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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_and_transmission_of_the_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_and_transmission_of_the_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Recording and transmission of the film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording_and_transmission_of_the_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_alternative_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_alternative_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology and alternative terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_alternative_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_celluloid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_celluloid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Before celluloid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_celluloid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_motion_pictures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_motion_pictures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First motion pictures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_motion_pictures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Early evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s:_growing_influence_of_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s:_growing_influence_of_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>1950s: growing influence of television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s:_growing_influence_of_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>1960s and later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Film theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Film_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Film theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Film_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Montage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Film criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Associated fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Preview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trailer_and_teaser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trailer_and_teaser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Trailer and teaser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trailer_and_teaser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_role_of_film_in_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_film_in_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The role of film in culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_role_of_film_in_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The role of film in culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_film_in_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Education and propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Independent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_content_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_content_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Open content film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_content_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fan_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Fan film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 178 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-178" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">178 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolprent" title="Rolprent – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rolprent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D" title="ፊልም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊልም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="फ़िल्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ़िल्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwicbili%C3%BE" title="Cwicbiliþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cwicbiliþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85" title="فيلم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta" title="Cinta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cinta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="চলচ্চিত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চলচ্চিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%ADcula" title="Película – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Película" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E2%80%99%C3%A3ngam%C3%BDi" title="Ta’ãngamýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ta’ãngamýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="فیلم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9l%C3%A9m" title="Pélém – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pélém" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-i%C3%A1%E2%81%BF" title="Tiān-iáⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-iáⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem" title="Filem – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Filem" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фільм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фільм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="फिलिम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फिलिम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="གློག་བརྙན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གློག་བརྙན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema" title="Sinema – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sinema" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C2%B7l%C3%ADcula" title="Pel·lícula – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pel·lícula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine" title="Sine – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sine" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firimu" title="Firimu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Firimu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinem%C3%A0" title="Sinemà – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sinemà" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm" title="Ffilm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85" title="فيلم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κινηματογραφική ταινία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινηματογραφική ταινία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрямарт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эрямарт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%ADcula" title="Película – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Película" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo" title="Filmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cini" title="Cini – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cini" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(zinema)" title="Film (zinema) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Film (zinema)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="فیلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakis" title="Sakis – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sakis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmur" title="Filmur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Filmur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(cin%C3%A9ma)" title="Film (cinéma) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film (cinéma)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_(art)" title="Cine (art) – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cine (art)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillym" title="Fillym – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fillym" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme" title="Filme – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filme" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кино – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кино" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電影 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電影" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="सिनेमा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thien-y%C3%A1ng" title="Thien-yáng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thien-yáng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fim" title="Fim – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fim" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%CA%BBi%CA%BBoni%CA%BBoni" title="Kiʻiʻoniʻoni – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kiʻiʻoniʻoni" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կինոնկար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կինոնկար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematografuro" title="Cinematografuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cinematografuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="সিনেমা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সিনেমা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqayi" title="Ingqayi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqayi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvikmynd" title="Kvikmynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvikmynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2" title="סרט קולנוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט קולנוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE" title="ಸಿನಮಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿನಮಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%90%D9%84%D9%90%D9%85" title="فِلِم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فِلِم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кино – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кино" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylm" title="Fylm – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fylm" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamu" title="Filamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Filamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema" title="Sinema – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sinema" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AElm" title="Fîlm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîlm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo" title="Filmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellicula" title="Pellicula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pellicula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinofilma" title="Kinofilma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kinofilma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmas" title="Filmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindem%C3%A1" title="Sindemá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sindemá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/skina" title="skina – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="skina" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema" title="Sinema – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sinema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചലച്ചിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചലച്ചിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="فن السينيما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فن السينيما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem" title="Filem – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilem" title="Pilem – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pilem" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-%C4%ABng" title="Diêng-īng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-īng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema" title="Cinema – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cinema" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кино – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кино" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရုပ်ရှင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုပ်ရှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaixcopinalotl" title="Tlaixcopinalotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlaixcopinalotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyaloyalo_(valeniyaloyalo)" title="Iyaloyalo (valeniyaloyalo) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iyaloyalo (valeniyaloyalo)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(cinematografie)" title="Film (cinematografie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Film (cinematografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(cinematografie)" title="Film (cinematografie) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Film (cinematografie)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चलचित्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चलचित्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="संकिपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संकिपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellicula" title="Pellicula – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pellicula" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn%C3%A9ma" title="Cinnéma – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cinnéma" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme" title="Filme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE" title="ਫ਼ਿਲਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਲਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flim" title="Flim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Flim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%A9ma" title="Chinéma – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chinéma" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmkunst" title="Filmkunst – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Filmkunst" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme" title="Filme – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuq_wanki" title="Kuyuq wanki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuyuq wanki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Киинэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киинэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kacudu" title="kacudu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kacudu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="चलच्चित्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चलच्चित्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ACnema" title="Cìnema – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cìnema" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filimi" title="Filimi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Filimi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill%C3%ACcula" title="Pillìcula – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pillìcula" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%A7" title="චිත්‍රපට – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත්‍රපට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie" title="Movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmov%C3%A9_dielo" title="Filmové dielo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filmové dielo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filim" title="Filim – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Filim" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="فیلم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilem" title="Pilem – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pilem" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elokuva" title="Elokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pelikula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திரைப்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaru" title="Asaru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asaru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фильм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фильм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="సినిమా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సినిమా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาพยนตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพยนตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D" title="ፊልም – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፊልም" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Фільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%85" title="فىلىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىلىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%27m" title="Fil'm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fil'm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Điện ảnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện ảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fime" title="Fime – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fime" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E6%88%B2" title="影戲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="影戲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine" title="Sine – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sine" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="电影 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电影" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filimi" title="Filimi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Filimi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="פילם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פילם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電影 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Film" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films" title="Films – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Films" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="电影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8lem" title="Pèlem – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pèlem" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11424#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Movie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Movie (disambiguation)">Movie (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moving_picture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Moving picture (disambiguation)">Moving picture (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Motion picture (disambiguation)">Motion picture (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Photoplay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Photoplay (disambiguation)">Photoplay (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Film" title="Special:EditPage/Film">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Film%22">"Film"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Film%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Film%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Film%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Film%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Film%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/300px-seek%3D394-Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="225" data-durationhint="772" data-mwtitle="Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_(black_and_white,_1902).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_(black_and_white,_1902).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune_%28black_and_white%2C_1902%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">A Trip to the Moon</a></i> (1902) is considered to be a turning point in the development of narrative and science fiction films. </figcaption></figure> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Filmmaking" title="Category:Filmmaking">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#36454F;padding-bottom:0.1em;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Filmmaking</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-x-generic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reel of film"><img alt="Reel of film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/90px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/135px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/180px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking#Development" title="Filmmaking">Development</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Step_outline" title="Step outline">Step outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">Film treatment</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scriptment" title="Scriptment">Scriptment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_finance" title="Film finance">Film finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">Film budgeting</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green-light" class="mw-redirect" title="Green-light">Green-light</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_down_the_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking down the script">Breaking down the script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_breakdown" title="Script breakdown">Script breakdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_board" title="Production board">Production board</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Production strip">Production strip</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_out_of_Days_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Day out of Days (filmmaking)">Day Out of Days</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_schedule" title="Production schedule">Production schedule</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_liner_schedule" title="One liner schedule">One liner schedule</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_schedule" title="Shooting schedule">Shooting schedule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Production</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">Videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">Shooting script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_inventory_report" title="Film inventory report">Film inventory report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_call_sheet" title="Daily call sheet">Daily call sheet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_report" title="Production report">Production report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_production_report" title="Daily production report">Daily production report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_progress_report" title="Daily progress report">Daily progress report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_editor_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily editor log">Daily editor log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_report" title="Sound report">Sound report</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cost report</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_(filmmaking)" title="Re-recording (filmmaking)">Re-recording</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">Sync sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Music</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_cost" title="Negative cost">Negative cost</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Film_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Film release">Film release</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Wide_release" title="Wide release">wide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Limited_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited release">limited</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed release (film)">delayed</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">Roadshow</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Film history">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography" title="Filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_motion_picture_terms" title="Glossary of motion picture terms">Glossary</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (filmmaking)">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spec_script" title="Spec script">Spec script</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:smaller;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Filmmaking_sidebar" title="Template:Filmmaking sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filmmaking_sidebar" title="Template talk:Filmmaking sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>film</b>, also known as a <b>movie</b> or <b>motion picture</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a work of <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual art</a> that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, emotions, or atmosphere through the use of moving images that are generally, since the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">synchronized with sound</a> and (less commonly) other sensory stimulations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "cinema" is borrowed from the French <i>cinéma</i>, an abbreviation of <i>cinématographe</i> (term coined by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">the Lumière brothers</a> in the 1890s), from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> meaning "recording movement". The word is today usually used to refer to either a purpose-built venue for screening films, known as a <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> in the US; the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a>; the overall art form of specifically just <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording_and_transmission_of_the_film">Recording and transmission of the film</h2></div> <p>The moving images of a film are created by <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographing</a> actual scenes with a <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">motion-picture camera</a>, by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> techniques, by means of <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a>, or by a combination of some or all of these techniques, and other <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a>. </p><p>Before the introduction of digital production, a series of still images were recorded on a strip of chemically sensitized celluloid (<a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a>), usually at a rate of 24 <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a> per second. The images are transmitted through a <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">movie projector</a> at the same rate as they were recorded, with a <a href="/wiki/Geneva_drive" title="Geneva drive">Geneva drive</a> ensuring that each frame remains still during its short projection time. A rotating shutter causes <a href="/wiki/Stroboscopic_effect" title="Stroboscopic effect">stroboscopic</a> intervals of darkness, but the viewer does not notice the interruptions due to <a href="/wiki/Flicker_fusion_threshold" title="Flicker fusion threshold">flicker fusion</a>. The apparent motion on the <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screen</a> is the result of the fact that the visual sense cannot discern the individual images at high speeds, so the impressions of the images blend with the dark intervals and are thus linked together to produce the illusion of one moving image. An analogous <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">optical soundtrack</a> (a graphic <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recording</a> of the spoken words, music, and other <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sounds</a>) runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it, and was not projected. </p><p>Contemporary films are usually <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">fully digital</a> through the entire process of production, distribution, and exhibition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_alternative_terms">Etymology and alternative terms</h2></div> <p>The name "film" originally referred to the thin layer of photochemical emulsion<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the celluloid strip that used to be the actual <a href="/wiki/Recording_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording medium">medium</a> for recording and displaying motion pictures. </p><p>Many other terms exist for an individual motion-picture, including "picture", "picture show", "moving picture", "photoplay", and "flick". The most common term in the United States is "movie", while in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, "film" is preferred. Archaic terms include "animated pictures" and "animated photography". </p><p>"Flick" is, in general a slang term, first recorded in 1926. It originates in the verb flicker, owing to the flickering appearance of early films.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common terms for the field, in general, include "the big screen", "the movies", "the silver screen", and "cinema"; the last of these is commonly used, as an overarching term, in scholarly texts and critical essays. In the early years, the word "sheet" was sometimes used instead of "screen". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_film_technology" title="History of film technology">History of film technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">History of film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precursors_of_film" title="Precursors of film">Precursors of film</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History of animation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3></div> <p>The art of film has drawn on several earlier traditions in fields such as oral <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual arts</a>. Forms of art and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> that had already featured moving or projected images include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadowgraphy_(performing_art)" title="Shadowgraphy (performing art)">shadowgraphy</a>, probably used since prehistoric times</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a>, a natural phenomenon that has possibly been used as an artistic aid since prehistoric times</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">shadow puppetry</a>, possibly originated around 200 BCE in Central Asia, India, Indonesia or China</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">magic lantern</a>, developed in the 1650s. The multi-media <a href="/wiki/Phantasmagoria" title="Phantasmagoria">phantasmagoria</a> shows that magic lanterns were popular from 1790 throughout the first half of the 19th century and could feature mechanical slides, rear projection, mobile projectors, <a href="/wiki/Superimposition" title="Superimposition">superimposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolving_views" title="Dissolving views">dissolving views</a>, live actors, smoke (sometimes to project images upon), odors, sounds and even electric shocks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_celluloid">Before celluloid</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif/220px-Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif/330px-Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif/440px-Prof._Stampfer%27s_Stroboscopische_Scheibe_No._X.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Animated GIF of <i>Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe</i> No. X (Trentsensky & Vieweg 1833)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stroboscopic_effect" title="Stroboscopic effect">stroboscopic</a> animation principle was introduced in 1833 with the stroboscopic disc (better known as the <a href="/wiki/Phenakistiscope" title="Phenakistiscope">phénakisticope</a>) and later applied in the <a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">zoetrope</a> (since 1866), the <a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">flip book</a> (since 1868), and the <a href="/wiki/Praxinoscope" title="Praxinoscope">praxinoscope</a> (since 1877), before it became the basic principle for cinematography. </p><p>Experiments with early phénakisticope-based animation projectors were made at least as early as 1843 and publicly screened in 1847. