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Cyril and Methodius Byzantine Catholic Seminary</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36593806" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_and_State"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://qub.academia.edu/ChristopherMcCrudden","location":"/ChristopherMcCrudden","scheme":"https","host":"qub.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/ChristopherMcCrudden","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Church and State"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-ffddd8ae-1c8b-4ede-9b04-ae68e0cc4d09"></div> <div 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class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123727646/Human_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_International_Law_Scholarship"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human Rights Theory and Comparative International Law Scholarship" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118091851/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123727646/Human_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_International_Law_Scholarship">Human Rights Theory and Comparative International Law Scholarship</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford Scholarship Online</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is identified, based on the findings in this volume and earlier work on the use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). From that, three aspects of the domestic functions of international human rights treaties are tentatively identified as particularly significant: international human rights law is only partly internationally-directed; domestic courts very seldom appear to be acting as ‘agents’ of international human rights law; and ‘human dignity’ (sometimes by itself, sometimes alongside ‘autonomy’ and ‘equality’) acts as an important meta-principle in the domestic use of international human rights law. The implications these functions have for normative theorising about human rights, in particular practice-dependent theories of human rights, is considered, and a theory of human rights law consistent with this practice is identified.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2560c11def49c638dc5e5bbe5d695fdd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118091851,"asset_id":123727646,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118091851/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123727646"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123727646"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123727646; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123727646]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123727646]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123727646; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123727646']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2560c11def49c638dc5e5bbe5d695fdd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123727646]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123727646,"title":"Human Rights Theory and Comparative International Law Scholarship","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is identified, based on the findings in this volume and earlier work on the use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). 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The implications these functions have for normative theorising about human rights, in particular practice-dependent theories of human rights, is considered, and a theory of human rights law consistent with this practice is identified.","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Oxford Scholarship Online"},"translated_abstract":"An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is identified, based on the findings in this volume and earlier work on the use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). 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The implications these functions have for normative theorising about human rights, in particular practice-dependent theories of human rights, is considered, and a theory of human rights law consistent with this practice is identified.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123727646/Human_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_International_Law_Scholarship","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-09-09T18:02:30.019-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":36593806,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118091851,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118091851/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Revised_McCrudden_chapter_170712.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118091851/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Human_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_Inte.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/118091851/Revised_McCrudden_chapter_170712-libre.pdf?1725934157=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHuman_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_Inte.pdf\u0026Expires=1738616550\u0026Signature=dn4Usapob3TridL0Y7G4wTe9BOqkkfEn7uWvqfUDLwxt1n9I-CXGj1XDe4lPkORQYp5qVrqHpPzHfUeehyd8azcrxG8S-jAL~N4r82gowiRB2N8bV4Sku-bhG-sbgAb8-l3uYX-vhknJh54N1YYHNw4AkSHAGB7JGswWl3dJmvGctqfMoc1emsgWwdi3362KxjRNXH2QbXbXFonM3049MkiHJRnbwvObTwQRVSa~4OcPx3MFGWc5Vwx6QkECBs3cb8JWGvgLgvE~zqJnskO4c~aUyFZe9lJXu5MoHWGKOx4IEeYKHt1G7LhMqRV7Fct7iJSXICMxjAP0tbnCKk~TUw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Human_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_International_Law_Scholarship","translated_slug":"","page_count":15,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is identified, based on the findings in this volume and earlier work on the use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). 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However, one of the most important develop-ments in the last fifty years in procur...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... countries. However, one of the most important develop-ments in the last fifty years in procurement regulation has been the push for reform of public procurement to make it more efficient, less expensive, and more transpar-ent. In ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123303360"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123303360"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123303360; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123303360]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123303360]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123303360; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123303360']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123303360]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123303360,"title":"Buying Social Justice: Equality, Government Procurement, \u0026 Legal Change","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"... countries. 