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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Forerunner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>England and North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Dough_nut"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Dough_nut""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Dough nut"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Dough_nut"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Donut"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Donut""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Donut"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Donut"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Topping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Holes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Filled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_shapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other shapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cake_vs_yeast_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cake_vs_yeast_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cake vs yeast style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cake_vs_yeast_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Physical structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Molecular composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dough_rheology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dough_rheology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Dough rheology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dough_rheology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.9</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.10</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.11</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.12</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Former Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.8</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.9</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.10</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.11</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.12</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.13</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.14</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.15</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.16</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.17</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.18</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.19</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.20</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.21</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.22</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.23</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.24</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caribbean_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Caribbean region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>United States and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Middle East and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Industry by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industry by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industry_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pink_boxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pink_boxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Pink boxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pink_boxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Holidays and festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Holidays and festivals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Doughnut_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Doughnut_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>National Doughnut Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Doughnut_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Doughnut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliebol" title="Oliebol – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oliebol" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دونات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دونات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%93%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Տոնաթ կամ Փքաբլիթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տոնաթ կամ Փքաբլիթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon%C3%A7ik" title="Ponçik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ponçik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F" title="ডোনাট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডোনাট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ҡабартма – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡабартма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Пончык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пончык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Пончык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пончык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Поничка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поничка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmoizgringal" title="Schmoizgringal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schmoizgringal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2nut" title="Dònut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dònut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_kobliha" title="Americká kobliha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americká kobliha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toesen" title="Toesen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toesen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5%C3%B5rik" title="Sõõrik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõõrik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84" title="Ντόνατ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντόνατ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_(comida)" title="Dona (comida) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dona (comida)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دونات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دونات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Doughnut" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoschn%C3%B3" title="Taoschnó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Taoschnó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Борцок – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Борцок" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%84%9B" title="도넛 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도넛" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Փքաբլիթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փքաբլիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krafna" title="Krafna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krafna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donat" title="Donat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Donat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinuhringur" title="Kleinuhringur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kleinuhringur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98" title="דונאט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דונאט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhonat" title="Dhonat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhonat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಡೋನಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೋನಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пончиктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пончиктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laganum_turgidum" title="Laganum turgidum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laganum turgidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtulis" title="Virtulis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Virtulis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurga" title="Spurga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spurga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_f%C3%A1nk" title="Amerikai fánk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai fánk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Американска крофна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Американска крофна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡോനട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡോനട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F" title="डोनट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डोनट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donat" title="Donat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Donat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donat" title="Donat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Donat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="सेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%84" title="ドーナツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドーナツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Doughnut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponchik" title="Ponchik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ponchik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosquinha" title="Rosquinha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rosquinha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogoa%C8%99%C4%83" title="Gogoașă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gogoașă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пончик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пончик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Doughnut" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_%C5%A1i%C5%A1ka" title="Americká šiška – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Americká šiška" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Крофне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крофне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krofna" title="Krofna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krofna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donat" title="Donat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Donat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkki_(leivonnainen)" title="Munkki (leivonnainen) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Munkki (leivonnainen)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk_(bakverk)" title="Munk (bakverk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Munk (bakverk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donat" title="Donat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Donat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="โดนัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โดนัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Пончик (донат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пончик (донат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%8A%DB%90%D9%85%DB%95%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83)" title="دونات (يېمەكلىك) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دونات (يېمەكلىك)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_v%C3%B2ng" title="Bánh vòng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bánh vòng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut" title="Donut – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Donut" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E7%94%9C%E5%9C%88" title="甜甜圈 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="甜甜圈" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E7%94%A9" title="冬甩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冬甩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E7%94%9C%E5%9C%88" title="甜甜圈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="甜甜圈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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For the shape, see <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">Torus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Doughnut (disambiguation)">Doughnut (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Doughnut</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Glazed-Donut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/220px-Glazed-Donut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/330px-Glazed-Donut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/440px-Glazed-Donut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">A <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(cooking_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaze (cooking technique)">glazed</a>, yeast-raised, American-style ring doughnut</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Donut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_dough_foods" title="List of fried dough foods">Fried dough</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Course</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">snack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Doughnuts_(Yeasted)" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Doughnuts (Yeasted)">Cookbook: Doughnut</a></li><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Doughnuts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Doughnuts">Media: Doughnut</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donuts_(Coffee_An),_Westport,_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donuts_%28Coffee_An%29%2C_Westport%2C_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg/220px-Donuts_%28Coffee_An%29%2C_Westport%2C_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donuts_%28Coffee_An%29%2C_Westport%2C_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg/330px-Donuts_%28Coffee_An%29%2C_Westport%2C_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donuts_%28Coffee_An%29%2C_Westport%2C_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg/440px-Donuts_%28Coffee_An%29%2C_Westport%2C_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>Doughnuts in a display case at a <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffee shop</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>doughnut</b> (sometimes spelled <b>donut</b> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>; both <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a> made from leavened <a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_dough_foods" title="List of fried dough foods">fried dough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 275">: 275 </span></sup> It is popular in many countries and is prepared in various forms as a sweet snack that can be homemade or purchased in <a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">bakeries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_booth" title="Food booth">food stalls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_shops" title="List of doughnut shops">franchised specialty vendors</a>. <i>Doughnut</i> is the traditional spelling, while <i>donut</i> is the simplified version; the terms are used interchangeably. </p><p>Doughnuts are usually <a href="/wiki/Deep_fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep fried">deep fried</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Flour_dough" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour dough">flour dough</a>, but other types of <a href="/wiki/Batter_(cooking)" title="Batter (cooking)">batters</a> can also be used. Various toppings and flavors are used for different types, such as sugar, chocolate or maple glazing. Doughnuts may also include water, <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavening</a>, eggs, milk, sugar, oil, <a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">shortening</a>, and natural or artificial flavors. </p><p>The two most common types are the ring doughnut and the filled doughnut, which is injected with <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">fruit preserves</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Jelly_doughnut" title="Jelly doughnut">jelly doughnut</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a>, or other sweet fillings. Small pieces of dough are sometimes cooked as <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Doughnut holes">doughnut holes</a>. Once fried, doughnuts may be glazed with a sugar icing, spread with icing or chocolate, or topped with <a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">powdered sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprinkles" title="Sprinkles">sprinkles</a> or fruit. <a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">Other shapes</a> include balls, flattened spheres, twists, and other forms. Doughnut varieties are also divided into cake (including the <a href="/wiki/Old-fashioned_doughnut" title="Old-fashioned doughnut">old-fashioned</a>) and yeast-risen doughnuts. Doughnuts are often accompanied by coffee or milk. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunner">Forerunner</h3></div> <p>A recipe for a <a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_dough_foods" title="List of fried dough foods">deep-fried dough ball</a> was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_agri_cultura" title="De agri cultura">de agri cultura</a></i>, using cheese, honey, and poppy seeds, called <i>globi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar types of fried dough recipes have either spread to, or originated, in other parts of <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cookbook <i>Küchenmeisterei</i> (<i>Mastery of the Kitchen</i>), published in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in 1485, offers a recipe for "Gefüllte Krapfen", stuffed, fried dough cakes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish and Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Churro" title="Churro">churro</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Choux_pastry" title="Choux pastry">choux pastry</a> dough that would also be served in a ring-shape. The recipe may have been brought from, or introduced to China, in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG/250px-Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG/330px-Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG/500px-Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Glazed doughnuts rolling on a conveyor belt at a <a href="/wiki/Krispy_Kreme" title="Krispy Kreme">Krispy Kreme</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_shops" title="List of doughnut shops">doughnut shop</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_It_To_%27em_-_the_Salvation_Army_Art.IWMPST17351.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hand_It_To_%27em_-_the_Salvation_Army_Art.IWMPST17351.jpg/220px-Hand_It_To_%27em_-_the_Salvation_Army_Art.IWMPST17351.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hand_It_To_%27em_-_the_Salvation_Army_Art.IWMPST17351.jpg/330px-Hand_It_To_%27em_-_the_Salvation_Army_Art.IWMPST17351.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hand_It_To_%27em_-_the_Salvation_Army_Art.IWMPST17351.jpg/440px-Hand_It_To_%27em_-_the_Salvation_Army_Art.IWMPST17351.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> propaganda poster featuring <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a>, which made doughnuts for soldiers in Europe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_North_America">England and North America</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch settlers</a> brought <i>olykoek</i> ("oil(y) cake") to New York (or <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>) in the early 18th century. These doughnuts closely resembled later ones but did not yet have their current ring shape.