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Duboscq" title="Jules Duboscq">Jules Duboscq</a> marketed phénakisticope projection systems in France from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> until the 1890s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> was introduced in 1839, but initially <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">photographic emulsions</a> needed such long <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposures</a> that the recording of moving subjects seemed impossible. At least as early as 1844, photographic series of subjects posed in different positions were created to either suggest a motion sequence or document a range of different viewing angles. The advent of stereoscopic photography, with early experiments in the 1840s and commercial success since the early 1850s, raised interest in completing the photographic medium with the addition of means to capture colour and motion. In 1849, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plateau" title="Joseph Plateau">Joseph Plateau</a> published about the idea to combine his invention of the phénakisticope with the stereoscope, as suggested to him by stereoscope inventor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, and to use photographs of plaster sculptures in different positions to be animated in the combined device. In 1852, Jules Duboscq patented such an instrument as the "Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope", but he only marketed it very briefly, without success. One Bïoscope disc with stereoscopic photographs of a machine is in the Plateau collection of Ghent University, but no instruments or other discs have yet been found. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Horse_in_Motion-anim.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Horse_in_Motion-anim.gif/220px-The_Horse_in_Motion-anim.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Horse_in_Motion-anim.gif/330px-The_Horse_in_Motion-anim.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/The_Horse_in_Motion-anim.gif 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>An animation of the retouched Sallie Garner card from <a href="/wiki/The_Horse_in_Motion" title="The Horse in Motion">The Horse in Motion</a> series (1878–1879) by Muybridge</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1850s the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Instantaneous_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Instantaneous photography">instantaneous photography</a> came about and provided hope that motion photography would soon be possible, but it took a few decades before it was successfully combined with a method to record series of sequential images in real-time. In 1878, <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a> eventually managed to take a series of photographs of a running horse with a battery of cameras in a line along the track and published the results as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse_in_Motion" title="The Horse in Motion">The Horse in Motion</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_card" title="Cabinet card">cabinet cards</a>. Muybridge, as well as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jules_Marey" title="Étienne-Jules Marey">Étienne-Jules Marey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ottomar Anschütz">Ottomar Anschütz</a> and many others, would create many more <a href="/wiki/Chronophotography" title="Chronophotography">chronophotography</a> studies. Muybridge had the contours of dozens of his chronophotographic series traced onto glass discs and projected them with his <a href="/wiki/Zoopraxiscope" title="Zoopraxiscope">zoopraxiscope</a> in his lectures from 1880 to 1895. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrotachyscope1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electrotachyscope1.jpg/220px-Electrotachyscope1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electrotachyscope1.jpg/330px-Electrotachyscope1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electrotachyscope1.jpg/440px-Electrotachyscope1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">An <a href="/wiki/Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ottomar Anschütz">Anschütz</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrotachyscope" title="Electrotachyscope">electrotachyscope</a><br /><small><i>American Scientific</i>, 16/11/1889, p. 303</small></div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ottomar Anschütz">Anschütz</a> made his first <a href="/wiki/Instantaneous_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Instantaneous photography">instantaneous photographs</a> in 1881. He developed a portable camera that allowed <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> speeds as short as 1/1000 of a second in 1882. The quality of his pictures was generally regarded as much higher than that of the chronophotography works of <a href="/wiki/Muybridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Muybridge">Muybridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jules_Marey" title="Étienne-Jules Marey">Étienne-Jules Marey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-before1896_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-before1896-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, Anschütz developed the <a href="/wiki/Electrotachyscope" title="Electrotachyscope">Electrotachyscope</a>, an early device that displayed short motion picture loops with 24 glass plate photographs on a 1.5 meter wide rotating wheel that was hand-cranked to a speed of circa 30 frames per second. Different versions were shown at many international exhibitions, fairs, conventions, and arcades from 1887 until at least 1894. Starting in 1891, some 152 examples of a coin-operated peep-box Electrotachyscope model were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a> in Berlin and sold internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-zoetrope_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoetrope-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-before1896_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-before1896-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 34,000 people paid to see it at the Berlin Exhibition Park in the summer of 1892. Others saw it in London or at the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a>. On 25 November 1894, Anschütz introduced a Electrotachyscope projector with a 6x8 meter screening in Berlin. Between 22 February and 30 March 1895, a total of circa 7,000 paying customers came to view a 1.5-hour show of some 40 scenes at a 300-seat hall in the old Reichstag building in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/220px-seek%3D40-Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="299" data-mwtitle="Pauvre_Pierrot_(Emile_Reynaud,_1892).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pauvre_Pierrot_(Emile_Reynaud,_1892).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm/Pauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APauvre_Pierrot_%28Emile_Reynaud%2C_1892%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pauvre_Pierrot" title="Pauvre Pierrot">Pauvre Pierrot</a></i> (1892) repainted clip</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Reynaud" title="Émile Reynaud">Émile Reynaud</a> already mentioned the possibility of projecting the images of the Praxinoscope in his 1877 patent application. He presented a praxinoscope projection device at the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise_de_photographie" title="Société française de photographie">Société française de photographie</a> on 4 June 1880, but did not market his <i>praxinoscope a projection</i> before 1882. He then further developed the device into the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Optique" title="Théâtre Optique">Théâtre Optique</a> which could project longer sequences with separate backgrounds, patented in 1888. He created several movies for the machine by painting images on hundreds of gelatin plates that were mounted into cardboard frames and attached to a cloth band. From 28 October 1892 to March 1900 Reynaud gave over 12,800 shows to a total of over 500,000 visitors at the Musée Grévin in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_motion_pictures">First motion pictures</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A screenshot of Roundhay Garden Scene by the French Louis Le Prince, the world's first film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png/220px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png/330px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png/440px-LouisLePrinceFirstFilmEver_RoundhayGardenScene.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>A frame from <i><a href="/wiki/Roundhay_Garden_Scene" title="Roundhay Garden Scene">Roundhay Garden Scene</a></i>, the world's earliest surviving film produced using a motion picture camera, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a>, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 1880s, the introduction of lengths of <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">motion picture cameras</a>, which could photograph a rapid sequence of images using only one lens, allowed action to be captured and stored on a single compact <a href="/wiki/Reel" title="Reel">reel</a> of film. </p><p>Movies were initially shown publicly to one person at a time through "peep show" devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Electrotachyscope" title="Electrotachyscope">Electrotachyscope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mutoscope" title="Mutoscope">Mutoscope</a>. Not much later, exhibitors managed to <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">project</a> films on large screens for theatre audiences. </p><p>The first public screenings of films at which admission was charged were made in 1895 by the American <a href="/wiki/Woodville_Latham" title="Woodville Latham">Woodville Latham</a> and his sons, using films produced by their <a href="/wiki/Eidoloscope" title="Eidoloscope">Eidoloscope</a> company,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Max_Skladanowsky" title="Max Skladanowsky">Skladanowsky brothers</a> and by the – arguably better known – French brothers <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a> with ten of their own productions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Private screenings had preceded these by several months, with Latham's slightly predating the others'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_evolution">Early evolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune, showing a projectile in the man in the moon's eye from 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg/220px-Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Le_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>A famous shot from <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">A Trip to the Moon</a></i> (<i>Le Voyage dans la Lune</i>) (1902), an early <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">narrative film</a> and also an early <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction film</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest films were simply one static <a href="/wiki/Shot_(filming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shot (filming)">shot</a> that showed an event or action with no <a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">editing</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Cinematic_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinematic technique">cinematic techniques</a>. Typical films showed employees leaving a factory gate, people walking in the street, and the view from the front of a trolley as it traveled a city's Main Street. According to legend, when a film showed a locomotive at high speed approaching the audience, the audience panicked and ran from the theater. Around the turn of the 20th century, films started stringing several <a href="/wiki/Scene_(filming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scene (filming)">scenes</a> together to tell a story. (The filmmakers who first put several shots or scenes discovered that, when one shot follows another, that act establishes a relationship between the content in the separate shots in the minds of the viewer. It is this relationship that makes all film storytelling possible. In a simple example, if a person is shown looking out a window, whatever the next shot shows, it will be regarded as the view the person was seeing.) Each scene was a single stationary shot with the action occurring before it. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots photographed from different distances and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were developed as effective ways to tell a story with film. Until <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> became commercially practical in the late 1920s, motion pictures were a purely <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual art</a>, but these innovative <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> had gained a hold on the public imagination. Rather than leave audiences with only the noise of the projector as an accompaniment, theater owners hired a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">pianist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organist</a> or, in large urban theaters, a full <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> to play music that fit the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music to be used for this purpose, and complete <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film scores</a> were composed for major productions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/220px--Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="158" data-durationhint="108" data-mwtitle="Charlie_Chaplin,_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Charlie_Chaplin,_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="200" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv/Charlie_Chaplin%2C_the_Marriage_Bond.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="334" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A clip from the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> silent film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bond" title="The Bond">The Bond</a></i> (1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, while the film industry in the United States flourished with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, typified most prominently by the innovative work of <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> (1915) and <a href="/wiki/Intolerance_(film)" title="Intolerance (film)"><i>Intolerance</i></a> (1916). However, in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>, in many ways inspired by the meteoric wartime progress of film through Griffith, along with the contributions of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chaplin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Chaplin">Charles Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> and others, quickly caught up with American film-making and continued to further advance the medium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound">Sound</h3></div> <p>In the 1920s, the development of electronic <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">sound recording</a> technologies made it practical to incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> of speech, music and <a href="/wiki/Sound_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound effects">sound effects</a> synchronized with the action on the screen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> were initially distinguished from the usual silent "moving pictures" or "movies" by calling them "talking pictures" or "talkies."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The revolution they wrought was swift. By 1930, silent film was practically extinct in the US and already being referred to as "the old medium."