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<span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acoustic_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Acoustic signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_production,_detection,_and_use_in_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_production,_detection,_and_use_in_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sound production, detection, and use in animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_production,_detection,_and_use_in_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomass_estimation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass_estimation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Biomass estimation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass_estimation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Animal sounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Plant sounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioacoustics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علم الصوتيات الحيوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الصوتيات الحيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Біяакустыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяакустыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioac%C3%BAstica" title="Bioacústica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bioacústica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustik" title="Bioakustik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bioakustik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustika" title="Bioakustika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioakustika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Βιοακουστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιοακουστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioac%C3%BAstica" title="Bioacústica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bioacústica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زیست‌آوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌آوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioacoustique" title="Bioacoustique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bioacoustique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%8C%ED%96%A5%ED%95%99" title="생물음향학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물음향학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustika" title="Bioakustika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bioakustika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioacustica" title="Bioacustica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bioacustica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="ביואקוסטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביואקוסטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Биоакустика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биоакустика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustika" title="Bioakustika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bioakustika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakoestiek" title="Bioakoestiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bioakoestiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物音響学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物音響学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustika" title="Bioakustika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bioakustika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustyka" title="Bioakustyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bioakustyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioac%C3%BAstica" title="Bioacústica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bioacústica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioacustic%C4%83" title="Bioacustică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bioacustică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Биоакустика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биоакустика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustika" title="Bioakustika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bioakustika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioakustika" title="Bioakustika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bioakustika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of sound relating to biology</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png/220px-Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png/330px-Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png/440px-Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrograms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thrush_nightingale" title="Thrush nightingale">Thrush nightingale</a> (<i>Luscinia luscinia</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Common_nightingale" title="Common nightingale">Common nightingale</a> (<i>Luscinia megarhynchos</i>) singing help to reliably distinguish these two species by voice.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bioacoustics</b> is a cross-disciplinary <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> that combines <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>. Usually it refers to the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> production, dispersion and reception in <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> basis of sound production and detection, and relation of acoustic <a href="/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">signals</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">medium</a> they disperse through. The findings provide clues about the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of acoustic mechanisms, and from that, the evolution of animals that employ them. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">underwater acoustics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">fisheries acoustics</a> the term is also used to mean the effect of <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a> and animals on sound propagated underwater, usually in reference to the use of <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> technology for <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> estimation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SimmondsMacLennan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimmondsMacLennan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of substrate-borne vibrations used by animals is considered by some a distinct field called <a href="/wiki/Biotremology" title="Biotremology">biotremology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a long time humans have employed animal sounds to recognise and find them. Bioacoustics as a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific discipline">scientific discipline</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovene</a> biologist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Regen" title="Ivan Regen">Ivan Regen</a> who began systematically to study <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> sounds. In 1925 he used a special <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulatory</a> device to play in a duet with an insect. Later, he put a male <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">cricket</a> behind a microphone and female crickets in front of a loudspeaker. The females were not moving towards the male but towards the loudspeaker.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regen's most important contribution to the field apart from realization that insects also detect airborne sounds was the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organ</a>'s function.