<sup id="cite_ref-smiths_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smiths-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wise_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recipe for fried dough "nuts" was published, in 1750 England, under the title "How to make Hertfordshire Cakes, Nuts and Pincushions”, in <i>The Country Housewife’s Family Companion by William Ellis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recipe labelled "dow nuts", again from <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, was found in a book of recipes and domestic tips written around 1800, by the wife of Baron <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dimsdale" title="Thomas Dimsdale">Thomas Dimsdale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the recipe being given to the dowager Baroness by an acquaintance who transcribed for her the cooking instructions for a "dow nut".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first cookbook using the near conventional "dough nuts" spelling was possibly the 1803 edition of "The Frugal Housewife: Or, Complete Woman Cook", which included dough nuts in an appendix of American recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest mentions of "dough-nut" was in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>'s 1809 book <i>A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sometimes the table was graced with immense apple-pies, or saucers full of preserved peaches and pears; but it was always sure to boast of an enormous dish of balls of sweetened dough, fried in hog’s fat, and called dough-nuts, or oly koeks: a delicious kind of cake, at present scarce known in this city, excepting in genuine Dutch families.</p></blockquote> <p>The name <i>oly koeks</i> was almost certainly related to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oliebol" title="Oliebol">oliekoek</a></i>: a Dutch delicacy of "sweetened cake fried in fat."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doughnut" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:doughnut">doughnut</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/donut" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:donut">donut</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Dough_nut""><span id=".22Dough_nut.22"></span>"Dough nut"</h3></div> <p>One of the earliest known literary usages of the term dates to an 1808 short story<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing a spread of "fire-cakes and dough-nuts". <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> described "dough-nuts", in his 1809 <i>History of New York, as</i> "balls of sweetened dough, fried in hog's fat, and called dough-nuts, or<i> <a href="/wiki/Oliebollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliebollen">olykoeks</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "nuts" of fried dough might now be called <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Doughnut holes">doughnut holes</a>. The word <i>nut</i> is here used in the earlier sense of "small rounded cake or cookie", also seen in <a href="/wiki/Ginger_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginger nut">ginger nut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Doughnut</i> is the traditional spelling and still dominates even in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <i>donut</i> is often used.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, <i>doughnut</i> and the shortened form <i>donut</i> are both pervasive in American English.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Donut""><span id=".22Donut.22"></span>"Donut"</h3></div> <p>The first known printed use of <i>donut</i> was in <i>Peck's Bad Boy and his Pa</i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Wilbur_Peck" title="George Wilbur Peck">George W. Peck</a>, published in 1900, in which a character is quoted as saying, "Pa said he guessed he hadn't got much appetite, and he would just drink a cup of coffee and eat a donut."<sup id="cite_ref-PecksBadBoy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PecksBadBoy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author John T. Edge the alternative spelling "donut" was invented in the 1920s when the New York–based Display Doughnut Machine Corporation abbreviated the word to make it more pronounceable by the foreigners they hoped would buy their automated doughnut making equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The donut spelling also showed up in a <i>Los Angeles Times</i> article dated August 10, 1929 in which Bailey Millard jokingly complains about the decline of spelling, and that he "can't swallow the 'wel-dun donut' nor the ever so 'gud bred'". </p><p>The interchangeability of the two spellings can be found in a series of "National Donut Week" articles in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that covered the 1939 World's Fair. In four articles beginning 9 October, two mention the <i>donut</i> spelling. <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a>, which was so-named in 1950, following its 1948 founding under the name Open Kettle (Quincy, Massachusetts), is the oldest surviving company to use the <i>donut</i> variation; other chains, such as the defunct Mayflower Doughnut Corporation (1931), did not use that spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a> while "doughnut" is used internationally, the spelling "donut" is American.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spelling "donut" remained rare until the 1950s, and has since grown significantly in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DONUT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DONUT.jpg/120px-DONUT.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DONUT.jpg/250px-DONUT.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbits2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Timbits2.jpg/250px-Timbits2.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Timbits2.jpg/330px-Timbits2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Timbits2.jpg/500px-Timbits2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_doughnut_(15456531431).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Christmas_doughnut_%2815456531431%29.jpg/150px-Christmas_doughnut_%2815456531431%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Christmas_doughnut_%2815456531431%29.jpg/225px-Christmas_doughnut_%2815456531431%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Christmas_doughnut_%2815456531431%29.jpg/300px-Christmas_doughnut_%2815456531431%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_O_Lantern_donuts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jack_O_Lantern_donuts.jpg/250px-Jack_O_Lantern_donuts.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jack_O_Lantern_donuts.jpg/330px-Jack_O_Lantern_donuts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Clockwise from upper left</b>: doughnuts in two shapes; doughnut holes; orange Halloween doughnuts; and a pink Christmas doughnut</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rings">Rings</h3></div> <p>Hanson Gregory, an American, claimed to have invented the ring-shaped doughnut in 1847 aboard a lime-trading ship when he was 16 years old. Gregory was dissatisfied with the greasiness of doughnuts twisted into various shapes and with the raw center of regular doughnuts. He claimed to have punched a hole in the center of dough with the ship's tin pepper box, and to have later taught the technique to his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i> states that his mother, Elizabeth Gregory, "made a <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wicked#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:wicked">wicked</a></i> deep-fried dough that cleverly used her son's spice cargo of nutmeg and cinnamon, along with lemon rind," and "put hazelnuts or walnuts in the center, where the dough might not cook through", and called the food 'doughnuts'.<sup id="cite_ref-smiths_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smiths-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ring doughnuts are formed by one of two methods: by joining the ends of a long, skinny piece of dough into a ring, or by using a doughnut cutter, which simultaneously cuts the outside and inside shape, leaving a doughnut-shaped piece of dough and a doughnut hole (the dough removed from the center). This smaller piece of dough can be cooked and served as a "doughnut hole" or added back to the batch to make more doughnuts. A disk-shaped doughnut can also be stretched and pinched into a <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> until the center breaks to form a hole. Alternatively, a doughnut depositor can be used to place a circle of liquid dough (batter) directly into the fryer. </p><p>There are two types of ring doughnuts, those made from a yeast-based dough for raised doughnuts, or those made from a special type of cake batter.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25% oil by weight, whereas cake doughnuts' oil content is around 20%, but have extra fat included in the batter before frying. Cake doughnuts are fried for about 90 seconds at approximately 190 to 198 °C (374 to 388 °F), turning once. <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a>-raised doughnuts absorb more oil because they take longer to fry, about 150 seconds, at 182 to 190 °C (360 to 374 °F). Cake doughnuts typically weigh between 24 and 28 g (0.85 and 0.99 oz), whereas yeast-raised doughnuts average 38 g (1.3 oz) and are generally larger, and taller (due to rising) when finished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Daniela Galarza, for <a href="/wiki/Eater_(website)" title="Eater (website)"><i>Eater</i></a>, wrote that "the now-standard doughnut’s hole is still up for debate. Food writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Krondl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Krondl (page does not exist)">Michael Krondl</a> surmises that the shape came from recipes that called for the dough to be shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Jumble_(cookie)" title="Jumble (cookie)">jumble</a> – a once common ring-shaped cookie. In <i>Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People</i>, culinary historian Linda Civitello writes that the hole was invented because it allowed the doughnuts to cook faster. By 1870 doughnut cutters shaped in two concentric circles, one smaller than the other, began to appear in home-shopping catalogues".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topping">Topping</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm/220px--Glazing-Doughnuts.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="Glazing-Doughnuts.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Glazing-Doughnuts.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm/Glazing-Doughnuts.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGlazing-Doughnuts.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>The process of glazing doughnuts</figcaption></figure> <p>After frying, ring doughnuts are often topped. Raised doughnuts are generally covered with a <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(cooking_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaze (cooking technique)">glaze</a> (icing). Cake doughnuts can also be glazed, powdered with <a href="/wiki/Confectioner%27s_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Confectioner's sugar">confectioner's sugar</a>, or covered with <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and granulated sugar. They are also often topped with cake frosting (top only) and sometimes sprinkled with coconut, chopped peanuts, or <a href="/wiki/Sprinkles" title="Sprinkles">sprinkles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holes"><span class="anchor" id="Doughnut_holes"></span>Holes</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Doughnut_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Doughnut holes">Doughnut holes</a> are small, bite-sized doughnuts that were traditionally made from the dough taken from the center of ring doughnuts. Before long, doughnut sellers saw the opportunity to market "holes" as a novelty and many chains offer their own variety, some with their own brand names such as "Munchkins" from <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Timbits" from <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, doughnut holes are made by frying the dough removed from the center portion of the doughnut.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, they are considerably smaller than a standard doughnut and tend to be spherical. Similar to standard doughnuts, doughnut holes may be topped with confections, such as glaze or powdered sugar. </p><p>Originally, most varieties of doughnut holes were derivatives of their ring doughnut (yeast-based dough or cake batter) counterparts. However, doughnut holes can also be made by dropping a small ball of dough into hot oil from a specially shaped nozzle or cutter.<sup id="cite_ref-Timbit_turns_35_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timbit_turns_35-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This production method has allowed doughnut sellers to produce bite-sized versions of non-ring doughnuts, such as filled doughnuts, <a href="/wiki/Fritter" title="Fritter">fritters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutchie_(doughnut)" title="Dutchie (doughnut)">Dutchies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filled">Filled</h3></div> <p>Filled doughnuts are flattened spheres injected with <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">fruit preserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a>, or other sweet fillings, and often dipped into powdered sugar or topped off with frosting. Common varieties include the <a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston cream doughnut">Boston cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_doughnut" title="Coconut doughnut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_lime" title="Key lime">key lime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jelly_doughnut" title="Jelly doughnut">jelly</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_shapes">Other shapes</h3></div> <p>Others include the <a href="/wiki/Fritter" title="Fritter">fritter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutchie_(doughnut)" title="Dutchie (doughnut)">Dutchie</a>, which are usually glazed. These have been available on <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a>' doughnut menu since the chain's inception in 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 1991 <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i> report found these two were the chain's most popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_dough_foods" title="List of fried dough foods">type of fried dough</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many other specialized doughnut shapes such as <a href="/wiki/Old_fashioned_doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Old fashioned doughnut">old-fashioned</a>, bars or <a href="/wiki/Long_John_(doughnut)" title="Long John (doughnut)">Long Johns</a> (a rectangular shape), or twists. <a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">Other shapes</a> include balls, flattened spheres, twists, and other forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northeast United States, bars and twists are usually referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Cruller" title="Cruller">crullers</a></i>. Another is the <a href="/wiki/Beignet" title="Beignet">beignet</a>, a square-shaped doughnut covered with powdered sugar, commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cake_vs_yeast_style">Cake vs yeast style</h3></div> <p>Yeast doughnuts and cake doughnuts contain most of the same ingredients, however, their structural differences arise from the type of flour and leavening agent used. In cake doughnuts, cake flour is used, and the resulting doughnut has a different texture because cake flour has a relatively low protein content of about 7 to 8 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FineCooking_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineCooking-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In yeast doughnuts, a flour with a higher protein content of about 9 to 12 percent is used, resulting in a doughnut that is lighter and more airy.<sup id="cite_ref-FineCooking_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineCooking-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, yeast doughnuts utilize yeast as a leavening agent. Specifically, "Yeast cells are thoroughly distributed throughout the dough and begin to feed on the sugar that is present ... carbon dioxide gas is generated, which raises the dough, making it light and porous."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas this process is biological, the leavening process in cake doughnuts is chemical. In cake doughnuts, the most common leavening agent is baking powder. Baking powder is essentially "baking soda with acid added. This neutralizes the base and produces more CO<sub>2</sub> according to the following equation: NaHCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> → Na<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2.</sub>"<sup id="cite_ref-:42_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_structure">Physical structure</h3></div> <p>The physical structure of the doughnut is created by the combination of flour, leavening agent, sugar, eggs, salt, water, shortening, milk solids, and additional components.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232">: 232 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important ingredients for creating the dough network are the flour and eggs. The main protein in flour is <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>, which is overall responsible for creating elastic dough because this protein acts as "coiled springs."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gluten network is composed of two separate molecules named <a href="/wiki/Glutenin" title="Glutenin">glutenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gliadin" title="Gliadin">gliadin</a>. Specifically, "the backbone of the gluten network likely consists of the largest glutenin molecules, or subunits, aligned and tightly linked to one another. These tightly linked glutenin subunits associate more loosely, along with gliadin, into larger gluten aggregates."<sup id="cite_ref-:32_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gluten strands then tangle and interact with other strands and other molecules, resulting in networks that provide the elasticity of the dough. In mixing, the gluten is developed when the force of the mixer draws the gluten from the wheat <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>, allowing the gluten matrix to trap the gas cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_composition">Molecular composition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phospholipid_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phospholipid_structure.svg/170px-Phospholipid_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phospholipid_structure.svg/255px-Phospholipid_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phospholipid_structure.svg/340px-Phospholipid_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a phospholipid molecule, which is responsible for the emulsifying properties of lecithin in egg yolk</figcaption></figure> <p>Eggs function as <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsifiers</a>, foaming agents, and tenderizers in the dough. The egg white proteins, mainly ovalbumin, "function as structure formers. Egg solids, chiefly the egg white solids combined with the moisture in the egg, are considered structure-forming materials that help significantly to produce proper volume, grain, and texture."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The egg yolk contributes proteins, fats, and emulsifiers to the dough. Emulsifying agents are essential to doughnut formation because they prevent the fat molecules from separating from the water molecules in the dough. The main emulsifier in egg yolk is called lecithin, which is a <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipid</a>. "The fatty acids are attracted to fats and oils (lipids) in food, while the phosphate group is attracted to water. It is this ability to attract both lipids and water that allow phospholipids such as lecithin to act as emulsifiers."