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The evolution of sound in cinema began with the idea of combining moving images with existing <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> sound technology. Early sound-film systems, such as Thomas Edison's <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros</a>., laid the groundwork for synchronized sound in film. The Vitaphone system, produced alongside <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, faced initial resistance due to expensive equipping costs, but sound in cinema gained acceptance with movies like <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(1926_film)" title="Don Juan (1926 film)"><i>Don Juan</i></a> (1926) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i> (1927).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American film studios, while Europe standardized on <a href="/wiki/Tobis_Film" title="Tobis Film">Tobis-Klangfilm</a> and Tri-Ergon systems. This new technology allowed for greater fluidity in film, giving rise to more complex and epic movies like <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a></i> (1933).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the television threat emerged in the 1940s and 1950s, the film industry needed to innovate to attract audiences. In terms of sound technology, this meant the development of surround sound and more sophisticated audio systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Cinerama_Releasing_Corporation" title="Cinerama Releasing Corporation">Cinerama's</a> seven-channel system. However, these advances required a large number of personnel to operate the equipment and maintain the sound experience in theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a> introduced the Dolby A noise reduction system, which became a standard in the recording industry and eliminated the hissing sound associated with earlier standardization efforts. <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Stereo" title="Dolby Stereo">Dolby Stereo</a>, a revolutionary surround sound system, followed and allowed cinema designers to take acoustics into consideration when designing theaters. This innovation enabled audiences in smaller venues to enjoy comparable audio experiences to those in larger city theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the future of sound in film remains uncertain, with potential influences from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, remastered audio, and personal viewing experiences shaping its development.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is clear that the evolution of sound in cinema has been marked by continuous innovation and a desire to create more immersive and engaging experiences for audiences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3></div> <p>A significant technological advancement in film was the introduction of "natural color," where color was captured directly from nature through photography, as opposed to being manually added to black-and-white prints using techniques like hand-coloring or stencil-coloring.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early color processes often produced colors that appeared far from "natural".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the rapid transition from silent films to sound films, color's replacement of black-and-white happened more gradually.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crucial innovation was the three-strip version of the Technicolor process, first used in animated cartoons in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was later applied to live-action short films, specific sequences in feature films, and finally, for an entire feature film, Becky Sharp, in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the process was expensive, the positive public response, as evidenced by increased box office revenue, generally justified the additional cost.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the number of films made in color gradually increased year after year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s:_growing_influence_of_television">1950s: growing influence of television</h3></div> <p>In the early 1950s, the proliferation of black-and-white television started seriously depressing North American theater attendance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In an attempt to lure audiences back into theaters, bigger screens were installed, <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> processes, <a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">polarized 3D projection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic sound</a> were introduced, and more films were made in color, which soon became the rule rather than the exception. Some important mainstream Hollywood films were still being made in black-and-white as late as the mid-1960s, but they marked the end of an era. Color television receivers had been available in the US since the mid-1950s, but at first, they were very expensive and few broadcasts were in color. During the 1960s, prices gradually came down, color broadcasts became common, and sales boomed. The overwhelming public verdict in favor of color was clear. After the final flurry of black-and-white films had been released in mid-decade, all Hollywood studio productions were filmed in color, with the usual exceptions made only at the insistence of "star" filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_and_later">1960s and later</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salahzulfikar1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Salahzulfikar1.jpg/190px-Salahzulfikar1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Salahzulfikar1.jpg/286px-Salahzulfikar1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Salahzulfikar1.jpg/381px-Salahzulfikar1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a>, one of the most popular actors in the golden age of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egyptian Cinema</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The decades following the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">studio system</a> in the 1960s saw changes in the production and style of film. Various New Wave movements (including the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German Cinema</a> wave, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel Cinema">Indian New Wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egyptian New Wave</a>) and the rise of film-school-educated independent filmmakers contributed to the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force for change throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s. Digital 3D projection largely replaced earlier problem-prone 3D film systems and has become popular in the early 2010s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_theory">Film theory</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BolexH16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="16 mm spring-wound Bolex H16 Reflex camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/220px-BolexH16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/330px-BolexH16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a> spring-wound <a href="/wiki/Bolex" title="Bolex">Bolex</a> "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in <a href="/wiki/Film_school" title="Film school">film schools</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a>" seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>. The concept of film as an art-form began in 1911 with <a href="/wiki/Ricciotto_Canudo" title="Ricciotto Canudo">Ricciotto Canudo</a>'s manifest <i>The Birth of the Sixth Art</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography" title="Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography">Moscow Film School</a>, the oldest film school in the world, was founded in 1919, in order to teach about and research film theory. <a href="/wiki/Formalist_film_theory" title="Formalist film theory">Formalist film theory</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Arnheim" title="Rudolf Arnheim">Rudolf Arnheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Béla Balázs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a>, emphasized how film differed from reality and thus could be considered a valid <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bazin" title="André Bazin">André Bazin</a> reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality, not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)#Cinema" title="Realism (arts)">realist theory</a>. More recent analysis spurred by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>'s psychoanalysis and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> among other things has given rise to <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_film_theory" title="Psychoanalytic film theory">psychoanalytic film theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralist_film_theory" title="Structuralist film theory">structuralist film theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">feminist film theory</a>, and others. On the other hand, critics from the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical philosophy">analytical philosophy</a> tradition, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a>, try to clarify misconceptions used in theoretical studies and produce analysis of a film's vocabulary and its link to a <a href="/wiki/Form_of_life_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of life (philosophy)">form of life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <p>Film is considered to have its own <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Monaco" title="James Monaco">James Monaco</a> wrote a classic text on film theory, titled "How to <i>Read</i> a Film," that addresses this. Director <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> famously said, "<a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a> for me is the greatest <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</a>, the one who invented a <i>new language</i>, true to the nature of film, as it captures life as a reflection, life as a dream." An example of the language is a sequence of back and forth images of one speaking actor's left profile, followed by another speaking actor's right profile, then a repetition of this, which is a language understood by the audience to indicate a conversation. This describes another theory of film, the <a href="/wiki/180-degree_rule" title="180-degree rule">180-degree rule</a>, as a visual story-telling device with an ability to place a viewer in a context of being psychologically present through the use of visual composition and editing. The "<a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Hollywood style</a>" includes this narrative theory, due to the overwhelming practice of the rule by movie studios based in Hollywood, California, during film's classical era. Another example of cinematic language is having a shot that zooms in on the forehead of an actor with an expression of silent reflection that cuts to a shot of a younger actor who vaguely resembles the first actor, indicating that the first person is remembering a past self, an edit of compositions that causes a time transition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montage">Montage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)" title="Montage (filmmaking)">Montage</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)" title="Montage (filmmaking)">Montage</a> is a film editing technique in which separate pieces of film are selected, edited, and assembled to create a new section or sequence within a film. This technique can be used to convey a narrative or to create an emotional or intellectual effect by juxtaposing different shots, often for the purpose of condensing time, space, or information. Montage can involve <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(psychology)" title="Flashback (psychology)">flashbacks</a>, parallel action, or the interplay of various visual elements to enhance the storytelling or create <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic meaning">symbolic meaning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of montage emerged in the 1920s, with pioneering Soviet filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Lev Kuleshov</a> developing the theory of montage. Eisenstein's film <i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> (1925) is a prime example of the innovative use of montage, where he employed complex <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposition" title="Juxtaposition">juxtapositions</a> of images to create a visceral impact on the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the art of montage evolved, filmmakers began incorporating musical and visual counterpoint to create a more dynamic and engaging experience for the viewer. The development of scene construction through <a href="/wiki/Mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne" title="Mise-en-scène">mise-en-scène</a>, editing, and <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a> led to more sophisticated techniques that can be compared to those utilized in opera and ballet.<sup id="cite_ref-FilmEditing_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FilmEditing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a> movement of the late 1950s and 1960s also embraced the montage technique, with filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> using montage to create distinctive and innovative films. This approach continues to be influential in contemporary cinema, with directors employing montage to create memorable sequences in their films.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary cinema, montage continues to play an essential role in shaping narratives and creating emotional resonance. Filmmakers have adapted the traditional montage technique to suit the evolving aesthetics and storytelling styles of modern cinema. </p> <ol><li>Rapid editing and fast-paced montages: With the advent of digital editing tools, filmmakers can now create rapid and intricate montages to convey information or emotions quickly. Films like <a href="/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky" title="Darren Aronofsky">Darren Aronofsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Dream" title="Requiem for a Dream">Requiem for a Dream</a></i> (2000) and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wright" title="Edgar Wright">Edgar Wright</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shaun_of_the_Dead" title="Shaun of the Dead">Shaun of the Dead</a></i> (2004) employ fast-paced editing techniques to create immersive and intense experiences for the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FilmEditing_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FilmEditing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Music video influence: The influence of music videos on film has led to the incorporation of stylized montage sequences, often accompanied by popular music. Films like <i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)" title="Guardians of the Galaxy (film)">Guardians of the Galaxy</a></i> (2014) and <i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Driver" title="Baby Driver">Baby Driver</a></i> (2017) use montage to create visually striking sequences that are both entertaining and narratively functional.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sports and training montages: The sports and training montage has become a staple in modern cinema, often used to condense time and show a character's growth or development. Examples of this can be found in films like <i><a href="/wiki/Rocky" title="Rocky">Rocky</a></i> (1976), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid" title="The Karate Kid">The Karate Kid</a></i> (1984), and <i><a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby" title="Million Dollar Baby">Million Dollar Baby</a></i> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cross-cutting and parallel action: Contemporary filmmakers often use montage to create tension and suspense by <a href="/wiki/Cross-cutting" title="Cross-cutting">cross-cutting</a> between parallel storylines. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan_filmography" title="Christopher Nolan filmography">Christopher Nolan's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a></i> (2010) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)" title="Dunkirk (2017 film)">Dunkirk</a></i> (2017) employ complex cross-cutting techniques to build narrative momentum and heighten the audience's emotional engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thematic montage: Montage can also be used to convey thematic elements or <a href="/wiki/Motifs_in_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Motifs in mythology">motifs</a> in a film. <a href="/wiki/Wes_Anderson_filmography" title="Wes Anderson filmography">Wes Anderson's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Tenenbaums" title="The Royal Tenenbaums">The Royal Tenenbaums</a></i> (2001) employs montage to create a visual language that reflects the film's <a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">themes</a> of family, nostalgia, and loss.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>As the medium of film continues to evolve, montage remains an integral aspect of visual storytelling, with filmmakers finding new and innovative ways to employ this powerful technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_criticism">Film criticism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">Film criticism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; border-width: 1px; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>If a movie can illuminate the lives of other people who share this planet with us and show us not only how different they are but, how even so, they share the same dreams and hurts, then it deserves to be called great. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and other media. Film critics working for newspapers, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">broadcast media</a> mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate their opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on the audience response and attendance at films, especially those of certain <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a>. Mass marketed <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy films</a> tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film and the assessment of the director's and screenwriters' work that makes up the majority of most film reviews can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">dramas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a>, the influence of reviews is important. Poor reviews from leading critics at major papers and magazines will often reduce audience interest and attendance. </p><p>The impact of a reviewer on a given film's <a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> performance is a matter of debate. Some observers claim that <a href="/wiki/Movie_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie marketing">movie marketing</a> in the 2000s is so intense, well-coordinated and well financed that reviewers cannot prevent a poorly written or filmed <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> from attaining market success. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily promoted films which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent films indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Other observers note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires, as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result. Journalist film critics are sometimes called film reviewers. Critics who take a more academic approach to films, through publishing in film journals and writing books about films using <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">film studies</a> approaches, study how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their reviews published in newspapers or appearing on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals or up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities as professors or instructors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African cinema">African cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian cinema">Asian cinema</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><small><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">East Asian cinema</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">South Asian cinema</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeast Asian cinema</a><br /><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian cinema">West Asian cinema</a></small></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="European cinema">European cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin American cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North American cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanian cinema">Oceanian cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Babelsberg Studio near Berlin gate with pedestrian island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/220px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/330px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/440px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a> near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> was the first large-scale film studio in the world, and the forerunner to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>. It still produces global blockbusters every year.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misr_Studio_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Misr_Studio_old.jpg/220px-Misr_Studio_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Misr_Studio_old.jpg/330px-Misr_Studio_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Misr_Studio_old.jpg/440px-Misr_Studio_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1935, <a href="/wiki/Studio_Misr" title="Studio Misr">Studio Misr</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza Pyramid complex</a>, was the first large-scale film studio in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumières</a> quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import, and screen additional product commercially. The <a href="/wiki/Oberammergau_Passion_Play" title="Oberammergau Passion Play">Oberammergau Passion Play</a> of 1898<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">theaters</a> and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrities</a> and commanded huge fees for their performances. By 1917 <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars. From 1931 to 1956, film was also the only image storage and playback system for <a href="/wiki/Television_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programming">television programming</a> until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Videotape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Videotape recorder">videotape recorders</a>. </p><p>In the United States, much of the film industry is centered around <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood, California">Hollywood, California</a>. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>-centered <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian film industry's</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the expense involved in making films has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">movie studios</a>, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish. </p><p>Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large <a href="/wiki/Cost_overruns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost overruns">cost overruns</a>, an example being <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Waterworld" title="Waterworld">Waterworld</a></i>. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, based on their artistic merits. There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts. Revenue in the industry is sometimes volatile due to the reliance on <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbuster film">blockbuster films</a> released in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a>. The rise of alternative home entertainment has raised questions about the future of the cinema industry, and Hollywood employment has become less reliable, particularly for medium and low-budget films.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_fields">Associated fields</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></div> <p>Derivative academic fields of study may both interact with and develop independently of filmmaking, as in <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theory</a> and analysis. Fields of academic study have been created that are derivative or dependent on the existence of film, such as <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">film criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Film history">film history</a>, divisions of <a href="/wiki/Film_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Film propaganda">film propaganda</a> in authoritarian governments, or psychological on subliminal effects (e.g., of a flashing soda can during a screening). These fields may further create derivative fields, such as a <a href="/wiki/Movie_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie review">movie review</a> section in a newspaper or a television guide. Sub-industries can spin off from film, such as popcorn makers, and film-related toys (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_action_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars action figures"><i>Star Wars</i> figures</a>). Sub-industries of pre-existing industries may deal specifically with film, such as <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> within films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The terminology used for describing motion pictures varies considerably between <a href="/wiki/British_and_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="British and American English">British and American English</a>. In British usage, the name of the medium is <i>film</i>. The word <i>movie</i> is understood but seldom used.<sup id="cite_ref-britam_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britam-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sdope_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdope-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <i>the pictures</i> (plural) is used somewhat frequently to refer to the place where movies are exhibited; in American English this may be called <i>the movies</i>, but that term is becoming outdated. In other countries, the place where movies are exhibited may be called a <i>cinema</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Movie_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theatre">movie theatre</a></i>. </p><p>By contrast, in the United States, <i>movie</i> is the predominant term for the medium. Although the words <i>film</i> and <i>movie</i> are sometimes used interchangeably, <i>film</i> is more often used when considering a work's <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theoretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical">theoretical</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technical</a> aspects. The term <i>movie</i> more often refers to a work's <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> aspects. </p><p>Further terminology is used to distinguish various forms and media used in the film industry. <i>Motion pictures</i> and <i>moving pictures</i> are frequently used terms for film and movie productions specifically intended for theatrical exhibition, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a></i> are video formats that can reproduce a photochemical film. A reproduction based on such is called a <i>transfer</i>. After the advent of theatrical film as an industry, the television industry began using videotape as a recording medium. For many decades, tape was solely an analog medium onto which moving images could be either recorded or transferred. <i>Film</i> and <i>filming</i> refer to the photochemical medium that chemically records a visual image and the act of recording respectively. However, the act of shooting images with other visual media, such as with a digital camera, is still called <i>filming</i>, and the resulting works often called <i>films</i> as interchangeable to <i>movies</i>, despite not being shot on film. <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent films">Silent films</a></i> need not be utterly silent, but are films and movies without an audible dialogue, including those that have a musical accompaniment. The word <i><a href="/wiki/Talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkies">talkies</a></i> refers to the earliest sound films created to have <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">audible</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> recorded for playback along with the film, regardless of a musical accompaniment. <i>Cinema</i> either broadly encompasses both films and movies, or it is roughly synonymous with film and theatrical exhibition, and both are capitalized when referring to a category of art. The <i><a href="/wiki/Silver_screen" title="Silver screen">silver screen</a></i> refers to the projection screen used to exhibit films and, by extension, is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for the entire film industry. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a></i> refers to a larger width to height in the <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frame</a>, compared to earlier historic <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imdbmovietermsw_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdbmovietermsw-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>feature-length film</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a></i>, is of a conventional full length, usually 60 minutes or more, and can commercially stand by itself without other films in a ticketed screening.<sup id="cite_ref-imdbmovietermsf_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdbmovietermsf-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Short_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Short subject">short</a></i> is a film that is not as long as a feature-length film, often screened with other shorts, or preceding a feature-length film. An <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent</a></i> is a film made outside the conventional film industry. </p><p>In US usage, one talks of a <i><a href="/wiki/Film_screening" title="Film screening">screening</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">projection</a></i> of a movie or video on a <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screen</a> at a public or private <i>theater</i>. In British English, a <i>film showing</i> happens at a <i><a href="/wiki/Movie_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theatre">cinema</a></i> (never a <i><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a></i>, which is a different medium and place altogether).<sup id="cite_ref-sdope_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdope-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cinema</i> usually refers to an arena designed specifically to exhibit films, where the screen is affixed to a wall, while <i>theatre</i> usually refers to a place where live, non-recorded action or combination thereof occurs from a podium or other type of stage, including the amphitheatre. Theatres can still screen movies in them, though the theatre would be retrofitted to do so. One might propose <i>going to the cinema</i> when referring to the activity, or sometimes <i>to the pictures</i> in British English, whereas the US expression is usually <i>going to the movies</i>. A cinema usually shows a mass-marketed movie using a front-projection screen process with either a film projector or, more recently, with a digital projector. But, cinemas may also show theatrical movies from their home video transfers that include Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and videocassette when they possess sufficient projection quality or based upon need, such as movies that exist only in their transferred state, which may be due to the loss or deterioration of the film master and prints from which the movie originally existed. Due to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital film production and distribution</a>, physical film might be absent entirely. