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id="toc-Colonial_era_(1670–1776)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_(1670–1776)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonial era (1670–1776)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_(1670–1776)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution_(1776–1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution_(1776–1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>American Revolution (1776–1783)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution_(1776–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_era_(1783–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_era_(1783–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Antebellum era (1783–1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_era_(1783–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>American Civil War (1861–1865)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postbellum_(1865–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postbellum_(1865–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Postbellum (1865–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postbellum_(1865–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1886_earthquake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1886_earthquake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>1886 earthquake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1886_earthquake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charleston_race_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charleston_race_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Charleston race riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charleston_race_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era_(1945–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era_(1945–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Contemporary era (1945–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era_(1945–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condemnation_of_role_in_the_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemnation_of_role_in_the_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Condemnation of role in the slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_of_role_in_the_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_statistical_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_statistical_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Metropolitan statistical area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_statistical_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Annual cultural events and fairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Live theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums,_historical_sites,_and_other_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_historical_sites,_and_other_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Museums, historical sites, and other attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_historical_sites,_and_other_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Books and films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Top_Employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_Employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Top Employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_Employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fire_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fire department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Police department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EMS_and_medical_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EMS_and_medical_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>EMS and medical centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EMS_and_medical_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coast_Guard_Station_Charleston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coast_Guard_Station_Charleston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Coast Guard Station Charleston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coast_Guard_Station_Charleston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coast_Guard_Sector_Charleston_(District_7)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coast_Guard_Sector_Charleston_(District_7)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Coast Guard Sector Charleston (District 7)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coast_Guard_Sector_Charleston_(District_7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport_and_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_and_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Airport and rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_and_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstates_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstates_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Interstates and highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstates_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Major highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_bus_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_bus_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>City bus service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_bus_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcast_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Broadcast television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art,_architecture,_city_planning,_literature,_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_architecture,_city_planning,_literature,_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Art, architecture, city planning, literature, science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art,_architecture,_city_planning,_literature,_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Suid-Carolina" title="Charleston, Suid-Carolina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Charleston, Suid-Carolina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="تشارلستون (كارولاينا الجنوبية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلستون (كارولاينا الجنوبية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_d%27o_Sud)" title="Charleston (Carolina d'o Sud) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Charleston (Carolina d'o Sud)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_del_Sur)" title="Charleston (Carolina del Sur) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charleston (Carolina del Sur)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlston_(C%C9%99nubi_Karolina)" title="Çarlston (Cənubi Karolina) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlston (Cənubi Karolina)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="چارلستون، جنوبی کارولینا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلستون، جنوبی کارولینا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8,_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="চার্লসটন, সাউথ ক্যারোলাইনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লসটন, সাউথ ক্যারোলাইনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Чарлстан (Паўднёвая Караліна) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлстан (Паўднёвая Караліна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_(%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Чарлстън (Южна Каролина) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлстън (Южна Каролина)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_del_Sud)" title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, South Carolina) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Charleston (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Karol%C3%ADna)" title="Charleston (Jižní Karolína) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charleston (Jižní Karolína)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_De_Carolina" title="Charleston, De Carolina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charleston, De Carolina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%CA%BCa%CA%BC_Yilt%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC%C3%AD_%C5%83t%CA%BCi%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Atʼaʼ Yiltʼąąʼí Ńtʼiʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Atʼaʼ Yiltʼąąʼí Ńtʼiʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(L%C3%B5una-Carolina)" title="Charleston (Lõuna-Carolina) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charleston (Lõuna-Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1)" title="Τσάρλεστον (Νότια Καρολίνα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσάρλεστον (Νότια Καρολίνα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston" title="Charleston – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Charleston" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_del_Sur)" title="Charleston (Carolina del Sur) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charleston (Carolina del Sur)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Suda_Karolino)" title="Charleston (Suda Karolino) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charleston (Suda Karolino)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Hego_Carolina)" title="Charleston (Hego Carolina) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charleston (Hego Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C)" title="چارلستون (کارولینای جنوبی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلستون (کارولینای جنوبی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Caroline_du_Sud)" title="Charleston (Caroline du Sud) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charleston (Caroline du Sud)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Carolina_Theas" title="Charleston, Carolina Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charleston, Carolina Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Carolina_do_Sur" title="Charleston, Carolina do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charleston, Carolina do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_(%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="چارلستن (نسايي کارؤلينا) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چارلستن (نسايي کارؤلينا)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_(%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%BA%90%EB%A1%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EC%A3%BC)" title="찰스턴 (사우스캐롤라이나주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스턴 (사우스캐롤라이나주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1)" title="Չարլսթոն (Հարավային Կարոլինա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլսթոն (Հարավային Կարոլինա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Ju%C5%BEna_Karolina" title="Charleston, Južna Karolina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charleston, Južna Karolina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Carolina_Selatan" title="Charleston, Carolina Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charleston, Carolina Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_del_Sud)" title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Su%C3%B0ur-Kar%C3%B3l%C3%ADnu)" title="Charleston (Suður-Karólínu) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Charleston (Suður-Karólínu)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_del_Sud)" title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="צ'ארלסטון (קרוליינה הדרומית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלסטון (קרוליינה הדרומית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Karolina_Dheghow" title="Charleston, Karolina Dheghow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Charleston, Karolina Dheghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Kawolin_disid" title="Charleston, Kawolin