<sup id="cite_ref-:32_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proteins from both the egg yolk and the egg whites contribute to the structure of the dough through a process called coagulation. When heat is applied to the dough, the egg proteins will begin to unfold, or denature, and then form new bonds with one another, thus creating a gel-like network that can hold water and gas.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucrose.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sucrose.gif/220px-Sucrose.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sucrose.gif/330px-Sucrose.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sucrose.gif/440px-Sucrose.gif 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>An animated sucrose molecule, which is a disaccharide, responsible for the sweetness of a doughnut</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a> is responsible for providing tenderness and aerating the dough. In terms of its molecular structure, "a typical shortening that appears solid [at room temperature] contains 15–20% solids and, hence, 80–85% liquid oil ... this small amount of solids can be made to hold all of the liquid in a matrix of very small, stable, needlelike crystals (beta-prime crystals)."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This crystalline structure is considered highly stable due to how tightly its molecules are packed. The sugar used in baking is essentially sucrose, and besides imparting sweetness in the doughnut, sugar also functions in the color and tenderness of the final product. Sucrose is a simple carbohydrate whose structure is made up of a glucose molecule bound to a fructose molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milk is utilized in the making of doughnuts, but in large scale bakeries, one form of milk used is nonfat dry milk solids. These solids are obtained by removing most of the water from skim milk with heat, and this heat additionally denatures the whey proteins and increases the absorption properties of the remaining proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability of the <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> and whey proteins to absorb excess water is essential to prolonging the doughnut's freshness. The major <a href="/wiki/Whey_protein" title="Whey protein">whey protein</a> in the nonfat milk solids is known as beta-lactoglobulin, and a crucial feature of its structure is that there exists a single sulfhydryl group that is protected by the alpha helix, and when heating of the milk solids occurs, these groups participate in disulfide exchanges with other molecules. This interchange prevents the renaturation of the whey proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillipsWilliams2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillipsWilliams2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the crosslinking of the sulfide groups does not occur, the whey proteins can rebond and weaken the gluten network. </p><p>Water is a necessary ingredient in the production of doughnuts because it activates the other ingredients, allowing them to perform their functions in building the doughnut's structure. For example, sugar and salt crystals must be dissolved in order for them to act in the dough, whereas larger molecules, such as the starches or proteins, must be hydrated in order for them to absorb moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important consideration of water is its degree of hardness, which measures the amount of impurities in the water source. Pure water consists of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen, but water used in baking often is not pure. Baker's <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> (NaCl) is usually used as an ingredient due to its high purity, whereas the salts in water are derived from varying minerals. As an ingredient, "salt is added to enhance the flavour of cakes and breads and to ‘toughen up’ the soft mixture of fat and sugar."<sup id="cite_ref-:42_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If relatively soft water is being used, more salt should be added in order to strengthen the gluten network of the dough, but if not enough salt is added during the baking process, the flavor of the bread will not be appealing to consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3></div> <p>Doughnuts are unhealthful,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some are less so than others.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewell_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewell-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Prevention_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevention Magazine">Prevention Magazine</a></i>, doughnuts made from <a href="/wiki/Enriched_flour" title="Enriched flour">enriched flour</a> provide some <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">niacin</a>, along with some <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fiber</a>, but they are high in sugar and calories.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steps to improve the healthfulness of doughnuts include removing <a href="/wiki/Trans_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fats">trans fats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewell_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewell-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dough_rheology">Dough rheology</h3></div> <p>An important property of the dough that affects the final product is the dough's <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>. This property measures the ability of the dough to flow. It can be represented by the power law equation: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =kD^{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =kD^{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3455997bbae1be19e258dc747d4cb91cd75a2a80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.654ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =kD^{n}}" /></span> where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" /></span> is the tangentic stress, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" /></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> coefficient, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" /></span> is the shear rate, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" /></span> is the flow index.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many factors affect dough rheology including the type and volume of ingredients and the force applied during mixing. Dough is usually described as a <a href="/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">viscoelastic</a> material, meaning that its rheology depends on both the viscosity and the elasticity. The viscosity coefficient and the flow index are unique to the type of dough being analyzed, while the <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">tangential stress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shear_rate" title="Shear rate">shear rate</a> are measurements which depend on the type of force being applied to the dough.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">List of doughnut varieties</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4></div> <p><i>Nom kong</i> (នំបុ័ងកង់), the traditional Cambodian doughnut, is named after its shape – the word ‘កង់’ (pronounced <i>kong</i> in Khmer) literally means “wheel”, whilst <i>nom</i> (‘នំបុ័ង’) is the general word for pastry or any kind of starchy food. A very inexpensive treat for everyday Cambodians, this sweet pastry consists of a jasmine rice flour dough moulded into a classic ring shape and then deep fried in fat, then drizzled with a palm sugar toffee and sprinkled with sesame seeds. The rice flour gives it a chewy texture that Cambodians are fond of. This childhood snack is what inspired Cambodian-American entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Ted_Ngoy" title="Ted Ngoy">Ted Ngoy</a> to build his doughnut empire, inspiring the film <a href="/wiki/The_Donut_King" title="The Donut King">The Donut King</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <p>A few sweet, doughnut-style pastries are regional in nature. <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a> features an oval-shaped pastry called <i>ngàuhleisōu</i> (牛脷酥, lit. "<a href="/wiki/Ox-tongue_pastry" title="Ox-tongue pastry">ox-tongue pastry</a>", due to its tongue-like shape). </p><p>A spherical food called <i>saa1 jung</i> (沙翁), which is also similar to a <a href="/wiki/Cream_puff" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream puff">cream puff</a> but denser with a doughnut-like texture and usually prepared with sugar sprinkled on top, is normally available in <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a> Cantonese restaurants. An oilier <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> variant of this called 高力豆沙, <i>gaoli dousha</i>, is filled with <a href="/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">red bean paste</a>; originally, it was made with egg white instead of dough. Many Chinese cultures make a chewy doughnut known as <i><a href="/wiki/Shuangbaotai" title="Shuangbaotai">shuangbaotai</a></i> (雙包胎), which consists of two conjoined balls of dough. </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">Chinese restaurants in the United States</a> sometimes serve small fried pastries similar to doughnut holes with condensed milk as a sauce. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> features long, deep-fried doughnut sticks that are often quite oily, hence their name in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">yóutiáo</a></i> (油條, "oil strips"); in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, this doughnut-style pastry is called <i>yàuhjagwái</i> (油炸鬼, "ghosts fried in oil"). These pastries are lightly salted and are often served with <a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">congee</a>, a traditional rice <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a> for breakfast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balushahi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Balushahi2.jpg/250px-Balushahi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Balushahi2.jpg/330px-Balushahi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Balushahi2.jpg/500px-Balushahi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balushahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Balushahi">Balushahi</a> from India</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, an old-fashioned sweet called <a href="/wiki/Gulgula_(doughnut)" title="Gulgula (doughnut)">gulgula</a> is made of sweetened, deep-fried flour balls. A leavening agent may or may not be used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are a couple of unrelated doughnut-shaped food items. A savory, fried, ring-shaped snack called a <i><a href="/wiki/Vada_(food)" title="Vada (food)">vada</a></i> is often referred to as the Indian doughnut. The <i>vada</i> is made from <i><a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> flours rather than wheat flour.<sup id="cite_ref-mirchmasala_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirchmasala-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North India, it is in the form of a bulging disc called <i>dahi-vada</i>, and is soaked in <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a>, sprinkled with spices and sliced vegetables, and topped with a sweet and sour <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>. In South India, a vada is eaten with <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)"><i>sambar</i></a> and a coconut <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>. </p><p>Sweet pastries similar to old-fashioned doughnuts called <i>badushahi</i> and <i>jalebi</i> are also popular. <i><a href="/wiki/Balushahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Balushahi">Balushahi</a></i>, also called <i>badushah</i>, is made from flour, deep fried in clarified butter, and dipped in sugar syrup. Unlike a doughnut, <i>balushahi</i> is dense. A <i>balushahi</i> is ring-shaped, but the well in the center does not go all the way through to form a hole typical of a doughnut. <i><a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">Jalebi</a></i>, which is typically pretzel-shaped, is made by deep frying batter in oil and soaking it in sugar syrup.<sup id="cite_ref-donutvariations_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donutvariations-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant of <i>jalebi</i>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Imarti" title="Imarti">imarti</a></i>, is shaped with a small ring in the center around which a geometric pattern is arranged. </p><p>Along with these Indian variants, typical varieties of doughnuts are also available from U.S. chains such as <a href="/wiki/Krispy_Kreme" title="Krispy Kreme">Krispy Kreme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a> retail outlets, as well as local brands such as Mad Over Donuts and the Donut Baker.<sup id="cite_ref-donutrivalry_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donutrivalry-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a>, <i>donat kentang</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Potato_doughnut" title="Potato doughnut">potato doughnut</a>, a ring-shaped fritter made from flour and mashed potatoes, coated in powder sugar or icing sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg/250px-Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg/330px-Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg/500px-Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="2425" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mochi_donut" title="Mochi donut">mochi donut</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mister_Donut" title="Mister Donut">Mister Donut</a>, made with <a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">mochi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bean_jam_doughnut,Katori-city,Japan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bean_jam_doughnut%2CKatori-city%2CJapan.JPG/220px-Bean_jam_doughnut%2CKatori-city%2CJapan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bean_jam_doughnut%2CKatori-city%2CJapan.JPG/330px-Bean_jam_doughnut%2CKatori-city%2CJapan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bean_jam_doughnut%2CKatori-city%2CJapan.JPG/440px-Bean_jam_doughnut%2CKatori-city%2CJapan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/An-doughnut" title="An-doughnut">An-doughnut</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">red bean paste</a> from Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, <i><a href="/wiki/An-doughnut" title="An-doughnut">an-doughnut</a></i> (あんドーナッツ, "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_bean_paste" title="Sweet bean paste">bean paste</a> doughnut") is widely available at bakeries. <i>An-doughnut</i> is similar to Germany's <i>Berliner</i>, except it contains red <a href="/wiki/Azuki_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Azuki bean">azuki bean</a> paste.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mister_Donut" title="Mister Donut">Mister Donut</a> is one of the most popular doughnut chains in Japan. Native to <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> is a spheroid pastry similar to doughnuts called <i><a href="/wiki/Sata_andagi" title="Sata andagi">sata andagi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mochi_donuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mochi donuts">Mochi donuts</a> are "a cross between a traditional cake-like doughnut and chewy mochi dough similar to what’s wrapped around ice cream".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hybrid confection was originally popularized in Japan by Mister Donut before spreading to the United States via Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mister Donut style, also known as "pon de ring", uses <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapioca flour">tapioca flour</a> and produces mochi donuts that are easy to pull apart. Another variation developed in the United States uses glutinous rice flour which produces a denser mochi donut akin to Hawaiian-style <a href="/wiki/Butter_mochi" title="Butter mochi">butter mochi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mochi donuts made from glutinous rice flour "typically contain half the amount of calories as the standard cake or yeast doughnut".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4></div> <p><i>Kuih keria</i> is a hole doughnut made from boiled sweet potato that is mashed. The sweet potato mash is shaped into rings and fried. The hot doughnut is then rolled in granulated sugar. The result is a doughnut with a sugar-crusted skin.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sel_roti" title="Sel roti">Sel roti</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a> homemade, ring-shaped, rice doughnut prepared during <a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a>, the widely celebrated Hindu festival in Nepal. A semiliquid dough is usually prepared by adding milk, water, sugar, butter, cardamom, and mashed banana to rice flour, which is often left to ferment for up to 24 hours. A <i>sel roti</i> is traditionally fried in <i><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4></div> <p>Doughnuts are available at most bakeries across Pakistan. The Navaz Sharif variety,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> available mainly in the city of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, is covered in chocolate and filled with cream, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston cream doughnut">Boston cream</a>. Doughnuts can readily be found at the many <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a> branches spread across Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_bu%C3%B1uelo_(bunwelo)_doughnuts_with_ube_filling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Philippine_bu%C3%B1uelo_%28bunwelo%29_doughnuts_with_ube_filling.jpg/220px-Philippine_bu%C3%B1uelo_%28bunwelo%29_doughnuts_with_ube_filling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Philippine_bu%C3%B1uelo_%28bunwelo%29_doughnuts_with_ube_filling.jpg/330px-Philippine_bu%C3%B1uelo_%28bunwelo%29_doughnuts_with_ube_filling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Philippine_bu%C3%B1uelo_%28bunwelo%29_doughnuts_with_ube_filling.jpg/440px-Philippine_bu%C3%B1uelo_%28bunwelo%29_doughnuts_with_ube_filling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">ube</a> filling from the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>Local varieties of doughnuts sold by peddlers and street vendors throughout the Philippines are usually made of plain well-kneaded dough, deep-fried in refined coconut oil and sprinkled with refined (not powdered or confectioner's) sugar. Round versions of this doughnut are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Buñuelos">buñuelos</a></i> (also spelled <i>bunwelos</i>, and sometimes confusingly known as "<i><a href="/wiki/Youtiao#Philippines" title="Youtiao">bicho-bicho</a></i>"), similar to the doughnuts in Spain and former Spanish colonies. Indigenous versions of the doughnut also exist, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Cascaron" title="Cascaron">cascaron</a></i>, which is prepared similarly, but uses ground glutinous rice and coconut milk in place of wheat flour and milk.