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively crude electro-mechanical devices available at the time (such as <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a>) allowed only for crude appraisal of signal properties. More accurate measurements were made possible in the second half of the 20th century by advances in electronics and utilization of devices such as <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscopes</a> and digital recorders. </p><p>The most recent advances in bioacoustics concern the relationships among the animals and their acoustic environment and the impact of anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Noise_(environmental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (environmental)">noise</a>. Bioacoustic techniques have recently been proposed as a non-destructive method for estimating <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of an area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the terrestrial environment, animals often use light for sensing distance, since light propagates well through air. Underwater sunlight only reaches to tens of meters depth. However, sound propagates readily through water and across considerable distances. Many marine animals can see well, but using hearing for communication, and sensing distance and location. Gauging the relative importance of audition versus vision in animals can be performed by comparing the number of <a href="/wiki/Auditory_Nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory Nerve">auditory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerves</a>. </p><p>Since the 1950s to 1960s, studies on dolphin echolocation behavior using high frequency click sounds revealed that many different marine mammal species make sounds, which can be used to detect and identify species under water. Much research in bioacoustics has been funded by <a href="/wiki/Naval" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval">naval</a> research organizations, as biological sound sources can interfere with <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> uses underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Underwater-microphone_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Underwater-microphone_hg.jpg/80px-Underwater-microphone_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Underwater-microphone_hg.jpg/120px-Underwater-microphone_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Underwater-microphone_hg.jpg/160px-Underwater-microphone_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Hydrophone</figcaption></figure> <p>Listening is still one of the main methods used in bioacoustical research. Little is known about neurophysiological processes that play a role in production, detection and interpretation of sounds in animals, so <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">animal behaviour</a> and the signals themselves are used for gaining insight into these processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_signals">Acoustic signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acoustic signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png/200px-Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a> (above) and <a href="/wiki/Oscillogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillogram">oscillogram</a> (below) of the <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>'s calls</figcaption></figure> <p>An experienced observer can use animal sounds to recognize a "singing" animal <a href="/wiki/Species_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (biology)">species</a>, its location and condition in nature. Investigation of animal sounds also includes signal recording with electronic recording equipment. Due to the wide range of signal properties and media they propagate through, specialized equipment may be required instead of the usual <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophone</a> (for underwater sounds), detectors of <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> (very high-<a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> sounds) or <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> (very low-frequency sounds), or a <a href="/wiki/Laser_Doppler_vibrometer" title="Laser Doppler vibrometer">laser vibrometer</a> (substrate-borne vibrational signals). <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computers</a> are used for storing and analysis of recorded sounds. Specialized sound-editing <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> is used for describing and sorting signals according to their <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">intensity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, duration and other parameters. </p><p>Animal sound collections, managed by <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_natural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of natural history">museums of natural history</a> and other institutions, are an important tool for systematic investigation of signals. Many effective automated methods involving signal processing, data mining, machine learning and artificial intelligence<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> techniques have been developed to detect and classify the bioacoustic signals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_production,_detection,_and_use_in_animals"><span id="Sound_production.2C_detection.2C_and_use_in_animals"></span>Sound production, detection, and use in animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sound production, detection, and use in animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">Scientists</a> in the field of bioacoustics are interested in anatomy and neurophysiology of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> involved in sound production and detection, including their shape, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> action, and activity of <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal network">neuronal networks</a> involved. Of special interest is coding of signals with <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> in the latter. </p><p>But since the methods used for neurophysiological research are still fairly complex and understanding of relevant processes is incomplete, more trivial methods are also used. Especially useful is observation of behavioural responses to acoustic signals. One such response is <a href="/wiki/Phonotaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonotaxis">phonotaxis</a> – directional movement towards the signal source. By observing response to well defined signals in a controlled environment, we can gain insight into signal function, <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">sensitivity</a> of the hearing apparatus, <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a> filtering capability, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomass_estimation">Biomass estimation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biomass estimation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydroacoustics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroacoustics">Hydroacoustics</a></div> <p>Biomass estimation is a method of detecting and quantifying <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and other marine organisms using <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-SimmondsMacLennan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimmondsMacLennan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the sound pulse travels through water it encounters objects that are of different density than the surrounding medium, such as fish, that reflect sound back toward the sound