disid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charleston, Kawolin disid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolopolis_(Carolina_Meridiana)" title="Carolopolis (Carolina Meridiana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolopolis (Carolina Meridiana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlstona_(Dienvidkarol%C4%ABna)" title="Čārlstona (Dienvidkarolīna) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlstona (Dienvidkarolīna)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carlstonas_(Piet%C5%B3_Karolina)" title="Čarlstonas (Pietų Karolina) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čarlstonas (Pietų Karolina)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(D%C3%A9l-Karolina)" title="Charleston (Dél-Karolina) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charleston (Dél-Karolina)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)" title="चार्ल्सटन (साउथ कॅरोलिना) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्सटन (साउथ कॅरोलिना)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="تشارلستون (ساوث كارولاينا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلستون (ساوث كارولاينا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9E)" title="チャールストン (サウスカロライナ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールストン (サウスカロライナ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Чарлстон (Къилба Каролина) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чарлстон (Къилба Каролина)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(S%C3%B8r-Carolina)" title="Charleston (Sør-Carolina) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charleston (Sør-Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_i_S%C3%B8r-Carolina" title="Charleston i Sør-Carolina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charleston i Sør-Carolina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolin-a_d%C3%ABl_Sud)" title="Charleston (Carolin-a dël Sud) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Charleston (Carolin-a dël Sud)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Karolina_Po%C5%82udniowa)" title="Charleston (Karolina Południowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charleston (Karolina Południowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_do_Sul)" title="Charleston (Carolina do Sul) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charleston (Carolina do Sul)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Carolina_de_Sud" title="Charleston, Carolina de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charleston, Carolina de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Чарлстон (Южная Каролина) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чарлстон (Южная Каролина)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Sooth_Carolina" title="Charleston, Sooth Carolina – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charleston, Sooth Carolina" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Karol%C3%ADna)" title="Charleston (Južná Karolína) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charleston (Južná Karolína)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Po%C5%82ed%C5%84owo_Karolina)" title="Charleston (Połedńowo Karolina) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Charleston (Połedńowo Karolina)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Чарлстон (Јужна Каролина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлстон (Јужна Каролина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Etel%C3%A4-Carolina)" title="Charleston (Etelä-Carolina) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charleston (Etelä-Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлстон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарлстон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_G%C3%BCney_Karolina" title="Charleston, Güney Karolina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charleston, Güney Karolina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Чарлстон (Південна Кароліна) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлстон (Південна Кароліна)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7" title="چارلسٹن، جنوبی کیرولائنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلسٹن، جنوبی کیرولائنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(Carolina_del_Sud)" title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Charleston (Carolina del Sud)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston (South Carolina) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Charleston (South Carolina)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="查尔斯顿（南卡罗来纳州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯顿（南卡罗来纳州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charleston, South Carolina" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93_(%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%85%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%E5%B7%9E)" title="查理斯頓 (南卡羅萊納州) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理斯頓 (南卡羅萊納州)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF_(%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%9E)" title="查尔斯顿 (南卡罗来纳州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯顿 (南卡罗来纳州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charleston,_South_Carolina&params=32_47_00_N_79_55_55_W_region:US-SC_type:city(548,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°47′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.78333°N 79.93194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.78333; -79.93194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in South Carolina, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Charleston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Row_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rainbow_Row_Panorama.jpg/288px-Rainbow_Row_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rainbow_Row_Panorama.jpg/432px-Rainbow_Row_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rainbow_Row_Panorama.jpg/576px-Rainbow_Row_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11446" data-file-height="2950" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Row" title="Rainbow Row">Rainbow Row</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg/142px-East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg/213px-East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg/284px-East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">The Battery</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg/142px-Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg/213px-Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg/284px-Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Charleston" title="Port of Charleston">Port of Charleston</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterfront_Park_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Waterfront_Park_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/142px-Waterfront_Park_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Waterfront_Park_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/213px-Waterfront_Park_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Waterfront_Park_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/284px-Waterfront_Park_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Park_(Charleston)" title="Waterfront Park (Charleston)">Waterfront Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_City_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_City_Market.jpg/142px-The_City_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_City_Market.jpg/213px-The_City_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_City_Market.jpg/284px-The_City_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/City_Market_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="City Market (Charleston, South Carolina)">City Market</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_(from_water).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_%28from_water%29.jpg/288px-Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_%28from_water%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_%28from_water%29.jpg/432px-Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_%28from_water%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_%28from_water%29.jpg/576px-Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_%28from_water%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge" title="Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge">Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Charleston"><img alt="Flag of Charleston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina.svg/100px-Flag_of_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina.svg/150px-Flag_of_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina.svg/200px-Flag_of_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlestonSCseal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Charleston"><img alt="Official seal of Charleston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/CharlestonSCseal.png/100px-CharlestonSCseal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/CharlestonSCseal.png/150px-CharlestonSCseal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/CharlestonSCseal.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="189" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Holy City<sup id="cite_ref-why_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-why-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ædes Mores Juraque Curat</i></span>" <small>(<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</small><br />(She Guards Her Temples, Customs, and Laws)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="32.7833" data-lon="-79.9319" data-overlays="["_99719327dbf208b47bc82fc1efd84db7128c970f"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/32.7833/-79.9319/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,32.7833,-79.9319,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Charleston%2C_South_Carolina&revid=1259977700&groups=_99719327dbf208b47bc82fc1efd84db7128c970f" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,32.7833,-79.9319,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Charleston%2C_South_Carolina&revid=1259977700&groups=_99719327dbf208b47bc82fc1efd84db7128c970f 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Charleston</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charleston is located in South Carolina"><img alt="Charleston is located in South Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="978" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.685%;left:69.209%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Charleston"><img alt="Charleston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Charleston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within South Carolina</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South Carolina</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Charleston is located in the United States"><img alt="Charleston is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.016%;left:79.074%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Charleston"><img alt="Charleston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Charleston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United States</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charleston,_South_Carolina&params=32_47_00_N_79_55_55_W_region:US-SC_type:city(548,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°47′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.78333°N 79.93194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.78333; -79.93194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_South_Carolina" title="List of counties in South Carolina">Counties</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Berkeley County, South