True, or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">Karuka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Planted karuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_brosimos" title="Pandanus brosimos">Wild karuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a> spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus wightiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed (Shorea robusta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil">Vateria indica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">Dehesa (Iberian agroforestry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arecaceae_genera178" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arecaceae_genera" title="Template:Arecaceae genera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arecaceae_genera" title="Template talk:Arecaceae genera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arecaceae_genera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arecaceae genera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arecaceae_genera178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arecaceae_genera" title="List of Arecaceae genera">genera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Baker & <a href="/wiki/John_Dransfield" title="John Dransfield">Dransfield</a> (2016) taxonomy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calamoideae" title="Calamoideae">Calamoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugeissoneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugeissoneae">Eugeissoneae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugeissona" title="Eugeissona">Eugeissona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidocaryeae" title="Lepidocaryeae">Lepidocaryeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncocalamus" title="Oncocalamus">Oncocalamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eremospatha" title="Eremospatha">Eremospatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccosperma" title="Laccosperma">Laccosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidocaryum" title="Lepidocaryum">Lepidocaryum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia" title="Mauritia">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritiella" title="Mauritiella">Mauritiella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calameae" title="Calameae">Calameae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korthalsia" title="Korthalsia">Korthalsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleiodoxa" title="Eleiodoxa">Eleiodoxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacca" title="Salacca">Salacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon" title="Metroxylon">Metroxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigafetta" title="Pigafetta">Pigafetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plectocomia" title="Plectocomia">Plectocomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrialepis" title="Myrialepis">Myrialepis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plectocomiopsis" title="Plectocomiopsis">Plectocomiopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamus_(palm)" title="Calamus (palm)">Calamus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:1859-Martinique.web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/100px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/150px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/200px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nypoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nypoideae">Nypoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coryphoideae" title="Coryphoideae">Coryphoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabaleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaleae">Sabaleae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabal" title="Sabal">Sabal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryosophileae" title="Cryosophileae">Cryosophileae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schippia" title="Schippia">Schippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trithrinax" title="Trithrinax">Trithrinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombia" title="Zombia">Zombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccothrinax" title="Coccothrinax">Coccothrinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemithrinax" title="Hemithrinax">Hemithrinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothrinax" title="Leucothrinax">Leucothrinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinax" title="Thrinax">Thrinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelyocarpus" title="Chelyocarpus">Chelyocarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosophila" title="Cryosophila">Cryosophila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itaya" title="Itaya">Itaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinaria" title="Sabinaria">Sabinaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phoeniceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoeniceae">Phoeniceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(plant)" title="Phoenix (plant)">Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trachycarpeae" title="Trachycarpeae">Trachycarpeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamaerops" title="Chamaerops">Chamaerops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guihaia" title="Guihaia">Guihaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachycarpus" title="Trachycarpus">Trachycarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapidophyllum" title="Rhapidophyllum">Rhapidophyllum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxburretia" title="Maxburretia">Maxburretia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapis" title="Rhapis">Rhapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livistona" title="Livistona">Livistona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licuala" title="Licuala">Licuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesteijsmannia" title="Johannesteijsmannia">Johannesteijsmannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholidocarpus" title="Pholidocarpus">Pholidocarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saribus" title="Saribus">Saribus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanonia" title="Lanonia">Lanonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoelorraphe" title="Acoelorraphe">Acoelorraphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Serenoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahea" title="Brahea">Brahea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colpothrinax" title="Colpothrinax">Colpothrinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicia" title="Copernicia">Copernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritchardia" title="Pritchardia">Pritchardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washingtonia" title="Washingtonia">Washingtonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuniophoeniceae" title="Chuniophoeniceae">Chuniophoeniceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuniophoenix" title="Chuniophoenix">Chuniophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerriodoxa" title="Kerriodoxa">Kerriodoxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannorrhops" title="Nannorrhops">Nannorrhops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahina_spectabilis" title="Tahina