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In ...","owner":{"id":36593806,"first_name":"Christopher","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"McCrudden","page_name":"ChristopherMcCrudden","domain_name":"qub","created_at":"2015-10-20T05:21:15.098-07:00","display_name":"Christopher McCrudden","url":"https://qub.academia.edu/ChristopherMcCrudden"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":5172,"name":"Procurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procurement"},{"id":5793,"name":"Economic Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Justice"},{"id":6942,"name":"Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination"},{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy"},{"id":69856,"name":"Social Science Research Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science_Research_Network"},{"id":137633,"name":"Feedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feedback"},{"id":226509,"name":"Government Procurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Procurement"},{"id":248366,"name":"New York","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_York"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature"},{"id":1261259,"name":"Goods and Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goods_and_Services"},{"id":2772853,"name":"Law and Legal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Legal_Studies"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":44297730,"url":"https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199232437.html"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115976916"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976916/The_Franchise_in_Irish_Unification_Referendums"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Franchise in Irish Unification Referendums" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112234669/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976916/The_Franchise_in_Irish_Unification_Referendums">The Franchise in Irish Unification Referendums</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Irish Studies in International Affairs</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Belfast / Good Friday Agreement provides that it is for the people of the island of Ireland a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Belfast / Good Friday Agreement provides that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively and without external impediment, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, north and south. Assuming a referendum in each jurisdiction, who should be allowed to vote? Whether a constitutional amendment or replacement referendum is used in the south, the franchise is likely to be that already stipulated in the existing Constitution. The franchise for the referendum in the north is far less</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b7aec88da7a846d7df7792e16e9c3a37" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112234669,"asset_id":115976916,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112234669/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115976916"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115976916"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976916; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976916]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976916]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976916; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115976916']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115976915"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976915/Religion_and_Education_in_Northern_Ireland_Voluntary_Segregation_Reflecting_Historical_Divisions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Religion and Education in Northern Ireland: Voluntary Segregation Reflecting Historical Divisions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976915/Religion_and_Education_in_Northern_Ireland_Voluntary_Segregation_Reflecting_Historical_Divisions">Religion and Education in Northern Ireland: Voluntary Segregation Reflecting Historical Divisions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Social Science Research Network</span><span>, Jun 22, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Since the foundation of Northern Ireland (‘NI’) in 1920, the issue of control over prima...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Since the foundation of Northern Ireland (‘NI’) in 1920, the issue of control over primary and secondary education has been a source of significant tension between its two main ethno-religious communities as well as between each and the NI government. Education in Northern Ireland is organised differently compared with the rest of the United Kingdom and several of its ‘unique features’ arise out of the particular form of its political and religious sensitivities concerning education. This chapter is structured as follows. First, I shall outline the features of the governance of education in the NI model. Secondly, I shall attempt to explain briefly why these features came about. Thirdly, I shall consider research that has attempted to understand the effects of the model on the religious background of pupils in different schools. Fourthly, I shall address the role of teachers in this model. Fifthly, I shall consider issues relating to curriculum and collective worship. Sixthly, the crucial issue of school funding will be examined. Finally, I shall consider the prospects for the model in the future by considering pupil opinion on the structure of schooling and I shall explain how this model relates to political developments in Northern Ireland generally.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115976915"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115976915"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976915; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976915]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976915]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976915; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115976915']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115976915]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115976915,"title":"Religion and Education in Northern Ireland: Voluntary Segregation Reflecting Historical Divisions","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115976915/Religion_and_Education_in_Northern_Ireland_Voluntary_Segregation_Reflecting_Historical_Divisions","owner_id":36593806,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":36593806,"first_name":"Christopher","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"McCrudden","page_name":"ChristopherMcCrudden","domain_name":"qub","created_at":"2015-10-20T05:21:15.098-07:00","display_name":"Christopher McCrudden","url":"https://qub.academia.edu/ChristopherMcCrudden"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115976914"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976914/Good_Faith_and_Sincere_Co_operation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Good Faith and Sincere Co-operation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112234692/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976914/Good_Faith_and_Sincere_Co_operation">Good Faith and Sincere Co-operation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cambridge University Press eBooks</span><span>, Feb 3, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Good Faith and Sincere Cooperation christopher mccrudden 8.1 Introduction The Withdrawal Agreemen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Good Faith and Sincere Cooperation christopher mccrudden 8.1 Introduction The Withdrawal Agreement (WA) has several common provisions which set out various obligations as to how the WA (and the Protocol as an integral part of the WA) is to be interpreted and applied. Among these are the duty of 'good faith' and the duty of 'sincere cooperation', which feature in Article 5 WA. This provides, in part, that the EU and the UK 'shall, in full mutual respect and good faith, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from this Agreement'. In addition, Article 5 provides that this obligation of good faith 'is without prejudice to the application of Union law pursuant to this Agreement, in particular the principle of sincere cooperation'. 8.2 How to Approach the Interpretation of Article 5 WA? 'Good faith' is a general principle of international law, 1 including international trade law, 2 and is explicitly included in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). 3 What appear to be somewhat equivalent concepts feature in other specifically European agreements. Article 4(3) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) applies the duty of 'sincere cooperation' (sometimes referred to as the principle of 'loyalty') to member states and the EU in the application of the EU Treaties. 