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakoy_doughnut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shakoy_doughnut.jpg/220px-Shakoy_doughnut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shakoy_doughnut.jpg/330px-Shakoy_doughnut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shakoy_doughnut.jpg/440px-Shakoy_doughnut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The distinctively shaped <i><a href="/wiki/Shakoy" title="Shakoy">shakoy</a></i> (also known as <i>lubid-lubid</i>), a doughnut variant from the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>Other native doughnut recipes include the <i>shakoy</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kumukunsi" title="Kumukunsi">kumukunsi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Binangkal" title="Binangkal">binangkal</a></i>. <i>Shakoy</i> or <i>siyakoy</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> islands (also known as <i>lubid-lubid</i> in the northern Philippines) uses a length of dough twisted into a distinctive rope-like shape before being fried. The preparation is almost exactly the same as doughnuts, though there are variants made from <a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">glutinous rice</a> flour. The texture can range from soft and fluffy, to sticky and chewy, to hard and crunchy (in the latter case, they are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pilipit" title="Pilipit">pilipit</a></i>). They are sprinkled with white sugar, but can also be topped with sesame seeds or caramelized sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ping_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ping-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kumukunsi" title="Kumukunsi">Kumukunsi</a></i> is a <i><a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">jalebi</a></i>-like native doughnut from the <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao people</a>. It is made with <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a>, duck eggs, and sugar that is molded into rope-like strands and then fried in a loose spiral. It has the taste and consistency of a creamy pancake.<sup id="cite_ref-kum1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kum1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kum2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kum2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Binangkal" title="Binangkal">Binangkal</a></i> are simple fried dough balls covered in <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seed">sesame seeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mabalon_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mabalon-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fried dough desserts include the mesh-like <i><a href="/wiki/Lokot-lokot" title="Lokot-lokot">lokot-lokot</a></i>, the fried rice cake <i><a href="/wiki/Panyalam" title="Panyalam">panyalam</a></i>, and the banana fritter <i><a href="/wiki/Maruya_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruya (food)">maruya</a></i>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-damo_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-damo-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shuangbaotai" title="Shuangbaotai">shuāngbāotāi</a></i> (雙胞胎, lit. "twins") is two pieces of dough wrapped together before frying.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4></div> <p>In Thailand, a popular breakfast food is <i>pa thong ko</i>, also known as Thai donuts, a version of the Chinese <i>yiu ja guoy/<a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">youtiao</a></i>. Often sold from food stalls in markets or by the side of the road, these doughnuts are small, sometimes X-shaped, and sold by the bag full.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often eaten in the morning with hot <a href="/wiki/Thai_tea" title="Thai tea">Thai tea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4></div> <p>Vietnamese varieties of doughnuts include <i><a href="/wiki/Hujiao_bing" title="Hujiao bing">bánh tiêu</a></i>,<i> bánh cam</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_r%C3%A1n" title="Bánh rán">bánh rán</a></i>. <i>Bánh tiêu</i> is a sesame-topped, deep-fried pastry that is hallow. It can be eaten alone or cut in half and served with <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_b%C3%B2" title="Bánh bò">bánh bò</a></i>, a gelatinous cake, placed inside the pastry. <i>Bánh cam</i> is from Southern Vietnam and is a ball-shaped, deep-fried pastry coated entirely in sesame seeds and containing a <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a> paste filling. <i>Bánh rán</i> is from Northern Vietnam and is similar to <i>bánh cam</i>; however, the difference is that <i>bánh rán </i>is covered with a sugar glaze after being deep-fried and its mung bean paste filling includes a <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a> essence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austria</a>, doughnut equivalents are called <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">Krapfen</a></i>. They are especially popular during Carnival season (<a href="/wiki/Fasching" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasching">Fasching</a>), and do not have the typical ring shape, but instead are solid and usually filled with apricot jam (traditional) or vanilla cream (<i>Vanillekrapfen</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second variant, called <i><a href="/wiki/Bauernkrapfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauernkrapfen">Bauernkrapfen</a></i> are also made of yeast dough, and have a thick outside ring, but are very thin in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgium</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Smoutebollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoutebollen">smoutebollen</a></i> in Dutch, or <i><a href="/wiki/Croustillons" class="mw-redirect" title="Croustillons">croustillons</a></i> in French, are similar to the Dutch kind of <i>oliebollen</i>, but they usually do not contain any fruit, except for apple chunks sometimes. They are typical carnival and fair snacks and are coated with powdered sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doughnuts_cz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Doughnuts_cz.jpg/250px-Doughnuts_cz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Doughnuts_cz.jpg/330px-Doughnuts_cz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Doughnuts_cz.jpg/500px-Doughnuts_cz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>Czech <i>koblihy</i></figcaption></figure> <p>U.S.-style doughnuts are available in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, but before<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they were solid shape and filled with jelly (strawberry or peach). The shape is similar to doughnuts in Germany or Poland. They are called <i>Kobliha</i> (<i>Koblihy</i> in plural). They may be filled with <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougat</a> or with vanilla custard. There are now many fillings; cut in half<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or non-filled knots with sugar and cinnamon on top.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, U.S.-style doughnuts may be found at various stores, e.g. <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Gas_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas stations">gas stations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">Berliner</a>, however, is also available in bakeries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lihapiirakka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lihapiirakka.jpg/220px-Lihapiirakka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lihapiirakka.jpg/330px-Lihapiirakka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lihapiirakka.jpg/440px-Lihapiirakka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Finnish <i><a href="/wiki/Lihapiirakka" title="Lihapiirakka">lihapiirakka</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, a sweet doughnut is called a <i>munkki</i> (the word also means <i>monk</i>) and are commonly eaten in cafés and cafeteria restaurants. It is sold cold and sometimes filled with jam (like U.S. jelly donuts) or a vanilla sauce. A ring doughnut is also known as <i>donitsi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A savory form of doughnut is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lihapiirakka" title="Lihapiirakka">lihapiirakka</a></i> (literally <i>meat pie</i>). Made from a doughnut mixture and deep fried, the end product is more akin to a savory doughnut than any pie known in the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</h4></div> <p>Doughnuts similar to the Berliner are prepared in the northern Balkans, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian cuisine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbia</a> (<i>pokladnice</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Krofne" title="Krofne">krofne</a></i>). They are also called <i>krofna</i>, <i>krafna</i> or <i>krafne</i>, a name derived from the Austrian <i>Krapfen</i> for this pastry. In Croatia, they are especially popular during <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carneval</a> season and do not have the typical ring shape, but instead are solid. Traditionally, they are filled with jam (apricot or plum). However, they can be filled with vanilla or chocolate cream. Other types of doughnuts are <i><a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1tipci" title="Uštipci">uštipci</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fritule" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritule">fritule</a></i>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <p>The French <i><a href="/wiki/Beignet" title="Beignet">beignet</a></i>, literally "bump",<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the French and New Orleans equivalent of a doughnut: a pastry made from <a href="/wiki/Deep-frying" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-frying">deep-fried</a> <a href="/wiki/Choux_pastry" title="Choux pastry">choux pastry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxf_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxf-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg/220px-Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg/330px-Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg/440px-Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">Berliner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In parts of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the doughnut equivalents are called <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_(doughnut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (doughnut)">Berliner</a></i> (sg. and pl.), but not in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> itself and neighboring areas, where they are called <i>Pfannkuchen</i> (which is often found misleading by people in the rest of Germany, who use the word <i>Pfannkuchen</i> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancake</a>, which is also the literal translation of it). Both <i>Berliner</i> and <i>Pfannkuchen</i> are abbreviations of the term <i>Berliner Pfannkuchen</i>, however. </p><p>In middle Germany, doughnuts are called <i>Kreppel</i> or <i>Pfannkuchen</i>. In southern Germany, they are also called <i>Krapfen</i> and are especially popular during Carnival season (<i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Karneval</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Fasching" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasching">Fasching</a></i>) in southern and middle Germany and on New Year's Eve in northern Germany. A <i>Berliner</i> does not have the typical ring shape of a doughnut, but instead is solid and usually filled with jam, while a ring-shaped variant called <i>Kameruner</i> is common in Berlin and eastern Germany. <i>Bismarcks</i> and <i>Berlin doughnuts</i> are also found in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland and the United States. Today, U.S.-style doughnuts are also available in Germany, but are less popular than their native counterparts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, a doughnut-like snack called <i><a href="/wiki/Loukoumas" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumas">loukoumas</a> (λουκουμάς)</i>, which is spherical and soaked in honey syrup, is available. It is often served with sprinkled cinnamon and grated walnuts or sesame seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1nk" title="Fánk">Fánk</a></b> is a sweet traditional <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> cake. The most commonly used ingredients are <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">egg yolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> for frying. The dough is allowed to rise for approximately 30 minutes, resulting in an extremely light pastry. <i>Fánk</i> is usually served with <a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">powdered sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lekvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekvar">lekvar</a>. </p><p>It is supposed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that <i>Fánk</i> pastry is of the same origin as German <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">Berliner</a>, Dutch <i><a href="/wiki/Oliebol" title="Oliebol">oliebol</a></i>, and Polish <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeppula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Zeppula.jpg/220px-Zeppula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Zeppula.jpg/330px-Zeppula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Zeppula.jpg/440px-Zeppula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An Italian <a href="/wiki/Zeppola" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeppola">zeppola</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> doughnuts include <i><a href="/wiki/Ciambella" title="Ciambella">ciambelle</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Krapfen_(doughnut)" title="Krapfen (doughnut)">krapfen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zippula" title="Zippula">zippuli</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Zeppola" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeppola">zeppole</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <i>maritozzi</i> from <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, above all <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bombolone" title="Bombolone">bomboloni</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ACto%C5%82e" class="mw-redirect" title="Frìtołe">frittelle</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and many others. In the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> there is a particular donut, a ring cake called <i>lorica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, a kind of doughnut called <i>spurgos</i> is widely known. Some spurgos are similar to Polish <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a>, but some specific recipes, such as <a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">cottage cheese</a> doughnuts (<i>varškės spurgos</i>), were invented independently.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliebollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Oliebollen.jpg/250px-Oliebollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Oliebollen.jpg/330px-Oliebollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Oliebollen.jpg/500px-Oliebollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Oliebollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliebollen">Oliebollen</a></i>: Dutch doughnuts</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oliebollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliebollen">oliebollen</a></i>, referred to in cookbooks as "Dutch doughnuts", are a type of fritter, with or without raisins or <a href="/wiki/Zante_currant" title="Zante currant">currants</a>, and usually sprinkled with powdered sugar. Variations of the recipe contain slices of apple or other fruits. They are traditionally eaten as part of New Year celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4></div> <p>In Norway, <a href="/wiki/Smultring" title="Smultring">smultring</a> is the prevailing type of doughnut traditionally sold in bakeries, shops, and stalls. However, U.S.-style doughnuts are widely available in larger supermarkets, <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> restaurants, <a href="/wiki/7-eleven" class="mw-redirect" title="7-eleven">7-elevens</a> and bakeries. The <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">Berliner</a> is more common than U.S.-style doughnut, and sold in most supermarkets and bakeries alongside <i>smultring</i> doughnuts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">Pączki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg/220px-Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg/330px-Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg/440px-Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Polish <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In Poland and parts of the U.S. with a large <a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">Polish community</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, the round, jam-filled doughnuts eaten especially—though not exclusively—during the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> are called <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈpɔntʂkʲi]</a></span>). Pączki have been known in Poland at least since the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Kitowicz" title="Jędrzej Kitowicz">Jędrzej Kitowicz</a> has described that during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus III">Augustus III</a> under influence of French cooks who came to Poland at that time, pączki dough fried in Poland has been improved, so that pączki became lighter, spongier, and more resilient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4></div> <p>The malasada is a common type of holeless donut created in Portugal. They are made of fried dough. In <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> they are eaten on <a href="/wiki/Fat_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat Tuesday">Fat Tuesday</a>. It is also popular in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>. The malasada arrived after immigrants came in.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4></div> <p>The Romanian dessert <i><a href="/wiki/Gogo%C8%99i" title="Gogoși">gogoși</a></i> are fried dough balls similar to filled doughnuts. They are stuffed with chocolate, jam, cheese and other combinations and may be dusted with icing sugar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pampushky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pampushky.jpg/220px-Pampushky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pampushky.jpg/330px-Pampushky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pampushky.jpg/440px-Pampushky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian <i><a href="/wiki/Pampushky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pampushky">pampushky</a></i> filled with sour cherries</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet countries">Post-Soviet countries</a>, <i>ponchiki</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">пончики</span>, plural form of пончик, <i>ponchik</i>) or <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">pyshki</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">пышки</span>, especially in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>) are a very popular sweet doughnut, with many fast and simple recipes available in Russian cookbooks for making them at home as a breakfast or coffee pastry.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, a jam-filled doughnut known as <i><a href="/wiki/Krofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Krofi">krofi</a></i>, is very popular. It is the typical sweet during <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> time, but is to be found in most bakeries during the whole year. The most famous <i>krofi</i> come from the village of <a href="/wiki/Trojane" title="Trojane">Trojane</a> in central Slovenia, and are originally filled with <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a> <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a> filling.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosquillas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rosquillas.JPG/220px-Rosquillas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rosquillas.JPG/330px-Rosquillas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rosquillas.JPG/440px-Rosquillas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Fried "Rosquillas" from <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, there are two different types of doughnuts. The first one, simply called <i>donuts</i>, or more traditionally <i>berlinesas</i>, is a U.S.