source. These echoes provide information on fish size, location, and <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">abundance</a>. The basic components of the scientific <a href="/wiki/Echo_sounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo sounder">echo sounder</a> hardware function is to transmit the sound, receive, filter and amplify, record, and analyze the echoes. While there are many manufacturers of commercially available "fish-finders," quantitative analysis requires that measurements be made with <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibrated</a> echo sounder equipment, having high <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratios</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_sounds">Animal sounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animal sounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanenkraaiwedstrijd_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hanenkraaiwedstrijd_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-Hanenkraaiwedstrijd_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hanenkraaiwedstrijd_%28cropped2%29.jpg/300px-Hanenkraaiwedstrijd_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hanenkraaiwedstrijd_%28cropped2%29.jpg/400px-Hanenkraaiwedstrijd_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bergischer_Kr%C3%A4her" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergischer Kräher">Bergische Crower</a> crowing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdsinging03182006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Birdsinging03182006.JPG/200px-Birdsinging03182006.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Birdsinging03182006.JPG/300px-Birdsinging03182006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Birdsinging03182006.JPG/400px-Birdsinging03182006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="European starling">European starling</a> singing</figcaption></figure> <p>Sounds used by animals that fall within the scope of bioacoustics include a wide range of frequencies and media, and are often not "<i>sound</i>" in the narrow sense of the word (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Compression_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression wave">compression waves</a> that propagate through <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> and are detectable by the human <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>). <a href="/wiki/Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">Katydid crickets</a>, for example, communicate by sounds with frequencies higher than 100 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a>, far into the ultrasound range.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower, but still in ultrasound, are sounds used by <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> for <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation#Bats" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a>. A segmented marine worm <i><a href="/wiki/Leocratides_kimuraorum" title="Leocratides kimuraorum">Leocratides kimuraorum</a></i> produces one of the loudest popping sounds in the ocean at 157 dB, frequencies 1–100 kHz, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Alpheidae" title="Alpheidae">snapping shrimps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side of the frequency spectrum are low frequency-vibrations, often not detected by <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a> organs, but with other, less specialized sense organs. The examples include <a href="/wiki/Ground_vibrations" title="Ground vibrations">ground vibrations</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a> whose principal frequency component is around 15 Hz, and low- to medium-frequency substrate-borne vibrations used by most <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many animal sounds, however, do fall within the frequency range detectable by a human ear, between 20 and 20,000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikula_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikula-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanisms for sound production and detection are just as diverse as the signals themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_sounds">Plant sounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plant sounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a series of scientific journal articles published between 2013 and 2016, <a href="/wiki/Monica_Gagliano" title="Monica Gagliano">Monica Gagliano</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a> extended the science to include <a href="/wiki/Plant_bioacoustics" title="Plant bioacoustics">plant bioacoustics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_language" title="Animal language">Animal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophony">Anthropophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophony">Biophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_(acoustics)" title="Diffusion (acoustics)">Diffusion (acoustics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_recording" title="Field recording">Field recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_sounds" title="List of animal sounds">List of animal sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bioacoustics_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bioacoustics Software">List of Bioacoustics Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_sounds" title="Natural sounds">Natural sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape_ecology" title="Soundscape ecology">Soundscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_learning" title="Vocal learning">Vocal learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale sound">Whale sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.monicagagliano.com&rft.atitle=Plant+Behavior+%26+Cognition+%7C+Monica+Gagliano+%7C+Scientific+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monicagagliano.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioacoustics" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either "|first=" and the actual title of the cited work, or use "|title=[untitled]" for intentional omission. (May 2022)">title missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ewing A.W. (1989): <i>Arthropod bioacoustics: Neurobiology and behaviour</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0148-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0148-1">0-7486-0148-1</a></li> <li>Fletcher N. (2007): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/sample%20chapter.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-279393-p123153395">Animal Bioacoustics</a></i>. IN: Rossing T.D. (ed.): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/east/home/generic/search/results?SGWID=5-40109-22-153743469-0">Springer Handbook of Acoustics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-33633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-33633-6">978-0-387-33633-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioacoustics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bioacoustics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bioacoustics">bioacoustics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcabasa.org/">ASA Animal Bioacoustics Technical Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bio.acousti.ca/">BioAcoustica</a>: Wildlife Sounds Database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/sound/wildsounds/wildlife.html">The British Library Sound Archive</a> has 150,000 recordings of over 10,000 species.