Carolina">Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1670</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chartered</th><td class="infobox-data">1783</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor–council">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of mayors of Charleston, South Carolina">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cogswell_Jr." title="William S. Cogswell Jr.">William S. Cogswell Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">135.51 sq mi (350.97 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">115.03 sq mi (297.93 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">20.48 sq mi (53.04 km<sup>2</sup>)  15.11%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 ft (6 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">150,227</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusQuickFacts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">155,369</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">174th</a> in the United States<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in South Carolina">1st</a> in South Carolina</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,305.97/sq mi (504.24/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">684,773 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">63rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,019.6/sq mi (779.8/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">849,417 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">71st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Charlestonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">29401–29407, 29409–29410, 29412–29420, 29422–29425, 29492</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_843_and_854" title="Area codes 843 and 854">843, 854</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45-13330</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">1221516<sup id="cite_ref-GR3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charleston-sc.gov">charleston-sc<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleston,_SC,_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charleston%2C_SC%2C_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG/220px-Charleston%2C_SC%2C_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charleston%2C_SC%2C_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG/330px-Charleston%2C_SC%2C_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charleston%2C_SC%2C_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG/440px-Charleston%2C_SC%2C_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The downtown Charleston waterfront on <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">the Battery</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Charleston</b> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Carolina" title="List of municipalities in South Carolina">most populous city</a> in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GR6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the principal city in the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston metropolitan area, South Carolina">Charleston metropolitan area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Harbor" title="Charleston Harbor">Charleston Harbor</a>, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Ashley_River" title="Ashley River">Ashley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper_River_(South_Carolina)" title="Cooper River (South Carolina)">Cooper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wando_River" title="Wando River">Wando</a> rivers. Charleston had a population of 150,227 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusQuickFacts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Berkeley County, South Carolina">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_County,_South_Carolina" title="Dorchester County, South Carolina">Dorchester</a> counties, was estimated to be 849,417 in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ranks as the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_statistical_areas" title="South Carolina statistical areas">third-most populous metropolitan statistical area</a> in the state, and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">71st-most populous</a> in the United States. </p><p>Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town, honoring <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a>, at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River (now <a href="/wiki/Charles_Towne_Landing" title="Charles Towne Landing">Charles Towne Landing</a>) but relocated in 1680 to its present site, which became the fifth-largest city in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> within ten years. It remained <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">unincorporated</a> throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a>. Election districts were organized according to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican <a href="/wiki/Churchwarden" title="Churchwarden">wardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestries</a>. Charleston adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783. Population growth in the interior of South Carolina influenced the removal of the state government to <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a> in 1788, but Charleston remained among the ten largest cities in the United States through the <a href="/wiki/1840_U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 U.S. Census">1840 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charleston's significance in American history is tied to its role as a major slave trading port. Charleston slave traders like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wragg" title="Joseph Wragg">Joseph Wragg</a> were the first to break through the monopoly of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a> and pioneered the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century; almost one-half of enslaved people imported to the United States arrived in Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the city formally apologized for its role in the <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">American slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="History of Charleston, South Carolina">History of Charleston, South Carolina</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Timeline of Charleston, South Carolina">Timeline of Charleston, South Carolina</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg/170px-Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg/255px-Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg/340px-Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pink_House_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina)">The Pink House</a>, the oldest stone building in Charleston, was built of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermudian</a> limestone at 17 Chalmers Street, between 1694 and 1712</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_(1670–1776)"><span id="Colonial_era_.281670.E2.80.931776.29"></span>Colonial era (1670–1776)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial era (1670–1776)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indians_NW_of_South_Carolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indians_NW_of_South_Carolina.jpg/220px-Indians_NW_of_South_Carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indians_NW_of_South_Carolina.jpg/330px-Indians_NW_of_South_Carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Indians_NW_of_South_Carolina.jpg/440px-Indians_NW_of_South_Carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>A map of the "Several Nations of Indians to the Northwest of South Carolina" or the "Catawba Deerskin Map", an annotated copy of a hand-painted deerskin original made by a <a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a> chief for <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of colonial governors of South Carolina">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Francis Nicholson</a>. "This map describing the scituation [sic] of the several nations of Indians to the NW of South Carolina was coppyed [sic] from a draught [sic] drawn & painted on a deer skin by an Indian Cacique and presented to Francis Nicholason Esqr. Governor of South Carolina by whom it is most humbly dedicated to his Royal Highness George, Prince of Wales".</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> granted the chartered <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> to eight of his loyal friends, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Proprietors" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Proprietors">Lords Proprietors</a>, on March 24, 1663. In 1670, Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Sayle" title="William Sayle">William Sayle</a> arranged for several shiploads of settlers from <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These settlers established what was then called Charles Town at Albemarle Point, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Town became the first comprehensively planned town in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Its governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Model_for_the_Province_of_Carolina" title="Grand Model for the Province of Carolina">Grand Model</a> prepared for the Lord's Proprietors by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Constitutions_of_Carolina" title="Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina">Carolina's Fundamental Constitutions</a> was never ratified, however, Charles Town was never incorporated during the colonial period. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">local ordinances</a> were passed by the provincial government, with day-to-day administration handled by the <a href="/wiki/Churchwarden" title="Churchwarden">wardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestries</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Philip's</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Michael's</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_South_Carolina#Parishes" title="List of counties in South Carolina">parishes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a>, the area was inhabited by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Cusabo" title="Cusabo">Cusabo</a>, on whom the settlers declared war in October 1671. The settlers initially allied with the <a href="/wiki/Westo" title="Westo">Westo</a>, a northern indigenous tribe that traded in enslaved Indians. The settlers abandoned their alliance with the Westo in 1679 and allied with the Cusabo instead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial settlement quickly dwindled and disappeared while another village—established by the settlers on Oyster Point at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers around 1672<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—thrived. This second settlement formally replaced the original Charles Town in 1680.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The original site is now commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Towne_Landing" title="Charles Towne Landing">Charles Towne Landing</a>.) The second location was more defensible and had access to a fine natural harbor. The new town had become the fifth largest in North America by 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> outbreak erupted in 1698, followed by an earthquake in February 1699. The latter caused a fire that destroyed about a third of the town. During rebuilding,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> outbreak killed about 15% of the remaining inhabitants. Charles Town suffered between five and eight significant <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> outbreaks over the first half of the 18th century. </p><p>It developed a reputation as one of the least healthy locations in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> for ethnic Europeans. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> was endemic. Although malaria did not have such high mortality as yellow fever, it caused much illness. It was a major health problem throughout most of the city's history before dying out in the 1950s after the use of pesticides cut down on the mosquitoes that transmitted it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlestonSC1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CharlestonSC1733.jpg/220px-CharlestonSC1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CharlestonSC1733.jpg/330px-CharlestonSC1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CharlestonSC1733.jpg/440px-CharlestonSC1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herman_Moll" title="Herman Moll">Herman Moll</a>'s 1733 <i>Town and Harbour of Charles Town in South Carolina</i>, showing the town's defensive walls.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Town was fortified according to a plan developed in 1704 under <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of colonial governors of South Carolina">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Johnson_(politician)" title="Nathaniel Johnson (politician)">Nathaniel Johnson</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> contested Britain's claims to the region. Various bands of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and independent <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a> also raided it. </p><p>On September 5–6, 1713 (O.S.), a violent <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> passed over Charles Town. The <a href="/wiki/Circular_Congregational_Church" title="Circular Congregational Church">Circular Congregational Church</a> manse was damaged during the storm, and church records were lost. Much of Charles Town was flooded as "the Ashley and Cooper rivers became one." At least seventy people died in the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1670s, Charleston attracted pirates. The combination of a weak government and corruption made the city popular with pirates, who frequently visited and raided the city. Charles Town was besieged by the pirate <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a> for several days in May 1718. Blackbeard released his hostages and left in exchange for a chest of medicine from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(governor)" title="Robert Johnson (governor)">Governor Robert Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Moore._1997_pp._31_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Moore._1997_pp._31-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1719, the town's name began to be generally written as Charlestown<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911944-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, excepting those fronting the Cooper River, the old walls were largely removed over the next decade. Charlestown was a center for the inland colonization of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. It remained the southernmost point of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a> was established in 1732. As noted, the first settlers primarily came from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. The Barbadian and Bermudan immigrants were planters who brought enslaved Africans with them, having purchased them in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. </p><p>Early immigrant groups to the city included the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina">hundreds of Jews</a>, predominately <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and significant cities of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, where they had been given refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-ed61_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 1830, Charleston's Jewish community was the most prominent and wealthiest <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United States">in North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ed61_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1708, most of the colony's population were <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> Africans. They had been brought to Charlestown via the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, first as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a> and then as <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States"> enslaved people</a>. In the early 1700s, Charleston's largest slave trader, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wragg" title="Joseph Wragg">Joseph Wragg</a>, pioneered the settlement's involvement in the slave trade. Of the estimated 400,000 captive Africans transported to North America to be sold into slavery, 40% are thought to have landed at <a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan's Island">Sullivan's Island</a> off Charlestown. <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a> also migrated from the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, being descendants of white planters and their Black consorts and unions among the working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1767, Gadsden's Wharf was constructed at the city port on the Cooper River; it ultimately extended 840 feet and could accommodate six ships at a time. Many enslaved people were sold from here.<sup id="cite_ref-iaam_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaam-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devoted to plantation agriculture that depended on enslaved labor, South Carolina became a slave society: it had a majority-Black population from the colonial period until after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> of the early 20th century, when many rural Blacks moved to northern and midwestern industrial cities to escape <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Row_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rainbow_Row_front.jpg/220px-Rainbow_Row_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rainbow_Row_front.jpg/330px-Rainbow_Row_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rainbow_Row_front.jpg/440px-Rainbow_Row_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Row" title="Rainbow Row">Rainbow Row</a>'s 13 houses along East Bay Street formed the commercial center of the town in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial period</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the foundation of the town, the principal items of commerce were <a href="/wiki/Longleaf_pine" title="Longleaf pine">pine</a> <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">tobacco</a>. The early economy developed around the <a href="/wiki/Deerskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Deerskin">deerskin</a> trade, in which colonists used alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a> peoples to secure the raw material. </p><p>At the same time, Native Americans kidnapped and enslaved each other in warfare. From 1680 to 1720, approximately 40,000 native men, women, and children were sold through the port, principally to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> such as (<a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>), but also to other Southern colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-jpd_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpd-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lowcountry planters did not keep enslaved Native Americans, considering them too prone to escape or revolt. They used the proceeds of their sale to purchase enslaved Black Africans for their own <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gisc_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gisc-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slave raiding—and the European firearms it introduced—helped destabilize <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French Louisiana</a> in the 1700s during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gisc_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gisc-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it also provoked the <a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> of the 1710s that nearly destroyed the colony. After that, South Carolina largely abandoned the Indian slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-jpd_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpd-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area's unsuitability for growing <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">tobacco</a> prompted the <a href="/wiki/Lowcountry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowcountry">Lowcountry</a> <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> to experiment with other <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a>. The profitability of growing rice led the planters to pay premiums for enslaved people from the "Rice Coast" who knew its cultivation; their descendants make up the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a> who created their own culture and language in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves imported from the Caribbean showed the planter George Lucas's daughter Eliza how to raise and <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">use</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">indigo</a> for <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">dyeing</a> in 1747. </p><p>Throughout this period, enslaved people were sold aboard the arriving ships or at ad hoc gatherings in the town's taverns.<sup id="cite_ref-ed67_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runaways and minor <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellions</a> prompted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1739_Security_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1739 Security Act (page does not exist)">1739 Security Act</a>, which required all white men to carry weapons at all times (even to church on Sundays). Before it fully took effect, the Cato or <a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a> broke out. The white community had recently been decimated by a <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> outbreak, and the rebels killed about 25 white people before being stopped by the colonial militia. As a result of their fears of rebellion, whites killed a total of 35 to 50 Black people.