-style doughnut, i.e., a deep-fried, sweet, soft, ring of flour dough. </p><p>The second type of doughnut is a traditional pastry called <i>rosquilla</i> or <i>rosquete</i> (the latter name is typical in the Canary Islands), made of fermented dough and fried or baked in an oven. <i>Rosquillas</i> were purportedly introduced in Spain by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain, there are several variants of them depending on the region where they are prepared and the time of the year they are sold. In some regions they are considered a special pastry prepared only for Easter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although overall they are more tightly textured and less sweet than U.S.-style doughnuts, they differ greatly in shape, size and taste from one region to another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Churro" title="Churro">churro</a></i> is a sweet pastry of deep-fried dough similar to a doughnut but shaped as a long, thin, ribbed cylinder rather than a ring or sphere. <i>Churros</i> are commonly served dusted in sugar as a snack or with a cup of hot chocolate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, there are <i><a href="/wiki/Zigerkrapfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zigerkrapfen">Zigerkrapfen</a></i>, <i>Berliner</i> and <i>tortelli di San Giuseppe</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4></div> <p>Similar to the Finnish <i>munkki</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> <i>munk</i> is a sweet doughnut commonly eaten as <i><a href="/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fika (Sweden)">fika</a></i> along with coffee. It is sold cold and is sometimes filled with jam (U.S. jelly) or a vanilla sauce. A ring doughnut is also known as simply <i>munk</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pampushky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pampushky">Pampushky</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> doughnuts are called <i><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">pampushky</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">пампушки</span>). <i>Pampushky</i> are made of yeast dough containing wheat, rye or buckwheat flour. Traditionally they are baked, but may also be fried. According to <a href="/wiki/William_Pokhlyobkin" title="William Pokhlyobkin">William Pokhlyobkin</a>, the technology of making <i>pampushky</i> points to German cuisine, and these buns were possibly created by German colonists in Ukraine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yumyums-Plate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Yumyums-Plate.png/250px-Yumyums-Plate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Yumyums-Plate.png/330px-Yumyums-Plate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Yumyums-Plate.png/500px-Yumyums-Plate.png 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Two shop-bought lightly glazed yum-yums on a plate. On average they are 12–14 cm (4.7–5.5 in) in length.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, both filled and ring doughnuts are popular, with <a href="/wiki/Jelly_doughnut" title="Jelly doughnut">jam doughnuts</a> and other varieties readily available at supermarkets. In some parts of Scotland, ring doughnuts are referred to as <i>doughrings</i>, with the 'doughnut' name being reserved exclusively for the nut-shaped variety. Glazed, twisted rope-shaped doughnuts are known as <i>yum-yums</i>. It is also possible to buy fudge doughnuts in certain regions of Scotland. Fillings include jam, custard, cream, sweet mincemeat, chocolate and apple. Common ring toppings are sprinkle-iced and chocolate. </p><p>In Northern Ireland, ring doughnuts are known as <i>gravy rings</i>, <i>gravy</i> being an archaic term for hot cooking oil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puntarenas,_Costa_Rica_-_Puntarenas%27_Cream_Filled_Doughnuts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Puntarenas%2C_Costa_Rica_-_Puntarenas%27_Cream_Filled_Doughnuts.png/250px-Puntarenas%2C_Costa_Rica_-_Puntarenas%27_Cream_Filled_Doughnuts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Puntarenas%2C_Costa_Rica_-_Puntarenas%27_Cream_Filled_Doughnuts.png/330px-Puntarenas%2C_Costa_Rica_-_Puntarenas%27_Cream_Filled_Doughnuts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Puntarenas%2C_Costa_Rica_-_Puntarenas%27_Cream_Filled_Doughnuts.png/500px-Puntarenas%2C_Costa_Rica_-_Puntarenas%27_Cream_Filled_Doughnuts.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puntarenas" title="Puntarenas">Puntarenas</a>' cream-filled doughnuts</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean_region">Caribbean region</h4></div> <p>A <i>kurma</i> is a small, sweet, fried cube-shaped or rectangular doughnut which originated in Eastern India but is sold in Trinidad and Tobago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4></div> <p>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Puntarenas" title="Puntarenas">Puntarenas</a> cream-filled doughnut is round and robust, managing to keep the cream inside liquified. They are popular in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4></div> <p>The Mexican <i>donas</i> are similar to doughnuts, including the name; the dona is a <a href="/wiki/Fried_dough_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Fried dough foods">fried-dough</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">snack</a>, commonly covered with powdered <a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">brown sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, white sugar or chocolate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_and_Canada">United States and Canada</h4></div> <p>Frosted, glazed, powdered, <a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston cream doughnut">Boston cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_doughnut" title="Coconut doughnut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sour_cream_doughnut" title="Sour cream doughnut">sour cream</a>, cinnamon, chocolate, and <a href="/wiki/Jelly_doughnut" title="Jelly doughnut">jelly</a> are some of the varieties eaten in the United States and Canada. There are also <a href="/wiki/Potato_doughnut" title="Potato doughnut">potato doughnuts</a> (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Spudnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Spudnut">spudnuts</a>). </p><p>Doughnuts are ubiquitous in the United States and can be found in most grocery stores, as well as in specialty <a href="/wiki/Category:Doughnut_shops" title="Category:Doughnut shops">doughnut shops</a>. They are equally popular in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadians eat more doughnuts per capita than any other nation and has more doughnuts shops per capita than any other nation.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.cbc.ca_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.cbc.ca-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alex_Beam_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex_Beam-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular doughnut in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Malassada" title="Malassada">malassada</a>. Malassadas were brought to the Hawaiian Islands by early Portuguese settlers, and are a variation on Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Filh%C3%B3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Filhós">filhós</a>. They are small, eggy balls of yeast dough deep-fried and coated in sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigrants have brought various doughnut varieties to the United States. To celebrate Fat Tuesday in eastern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, churches sell a <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starch</a> doughnut called a <a href="/wiki/Fasnachts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasnachts">Fastnacht</a> (or Fasnacht). The treats are so popular there that Fat Tuesday is often called <a href="/wiki/Fastnacht_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastnacht Day">Fastnacht Day</a>. The Polish doughnut, the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a>, is popular in U.S. cities with large Polish communities such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. </p><p>In regions of the country where apples are widely grown, especially the Northeast and Midwest states, <a href="/wiki/Cider_doughnut" title="Cider doughnut">cider doughnuts</a> are a harvest season specialty, especially at orchards open to tourists, where they can be served fresh. Cider doughnuts are a cake doughnut with <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">apple cider</a> in the batter. The use of cider affects both the texture and flavor, resulting in a denser, moister product. They are often coated with either granulated, powdered sugar, or cinnamon sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, a popular variety of the doughnut is the <a href="/wiki/Beignet" title="Beignet">beignet</a>, a fried, square doughnut served traditionally with powdered sugar. Perhaps the most well-known purveyor of beignets is <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> restaurant <a href="/wiki/Cafe_Du_Monde" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafe Du Monde">Cafe Du Monde</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, homemade doughnuts called <i>beignes de Noël</i> are traditional Christmas desserts.<sup id="cite_ref-EDriver_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDriver-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krispy_Kreme_glazed_donuts_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Krispy Kreme glazed doughnuts"><img alt="Krispy Kreme glazed doughnuts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Krispy_Kreme_glazed_donuts_2.JPG/250px-Krispy_Kreme_glazed_donuts_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Krispy_Kreme_glazed_donuts_2.JPG/330px-Krispy_Kreme_glazed_donuts_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Krispy_Kreme_glazed_donuts_2.JPG/500px-Krispy_Kreme_glazed_donuts_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Krispy_Kreme" title="Krispy Kreme">Krispy Kreme</a> glazed doughnuts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entenmann%27s_donut_variety_pack_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Powdered, glazed and chocolate doughnuts from a variety pack sold at supermarkets"><img alt="Powdered, glazed and chocolate doughnuts from a variety pack sold at supermarkets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entenmann%27s_donut_variety_pack_1.jpg/200px-Entenmann%27s_donut_variety_pack_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entenmann%27s_donut_variety_pack_1.jpg/300px-Entenmann%27s_donut_variety_pack_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Entenmann%27s_donut_variety_pack_1.jpg/400px-Entenmann%27s_donut_variety_pack_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Powdered, glazed and chocolate doughnuts from a variety pack sold at supermarkets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_donuts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Donuts with sprinkles"><img alt="Donuts with sprinkles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4_donuts.jpg/250px-4_donuts.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4_donuts.jpg/330px-4_donuts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4_donuts.jpg/500px-4_donuts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Donuts with sprinkles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elegant_donut_in_Miami_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elegant doughnut served at a wedding breakfast in Miami Beach"><img alt="Elegant doughnut served at a wedding breakfast in Miami Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Elegant_donut_in_Miami_Beach.jpg/200px-Elegant_donut_in_Miami_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Elegant_donut_in_Miami_Beach.jpg/300px-Elegant_donut_in_Miami_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Elegant_donut_in_Miami_Beach.jpg/400px-Elegant_donut_in_Miami_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2783" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elegant doughnut served at a wedding breakfast in Miami Beach</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dough-Donut-Chocolate-Earl-Grey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocolate-frosted doughnut"><img alt="Chocolate-frosted doughnut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dough-Donut-Chocolate-Earl-Grey.jpg/250px-Dough-Donut-Chocolate-Earl-Grey.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dough-Donut-Chocolate-Earl-Grey.jpg/330px-Dough-Donut-Chocolate-Earl-Grey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dough-Donut-Chocolate-Earl-Grey.jpg/500px-Dough-Donut-Chocolate-Earl-Grey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chocolate-frosted doughnut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doughnuts_on_a_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doughnuts on a plate in Brooklyn, New York City, New York"><img alt="Doughnuts on a plate in Brooklyn, New York City, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doughnuts_on_a_plate.jpg/150px-Doughnuts_on_a_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doughnuts_on_a_plate.jpg/225px-Doughnuts_on_a_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doughnuts_on_a_plate.jpg/300px-Doughnuts_on_a_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doughnuts on a plate in Brooklyn, New York City, New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry flavor mochi donut by Mister Donut"><img alt="Strawberry flavor mochi donut by Mister Donut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg/250px-Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg/330px-Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg/500px-Pon_de_wreath_strawberry_flavor_of_Mister_Donut_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strawberry flavor mochi donut by <a href="/wiki/Mister_Donut" title="Mister Donut">Mister Donut</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East and North Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG/250px-Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG/330px-Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG/500px-Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Zoolbia and <a href="/wiki/Bamiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyeh">bamiyeh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">zoolbia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bamiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyeh">bamiyeh</a></i> are fritters of various shapes and sizes coated in a sugar syrup.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43, 335">: 43, 335 </span></sup> Doughnuts are also made in the home in Iran, referred to as doughnut, even in the plural.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sufganiot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sufganiot.jpg/220px-Sufganiot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sufganiot.jpg/330px-Sufganiot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sufganiot.jpg/440px-Sufganiot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Israeli <i><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">sufganiyot</a></i> in a wide variety of toppings at a bakery in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>Jelly doughnuts, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">sufganiyah</a></i> (סופגניה, pl. sufganiyot סופגניות) in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, have become a traditional <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> food<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the recent era, as they are cooked in oil, associated with the holiday account of the miracle of the oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional <i>sufganiyot</i> are filled with red jelly and topped with <a href="/wiki/Icing_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Icing sugar">icing sugar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many other varieties exist, with some being filled with <i><a href="/wiki/Dulce_de_leche" title="Dulce de leche">dulce de leche</a></i> (particularly common after the <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Latin_America_in_the_2000s" title="Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s">South American aliyah</a> early in the 21st century). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco">Morocco</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></i> is a similar pastry eaten sprinkled with sugar or soaked in honey.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, traditional pastries similar to doughnuts are <i>yo-yos</i>. They come in different versions both as balls and in shape of doughnuts. They are deep-fried and covered in a honey syrup or a kind of frosting. <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seeds">Sesame seeds</a> are also used for flavor and decoration along with orange juice and <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custard_doughnut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Custard_doughnut.jpg/250px-Custard_doughnut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Custard_doughnut.jpg/330px-Custard_doughnut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Custard_doughnut.jpg/500px-Custard_doughnut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Custard-filled doughnut served by Il Fornaio, <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St Kilda, Victoria</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Australia, the doughnut is a popular snack food. <a href="/wiki/Jam_doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam doughnut">Jam doughnuts</a> are particularly popular,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Market" title="Queen Victoria Market">Queen Victoria Market</a>, where they are a tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jam doughnuts are similar to a <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (pastry)">Berliner</a>, but are served hot: red jam (raspberry or strawberry) is injected into the bun before it is deep-fried, and then it is coated with either sugar or sugar mixed with cinnamon as soon as it has been cooked. Jam doughnuts are sometimes also bought frozen. In <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, they are known as Berliner or Kitchener and often served in cafes. Popular variants include custard-filled doughnuts, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Nutella" title="Nutella">Nutella</a>-filled doughnuts. </p><p>Mobile vans that serve doughnuts, traditional or jam, are often seen at spectator events, markets, carnivals and <a href="/wiki/Fetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetes">fetes</a>, and by the roadside near high-traffic areas like airports and the car parks of large shopping centres. Traditional cinnamon doughnuts are readily available in Australia from specialized retailers and convenience stores. Doughnuts are a popular choice for schools and other not-for-profit groups to cook and sell as a fundraiser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> <p>In New Zealand, the doughnut is a popular food snack available in corner <a href="/wiki/Dairy_(store)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy (store)">dairies</a>. They are in the form of a long sweet bread roll with a deep cut down its long axis. In this cut is placed a long dollop of sweetened clotted cream and on top of this is a spot of strawberry jam. Doughnuts are of two varieties: fresh cream or mock cream. The rounded variety is widely available as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4></div> <p>In Brazil, bakeries, grocery stores and pastry shops sell ball-shaped doughnuts popularly known as "sonhos" (lit. dreams). The dessert was brought to Brazil by Portuguese colonizers that had contact with Dutch and German traders. They are the equivalent of nowadays "bolas de Berlim" (lit. balls of Berlin) in Portugal, but the traditional Portuguese yellow cream was substituted by local dairy and fruit products. They are made of a special type of bread filled with "goiabada" (<a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a> jelly) or milk cream, and covered by white sugar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4></div> <p>The <i>Berlin</i> (plural <i>Berlines</i>) doughnut is popular in Chile because of the large German community. It may be filled with jam or with <i><a href="/wiki/Manjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjar">manjar</a></i>, the Chilean version of <i><a href="/wiki/Dulce_de_leche" title="Dulce de leche">dulce de leche</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian cuisine</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Picarones" title="Picarones">picarones</a> which are doughnut-shaped fritters made with a squash and sweet potato base.