4 Article 3 of the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement applies what the Court of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA 1 Robert Kolb, Good Faith in International Law (Hart 2017). 2 Marion Panizzon, Good Faith in the Jurisprudence of the WTO: The Protection of Legitimate Expectations, Good Faith Interpretation and Fair Dispute Settlement (Hart 2006). 3 'Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith.' 4 It states: 92</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1a17c2276049352eaaa8e84c1411c1a5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112234692,"asset_id":115976914,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112234692/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115976914"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115976914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976914]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115976914']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1a17c2276049352eaaa8e84c1411c1a5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115976914]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115976914,"title":"Good Faith and Sincere Co-operation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","ai_title_tag":"Good Faith in the Withdrawal Agreement","grobid_abstract":"Good Faith and Sincere Cooperation christopher mccrudden 8.1 Introduction The Withdrawal Agreement (WA) has several common provisions which set out various obligations as to how the WA (and the Protocol as an integral part of the WA) is to be interpreted and applied. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115976912"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976912/CEDAW_in_National_Courts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of CEDAW in National Courts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976912/CEDAW_in_National_Courts">CEDAW in National Courts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press eBooks</span><span>, Jan 18, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter presents the methodology and findings of a comparative international law study of na...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter presents the methodology and findings of a comparative international law study of national judicial use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, one of the key human rights covenants that go to make up what has been called the international Bill of Rights. The chapter is structured as follows. Section II presents a brief outline of CEDAW in order to locate what follows. Section III provides a detailed analysis of the methodology adopted in undertaking the study, including a discussion of the sources used in compiling a detailed dataset of judicial opinions and how the questions used to analyze this dataset were formulated. Section IV presents the basic findings that resulted from this analysis. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="11673911" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123727646"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123727646/Human_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_International_Law_Scholarship"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human Rights Theory and Comparative International Law Scholarship" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118091851/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123727646/Human_Rights_Theory_and_Comparative_International_Law_Scholarship">Human Rights Theory and Comparative International Law Scholarship</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford Scholarship Online</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is identified, based on the findings in this volume and earlier work on the use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). From that, three aspects of the domestic functions of international human rights treaties are tentatively identified as particularly significant: international human rights law is only partly internationally-directed; domestic courts very seldom appear to be acting as ‘agents’ of international human rights law; and ‘human dignity’ (sometimes by itself, sometimes alongside ‘autonomy’ and ‘equality’) acts as an important meta-principle in the domestic use of international human rights law. The implications these functions have for normative theorising about human rights, in particular practice-dependent theories of human rights, is considered, and a theory of human rights law consistent with this practice is identified.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2560c11def49c638dc5e5bbe5d695fdd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118091851,"asset_id":123727646,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118091851/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123727646"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123727646"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123727646; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123727646]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123727646]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123727646; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123727646']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2560c11def49c638dc5e5bbe5d695fdd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123727646]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123727646,"title":"Human Rights Theory and Comparative International Law Scholarship","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is identified, based on the findings in this volume and earlier work on the use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). 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However, one of the most important develop-ments in the last fifty years in procur...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... countries. However, one of the most important develop-ments in the last fifty years in procurement regulation has been the push for reform of public procurement to make it more efficient, less expensive, and more transpar-ent. In ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123303360"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123303360"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123303360; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123303360]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123303360]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123303360; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123303360']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123303360]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123303360,"title":"Buying Social Justice: Equality, Government Procurement, \u0026 Legal Change","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"... countries. 