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">double feature</a></i> is a screening of two independently marketed, stand-alone feature films. A <i>viewing</i> is a watching of a film. <i><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></i> and <i>at the box office</i> refer to tickets sold at a theater, or more currently, rights sold for individual showings. A <i><a href="/wiki/Film_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Film release">release</a></i> is the distribution and often simultaneous screening of a film. A <i><a href="/wiki/Preview_(theatre)" title="Preview (theatre)">preview</a></i> is a screening in advance of the main release. </p><p>Any film may also have a <i><a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequel</a></i>, which portrays events following those in the film. <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a></i> is an early example. When there are more films than one with the same characters, story arcs, or subject themes, these movies become a <i>series</i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films" title="List of James Bond films">James Bond series</a>. Existing outside a specific story timeline usually does not exclude a film from being part of a series. A film that portrays events occurring earlier in a timeline with those in another film, but is released after that film, is sometimes called a <i><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">prequel</a></i>, an example being <i><a href="/wiki/Butch_and_Sundance:_The_Early_Days" title="Butch and Sundance: The Early Days">Butch and Sundance: The Early Days</a></i>. </p><p>The <i>credits</i>, or <i>end credits</i>, are a list that gives credit to the people involved in the production of a film. Films from before the 1970s usually start a film with credits, often ending with only a title card, saying "The End" or some equivalent, often an equivalent that depends on the language of the production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From then onward, a film's credits usually appear at the end of most films. However, films with credits that end a film often repeat some credits at or near the start of a film and therefore appear twice, such as that film's acting leads, while less frequently some appearing near or at the beginning only appear there, not at the end, which often happens to the director's credit. The credits appearing at or near the beginning of a film are usually called <i>titles</i> or <i>beginning titles</i>. A <i><a href="/wiki/Post-credits_scene" title="Post-credits scene">post-credits scene</a></i> is a scene shown after the end of the credits. <i><a href="/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">Ferris Bueller's Day Off</a></i> has a post-credits scene in which Ferris tells the audience that the film is over and they should go home. </p><p>A film's <i>cast</i> refers to a collection of the actors and actresses who appear, or <i>star</i>, in a film. A <i>star</i> is an actor or actress, often a popular one, and in many cases, a <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> who plays a central character in a film. Occasionally the word can also be used to refer to the fame of other members of the crew, such as a director or other personality, such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>. A <i>crew</i> is usually interpreted as the people involved in a film's physical construction outside cast participation, and it could include directors, film editors, photographers, grips, gaffers, set decorators, prop masters, and costume designers. A person can both be part of a film's cast and crew, such as <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>, who directed and starred in <i><a href="/wiki/Take_the_Money_and_Run_(film)" title="Take the Money and Run (film)">Take the Money and Run</a></i>. </p><p>A <i>film goer</i>, <i>movie goer</i>, or <i>film buff</i> is a person who likes or often attends films and movies, and any of these, though more often the latter, could also see oneself as a student to films and movies or the filmic process. Intense interest in films, film theory, and film criticism, is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Cinephilia" title="Cinephilia">cinephilia</a></i>. A film enthusiast is known as a <i>cinephile</i> or <i>cineaste</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preview">Preview</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Test_screening" title="Test screening">Test screening</a></div> <p><i>Preview performance</i> refers to a showing of a film to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections based on the <a href="/wiki/Audience_response" title="Audience response">audience response</a>. One example of a film that was changed after a negative response from the test screening is 1982's <i><a href="/wiki/First_Blood" title="First Blood">First Blood</a></i>. After the test audience responded very negatively to the death of protagonist <a href="/wiki/John_Rambo" title="John Rambo">John Rambo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Vietnam veteran</a>, at the end of the film, the company wrote and re-shot a new ending in which the character survives.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trailer_and_teaser">Trailer and teaser</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Film trailer">Film trailer</a></div> <p><i>Trailers</i> or <i>previews</i> are advertisements for films that will be shown in 1 to 3 months at a cinema. Back in the early days of cinema, with theaters that had only one or two screens, only certain trailers were shown for the films that were going to be shown there. Later, when theaters added more screens or new theaters were built with a lot of screens, all different trailers were shown even if they were not going to play that film in that theater. Film studios realized that the more trailers that were shown (even if it was not going to be shown in that particular theater) the more patrons would go to a different theater to see the film when it came out. The term <i>trailer</i> comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film program. That practice did not last long because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the "A film" in a double feature program) begins. Film trailers are also common on DVDs and Blu-ray Discs, as well as on the Internet and mobile devices. Trailers are created to be engaging and interesting for viewers. As a result, in the Internet era, viewers often seek out trailers to watch them. Of the ten billion videos watched online annually in 2008, film trailers ranked third, after news and user-created videos.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>teaser</i> is a much shorter preview or advertisement that lasts only 10 to 30 seconds. Teasers are used to get patrons excited about a film coming out in the next six to twelve months. Teasers may be produced even before the film production is completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_role_of_film_in_culture">The role of film in culture</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Zaki_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mona_Zaki_2015.jpg/190px-Mona_Zaki_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mona_Zaki_2015.jpg/285px-Mona_Zaki_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mona_Zaki_2015.jpg/379px-Mona_Zaki_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mona_Zaki" title="Mona Zaki">Mona Zaki</a>, Egyptian film star, her films influenced both the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Films are <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifacts</a> created by specific <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>, facilitating intercultural dialogue. It is considered to be an important art form that provides entertainment and historical value, often visually documenting a period of time. The visual basis of the medium gives it a universal power of communication, often stretched further through the use of <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translate</a> the dialog into other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just seeing a location in a film is linked to higher tourism to that location, demonstrating how powerful the suggestive nature of the medium can be.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_propaganda">Education and propaganda</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda film</a></div> <p>Film is used for a range of goals, including education and propaganda due its ability to effectively intercultural dialogue. When the purpose is primarily educational, a film is called an "<a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">educational film</a>". Examples are recordings of academic lectures and experiments, or a film based on a classic novel. Film may be <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda</a>, in whole or in part, such as the films made by <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> in Nazi Germany, US war film trailers during World War II, or artistic films made under Stalin by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>. They may also be works of political protest, as in the films of <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a>, or more subtly, the films of <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>. The same film may be considered educational by some, and propaganda by others as the categorization of a film can be subjective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></div> <p>At its core, the means to produce a film depend on the content the filmmaker wishes to show, and the apparatus for displaying it: the <a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">zoetrope</a> merely requires a series of images on a strip of paper. Film production can, therefore, take as little as one person with a camera (or even without a camera, as in <a href="/wiki/Stan_Brakhage" title="Stan Brakhage">Stan Brakhage</a>'s 1963 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mothlight" title="Mothlight">Mothlight</a></i>), or thousands of actors, extras, and crew members for a live-action, feature-length epic. The necessary steps for almost any film can be boiled down to conception, planning, execution, revision, and distribution. The more involved the production, the more significant each of the steps becomes. In a typical <a href="/wiki/Production_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Production cycle">production cycle</a> of a Hollywood-style film, these main stages are defined as <a href="/wiki/Script_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Script development">development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">pre-production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">distribution</a>. </p><p>This production cycle usually takes three years. The first year is taken up with <i>development</i>. The second year comprises <i>preproduction</i> and <i>production</i>. The third year, <i>post-production</i> and <i>distribution</i>. The bigger the production, the more resources it takes, and the more important <a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">financing</a> becomes; most <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a> are artistic works from the creators' perspective (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film director</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriter</a>) and for-profit business entities for the production companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew">Crew</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a></div> <p>A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. <i>Crew</i> is distinguished from <i>cast</i>, who are the <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actors</a> who appear in front of the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> or provide voices for characters in the film. The <i>crew</i> interacts with but is also distinct from the <i>production staff</i>, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Film editor">film editors</a>. Communication between <i>production</i> and <i>crew</i> generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well-defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. <a href="/wiki/Caterer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterer">Caterers</a> (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">Film stock</a> consists of transparent <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a> coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film format</a> for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm</a> prints. Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">projectors</a>; though 1000 frames per minute (16<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When synchronized <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second were chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard was set with <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.'s</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> system in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras – allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design – allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">filmstocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a>, allowing <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">directors</a> to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures, many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously. </p><p>As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> presentations and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most films on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of <a href="/wiki/Separation_masters" title="Separation masters">separation masters</a>: three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. <a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a> of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black-and-white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage. </p><p>Some films in recent decades have been recorded using <a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">analog video</a> technology similar to that used in <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> cameras and <a href="/wiki/Digital_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital projector">digital projectors</a> are gaining ground as well. These approaches are preferred by some film-makers, especially because footage shot with <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a> can be evaluated and edited with <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear editing system">non-linear editing systems</a> (NLE) without waiting for the film stock to be processed. The migration was gradual, and as of 2005, most major motion pictures were still shot on film.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (June 2015)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent">Independent</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Auguste and Louis Lumière brothers seated looking left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg/170px-Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg/255px-Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg/340px-Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">The Lumière Brothers</a>, who were among the first filmmakers</figcaption></figure> <p>Independent filmmaking often takes place outside Hollywood, or other major <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">studio systems</a>. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hollywood_movie_studios" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hollywood movie studios">major film studio</a>. Creative, business and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also lead to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).