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These snacks are almost always served with a drizzle of sweet molasses-based sauce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, an Afrikaans variation known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Koeksister" title="Koeksister">koeksister</a></i> is popular. Another variation, similar in name, is the Cape Malay <i><a href="/wiki/Koesister" class="mw-redirect" title="Koesister">koesister</a></i> being soaked in a spiced syrup and coated in coconut. It has a texture similar to more traditional doughnuts as opposed to the Afrikaans variety.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further variation is the <i><a href="/wiki/Vetkoek" title="Vetkoek">vetkoek</a></i>, which is also dough deep fried in oil. It is served with mince, syrup, honey or jam.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doughnut&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg/250px-Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg/330px-Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg/500px-Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="2722" /></a><figcaption>Police officers in South Korea eating doughnuts. Police officers liking doughnuts is a common stereotype.</figcaption></figure> <p>The doughnut has made an appearance in popular culture, particularly in the United States and Australia. References extend to objects or actions that are doughnut-shaped. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> police officers in a <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Village_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Village (Manhattan)">East Village</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, the doughnut has inspired <i><a href="/wiki/Dora%27s_Dunking_Doughnuts" title="Dora's Dunking Doughnuts">Dora's Dunking Doughnuts</a></i> (1933), <i>The Doughnuts</i> (1963) and <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Donut#Documentary_film:_Gluttons_for_Punishment" title="Tour de Donut"><i>Tour de Donut: Gluttons for Punishment</i></a>. In video games, the doughnut has appeared in games like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Game" title="The Simpsons Game">The Simpsons Game</a></i> and <i>Donut Dilemma</i>. In the cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Mucha_Lucha!" title="¡Mucha Lucha!">¡Mucha Lucha!</a></i>, there are four things that make up the code of mask wrestling: honor, family, tradition, and doughnuts. Also, in the television sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homer_Simpson" title="Homer Simpson">Homer Simpson</a>'s love affair with doughnuts is a prominent ongoing joke as well as the focal point of more than a few episodes. In the children's book <i><a href="/wiki/Homer_Price" title="Homer Price">Homer Price</a></i>, Homer's Uncle Ulysses installs a doughnut making machine in his lunchroom in the fictional town of Centerburg. There is also a children's book <i><a href="/wiki/Arnie_the_Doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnie the Doughnut">Arnie the Doughnut</a></i> and music albums <i><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut_in_Granny%27s_Greenhouse" title="The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse">The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse</a></i>. </p><p>In films, TV shows, and other popular culture references, police officers are associated with doughnuts,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicted as enjoying them during their <a href="/wiki/Coffee_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee break">coffee break</a> or office hours. This <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliché</a> has been parodied in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Police_Academy_4:_Citizens_on_Patrol" title="Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol">Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol</a></i>, where <a href="/wiki/List_of_Police_Academy_characters#Cadet/Off._Zed_McGlunk" title="List of Police Academy characters">Officer Zed</a> is instructing new recruits how to "properly" consume their doughnuts with <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>. It is also parodied in the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i>, where the police station is always in large supply.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer_(video_game)" title="Neuromancer (video game)">Neuromancer</a></i>, there is a <i>Donut World</i> shop, where only policemen are allowed. During a citywide "lockdown" after the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing" title="Boston Marathon bombing">Boston Marathon bombing</a>, a handful of selected <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a> locations were ordered to remain open to serve police and first responders despite the closing of the vast majority of city businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cops_%26_Doughnuts" title="Cops & Doughnuts">Cops & Doughnuts</a>, a doughnut shop in <a href="/wiki/Clare,_Michigan" title="Clare, Michigan">Clare, Michigan</a>, is notable for being owned and operated by current and former members of the city's police force.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a> is the most popular Canadian doughnut and coffee franchise, and one of the most successful quick service restaurants in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_City_Television" title="Second City Television">Second City Television</a> sketch comedy "The Great White North" featuring the fictional stereotypically Canadian brothers <a href="/wiki/Bob_and_Doug_MacKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob and Doug MacKenzie">Bob and Doug MacKenzie</a> (and in their film <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Brew" title="Strange Brew">Strange Brew</a></i>), doughnuts play a role in the duo's comedy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_by_country">Industry by country</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Donut_King" title="Donut King">Donut King</a> is Australia's largest retailer of doughnuts. A <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a> largest doughnut made up of 90,000 individual doughnuts was set in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> in 2007 as part of a celebration for the release of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Movie" title="The Simpsons Movie">The Simpsons Movie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>Per capita, Canadians consume the most doughnuts, and Canada has the most doughnut stores per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-archives.cbc.ca_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.cbc.ca-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alex_Beam_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex_Beam-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>Within the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Providence_metropolitan_area" title="Providence metropolitan area">Providence metropolitan area</a> was cited as having the most doughnut shops per capita (25.3 doughnut shops per 100,000 people) as of 13 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Doughnut_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Doughnut Day">National Doughnut Day</a> celebrates the doughnut's history and role in popular culture. There is a race in <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Illinois" title="Staunton, Illinois">Staunton, Illinois</a>, featuring doughnuts, called the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Donut" title="Tour de Donut">Tour de Donut</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pink_boxes">Pink boxes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the US, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, fresh doughnuts sold by the dozen at local doughnut shops are typically packaged in generic pink boxes. This phenomenon has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ted_Ngoy" title="Ted Ngoy">Ted Ngoy</a> and Ning Yen, refugees of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> who began to transform the local doughnut shop industry in 1976. They proved so adept at the business and in training fellow <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Chinese Cambodian</a> refugees to follow suit that these local doughnut shops soon dominated native franchises such as <a href="/wiki/Winchell%27s_Donuts" title="Winchell's Donuts">Winchell's Donuts</a>. Ngoy and Yen allegedly planned to purchase boxes of a <a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture#Red_/_Vermilion" title="Color in Chinese culture">lucky red</a> color rather than the standard white, but settled on a leftover pink stock because of its lower cost. </p><p>In the mid-1970s, pink doughnut boxes were already a common sight in the eastern and midwestern United States, due to the fact that <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a> used a solid pink color for its boxes at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It switched to a different box design sometime after 1975.) But the chain did not begin to establish a major presence in California until the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to the success of Ngoy and Yen's business, the color soon became a recognizable standard in California. Due to the locality of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, the pink boxes frequently appeared as film and television props and were thus transmitted into popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Doughnut_Day">National Doughnut Day</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvation_Army_World_War_I_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Salvation_Army_World_War_I_poster.jpg/220px-Salvation_Army_World_War_I_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Salvation_Army_World_War_I_poster.jpg/330px-Salvation_Army_World_War_I_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Salvation_Army_World_War_I_poster.jpg/440px-Salvation_Army_World_War_I_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>A World War I propaganda poster featuring The Salvation Army's making of donuts during the war</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/National_Doughnut_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Doughnut Day">National Doughnut Day</a>, also known as National Donut Day, celebrated in the United States of America, is on the first Friday of June each year, succeeding the Doughnut Day event created by <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> in 1938 to honor those of their members who served doughnuts to soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holey_holiday_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holey_holiday-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 250 Salvation Army volunteers went to France. Because of the difficulties of providing freshly baked goods from huts established in abandoned buildings near the front lines, the two Salvation Army volunteers (Ensign Margaret Sheldon and Adjutant Helen Purviance) came up with the idea of providing doughnuts. These are reported to have been an "instant hit", and "soon many soldiers were visiting The Salvation Army huts". Margaret Sheldon wrote of one busy day: "Today I made 22 pies, 300 doughnuts, 700 cups of coffee." Soon, the women who did this work became known by the servicemen as "Doughnut Dollies". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/120px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lokma" title="Lokma">Lokma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bobby" title="Brown Bobby">Brown Bobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronut" title="Cronut">Cronut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_pastry" title="Danish pastry">Danish pastry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_dough_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Fried dough foods">Fried dough foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Jamun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulab Jamun">Gulab Jamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolache" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolache">Kolache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_desserts" title="List of desserts">List of desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_shops" title="List of doughnut shops">List of doughnut shops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">List of doughnut varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">Pączki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_dulce_(sweet_bread)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan dulce (sweet bread)">Pan dulce (sweet bread)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">Pastry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puff-puff" title="Puff-puff">Puff-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simit" title="Simit">Simit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">Torus</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMullins2008" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Paul R. (7 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3zSEAAAQBAJ"><i>Glazed America: A History of the Doughnut</i></a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4079-0"><bdi>978-0-8130-4079-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glazed+America%3A+A+History+of+the+Doughnut&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2008-09-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-4079-0&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3zSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT813"><i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i></a>. 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April 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199313624" title="Special:BookSources/9780199313624"><bdi>9780199313624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=9780199313624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPNgBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCato" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato, Marcus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/home.html">"De Agri Cultura"</a> [On Agriculture]. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></i>. Translated by William P. Thayer. 79<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=De+Agri+Cultura&rft.pages=79&rft.aulast=Cato&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCato%2FDe_Agricultura%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Ellen (2015). <i>Donut Nation: A Cross-Country Guide to America's Best Donut Shops</i>. <a href="/wiki/Running_Press" title="Running Press">Running Press</a> p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-5525-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-5525-6"><bdi>978-0-7624-5525-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donut+Nation%3A+A+Cross-Country+Guide+to+America%27s+Best+Donut+Shops&rft.pub=Running+Press+p.+53&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-5525-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://germanyinusa.com/2019/04/30/doughnuts-a-german-creation-from-the-1400s/">"Doughnuts: a German creation from the 1400s – @GermanyinUSA"</a>. <i>germanyinusa.com</i>. 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=germanyinusa.com&rft.atitle=Doughnuts%3A+a+German+creation+from+the+1400s+%E2%80%93+%40GermanyinUSA&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgermanyinusa.com%2F2019%2F04%2F30%2Fdoughnuts-a-german-creation-from-the-1400s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/the-hidden-history-of-churros">"The Hidden History of Churros"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+History+of+Churros&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Flifestyle%2Fthe-hidden-history-of-churros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandolph2020" class="citation web cs1">Randolph, Mike (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200616-the-complex-origins-of-beloved-churros">"The complex origin of beloved churros"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+complex+origin+of+beloved+churros&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20200616-the-complex-origins-of-beloved-churros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smiths-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smiths_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smiths_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-history-of-the-doughnut-150405177/">"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newswise.com&rft.atitle=Glazed+America%3A+Anthropologist+Examines+Doughnut+as+Symbol+of+Consumer+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewswise.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F542787%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruce.com/the-history-of-doughnuts-1328766">The History of Doughnuts</a>, <i>The Spruce</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stalbansmuseums.org.uk/about/blog/hertfordshire-home-doughnut">"Hertfordshire: home of the doughnut?"</a>. <i>St Albans Museums</i>. 20 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Albans+Museums&rft.atitle=Hertfordshire%3A+home+of+the+doughnut%3F&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalbansmuseums.org.uk%2Fabout%2Fblog%2Fhertfordshire-home-doughnut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalarza2015" class="citation web cs1">Galarza, Daniela (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eater.com/2015/5/28/8672939/doughnut-guide-cake-yeast-cruller-donut-history">"Everything You Need to Know About the Great American Doughnut"</a>. <i>Eater</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eater&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Great+American+Doughnut&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.aulast=Galarza&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eater.com%2F2015%2F5%2F28%2F8672939%2Fdoughnut-guide-cake-yeast-cruller-donut-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423104043/http://www.hertfordshiremercury.co.uk/Mmmmdow-nuts-sweet-treat-traced-Hertford/story-22005999-detail/story.html">"Mmmm...dow nuts! The sweet treat has been traced back to Hertford"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Mercury" title="Hertfordshire Mercury">Hertfordshire Mercury</a></i>. 24 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertfordshiremercury.co.uk/Mmmmdow-nuts-sweet-treat-traced-Hertford/story-22005999-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 23 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hertfordshire+Mercury&rft.atitle=Mmmm...dow+nuts%21+The+sweet+treat+has+been+traced+back+to+Hertford&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hertfordshiremercury.co.uk%2FMmmmdow-nuts-sweet-treat-traced-Hertford%2Fstory-22005999-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrondl,_Michael2014" class="citation book cs1">Krondl, Michael (2014). <i>The Donut: history, recipes, and lore from Boston to Berlin</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=d.lib.msu.edu&rft.atitle=The+frugal+housewife+%3A+or%2C+Complete+woman+cook%3B+wherein+the+art+of+dressing+all+sorts+of+viands+is+explained+in+upwards+of+five+hundred+approved+receipts%2C+in+gravies%2C+sauces%2C+roasting%2C+etc.