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In ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123303360/Buying_Social_Justice_Equality_Government_Procurement_and_Legal_Change","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-08-27T17:17:27.918-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":36593806,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Buying_Social_Justice_Equality_Government_Procurement_and_Legal_Change","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"... countries. However, one of the most important develop-ments in the last fifty years in procurement regulation has been the push for reform of public procurement to make it more efficient, less expensive, and more transpar-ent. In ...","owner":{"id":36593806,"first_name":"Christopher","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"McCrudden","page_name":"ChristopherMcCrudden","domain_name":"qub","created_at":"2015-10-20T05:21:15.098-07:00","display_name":"Christopher McCrudden","url":"https://qub.academia.edu/ChristopherMcCrudden"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":5172,"name":"Procurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procurement"},{"id":5793,"name":"Economic Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Justice"},{"id":6942,"name":"Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination"},{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy"},{"id":69856,"name":"Social Science Research Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science_Research_Network"},{"id":137633,"name":"Feedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feedback"},{"id":226509,"name":"Government Procurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_Procurement"},{"id":248366,"name":"New York","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_York"},{"id":771508,"name":"Legislature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislature"},{"id":1261259,"name":"Goods and Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goods_and_Services"},{"id":2772853,"name":"Law and Legal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Legal_Studies"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":44297730,"url":"https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199232437.html"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115976916"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976916/The_Franchise_in_Irish_Unification_Referendums"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Franchise in Irish Unification Referendums" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112234669/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976916/The_Franchise_in_Irish_Unification_Referendums">The Franchise in Irish Unification Referendums</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Irish Studies in International Affairs</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Belfast / Good Friday Agreement provides that it is for the people of the island of Ireland a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Belfast / Good Friday Agreement provides that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively and without external impediment, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, north and south. Assuming a referendum in each jurisdiction, who should be allowed to vote? Whether a constitutional amendment or replacement referendum is used in the south, the franchise is likely to be that already stipulated in the existing Constitution. The franchise for the referendum in the north is far less</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b7aec88da7a846d7df7792e16e9c3a37" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112234669,"asset_id":115976916,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112234669/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115976916"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115976916"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976916; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115976915"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976915/Religion_and_Education_in_Northern_Ireland_Voluntary_Segregation_Reflecting_Historical_Divisions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Religion and Education in Northern Ireland: Voluntary Segregation Reflecting Historical Divisions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/115976915/Religion_and_Education_in_Northern_Ireland_Voluntary_Segregation_Reflecting_Historical_Divisions">Religion and Education in Northern Ireland: Voluntary Segregation Reflecting Historical Divisions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Social Science Research Network</span><span>, Jun 22, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Since the foundation of Northern Ireland (‘NI’) in 1920, the issue of control over prima...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Since the foundation of Northern Ireland (‘NI’) in 1920, the issue of control over primary and secondary education has been a source of significant tension between its two main ethno-religious communities as well as between each and the NI government. Education in Northern Ireland is organised differently compared with the rest of the United Kingdom and several of its ‘unique features’ arise out of the particular form of its political and religious sensitivities concerning education. This chapter is structured as follows. First, I shall outline the features of the governance of education in the NI model. Secondly, I shall attempt to explain briefly why these features came about. Thirdly, I shall consider research that has attempted to understand the effects of the model on the religious background of pupils in different schools. Fourthly, I shall address the role of teachers in this model. Fifthly, I shall consider issues relating to curriculum and collective worship. Sixthly, the crucial issue of school funding will be examined. 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Among these are the duty of 'good faith' and the duty of 'sincere cooperation', which feature in Article 5 WA. This provides, in part, that the EU and the UK 'shall, in full mutual respect and good faith, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from this Agreement'. In addition, Article 5 provides that this obligation of good faith 'is without prejudice to the application of Union law pursuant to this Agreement, in particular the principle of sincere cooperation'. 8.2 How to Approach the Interpretation of Article 5 WA? 'Good faith' is a general principle of international law, 1 including international trade law, 2 and is explicitly included in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). 3 What appear to be somewhat equivalent concepts feature in other specifically European agreements. Article 4(3) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) applies the duty of 'sincere cooperation' (sometimes referred to as the principle of 'loyalty') to member states and the EU in the application of the EU Treaties. 4 Article 3 of the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement applies what the Court of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA 1 Robert Kolb, Good Faith in International Law (Hart 2017). 2 Marion Panizzon, Good Faith in the Jurisprudence of the WTO: The Protection of Legitimate Expectations, Good Faith Interpretation and Fair Dispute Settlement (Hart 2006). 3 'Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith.' 4 It states: 92</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1a17c2276049352eaaa8e84c1411c1a5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112234692,"asset_id":115976914,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112234692/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115976914"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115976914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115976914]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115976914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115976914']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1a17c2276049352eaaa8e84c1411c1a5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115976914]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115976914,"title":"Good Faith and Sincere Co-operation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","ai_title_tag":"Good Faith in the Withdrawal Agreement","grobid_abstract":"Good Faith and Sincere Cooperation christopher mccrudden 8.1 Introduction The Withdrawal Agreement (WA) has several common provisions which set out various obligations as to how the WA (and the Protocol as an integral part of the WA) is to be interpreted and applied. 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This brief comment considers: (i) how far positive action has been adopted in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA); (ii) the reasons why the practice of positive action has fallen short of the ambitions that the EU has had for it; and (iii) how it might best be resurrected. 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