<sup id="cite_ref-VARIETY_2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VARIETY_2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles. </p><p>Before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">digital</a> alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. But the advent of consumer <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a> in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to film production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; in the 2000s, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>. Technologies such as <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> connections and a wide variety of professional and consumer-grade <a href="/wiki/Video_editing_software" title="Video editing software">video editing software</a> make film-making relatively affordable. </p><p>Since the introduction of digital video <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot a film with a digital video camera and edit the film, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a high-end home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festivals</a> to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video websites such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veoh" title="Veoh">Veoh</a> has further changed the filmmaking landscape, enabling indie filmmakers to make their films available to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_content_film">Open content film</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_content_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content film">Open content film</a></div> <p>An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a> which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a> or derivative works rather than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside Hollywood and other major <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">studio systems</a>. For example, the film <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(2018_film)" title="Balloon (2018 film)"><i>Balloon</i></a> was based on <a href="/wiki/East_German_balloon_escape" class="mw-redirect" title="East German balloon escape">the real event during the Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fan_film">Fan film</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></div> <p>A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> or a similar source, created by <a href="/wiki/Fan_(aficionado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (aficionado)">fans</a> rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateurs</a>, but some of the most notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Film distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Film release">Film release</a></div> <p>Film distribution is the process through which a film is made available for viewing by an <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>. This is normally the task of a professional <a href="/wiki/Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">film distributor</a>, who would determine the marketing strategy of the film, the media by which a film is to be exhibited or made available for viewing, and may set the <a href="/wiki/Film_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Film release">release date</a> and other matters. The film may be exhibited directly to the public either through a <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> (historically the main way films were distributed) or <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> for <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">personal home viewing</a> (including on <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video-on-demand</a>, online <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">downloading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programs</a> through <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a> etc.). Other ways of distributing a film include rental or personal purchase of the film in a variety of media and formats, such as <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> tape or <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">downloading</a> or <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> using a computer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation">Animation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animhorse.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Animhorse.gif/170px-Animhorse.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Animhorse.gif/255px-Animhorse.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Animhorse.gif 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>An animated image of a horse, made using eight pictures</figcaption></figure> <p>Animation is a technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see <a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">claymation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a>), and then photographing the result with a special <a href="/wiki/Animation_camera" title="Animation camera">animation camera</a>. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the <a href="/wiki/Phi_phenomenon" title="Phi phenomenon">phi phenomenon</a>). Generating such a film is very labor-intensive and tedious, though the development of <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> has greatly sped up the process. Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">TV</a> and films comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of <a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">independent animation</a> has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a> is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/United_Productions_of_America" title="United Productions of America">UPA</a> and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> in the United States, and by <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> in Japan, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a> to <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Camera-less animation, made famous by film-makers like <a href="/wiki/Norman_McLaren" title="Norman McLaren">Norman McLaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Len_Lye" title="Len Lye">Len Lye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Brakhage" title="Stan Brakhage">Stan Brakhage</a>, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross-genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-genre">hybrid</a> genre)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmophile">Filmophile</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_film_by_genre" title="Bibliography of film by genre">Bibliography of film by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_motion_picture_terms" title="Glossary of motion picture terms">Glossary of motion picture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_video-related_articles" title="Index of video-related articles">Index of video-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_awards" title="List of film awards">List of film awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals" title="List of film festivals">List of film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_periodicals" title="List of film periodicals">List of film periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_film" title="List of years in film">List of years in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_films" title="Lists of films">Lists of films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_films" title="List of books on films">List of books on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_film" title="Outline of film">Outline of film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">Lost film</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Movies_(video_game)" title="The Movies (video game)">The Movies</a></i>, a simulation game about the film industry, taking place at the dawn of cinema</li> <li>Platforms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">Television film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_film" title="Web film">Web film</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called a <b>moving picture</b>, <b>picture</b>, <b>photoplay</b>, or <b>flick</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeverny2013" class="citation web cs1">Severny, Andrei (September 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907214603/https://tribecafilm.com/future-of-film/future-of-the-movie-theater-is-in-your-mind">"The Movie Theater of the Future Will Be In Your Mind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribeca Film Festival">Tribeca</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribecafilm.com/future-of-film/future-of-the-movie-theater-is-in-your-mind">the original</a> on September 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribeca&rft.atitle=The+Movie+Theater+of+the+Future+Will+Be+In+Your+Mind&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.aulast=Severny&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribecafilm.com%2Ffuture-of-film%2Ffuture-of-the-movie-theater-is-in-your-mind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/film">"film | Etymology, origin and meaning of film"</a>. <i>etymonline</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201065246/https://www.etymonline.com/word/film">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline&rft.atitle=film+%7C+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+film&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ffilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/flick">"Flick"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. 22 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Media Frame Rates, Explained</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VARIETY_2003-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VARIETY_2003_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmdur2003" class="citation web cs1">Amdur, Meredith (2003-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=print_story&articleid=VR1117895718&categoryid=10">"Sharing Pix is Risky Business"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915040337/https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=print_story&articleid=VR1117895718&categoryid=10">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Sharing+Pix+is+Risky+Business&rft.date=2003-11-16&rft.aulast=Amdur&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Findex.asp%3Flayout%3Dprint_story%26articleid%3DVR1117895718%26categoryid%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2021.1956155">"Recommended Films"</a>. <i>Peace Review</i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>172. 2021-01-02. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402659.2021.1956155">10.1080/10402659.2021.1956155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2659">1040-2659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239028670">239028670</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065721/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2021.1956155">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=Recommended+Films&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2021-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239028670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1040-2659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10402659.2021.1956155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10402659.2021.1956155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2006" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Mark (2006-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6193603.stm">"Hanna Barbera's golden age of animation"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219211006/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6193603.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hanna+Barbera%27s+golden+age+of+animation&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F6193603.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcker,_Ally1991" class="citation book cs1">Acker, Ally (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reelwomenpioneer00acke"><i>Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema, 1896 to the Present</i></a>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-0499-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-0499-5"><bdi>0-8264-0499-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reel+Women%3A+Pioneers+of+the+Cinema%2C+1896+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8264-0499-5&rft.au=Acker%2C+Ally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freelwomenpioneer00acke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasten,_Fred_E.1980" class="citation book cs1">Basten, Fred E. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glorioustechnico0000bast"><i>Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow</i></a></span>. Cranbury, NJ: AS Barnes & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-498-02317-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-498-02317-6"><bdi>0-498-02317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glorious+Technicolor%3A+The+Movies%27+Magic+Rainbow&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+NJ&rft.pub=AS+Barnes+%26+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-498-02317-6&rft.au=Basten%2C+Fred+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglorioustechnico0000bast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Basten, Fred E. (writer); Peter Jones (director and writer); Angela Lansbury (narrator) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdb.com/title/tt0274530/"><i>Glorious Technicolor</i></a> (Documentary). Turner Classic Movies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613220347/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274530/">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glorious+Technicolor&rft.pub=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0274530%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasetti,_Francesco1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Casetti" title="Francesco Casetti">Casetti, Francesco</a> (1999). <i>Theories of Cinema, 1945–1995</i>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71207-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71207-3"><bdi>0-292-71207-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Cinema%2C+1945%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-292-71207-3&rft.au=Casetti%2C+Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_Pam2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pam_Cook" title="Pam Cook">Cook, Pam</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinemabookedbypa0000unse"><i>The Cinema Book</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: British Film Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-193-2"><bdi>978-1-84457-193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+Book&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84457-193-2&rft.au=Cook%2C+Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcinemabookedbypa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber,_LizWalters,_Helen2003" class="citation book cs1">Faber, Liz & Walters, Helen (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animationunlimit0000fabe"><i>Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940</i></a></span>. London: Laurence King, in association with Harper Design International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85669-346-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85669-346-5"><bdi>1-85669-346-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animation+Unlimited%3A+Innovative+Short+Films+Since+1940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Laurence+King%2C+in+association+with+Harper+Design+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85669-346-5&rft.au=Faber%2C+Liz&rft.au=Walters%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimationunlimit0000fabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagener,_MalteTöteberg,_Michael2002" class="citation