+...+also+the+making+of+English+wines+%7C+MSU+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.msu.edu%2Ffa%2F32%23page%2F218%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/doughnut-vs-donut_us_574ef9fbe4b02912b241574c">"Doughnut Or Donut? The Great Spelling Debate Of Our Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>. June 2, 2016. <q>The passage occurs in book 3, chapter 3 of Irving's satire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Doughnut+Or+Donut%3F+The+Great+Spelling+Debate+Of+Our+Time&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fdoughnut-vs-donut_us_574ef9fbe4b02912b241574c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See entries for <i><a href="/wiki/Oliebol" title="Oliebol">oliebol</a></i> and <i>oliekoek</i> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_Gomes_CassidyJoan_Houston_Hall1985" class="citation book cs1">Frederic Gomes Cassidy; Joan Houston Hall (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEB0YFR2EowC&pg=PA874"><i>Dictionary of American Regional English: I-O</i></a>. Harvard UP. p. 874. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20519-2"><bdi>978-0-674-20519-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Regional+English%3A+I-O&rft.pages=874&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-20519-2&rft.au=Frederic+Gomes+Cassidy&rft.au=Joan+Houston+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEB0YFR2EowC%26pg%3DPA874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originals, Selections, &C. for the Times. Sketches and Views-No. V; The Times, page [29], vol. I, iss. 8; 30 January 1808; Boston, Massachusetts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=doughnut">"doughnut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=doughnut&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Ddoughnut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?id=D5370800"><i>doughnut</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224081804/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?id=D5370800">Archived</a> 24 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the American Heritage Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/donut">"Meaning of donut"</a>. <i>InfoPlease</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoPlease&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+donut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdonut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221133838/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=donut">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: donut"</a>. <i>www.ahdictionary.com</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=donut">the original</a> on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+donut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Ddonut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220161642/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/donut">"Definition of DONUT"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/donut">the original</a> on 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DONUT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdonut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbert Schmitt and Richard Marsden (2006) <i>Why is English like that?: historical answers to hard ELT questions</i>, University of Michigan Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472031341" title="Special:BookSources/0472031341">0472031341</a>, p. 166: "... and British English in the spelling of individual words include ax/axe (though the British form is also frequently used in America), check/ cheque (a money order), donut/doughnut, draft/draught (an air current), mold/mould,<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Ellis (2003) <i>Communication skills: stepladders to success for the professional</i>, Intellect Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841500879" title="Special:BookSources/1841500879">1841500879</a>, p. 113 "... US spelling is influencing users to spell programme as program, center for centre and donut for doughnut."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Sue Terry (2005) <i>A Rich, Deliciously Satisfying Collection of Breakfast Recipes</i>, Just My Best Publishing Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1932586431" title="Special:BookSources/1932586431">1932586431</a>, p. 233 "At present, "donut" and "doughnut" are both pervasive in American English, but only "doughnut" is listed in Thorndike and Lorge's (1942) <i>The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words.</i> There are sparse instances of the "donut" spelling variation prior to WWII. For instance, it is mentioned in an LA Times article dated August 10, 1929. There, Bailey Millard complains about the decline of spelling, and that he "can't swallow the 'wel-dun donut' nor the everso'gud bred'." "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PecksBadBoy-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PecksBadBoy_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Wilbur_Peck1900" class="citation book cs1">George Wilbur Peck (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA107"><i>Peck's bad boy and his pa</i></a>. Stanton and Van Vliet. pp. 107–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peck%27s+bad+boy+and+his+pa&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Stanton+and+Van+Vliet&rft.date=1900&rft.au=George+Wilbur+Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIwZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John T. Edge (2006) <i>Donuts: an American passion</i>, Penguin Group US, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1440628645" title="Special:BookSources/1440628645">1440628645</a>: "Donuts" came to the fore in the 1920s, when the New York-based Doughnut Machine Corporation set its eyes upon foreign markets. "In order to obviate difficulty in pronouncing 'doughnuts' in foreign languages," a press release announced .."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sally L. Steinberg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!140493!0"><i>Collection of Doughnut Ephemera, 1920s–1987</i></a>: "In 1931, the company opened the first Mayflower doughnut shop in New York City; ultimately, 18 shops were opened across the country—the first retail doughnut<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." [NOTE: Smithsonian and several 1950s court cases call it "Mayflower Doughnut Corporation" prior to World War II].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901064007/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/doughnut">doughnut</a>. Oxford Dictionaries Online (World English) "The beginning of doughnut is spelled dough- (the spelling donut is American)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=donut%2Cdoughnut&year_start=1900&year_end=2008&corpus=17&smoothing=3">donut, doughnut</a>", Google Ngram viewer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Old Salt' Doughnut hole inventor tells just how discovery was made and stomachs of earth saved." Special to <i>The Washington Post</i>; <i>The Washington Post</i> (1877–1954), Washington, D.C.; 26 March 1916; p. ES9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreston2016" class="citation web cs1">Preston, Marguerite (26 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/trends-news/article/difference-between-cake-yeast-doughnut">"You're Either a Cake Doughnut Person or a Yeast One"</a>. <i>Bon Appetit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bon+Appetit&rft.atitle=You%27re+Either+a+Cake+Doughnut+Person+or+a+Yeast+One&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonappetit.com%2Fentertaining-style%2Ftrends-news%2Farticle%2Fdifference-between-cake-yeast-doughnut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChevriere2020" class="citation web cs1">Chevriere, Maryse (22 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chowhound.com/food-news/186165/what-is-the-difference-between-cake-donuts-and-yeast-donuts/">"What Is the Difference Between Cake Doughnuts and Yeast Doughnuts?"</a>. <i>Chowhound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chowhound&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Difference+Between+Cake+Doughnuts+and+Yeast+Doughnuts%3F&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft.aulast=Chevriere&rft.aufirst=Maryse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chowhound.com%2Ffood-news%2F186165%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-cake-donuts-and-yeast-donuts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958579853"><i>Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988576-3"><bdi>978-0-19-988576-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958579853">958579853</a>. <q>In addition to a choice of dozens of different kinds of doughnuts and crullers, Dunkin' Donuts sells "Munchkins," bite-size spheres supposedly made from the dough punched from the centers of the doughnuts (they are not really).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+American+Food+and+Drink.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958579853&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988576-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F958579853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/business/2013/06/05/a-history-of-dunkin-donuts/">"A history of Dunkin' Donuts"</a>. <i>www.boston.com</i>. 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boston.com&rft.atitle=A+history+of+Dunkin%27+Donuts&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2F06%2F05%2Fa-history-of-dunkin-donuts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevene2016" class="citation book cs1">Levene, Alysa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945730827"><i>Cake: A Slice of History</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-108-3"><bdi>978-1-68177-108-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945730827">945730827</a>. <q>In 1976, the genius Timbits were launched: doughnut 'holes', or small, round bitesized doughnuts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cake%3A+A+Slice+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945730827&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-108-3&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Alysa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F945730827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart2017" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Jock (18 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://htn.com.au/ever-wondered-why-there-are-holes-in-doughnuts-chef-jock-stewart/#:~:text=Although%20the%20outsides%20and%20the,as%20evenly%20as%20the%20outsides">"Ever wondered why there are holes in doughnuts?"</a>. <i>htn.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=htn.com.au&rft.atitle=Ever+wondered+why+there+are+holes+in+doughnuts%3F&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Jock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtn.com.au%2Fever-wondered-why-there-are-holes-in-doughnuts-chef-jock-stewart%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAlthough%2520the%2520outsides%2520and%2520the%2Cas%2520evenly%2520as%2520the%2520outsides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timbit_turns_35-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timbit_turns_35_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/2011/06/15/timbit-turns-35">"Timbit turns 35"</a>. <i>Toronto Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&rft.atitle=Timbit+turns+35&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2F2011%2F06%2F15%2Ftimbit-turns-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTim_Hortons" class="citation web cs1">Tim Hortons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112031459/http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/about/2872.html">"The history of Tim Hortons"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/about/2872.html">the original</a> on 12 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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No. Section: Food. p. B.3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/461838391.html?dids=461838391:461838391&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+01%2C+1991&author=Marion+Kane+Toronto+Star&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Tim+Horton%27s+fans+dunk+our+results&pqatl=google">the original</a> on February 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802047908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802047908"><bdi>978-0802047908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinary+Landmarks%3A+A+Bibliography+of+Canadian+Cookbooks%2C+1825%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0802047908&rft.au=Elizabeth+Driver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-canada.ca/actualite/enjeux/reportages/2003/03-01-21/lune.shtml">"De meilleurs beignes de Noël?"</a>. <i>Enjeux – Radio-Canada</i>. 21 January 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enjeux+%E2%80%93+Radio-Canada&rft.atitle=De+meilleurs+beignes+de+No%C3%ABl%3F&rft.date=2003-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio-canada.ca%2Factualite%2Fenjeux%2Freportages%2F2003%2F03-01-21%2Flune.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/recipes/zoolbia-2223650.html">"Zoolbia ingredients"</a>. <i>intependent.co.uk</i>. London. 27 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=intependent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Zoolbia+ingredients&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Frecipes%2Fzoolbia-2223650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaster2020" class="citation book cs1">Paster, Emily (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112786378"><i>Epic air fryer cookbook : 100 inspired recipes that take air frying in deliciously exciting new directions</i></a>. Beverly. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-995-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-995-9"><bdi>978-1-55832-995-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112786378">1112786378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+air+fryer+cookbook+%3A+100+inspired+recipes+that+take+air+frying+in+deliciously+exciting+new+directions&rft.place=Beverly&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112786378&rft.isbn=978-1-55832-995-9&rft.aulast=Paster&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1112786378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Steinberg2003" class="citation web cs1">Jessica Steinberg (19 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131192003/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/517826851.html?dids=517826851:517826851&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+19,+2003&author=JESSICA+STEINBERG&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Gelt+for+gifts&pqatl=google">"Gelt for gifts"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/517826851.html?dids=517826851:517826851&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+19%2C+2003&author=JESSICA+STEINBERG&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Gelt+for+gifts&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 31 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Gelt+for+gifts&rft.date=2003-12-19&rft.au=Jessica+Steinberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fjpost%2Faccess%2F517826851.html%3Fdids%3D517826851%3A517826851%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DDec%2B19%252C%2B2003%26author%3DJESSICA%2BSTEINBERG%26pub%3DJerusalem%2BPost%26desc%3DGelt%2Bfor%2Bgifts%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4138749/sufganiyot-jelly-doughnut-hanukkah-history/">"Why Jelly Doughnuts Are Eaten During Hanukkah"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 7 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+Jelly+Doughnuts+Are+Eaten+During+Hanukkah&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4138749%2Fsufganiyot-jelly-doughnut-hanukkah-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/12/19/572068488/how-the-israeli-sufganiyah-or-jelly-doughnut-got-its-start-as-a-hanukkah-treat">"How The Israeli Sufganiyah, Or Jelly Doughnut, Got Its Start As A Hanukkah Treat"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. 19 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=How+The+Israeli+Sufganiyah%2C+Or+Jelly+Doughnut%2C+Got+Its+Start+As+A+Hanukkah+Treat&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F12%2F19%2F572068488%2Fhow-the-israeli-sufganiyah-or-jelly-doughnut-got-its-start-as-a-hanukkah-treat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211213208/http://www.sousoukitchen1.com/article-recette-de-sfenj-marocain-120216689.html">"Sfenj (in French)"</a>. <i>sousoukitchen1.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sousoukitchen1.com/article-recette-de-sfenj-marocain-120216689.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sousoukitchen1.com&rft.atitle=Sfenj+%28in+French%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sousoukitchen1.com%2Farticle-recette-de-sfenj-marocain-120216689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090308061632/http://donutking.com/dk/menu/showdetail.asp?id=7&t=Classic+Jam+Donut">"Classic Jam Donut"</a>. <i>Donutking.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donutking.com/dk/menu/showdetail.asp?id=7&t=Classic+Jam+Donut">the original</a> on 8 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Donutking.com&rft.atitle=Classic+Jam+Donut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonutking.com%2Fdk%2Fmenu%2Fshowdetail.asp%3Fid%3D7%26t%3DClassic%2BJam%2BDonut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/04/1075853915910.html">A hot piece of history</a>. theage.com.au. 5 February 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2010/06/21/koeksisters_open2010/">"Koeksisters: South Africa's twisted and delicious dessert"</a>. <i>salon.com</i>. 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=Koeksisters%3A+South+Africa%27s+twisted+and+delicious+dessert&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2010%2F06%2F21%2Fkoeksisters_open2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722142313/http://home.comcast.net/~osoono/ethnicdoughs/vetkoek/vetkoek.htm">"All about Vetkoek"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~osoono/ethnicdoughs/vetkoek/vetkoek.htm">the original</a> on 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+about+Vetkoek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~osoono%2Fethnicdoughs%2Fvetkoek%2Fvetkoek.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.time.com/4800386/donuts-doughnuts-police-cops/">"This is Why Doughnuts Are Associated with Police Officers"</a>. 2 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+Why+Doughnuts+Are+Associated+with+Police+Officers&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2F4800386%2Fdonuts-doughnuts-police-cops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> matinee show <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000">Mystery Science Theater 3000</a></i>, cop/donut jokes were used so prevalently by the host Joel during the viewing of the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">sci-fi</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">cop drama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Man" title="Indestructible Man">Indestructible Man</a></i> that his robot co-hosts insisted upon him signing a legal document forbidding any further usage of such jokes in the future. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welcometotwinpeaks.com/locations/twin-peaks-donut-shop-wagon-wheel-do-nuts/">See one of the most spectacular "donut scenes"</a> in the still on the "Welcome to Twin Peaks" website and read about it in the article "Twin Peaks Donut Shop Was Called Wagon Wheel Do-Nuts".