spectabilis">Tahina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caryoteae" title="Caryoteae">Caryoteae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caryota" title="Caryota">Caryota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenga" title="Arenga">Arenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corypheae" title="Corypheae">Corypheae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corypha" title="Corypha">Corypha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borasseae" title="Borasseae">Borasseae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarckia" title="Bismarckia">Bismarckia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satranala" title="Satranala">Satranala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphaene" title="Hyphaene">Hyphaene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medemia" title="Medemia">Medemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latania" title="Latania">Latania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodoicea" title="Lodoicea">Lodoicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borassodendron" title="Borassodendron">Borassodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceroxyloideae" title="Ceroxyloideae">Ceroxyloideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophoenix" title="Pseudophoenix">Pseudophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceroxylon" title="Ceroxylon">Ceroxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juania" title="Juania">Juania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oraniopsis" title="Oraniopsis">Oraniopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenea" title="Ravenea">Ravenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammandra" title="Ammandra">Ammandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphandra" title="Aphandra">Aphandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytelephas" title="Phytelephas">Phytelephas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arecoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecoideae">Arecoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podococcus" title="Podococcus">Podococcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orania_(plant)" title="Orania (plant)">Orania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosperma" title="Sclerosperma">Sclerosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Roystonea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhardtia" title="Reinhardtia">Reinhardtia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manicaria" title="Manicaria">Manicaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyospathe" title="Hyospathe">Hyospathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldinia" title="Leopoldinia">Leopoldinia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iriarteeae" title="Iriarteeae">Iriarteeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iriartella" title="Iriartella">Iriartella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyocaryum" title="Dictyocaryum">Dictyocaryum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iriartea" title="Iriartea">Iriartea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratea" title="Socratea">Socratea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wettinia" title="Wettinia">Wettinia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamaedoreeae" title="Chamaedoreeae">Chamaedoreeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyophorbe" title="Hyophorbe">Hyophorbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendlandiella" title="Wendlandiella">Wendlandiella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synechanthus" title="Synechanthus">Synechanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaedorea" title="Chamaedorea">Chamaedorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussia_(plant)" title="Gaussia (plant)">Gaussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beccariophoenix" title="Beccariophoenix">Beccariophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubaeopsis" title="Jubaeopsis">Jubaeopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voanioala" title="Voanioala">Voanioala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allagoptera" title="Allagoptera">Allagoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butia" title="Butia">Butia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubaea" title="Jubaea">Jubaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syagrus_(plant)" title="Syagrus (plant)">Syagrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parajubaea" title="Parajubaea">Parajubaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocomia" title="Acrocomia">Acrocomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum" title="Astrocaryum">Astrocaryum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiphanes" title="Aiphanes">Aiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactris" title="Bactris">Bactris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoncus" title="Desmoncus">Desmoncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcella" title="Barcella">Barcella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">Elaeis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euterpeae" title="Euterpeae">Euterpeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe_(plant)" title="Euterpe (plant)">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestoea" title="Prestoea">Prestoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicholsonia" title="Neonicholsonia">Neonicholsonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenocarpus" title="Oenocarpus">Oenocarpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geonomateae" title="Geonomateae">Geonomateae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfia" title="Welfia">Welfia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholidostachys" title="Pholidostachys">Pholidostachys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyptrogyne" title="Calyptrogyne">Calyptrogyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyptronoma" title="Calyptronoma">Calyptronoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterogyne" title="Asterogyne">Asterogyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonoma" title="Geonoma">Geonoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagodoxeae" title="Pelagodoxeae">Pelagodoxeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagodoxa" title="Pelagodoxa">Pelagodoxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommieria" title="Sommieria">Sommieria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areceae" title="Areceae">Areceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinorhytis" title="Actinorhytis">Actinorhytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archontophoenix" title="Archontophoenix">Archontophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinokentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinokentia">Actinokentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeyronia" title="Chambeyronia">Chambeyronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentiopsis" title="Kentiopsis">Kentiopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenga" title="Nenga">Nenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinanga" title="Pinanga">Pinanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basselinia" title="Basselinia">Basselinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burretiokentia" title="Burretiokentia">Burretiokentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphophoenix" title="Cyphophoenix">Cyphophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphosperma" title="Cyphosperma">Cyphosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidorrhachis" title="Lepidorrhachis">Lepidorrhachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physokentia" title="Physokentia">Physokentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpoxylon" title="Carpoxylon">Carpoxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satakentia" title="Satakentia">Satakentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoveitchia" title="Neoveitchia">Neoveitchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphokentia" title="Cyphokentia">Cyphokentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinosperma" title="Clinosperma">Clinosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dypsis" title="Dypsis">Dypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemurophoenix" title="Lemurophoenix">Lemurophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marojejya" title="Marojejya">Marojejya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoala" title="Masoala">Masoala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyptrocalyx" title="Calyptrocalyx">Calyptrocalyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linospadix" title="Linospadix">Linospadix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howea" title="Howea">Howea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccospadix" title="Laccospadix">Laccospadix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncosperma" title="Oncosperma">Oncosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deckenia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deckenia (plant)">Deckenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthophoenix" title="Acanthophoenix">Acanthophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectiphiala" title="Tectiphiala">Tectiphiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychosperma" title="Ptychosperma">Ptychosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponapea" title="Ponapea">Ponapea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonidia" title="Adonidia">Adonidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaka_(plant)" title="Balaka (plant)">Balaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veitchia" title="Veitchia">Veitchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentaria" title="Carpentaria">Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodyetia" title="Wodyetia">Wodyetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drymophloeus" title="Drymophloeus">Drymophloeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normanbya" title="Normanbya">Normanbya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassiophoenix" title="Brassiophoenix">Brassiophoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychococcus" title="Ptychococcus">Ptychococcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailoloa" title="Jailoloa">Jailoloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjekia" title="Manjekia">Manjekia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallaceodoxa" title="Wallaceodoxa">Wallaceodoxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalostylis" title="Rhopalostylis">Rhopalostylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedyscepe" title="Hedyscepe">Hedyscepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrosperma" title="Nephrosperma">Nephrosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicophorium" title="Phoenicophorium">Phoenicophorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscheria" title="Roscheria">Roscheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verschaffeltia" title="Verschaffeltia">Verschaffeltia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentinckia" title="Bentinckia">Bentinckia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinostigma" title="Clinostigma">Clinostigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrtostachys" title="Cyrtostachys">Cyrtostachys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyosperma" title="Dictyosperma">Dictyosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dransfieldia" title="Dransfieldia">Dransfieldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterospathe" title="Heterospathe">Heterospathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydriastele" title="Hydriastele">Hydriastele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguanura" title="Iguanura">Iguanura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxococcus" title="Loxococcus">Loxococcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopaloblaste" title="Rhopaloblaste">Rhopaloblaste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers6166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers6166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cocos nucifera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13187" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q13187">Q13187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a></li> <li>AoFP: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1490">1490</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/33239">33239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/72882">72882</a></li> <li>APSA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://apsa.anu.edu.au/sample/13-60-1b">13-60-1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Cocos_nucifera.htm">Cocos_nucifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=204761">204761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/WP6H">WP6H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=744">744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1091712">1091712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CCNNU">CCNNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027077">200027077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cocos%20nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027077">200027077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2735117">2735117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11043">11043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48865">48865</a></li> <li>IPA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=7125">7125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/666160-1">666160-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10589878">10589878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/11788">11788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42451">42451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=276638">276638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.129224/">2.129224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021195907">NHMSYS0021195907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13894">13894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraNT" title="FloraNT">NTFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=12557">12557</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/dfbbebf0-e4cf-4568-a79d-a659e3374b29">dfbbebf0-e4cf-4568-a79d-a659e3374b29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/212597/">212597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1492275">1492275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=366250">366250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-44645">kew-44645</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CONU">CONU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A666160-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:666160-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/2400007">2400007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000903570">wfo-0000903570</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12121896b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12121896b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566308">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph907890&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284044905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638306">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coconut&oldid=1275633665">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coconut&oldid=1275633665</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coconuts" title="Category:Coconuts">Coconuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_palms" title="Category:Edible palms">Edible palms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Maldives" title="Category:Flora of the Maldives">Flora of the Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Tubuai_Islands" title="Category:Flora of the Tubuai Islands">Flora of the Tubuai Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fruits_originating_in_Asia" title="Category:Fruits originating in Asia">Fruits originating in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garden_plants_of_Asia" title="Category:Garden plants of Asia">Garden plants of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garden_plants_of_Central_America" title="Category:Garden plants of Central America">Garden plants of Central America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Halophytes" title="Category:Halophytes">Halophytes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Afrotropical_realm" title="Category:Flora of the Afrotropical realm">Flora of the Afrotropical realm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Australasian_realm" title="Category:Flora of the Australasian realm">Flora of the Australasian realm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Indomalayan_realm" title="Category:Flora of the Indomalayan realm">Flora of the Indomalayan realm</a></li><li><a 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