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planters attributed the violence to recently imported Africans and agreed to a 10-year moratorium on slave importation through Charlestown. They relied for labor upon the slave communities they already held. The <a href="/wiki/Negro_Act_of_1740" title="Negro Act of 1740">1740 Negro Act</a> also tightened controls, requiring a ratio of one white for every ten Blacks on any plantation (which was often not achieved) and banning enslaved people from assembling, growing personal food, earning money, or learning to read. <a href="/wiki/African_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="African drum">Drums</a> were banned because Africans used them for signaling; enslaved people were allowed to use string and other instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2VGoAAAAQBAJpgPA273_273]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2VGoAAAAQBAJpgPA273_273]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the moratorium expired and Charlestown reopened to the slave trade in 1750, the memory of the Stono Rebellion resulted in traders avoiding buying enslaved people from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Congo">Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>, whose populations had a reputation for independence. </p><p>By the mid-18th century, Charlestown was the hub of the Atlantic slave trade in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a>. Even with the decade-long moratorium, its customs processed around 40% of the enslaved Africans brought to North America between 1700 and 1775,<sup id="cite_ref-ed67_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about half up until the end of the African trade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">economy</a> based on them made this the wealthiest city in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest in population south of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. In 1770, the city had 11,000 inhabitants—half enslaved—and was the 4th-largest port in the colonies, after <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and Philadelphia. </p><p>The elite began to use their wealth to encourage cultural and social development. America's first theater building was constructed in 1736; today's Dock Street Theater later replaced it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Michael's was erected in 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benevolent societies were formed by the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>, free people of color,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germans, and Jews. The <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Library_Society" title="Charleston Library Society">Library Society</a> was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost of keeping up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution_(1776–1783)"><span id="American_Revolution_.281776.E2.80.931783.29"></span>American Revolution (1776–1783)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Revolution (1776–1783)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlestownSC1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CharlestownSC1780.jpg/220px-CharlestownSC1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CharlestownSC1780.jpg/330px-CharlestownSC1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CharlestownSC1780.jpg/440px-CharlestownSC1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Charlestown and environs in 1780</figcaption></figure> <p>Delegates for the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> were elected in 1774, and South Carolina declared its independence from Britain on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_and_Provost" title="Exchange and Provost">Exchange</a>. Slavery was again an important factor in the city's role during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. The British attacked the settlement three times,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assuming that the settlement had a large base of <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> who would rally to their cause once given some military support.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loyalty of white Southerners towards <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> had largely been forfeited, however, by British legal cases (such as the 1772 <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somersett case</a> which marked the prohibition of slavery in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, a significant milestone in the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> struggle) and military tactics (such as <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a> in 1775) that promised the emancipation of people enslaved by Patriot planters; these efforts did, however, unsurprisingly win the allegiance of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island" title="Battle of Sullivan's Island">Battle of Sullivan's Island</a> saw the British fail to capture a partially constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">palmetto palisade</a> from <a href="/wiki/William_Moultrie" title="William Moultrie">Col. Moultrie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2nd_South_Carolina_Regiment" title="2nd South Carolina Regiment">militia regiment</a> on June 28, 1776. The <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Flag">Liberty Flag</a> used by Moultrie's men formed the basis of the later <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina flag">South Carolina flag</a>, and the victory's anniversary continues to be commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a>. </p><p>Making the capture of Charlestown their chief priority, the British sent <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Sir Henry Clinton</a>, who laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">siege to Charleston</a> on April 1, 1780, with about 14,000 troops and 90 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCandless2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNMrqxrLAHUgCpgPA89_89]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCandless2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNMrqxrLAHUgCpgPA89_89]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bombardment began on March 11, 1780. The Patriots, led by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a>, had about 5,500 men and inadequate fortifications to repel the forces against them. After the British cut his supply lines and lines of retreat at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monck%27s_Corner" title="Battle of Monck's Corner">Monck's Corner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenud%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Lenud's Ferry">Lenud's Ferry</a>, Lincoln's surrender on May 12, 1780, became the greatest <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">American defeat of the war</a>. </p><p>The British continued to hold Charlestown for over a year following <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">their defeat at Yorktown</a> in 1781. However, they alienated local planters by refusing to restore full civil government. <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> had entered the state after Cornwallis's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guilford Courthouse">pyrrhic victory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilford Courthouse">Guilford Courthouse</a> and kept the area under a kind of siege. <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie_(British_Army_officer)" title="Alexander Leslie (British Army officer)">Alexander Leslie</a>, commanding Charlestown, requested a truce in March 1782 to purchase food for his garrison and the town's inhabitants. Greene refused and formed a brigade under <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Gist" title="Mordecai Gist">Mordecai Gist</a> to counter British forays. The British finally evacuated Charlestown in December 1782. Greene presented the British leaders of the town with the <a href="/wiki/Moultrie_Flag" title="Moultrie Flag">Moultrie Flag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum_era_(1783–1861)"><span id="Antebellum_era_.281783.E2.80.931861.29"></span>Antebellum era (1783–1861)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antebellum era (1783–1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:31_Meeting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/31_Meeting.JPG/220px-31_Meeting.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/31_Meeting.JPG/330px-31_Meeting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/31_Meeting.JPG/440px-31_Meeting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Ladson House, built 1792 for lieutenant governor <a href="/wiki/James_Ladson" title="James Ladson">James Ladson</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg/220px-Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg/330px-Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg/440px-Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Former German Fire Co. Engine House and <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Old_Slave_Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston Old Slave Mart">Old Slave Mart Museum</a> built 1859, 8 & 6 Chalmers St., respectively</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmondston-Alston_with_carriage_tour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Edmondston-Alston_with_carriage_tour.jpg/220px-Edmondston-Alston_with_carriage_tour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Edmondston-Alston_with_carriage_tour.jpg/330px-Edmondston-Alston_with_carriage_tour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Edmondston-Alston_with_carriage_tour.jpg/440px-Edmondston-Alston_with_carriage_tour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Edmondston-Alston House (built 1828) by the Battery with carriage tour</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg/220px-East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg/330px-East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg/440px-East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Homes along <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">The Battery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, Charleston experienced an economic boom, at least for the top strata of society. Expanding cotton as a cash crop in the South led to massive wealth for a small segment of society and funded impressive architecture and culture. However, it also escalated the economic importance of enslaving people and led to greater and greater restrictions on Black Charlestonians. </p><p>By 1783, the city's growth had reached a point where a municipal government became desirable; therefore, on August 13, 1783, an act of incorporation for Charleston was ratified. The act originally specified the city's name as "Charles Ton", as opposed to the previous Charlestown, but the spelling "Charleston" quickly came to dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a> had replaced it as the state capital in 1788, Charleston became even more prosperous as <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a>'s 1793 invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> sped the processing of the crop over 50 times. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Textile_manufacture" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>—initially built upon its <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry#Industrial_revolution" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>—took up the extra production ravenously and cotton became Charleston's major export commodity in the 19th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_wall_and_piazzas,_the_Poyas-Mordecai_House,_69_Meeting_Street,_Charleston,_SC_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Garden_wall_and_piazzas%2C_the_Poyas-Mordecai_House%2C_69_Meeting_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg/220px-Garden_wall_and_piazzas%2C_the_Poyas-Mordecai_House%2C_69_Meeting_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Garden_wall_and_piazzas%2C_the_Poyas-Mordecai_House%2C_69_Meeting_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg/330px-Garden_wall_and_piazzas%2C_the_Poyas-Mordecai_House%2C_69_Meeting_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Garden_wall_and_piazzas%2C_the_Poyas-Mordecai_House%2C_69_Meeting_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg/440px-Garden_wall_and_piazzas%2C_the_Poyas-Mordecai_House%2C_69_Meeting_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption>The Poyas-Cohen Mordecai House (69 Meeting St.), built 1796–1800</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bank of South Carolina, the second-oldest building in the nation to be constructed as a bank, was established in 1798. In 1800 and 1817, branches of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second</a> banks were also located in Charleston. </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Period</a>, Charleston continued to be the only major American city with a majority-slave population.