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_New2013" class="citation news cs1">Catherine New (19 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/19/dunkin-donuts-stays-open-_n_3116787.html">"Dunkin' Donuts in Certain Boston Areas Stay Open to Serve Police During City Lockdown"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Dunkin%27+Donuts+in+Certain+Boston+Areas+Stay+Open+to+Serve+Police+During+City+Lockdown&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft.au=Catherine+New&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F04%2F19%2Fdunkin-donuts-stays-open-_n_3116787.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Elizabeth (5 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanprofile.com/articles/cops-doughnuts-video/">"Cops & Doughnuts"</a>. <i>American Profile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Profile&rft.atitle=Cops+%26+Doughnuts&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanprofile.com%2Farticles%2Fcops-doughnuts-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22873599-2,00.html">World's largest D'oh Nut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012307/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22873599-2%2C00.html">Archived</a> 6 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. News.com.au (5 December 2007). Retrieved 22 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChris_Barrett2014" class="citation web cs1">Chris Barrett (22 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbn.com/Providence-still-doughnut-capital-of-US,47261">"Providence still doughnut capital of U.S."</a> Providence Business News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Providence+still+doughnut+capital+of+U.S.&rft.pub=Providence+Business+News&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft.au=Chris+Barrett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpbn.com%2FProvidence-still-doughnut-capital-of-US%2C47261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepackagingcompany.us/knowledge-sharing/iconic-packaging-dunkin-donuts/">"Iconic Packaging: Dunkin' Donuts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iconic+Packaging%3A+Dunkin%27+Donuts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepackagingcompany.us%2Fknowledge-sharing%2Ficonic-packaging-dunkin-donuts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ktla.com/news/local-news/dunkin-donuts-debuts-first-socal-location-in-santa-monica/">"Dunkin' Donuts Returns to SoCal; First Location Opens in Santa Monica"</a>. <i>KTLA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KTLA&rft.atitle=Dunkin%27+Donuts+Returns+to+SoCal%3B+First+Location+Opens+in+Santa+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fktla.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fdunkin-donuts-debuts-first-socal-location-in-santa-monica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-pink-doughnut-boxes-20170525-htmlstory.html">"Why are doughnut boxes pink? The answer could only come out of Southern California"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Why+are+doughnut+boxes+pink%3F+The+answer+could+only+come+out+of+Southern+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-pink-doughnut-boxes-20170525-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holey_holiday-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holey_holiday_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFagan2009" class="citation news cs1">Fagan, Kevin (6 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/06/06/BAEQ181KO9.DTL">"A holey holiday - National Doughnut Day"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. SF Gate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+holey+holiday+-+National+Doughnut+Day&rft.date=2009-06-06&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F06%2F06%2FBAEQ181KO9.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Doughnut</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Doughnut" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Doughnut">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Doughnut" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Doughnut">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doughnut" class="extiw" title="q:Doughnut">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Doughnut" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Doughnut">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Doughnut" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Doughnut">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Charlotte_Foltz1991" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Charlotte Foltz (1991). <i>Mistakes That Worked</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26246-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26246-0"><bdi>978-0-385-26246-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mistakes+That+Worked&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26246-0&rft.au=Jones%2C+Charlotte+Foltz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span> Origins of the doughnut hole.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoreiraM._Elena_Castell-PerezMaria_A._Barrufet1999" class="citation book cs1">Moreira, Rosana G.; M. Elena Castell-Perez; Maria A. Barrufet (30 June 1999). <i>Deep Fat Frying: Fundamentals and Applications</i>. Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8342-1321-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8342-1321-4"><bdi>0-8342-1321-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40990102">40990102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Fat+Frying%3A+Fundamentals+and+Applications&rft.place=Gaithersburg%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Aspen&rft.date=1999-06-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40990102&rft.isbn=0-8342-1321-4&rft.aulast=Moreira&rft.aufirst=Rosana+G.&rft.au=M.+Elena+Castell-Perez&rft.au=Maria+A.+Barrufet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoughnut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhirasam" title="Adhirasam">Adhirasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Awameh">Awameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambalouni" title="Bambalouni">Bambalouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyeh">Bamiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binangkal" title="Binangkal">Binangkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boortsog" title="Boortsog">Boortsog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C3%A4k%C3%A7%C3%A4k" class="mw-redirect" title="Çäkçäk">Çäkçäk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascaron" title="Cascaron">Cascaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebakia" title="Chebakia">Chebakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiroti" title="Chiroti">Chiroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_chin" title="Chin chin">Chin chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churro" title="Churro">Churro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoria" title="Gorgoria">Gorgoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosh-e_Fil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosh-e Fil">Gosh-e Fil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">Gulab jamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaramari" title="Gwaramari">Gwaramari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imarti" title="Imarti">Imarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">Jalebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koe%27sister" title="Koe'sister">Koe'sister</a>/<a href="/wiki/Koeksister" title="Koeksister">Koeksister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevum" title="Kevum">Kevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumukunsi" title="Kumukunsi">Kumukunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokma" title="Lokma">Lokma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokot-lokot" title="Lokot-lokot">Lokot-lokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maejap-gwa" title="Maejap-gwa">Maejap-gwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahua_(snack)" title="Mahua (snack)">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruya_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruya (food)">Maruya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi_donuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mochi donuts">Mochi donuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyalam" title="Panyalam">Panyalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilipit" title="Pilipit">Pilipit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinakufu">Pinakufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puff-puff" title="Puff-puff">Puff-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qottab" title="Qottab">Qottab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sata_andagi" title="Sata andagi">Sata andagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_roti" title="Sel roti">Sel roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfinz">Sfinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakoy" title="Shakoy">Shakoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarpali" title="Shankarpali">Shankarpali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangbaotai" title="Shuangbaotai">Shuangbaotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_shells" title="Sweet shells">Sweet shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulumba" title="Tulumba">Tulumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetkoek" title="Vetkoek">Vetkoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalabiyeh" title="Zalabiyeh">Zalabiyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_claw" title="Bear claw">Bear claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolinho_de_chuva" title="Bolinho de chuva">Bolinho de chuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston cream doughnut">Boston cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bobby" title="Brown Bobby">Brown Bobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churro" title="Churro">Churro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider_doughnut" title="Cider doughnut">Cider doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_doughnut" title="Coconut doughnut">Coconut doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronut" title="Cronut">Cronut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruller" title="Cruller">Cruller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchie_(doughnut)" title="Dutchie (doughnut)">Dutchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_Coke" title="Fried Coke">Fried Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnel_cake" title="Funnel cake">Funnel cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_doughnut" title="Jelly doughnut">Jelly doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_(doughnut)" title="Long John (doughnut)">Long John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_bacon_donut" title="Maple bacon donut">Maple bacon donut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maple bar">Maple bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-fashioned_doughnut" title="Old-fashioned doughnut">Old-fashioned doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_(roll)" title="Persian (roll)">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picarones" title="Picarones">Picarones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_doughnut" title="Potato doughnut">Potato doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopaipilla" title="Sopaipilla">Sopaipilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream_doughnut" title="Sour cream doughnut">Sour cream doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_tail_donut" title="Tiger tail donut">Tiger tail donut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbits" title="Timbits">Timbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touton" title="Touton">Touton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonut" title="Wonut">Wonut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_wings" title="Angel wings">Angel wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beignet" title="Beignet">Beignet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_(doughnut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (doughnut)">Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombolone" title="Bombolone">Bombolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churro" title="Churro">Churro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1nk" title="Fánk">Fánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fartura_(food)" title="Fartura (food)">Fartura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasnacht_(doughnut)" title="Fasnacht (doughnut)">Fasnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazuelos" title="Fazuelos">Fazuelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filh%C3%B3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Filhós">Filhós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritule" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritule">Fritule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudge_doughnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Fudge doughnut">Fudge doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klen%C3%A4t" title="Klenät">Klenät</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniek%C3%BCchle" title="Knieküchle">Knieküchle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krofne" title="Krofne">Krofne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malassada" title="Malassada">Malassada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekitsa" title="Mekitsa">Mekitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliebol" title="Oliebol">Oliebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">Pączki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papana%C8%99i" title="Papanași">Papanași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastisset" title="Pastisset">Pastisset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesti%C3%B1os" title="Pestiños">Pestiños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusurate" title="Prusurate">Prusurate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(cookie)" title="Rosette (cookie)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenkele" title="Schenkele">Schenkele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smultring" title="Smultring">Smultring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1tipci" title="Uštipci">Uštipci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeppole" title="Zeppole">Zeppole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glazed-Donut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doughnut"><img alt="Doughnut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/60px-Glazed-Donut.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/90px-Glazed-Donut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/120px-Glazed-Donut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Doughnut</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Savory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balep_korkun" title="Balep korkun">Balep korkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaji" title="Bhaji">Bhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatoora" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhatoora">Bhatoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_fritters" title="Burmese fritters">Burmese fritters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_chim_peng" title="Ham chim peng">Ham chim peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_doughnut" title="Javanese doughnut">Javanese doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuushuur" title="Khuushuur">Khuushuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchi" title="Luchi">Luchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mee_Siput_Muar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mee Siput Muar">Mee Siput Muar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCcver" title="Mücver">Mücver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murukku" title="Murukku">Murukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okoy" title="Okoy">Okoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox-tongue_pastry" title="Ox-tongue pastry">Ox-tongue pastry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakora" title="Pakora">Pakora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papri_chaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Papri chaat">Papri chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pişi">Pişi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_(food)" title="Puri (food)">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutab" title="Qutab">Qutab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_phaley" title="Sha phaley">Sha phaley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelpek" title="Shelpek">Shelpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vada_(food)" title="Vada (food)">Vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetkoek" title="Vetkoek">Vetkoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">Youtiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe and <br />the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chebureki" title="Chebureki">Chebureki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleischkuekle" title="Fleischkuekle">Fleischkuekle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritelli" title="Fritelli">Fritelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">Frybread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnel_cake" title="Funnel cake">Funnel cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliva" title="Haliva">Haliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1ngos" title="Lángos">Lángos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihapiirakka" title="Lihapiirakka">Lihapiirakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6rtsy" title="Lörtsy">Lörtsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerotti" title="Panzerotti">Panzerotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(food)" title="Pastel (food)">Pastel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasztecik_szczeci%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasztecik szczeciński">Pasztecik szczeciński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremech" title="Peremech">Peremech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirozhki" title="Pirozhki">Pirozhki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeaverTails" title="BeaverTails">BeaverTails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krispy_Kreme" title="Krispy Kreme">Krispy Kreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mister_Donut" title="Mister Donut">Mister Donut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipley_Do-Nuts" title="Shipley Do-Nuts">Shipley Do-Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">List of doughnut varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_dough_foods" title="List of fried dough foods">List of fried dough foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fried_foods" title="List of deep fried foods">List of deep fried foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_shops" title="List of doughnut shops">List of doughnut shops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Doughnut_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Doughnut Day">National Doughnut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_and_doughnuts" title="Coffee and doughnuts">Coffee and doughnuts</a></li> <li><i>Superior Donuts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Donuts" title="Superior Donuts">play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Donuts_(TV_series)" title="Superior Donuts (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Doughnuts" title="Category:Doughnuts">Category: Doughnuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox949" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192783#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7555507-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85039195">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="donuts"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph496665&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2000000443">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560197305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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