book cs1">Hagener, Malte & Töteberg, Michael (2002). <i>Film: An International Bibliography</i>. Stuttgart: Metzler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-476-01523-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-476-01523-8"><bdi>3-476-01523-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film%3A+An+International+Bibliography&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Metzler&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-476-01523-8&rft.au=Hagener%2C+Malte&rft.au=T%C3%B6teberg%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_JohnGibson,_Pamela_Church1998" class="citation book cs1">Hill, John & Gibson, Pamela Church (1998). <i>The Oxford Guide to Film Studies</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-871124-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-871124-7"><bdi>0-19-871124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Film+Studies&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-871124-7&rft.au=Hill%2C+John&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Pamela+Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Geoff2002" class="citation book cs1">King, Geoff (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhollywoodcine00king_0"><i>New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12759-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12759-6"><bdi>0-231-12759-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hollywood+Cinema%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-231-12759-6&rft.au=King%2C+Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhollywoodcine00king_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedoux,_TrishRanney,_DougPatten,_Fred1997" class="citation book cs1">Ledoux, Trish; Ranney, Doug; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Patten" title="Fred Patten">Patten, Fred</a> (1997). <i>Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide</i>. Issaquah, WA: Tiger Mountain Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9649542-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9649542-5-7"><bdi>0-9649542-5-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Anime+Guide%3A+Japanese+Animation+Film+Directory+and+Resource+Guide&rft.place=Issaquah%2C+WA&rft.pub=Tiger+Mountain+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-9649542-5-7&rft.au=Ledoux%2C+Trish&rft.au=Ranney%2C+Doug&rft.au=Patten%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt,_Greg2000" class="citation book cs1">Merritt, Greg (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celluloidmaveric00merr"><i>Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film</i></a>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-232-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-232-4"><bdi>1-56025-232-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celluloid+Mavericks%3A+A+History+of+American+Independent+Film&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56025-232-4&rft.au=Merritt%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelluloidmaveric00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell-Smith,_Geoffrey1999" class="citation book cs1">Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof"><i>The Oxford History of World Cinema</i></a></span>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-874242-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-874242-8"><bdi>0-19-874242-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+World+Cinema&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-874242-8&rft.au=Nowell-Smith%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofw00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocchio,_Vincent_F.2000" class="citation book cs1">Rocchio, Vincent F. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reelracismconfro0000rocc"><i>Reel Racism: Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture</i></a></span>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-6710-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-6710-7"><bdi>0-8133-6710-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reel+Racism%3A+Confronting+Hollywood%27s+Construction+of+Afro-American+Culture&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-6710-7&rft.au=Rocchio%2C+Vincent+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freelracismconfro0000rocc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader,_Paul1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Schrader" title="Paul Schrader">Schrader, Paul</a> (Spring 1972). "Notes on Film Noir". <i>Film Comment</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-119X">0015-119X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Comment&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Film+Noir&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0015-119X&rft.au=Schrader%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Schultz, John (writer and director); James Earl Jones (narrator) (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdb.com/title/tt0256908/"><i>The Making of 'Jurassic Park'<span></span></i></a> (Documentary). Amblin Entertainment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107172933/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0256908/">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+%27Jurassic+Park%27&rft.pub=Amblin+Entertainment&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0256908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackway,_Melissa2003" class="citation book cs1">Thackway, Melissa (2003). <i>Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85255-576-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85255-576-8"><bdi>0-85255-576-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Shoots+Back%3A+Alternative+Perspectives+in+Sub-Saharan+Francophone+African+Film&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85255-576-8&rft.au=Thackway%2C+Melissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel,_Amos1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Vogel" title="Amos Vogel">Vogel, Amos</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/Film_as_a_Subversive_Art" title="Film as a Subversive Art">Film as a Subversive Art</a></i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49078-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49078-9"><bdi>0-394-49078-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+as+a+Subversive+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-394-49078-9&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Burton, Gideon O., and Randy Astle, jt. eds. (2007). "Mormons and Film", entire special issue, <i>B.Y.U. Studies</i> (Brigham Young University), vol. 46 (2007), no. 2. 336 p, ill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0007-0106">0007-0106</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hickenlooper" title="George Hickenlooper">Hickenlooper, George</a> (1991). <i>Reel [sic] Conversations: Candid Interviews with Film's Foremost Directors and Critics</i>, in series, <i>Citadel Press Book[s]</i>. New York: Carol Publishing Group. xii, 370 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-1237-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-1237-7">0-8065-1237-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Thomson_(film_critic)" title="David Thomson (film critic)">Thomson, David</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Film" title="The New Biographical Dictionary of Film">The New Biographical Dictionary of Film</a></i> (4th ed.). New York: A.A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41128-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41128-3"><bdi>0-375-41128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Film&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=A.A.+Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-375-41128-3&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Zacks2014" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Zacks (2014). <i>Flicker: Your Brain on Movies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998287-5"><bdi>978-0-19-998287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flicker%3A+Your+Brain+on+Movies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998287-5&rft.au=Jeffrey+Zacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Film</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/film" class="extiw" title="wikt:film">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Film" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Film">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Film" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Film">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Film" class="extiw" title="q:Film">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Film" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Film">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Film" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Film">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Film" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Film">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Film</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Film&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Film">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Film&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/">Allmovie</a> – Information on films: actors, directors, biographies, reviews, cast and production credits, box office sales, and other movie data.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmsite.org/">Film Site</a> – Reviews of classic films</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/">Rottentomatoes.com</a> – Movie reviews, previews, forums, photos, cast info, and more.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970122085113/https://imdb.com/">The Internet Movie Database</a> – Information on current and historical films and cast listings (archived 22 January 1997)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filmmaking283" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Filmmaking" title="Template:Filmmaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filmmaking" title="Template talk:Filmmaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filmmaking283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking#Development" title="Filmmaking">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">Film treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">Producer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scriptment" title="Scriptment">scriptment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_outline" title="Step outline">Step outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spec_script" title="Spec script">spec script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">film adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (filmmaking)">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_(filmmaking)" title="Option (filmmaking)">Option</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">Film budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_finance" title="Film finance">Film finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlight" title="Greenlight">Greenlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_title" title="Working title">Working title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_breakdown" title="Script breakdown">Script breakdown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_down_the_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking down the script">process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">Shooting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)" title="Casting (performing arts)">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">Scenography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_board" title="Production board">Production board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_out_of_days_(filmmaking)" title="Day out of days (filmmaking)">Day out of days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_schedule" title="Production schedule">Production schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_schedule" title="Shooting schedule">Shooting schedule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_liner_schedule" title="One liner schedule">one-liner</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">Videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Videographer">Videographer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_call_sheet" title="Daily call sheet">Daily call sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailies" title="Dailies">Dailies (rushes)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Daily_reports13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_inventory_report" title="Film inventory report">Film inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_report" title="Production report">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_production_report" title="Daily production report">Daily production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_progress_report" title="Daily progress report">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_report" title="Sound report">Sound</a></li> <li>Cost</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_editor_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily editor log">Editor log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_(filmmaking)" title="Re-recording (filmmaking)">Re-recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">Sync sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">Timecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_cost" title="Negative cost">Negative cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">Digital intermediate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">Film distributor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_distributors_by_country" title="List of film distributors by country">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_release" title="Art release">Film release</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_release" title="Wide release">wide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release" title="Limited theatrical release">limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed release (film)">delayed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">Roadshow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">Box office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_hell" title="Development hell">Development hell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography" title="Filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_rights" title="Film rights">Film rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(filmmaking)" title="Turnaround (filmmaking)">Turnaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-dollar_gross" title="First-dollar gross">First-dollar gross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1671" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1671" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11424#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017102-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088084">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561772">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="film"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114534&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="filmy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120215&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000173597&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059799&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548432405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10631732">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641443">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film&oldid=1273135544">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film&oldid=1273135544</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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