<sup id="cite_ref-macky28_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macky28-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's widespread use of enslaved people as workers was a frequent subject of writers and visitors: a merchant from Liverpool noted in 1834 that "almost all the working population are Negroes, all the servants, the carmen & porters, all the people who see at the stalls in Market, and most of the Journeymen in trades".<sup id="cite_ref-macky48_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macky48-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American traders had been <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1794" title="Slave Trade Act of 1794">prohibited from equipping</a> the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> in 1794 and all importation of enslaved people was banned <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">in 1808</a>, but American merchantmen frequently refused to permit <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">British inspection</a> for enslaved cargo, and smuggling remained common. Much more important was the domestic slave trade, which boomed as the Deep South developed into new cotton plantations. As a result of the trade, there was a forced migration of more than one million enslaved people from the Upper South to the Lower South in the antebellum years. During the early 19th century, the first dedicated slave markets were founded in Charleston, mostly near Chalmers and State streets.<sup id="cite_ref-ed67_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many domestic slavers used Charleston as a port in the coastwise trade, traveling to such ports as Mobile and New Orleans. </p><p>Enslaving was the primary marker of class, and even the town's freedmen and <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> typically enslaved people if they had the wealth to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors commonly remarked on the sheer number of Blacks in Charleston and their seeming freedom of movement,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in fact—mindful of the <a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">slave revolution</a> that established <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>—the whites closely regulated the behavior of both enslaved and free people of color. The town fixed wages and hiring practices, sometimes required identifying badges, and sometimes censored work songs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punishment was handled out of sight by the city's <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>, whose fees provided the municipal government with thousands a year.<sup id="cite_ref-macky225_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macky225-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1820, state law mandated that each act of <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> (freeing an enslaved person) required legislative approval, effectively halting the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-bernews_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernews-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effects of slavery were pronounced on white society as well. The high cost of enslaving people in the 19th century and their high rate of return combined to institute an oligarchic society controlled by about ninety interrelated families, where 4% of the free population controlled half of the wealth, and the lower half of the free population—unable to compete with enslaved or rented people—held no wealth at all.<sup id="cite_ref-macky28_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macky28-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white middle class was minimal: Charlestonians generally looked down upon hard work, considering it as labor meant for enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-macky29_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macky29-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the enslavers taken together held 82% of the city's wealth and almost all non-enslavers were poor.<sup id="cite_ref-macky28_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macky28-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Olmsted</a> considered their civic elections "entirely contests of money and personal influence" and the oligarchs dominated civic planning:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of public parks and amenities was noted, as was the abundance of private gardens in the wealthy's walled estates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878428_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878428-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1810s, the town's churches intensified their discrimination against their Black parishioners, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Bethel_Methodist_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Bethel Methodist Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">Bethel Methodist</a>'s 1817 construction of a <a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">hearse</a> house over its Black burial ground. 4,376 Black Methodists joined <a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown" title="Morris Brown">Morris Brown</a> in establishing <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampstead Church">Hampstead Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal" class="mw-redirect" title="African Methodist Episcopal">African Methodist Episcopal</a> church now known as <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church">Mother Emanuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eame_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eame-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-longtrouble_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longtrouble-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State and city laws prohibited Black literacy, limited Black worship to daylight hours, and required a majority of any church's parishioners be white. In June 1818, 140 Black church members at <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampstead Church">Hampstead Church</a> were arrested, and eight of its leaders were given fines and ten lashes; police raided the church again in 1820 and pressured it in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-longtrouble_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longtrouble-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1822, members of the church, led by <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a>, a lay preacher<sup id="cite_ref-longtrouble_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longtrouble-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carpenter who had bought his freedom after winning a lottery, planned an uprising and escape to <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>—initially for <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>—that failed when one enslaved person revealed the plot to his enslaver.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next month, the city's intendant (mayor) <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">James Hamilton Jr.</a> organized a militia for regular patrols, initiated a secret and <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial">extrajudicial</a> tribunal to investigate, and hanged 35 and exiled 35<sup id="cite_ref-longtrouble_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longtrouble-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 37 enslaved people to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Cuba">Spanish Cuba</a> for their involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-frazier_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frazier-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton imposed more restrictions on both free and enslaved Blacks: South Carolina required free Black sailors to be imprisoned while their ships were in Charleston Harbor, although international treaties eventually required the United States to quash the practice; free Blacks were banned from returning to the state if they left for any reason;<sup id="cite_ref-road_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enslaved people were given a 9:15 pm curfew; the city razed Hampstead Church to the ground<sup id="cite_ref-frazier_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frazier-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-road_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and erected a <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_Arsenal" title="South Carolina State Arsenal">new arsenal</a>. This structure later was the basis of <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">the Citadel</a>'s first campus. The AME congregation built a new church, but in 1834, the city banned it and all Black worship services following <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a> in Virginia in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated 10% of enslaved people who came to America as <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> never had a separate <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. Enlavers sometimes provided them with beef rations instead of pork in recognition of religious traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The registered <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tonnage</a> of Charleston shipping in 1829 was 12,410.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullification</a>, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> acts. Soon, U.S. soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard cutter">United States Coast Guard cutters</a> were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charleston's embrace of classical architecture began after a devastating fire leveled much of the city. On April 27, 1838, Charleston suffered a catastrophic fire that burned more than 1000 buildings and caused about $3 million (equivalent to $84,910,000 in 2023) in damage at the time. The damaged buildings amounted to about one-fourth of all the businesses in the main part of the city. A great cultural awakening occurred when many homes and businesses were rebuilt or repaired. Before the fire, few homes were styled as Greek Revival; many residents decided to construct new buildings in that style after the conflagration. This tradition continued, making Charleston one of the foremost places to view <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revival">Greek Revival</a> architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> also made a significant appearance in the construction of many churches after the fire that exhibited picturesque forms and reminders of devout European religion.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and enslaved people bought and sold. The legal importation of enslaved Africans had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million enslaved people were transported from the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a>. Many enslaved people were transported in the <a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">coastwise slave trade</a>, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War_(1861–1865)"><span id="American_Civil_War_.281861.E2.80.931865.29"></span>American Civil War (1861–1865)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American Civil War (1861–1865)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg/220px-SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg/330px-SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg/440px-SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Two 10" <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">Columbiads</a> guarding <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">the Battery</a> in 1863.