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibac.info/">International Bioacoustics Council</a> links to many bioacoustics resources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822192437/http://blb.biosci.ohio-state.edu/">Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics</a> at The Ohio State University has a large archive of animal sound recordings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/listentonature">Listen to Nature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922002023/http://www.bl.uk/listentonature">Archived</a> 2016-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 400 examples of animal songs and calls</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlife-sound.org/">Wildlife Sound Recording Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/?lk=lpro/">Bioacoustic Research Program</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a> distributes a number of different free bioacoustics synthesis & analysis programs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/macaulaylibrary/?lk=lpro">Macaulay Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a> is the world's largest collection of animal sounds and associated video.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/">Xeno-canto</a> A collection of bird vocalizations from around the world.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Animal language">Animal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_cognitivism" title="Anecdotal cognitivism">Anecdotal cognitivism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">Deception in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_deception_in_animals" title="Tactical deception in animals">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2_and_human_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXP2 and human evolution">FOXP2 and human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_call" title="Mating call">Mating call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">Seismic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-anointing_in_animals" title="Self-anointing in animals">Self-anointing in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animal" title="Talking animal">Talking animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_in_aquatic_animals" title="Communication in aquatic animals">Aquatic animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_vocalization" title="Whale vocalization">Whale vocalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_communication" title="Bumblebee communication">Bumblebees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talking_bird" title="Talking bird">Talking birds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_communication" title="Cat communication">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_communication" title="Elephant communication">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_communication_in_insects" title="Chemical communication in insects">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_communication" title="Lizard communication">Lizards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_communication" title="Wolf communication">Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roar_(vocalization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roar (vocalization)">Roar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Talking_birds" title="Category:Talking birds">Category:Talking birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_apes_involved_in_language_studies" title="Category:Individual apes involved in language studies">Category:Individual apes involved in language studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydroacoustics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydroacoustics" title="Template:Hydroacoustics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydroacoustics" title="Template talk:Hydroacoustics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroacoustics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroacoustics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydroacoustics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydroacoustics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroacoustics">Hydroacoustics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_acoustics" class="mw-redirect" title="Active acoustics">Active acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffles_(submarine)" title="Baffles (submarine)">Baffles (submarine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistatic_sonar" title="Bistatic sonar">Bistatic sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_sounding" title="Echo sounding">Echo sounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fessenden_oscillator" title="Fessenden oscillator">Fessenden oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLORIA_sidescan_sonar" class="mw-redirect" title="GLORIA sidescan sonar">GLORIA sidescan sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder" title="Multibeam echosounder">Multibeam echosounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_acoustics" title="Passive acoustics">Passive acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_echosounder" title="Scientific echosounder">Scientific echosounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scan_sonar" title="Side-scan sonar">Side-scan sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamforming#Sonar_beamforming_requirements" title="Beamforming">Sonar beamforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonobuoy" title="Sonobuoy">Sonobuoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_Towed_Array_Sensor_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System">Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_sonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture sonar">Synthetic aperture sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towed_array_sonar" title="Towed array sonar">Towed array sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_looking_sonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Upward looking sonar">Upward looking sonar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png/140px-Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png/210px-Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png/280px-Akhumps_128_016_0_500c.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Ocean acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_network" title="Acoustic network">Acoustic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_release" title="Acoustic release">Acoustic release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_Doppler_current_profiler" title="Acoustic Doppler current profiler">Acoustic Doppler current profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_seabed_classification" title="Acoustic seabed classification">Acoustic seabed classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">Hydrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_baseline_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Long baseline acoustic positioning system">Long baseline acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_baseline_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Short baseline acoustic positioning system">Short baseline acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_speed_gradient" title="Sound speed gradient">Sound speed gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_velocity_probe" title="Sound velocity probe">Sound velocity probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_baseline_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system">Ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_survey_in_fishing" title="Acoustic survey in fishing">Acoustic survey in fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beached_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Beached whale">Beached whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_range#Marine_mammals" title="Hearing range">Hearing range of marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale sound">Whale song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_signature" title="Acoustic signature">Acoustic signature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophony">Biophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_MASINT" title="Geophysical MASINT">Geophysical MASINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_survey" title="Hydrographic survey">Hydrographic survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_map" title="Noise map">Noise map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_psychology" title="Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_psychology" title="Template talk:Music psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Cognitive neuroscience of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition" title="Culture in music cognition">Culture in music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychology" title="Category:Music psychology">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Absolute pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_imagery" title="Auditory imagery">Auditory imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">Background music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Consonance and dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earworm" title="Earworm">Earworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_music_cognition" title="Embodied music cognition">Embodied music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">Entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading" title="Eye movement in music reading">Eye movement in music reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">Generative theory of tonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_music_consumption_model" title="Hedonic music consumption model">Hedonic music consumption model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitin_effect" title="Levitin effect">Levitin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipps%E2%80%93Meyer_law" title="Lipps–Meyer law">Lipps–Meyer law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_expectation" title="Melodic expectation">Melodic expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_fission" title="Melodic fission">Melodic fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Music and movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_psychological_operations" title="Music in psychological operations">Music in psychological operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_music_preference" title="Psychology of music preference">Music preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-related_memory" title="Music-related memory">Music-related memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_gesture" title="Musical gesture">Musical gesture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_semantics" title="Musical semantics">Musical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_syntax" title="Musical syntax">Musical syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pitch" title="Relative pitch">Relative pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadji_effect" title="Sharawadji effect">Sharawadji effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_dynamics_of_music_and_language" title="Temporal dynamics of music and language">Temporal dynamics of music and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonal_memory" title="Tonal memory">Tonal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusia" title="Amusia">Amusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_arrhythmia" title="Auditory arrhythmia">Auditory arrhythmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_deafness" title="Beat deafness">Beat deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_hallucinations" title="Musical hallucinations">Musical hallucinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dystonia" title="Focal dystonia">Musician's dystonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_deafness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone deafness">Tone deafness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_intonation_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic intonation therapy">Melodic intonation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Neurologic music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_science" title="Performance science">Performance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis_and_music" title="Psychoanalysis and music">Psychoanalysis and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_musicology" title="Systematic musicology">Systematic musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychologists" title="Category:Music psychologists">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Bharucha" title="Jamshed Bharucha">Jamshed Bharucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cuddy" title="Lola Cuddy">Lola Cuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutietta" title="Robert Cutietta">Robert Cutietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_W._Davidson" title="Jane W. Davidson">Jane W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Deli%C3%A8ge" title="Irène Deliège">Irène Deliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuomas_Eerola" title="Tuomas Eerola">Tuomas Eerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkjan_Honing" title="Henkjan Honing">Henkjan Honing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Huron" title="David Huron">David Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Kraus" title="Nina Kraus">Nina Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_L._Krumhansl" title="Carol L. Krumhansl">Carol L. Krumhansl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levitin" title="Daniel Levitin">Daniel Levitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Max Friedrich Meyer">Max Friedrich Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mursell" title="James Mursell">James Mursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parncutt" title="Richard Parncutt">Richard Parncutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schoen" title="Max Schoen">Max Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloboda" title="John Sloboda">John Sloboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forde_Thompson" title="William Forde Thompson">William Forde Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Trehub" title="Sandra Trehub">Sandra Trehub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_Scientiae_(journal)" title="Musicae Scientiae (journal)">Musicae Scientiae (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicophilia" title="Musicophilia">Musicophilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling" title="Music, Thought, and Feeling">Music, Thought, and Feeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Music (journal)">Psychology of Music (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_Six_Songs" title="The World in Six Songs">The World in Six Songs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music" title="This Is Your Brain on Music">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bioakustika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph623325&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282569205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40998">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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