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleston_sc_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Charleston_sc_1865.jpg/220px-Charleston_sc_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Charleston_sc_1865.jpg/330px-Charleston_sc_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Charleston_sc_1865.jpg/440px-Charleston_sc_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of Charleston in 1865, following major fires in 1861 and at the evacuation of the Confederates.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DofC_Monument_in_Charleston_SC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DofC_Monument_in_Charleston_SC.jpg/170px-DofC_Monument_in_Charleston_SC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DofC_Monument_in_Charleston_SC.jpg/255px-DofC_Monument_in_Charleston_SC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DofC_Monument_in_Charleston_SC.jpg/340px-DofC_Monument_in_Charleston_SC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The 1932 monument in <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">the Battery</a> memorializing the Confederate defenders of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charleston was significant in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. As a pivotal city, the U.S. Army and Confederate States Army vied for control of it. The rebellion began in <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Harbor" title="Charleston Harbor">Charleston Harbor</a> in 1861 and ended mere months after the U.S. soldiers retook control of Charleston in 1865. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/1860_US_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 US presidential election">the election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">South Carolina General Assembly</a> voted on December 20, 1860, to declare <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">United States</a>, becoming the first state to do so. On December 27, the U.S. Army garrison of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Pinckney" title="Castle Pinckney">Castle Pinckney</a> surrendered to the state militia. On January 9, 1861, <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">Citadel</a> cadets opened fire on the USS<span class="nowrap"> </span><i><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_West" title="Star of the West">Star of the West</a></i> as it entered Charleston Harbor. </p><p>The first full battle of the war occurred on April 12, 1861, when shore batteries under the command of General <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a> fired upon the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>-</span>held <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in Charleston Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a 34-hour bombardment, <a href="/wiki/Major_Robert_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Robert Anderson">Major Robert Anderson</a> surrendered the fort. </p><p>On December 11, 1861, an enormous fire burned over 500 acres (200 ha) of the city. </p><p>U.S. Navy control of the North Atlantic coastline permitted the repeated bombardment of the city, causing vast damage.<sup id="cite_ref-symonds_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symonds-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Admiral Du Pont's naval assault on the town's forts in April 1863 failed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Navy's blockade shut down most commercial traffic. Throughout the war, some <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a> got through, but not a single one made it into or out of Charleston Harbor between August 1863 and March 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-symonds_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symonds-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early submarine <i><a href="/wiki/H._L._Hunley_(submarine)" class="mw-redirect" title="H. L. Hunley (submarine)">H.L. Hunley</a></i> made a night attack on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Housatonic_(1861)" title="USS Housatonic (1861)">USS <i>Housatonic</i></a> on February 17, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Gillmore's land assault in July 1864 was unsuccessful<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the fall of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a> and advance of General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>'s army through the state prompted the Confederates to evacuate the town on February 17, 1865, burning the public buildings, cotton warehouses, and other sources of supply before their departure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">U.S. soldiers</a> liberated the city within the month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War Department recovered what federal property remained. Also, it confiscated the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel Military Academy">Citadel Military Academy</a> and used it as a U.S. Army garrison for the next 17 years. The facilities were finally returned to the state and reopened as a military college in 1882 under the direction of Lawrence E. Marichak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postbellum_(1865–1945)"><span id="Postbellum_.281865.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Postbellum (1865–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postbellum (1865–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the defeat of the Confederacy, U.S. soldiers remained in Charleston during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>. The war had shattered the city's prosperity. Still, the African-American population surged (from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880) as freedmen moved from the countryside to the major city.<sup id="cite_ref-strickland_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strickland-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blacks quickly left the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptist Church">Southern Baptist Church</a> and resumed open meetings of the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal</a> and <a href="/wiki/AME_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="AME Zion">AME Zion</a> churches. They purchased dogs, guns, liquor, and better clothes—all previously banned—and ceased yielding the sidewalks to whites.<sup id="cite_ref-strickland_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strickland-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the efforts of the state legislature to halt <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumissions</a>, Charleston had already had a large class of free people of color as well. At the onset of the war, the city had 3,785 free people of color, many of mixed race, making up about 18% of the city's black population and 8% of its total population. Many were educated and practiced skilled crafts;<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they quickly became leaders of South Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and its legislators. Before the war, men who had been free people of color comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Guano_Company" title="Pacific Guano Company">Pacific Guano Company</a>, established in 1861, opened a plant in Charleston which consumed immense quantities of <a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a> scrap brought from the water by the vessels which carried on their return trip a supply of South Carolina phosphates for the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts" title="Woods Hole, Massachusetts">Woods Hole, Massachusetts</a> factory.<sup id="cite_ref-Report1879_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1879-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1870s, industry was bringing the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality; new jobs attracted new residents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">Avery Normal Institute</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/American_Missionary_Association" title="American Missionary Association">American Missionary Association</a> as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. Gen. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">university-preparatory school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter-Gaud_School" title="Porter-Gaud School">Porter-Gaud School</a>. </p><p>In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's and 73% of the county's population.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to impose <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> in the face of social changes after the war and the granting of citizenship to freedmen by amendments to the U.S. Constitution. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by conservative Democratic <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups, known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a>. Violent incidents occurred in Charleston on King Street on September 6 and nearby Cainhoy on October 15 in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-foley_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a> as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, strong political machines emerged in the city, reflecting economic, class, racial, and ethnic tensions. The factions nearly all opposed U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Ben Tillman</a> who repeatedly attacked and ridiculed the city in the name of upstate poor farmers. Well-organized factions within the Democratic Party in Charleston gave the voters clear choices and played a large role in state politics.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1886_earthquake">1886 earthquake</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1886 earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1886_Charleston_earthquake" title="1886 Charleston earthquake">1886 Charleston earthquake</a></div> <p>On August 31, 1886, Charleston experienced a strong <a href="/wiki/1886_Charleston_earthquake" title="1886 Charleston earthquake">earthquake</a>. The shock was estimated to have a <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude</a> of 7.0 and a maximum <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of X (<i>Extreme</i>). It was felt as far away as <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> to the northwest, as far west as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, as far south as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and as far east as <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($180 million in 2023 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($719 million in 2023 dollars). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charleston_race_riots">Charleston race riots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Charleston race riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charleston_riot_of_1919" title="Charleston riot of 1919">Charleston riot of 1919</a></div> <p>The Charleston race riot of 1919 took place on the night of Saturday, May 10, between members of the US Navy and the local black population. They attacked black individuals, businesses, and homes, killing six and injuring dozens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era_(1945–present)"><span id="Contemporary_era_.281945.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Contemporary era (1945–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary era (1945–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHOTOGRAMMETRIC_IMAGE-_SOUTH_FRONT_ELEVATION,_INCLUDES_-28_SOUTH_BATTERY_-_James_E._Spear_House,_30_South_Battery_Street,_Charleston,_Charleston_County,_SC_HABS_SC,10-CHAR,360-7.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PHOTOGRAMMETRIC_IMAGE-_SOUTH_FRONT_ELEVATION%2C_INCLUDES_-28_SOUTH_BATTERY_-_James_E._Spear_House%2C_30_South_Battery_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_Charleston_County%2C_SC_HABS_SC%2C10-CHAR%2C360-7.tif/lossy-page1-200px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PHOTOGRAMMETRIC_IMAGE-_SOUTH_FRONT_ELEVATION%2C_INCLUDES_-28_SOUTH_BATTERY_-_James_E._Spear_House%2C_30_South_Battery_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_Charleston_County%2C_SC_HABS_SC%2C10-CHAR%2C360-7.tif/lossy-page1-300px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PHOTOGRAMMETRIC_IMAGE-_SOUTH_FRONT_ELEVATION%2C_INCLUDES_-28_SOUTH_BATTERY_-_James_E._Spear_House%2C_30_South_Battery_Street%2C_Charleston%2C_Charleston_County%2C_SC_HABS_SC%2C10-CHAR%2C360-7.tif/lossy-page1-400px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4046" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption>A Charleston street</figcaption></figure> <p>Charleston languished economically for several decades in the 20th century, though the large federal military presence in the region helped to shore up the city's economy. Charleston's tourism boom began in earnest following the publication of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Simons" title="Albert Simons">Albert Simons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lapham_VI" title="Samuel Lapham VI">Samuel Lapham</a>'s <i>Architecture of Charleston</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1969_Charleston_hospital_strike" title="1969 Charleston hospital strike">Charleston Hospital Strike</a> of 1969, in which mostly black workers protested discrimination and low wages, was one of the last major events of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. It attracted <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a>, and other prominent figures to march with the local leader, Mary Moultrie. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Riley_Jr." title="Joseph P. Riley Jr.">Joseph P. Riley Jr.</a> was elected mayor in the 1970s and helped advance several cultural aspects of the city. </p><p>Between 1989 and 1996, Charleston saw two significant economic hits. First, the eye of Hurricane Hugo came ashore at Charleston Harbor in 1989, and though the worst damage was in nearby <a href="/wiki/McClellanville,_South_Carolina" title="McClellanville, South Carolina">McClellanville</a>, three-quarters of the homes in Charleston's historic district sustained damage of varying degrees. The hurricane caused over $2.8 billion in damage. The city rebounded fairly quickly after the hurricane and has grown in population, reaching an estimated 124,593 residents in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-charlestoncity.info_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlestoncity.info-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, in 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Base Realignment and Closure Commission">Base Realignment and Closure Commission</a> (BRAC) directed that <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Naval_Shipyard" title="Charleston Naval Shipyard">Naval Base Charleston</a> be closed. Pursuant to BRAC action, Naval Base Charleston was closed on April 1, 1996, although some activities remain under the cognizance of <a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Charleston" title="Naval Support Activity Charleston">Naval Support Activity Charleston</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Charleston" title="Joint Base Charleston">Joint Base Charleston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having been a majority-minority city for most of its history, in the late 20th century, many whites began returning to the urban core of Charleston, and the area gentrified with rising prices and rents. From 1980 to 2010, the peninsula's population shifted from two-thirds black to two-thirds white; in 2010, residents numbered 20,668 whites and 10,455 blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-slade_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slade-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many African Americans moved to the less-expensive suburbs in these decades.<sup id="cite_ref-slade_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slade-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old white supremacist <a href="/wiki/Dylann_Roof" title="Dylann Roof">Dylann Roof</a> entered the historic <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church">Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> and sat in on part of a Bible study before shooting and <a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">killing nine people and injuring a tenth</a>, all African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Shooting-2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-Shooting-2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior pastor <a href="/wiki/Clementa_C._Pinckney" title="Clementa C. Pinckney">Clementa Pinckney</a>, who also served as a <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate" title="South Carolina Senate">state senator</a>, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26.<sup id="cite_ref-NBCNews-Shooting-2015_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBCNews-Shooting-2015-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack garnered national attention and sparked a debate on racism, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence, in part based on Roof's online postings. A memorial service on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a> was attended by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a>, and Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Condemnation_of_role_in_the_slave_trade">Condemnation of role in the slave trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Condemnation of role in the slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 17, 2018, the Charleston City Council apologized for its role in the slave trade and condemned its "inhumane" history. It also acknowledged wrongs committed against African Americans by slavery and Jim Crow laws.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 350px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 300px; width: 350px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 350px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="350" data-height="300" data-zoom="10" data-lat="32.7875" data-lon="-79.94" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/32.7875/-79.94/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,32.7875,-79.94,350x300.png?lang=en" width="350" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,32.7875,-79.94,350x300@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -25px; left: 0px; width: 350px; height: 350px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 143px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 282px; left: 337px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 282px; left: 240px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 256px; left: 288.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 255.875px; left: 334px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 8km<br />5miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 99.17849468935px; left: 186.6556189063px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 100.17849468935px; left: 205.1556189063px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 99.17849468935px; left: 194.1556189063px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 25.56630788902px; left: 247.46019710128px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 26.56630788902px; left: 265.96019710128px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 25.56630788902px; left: 254.96019710128px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 244.46746051344px; left: 153.13328582028px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 245.46746051344px; left: 171.63328582028px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 244.46746051344px; left: 160.63328582028px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 244.72604405671px; left: 74.624271969457px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 245.72604405671px; left: 93.124271969457px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 244.72604405671px; left: 82.124271969457px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 137.94334180527px; left: 113.66110140729px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 138.94334180527px; left: 132.16110140729px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 137.94334180527px; left: 121.16110140729px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 148.99075900185px; left: 168.15303246271px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 149.99075900185px; left: 186.65303246271px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 148.99075900185px; left: 175.65303246271px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 314px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/11/32.7875/-79.94/en" data-zoom="11" data-lat="32.7875" data-lon="-79.94" data-overlays="["_40a3f07869cdab4bf48d6df6db123bc752179d25"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Charleston districts<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div> Downtown/The Peninsula<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div> West Ashley<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div> Johns Island<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">4</span></div> James Island<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">5</span></div> Cainhoy Peninsula<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">6</span></div> Daniel Island</div></div></div> <p>The city proper consists of six distinct districts. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Downtown Charleston, South Carolina (page does not exist)">Downtown</a>, sometimes referred to as "The Peninsula", is Charleston's center city separated by the Ashley River to the west and the Cooper River to the east</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ashley" title="West Ashley">West Ashley</a>, residential area to the west of Downtown bordered by the Ashley River to the east and the Stono River to the west</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Johns Island, South Carolina">Johns Island</a>, far western limits of Charleston, bordered by the Stono River to the east, Kiawah River to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Wadmalaw_Island" title="Wadmalaw Island">Wadmalaw Island</a> to the west</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Island_(South_Carolina)" title="James Island (South Carolina)">James Island</a>, a popular residential area between Downtown and the town of <a href="/wiki/Folly_Beach,_South_Carolina" title="Folly Beach, South Carolina">Folly Beach</a> with portions of the independent town of James Island intermixed</li> <li>Cainhoy Peninsula, far eastern limits of Charleston, bordered by the Wando River to the west and Nowell Creek to the east</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Island" title="Daniel Island">Daniel Island</a>, residential area to the north of downtown, east of the Cooper River and west of the Wando River</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlestonriversmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charlestonriversmap.png/220px-Charlestonriversmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charlestonriversmap.png/330px-Charlestonriversmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charlestonriversmap.png/440px-Charlestonriversmap.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the major rivers of Charleston and the Charleston Harbor watershed</figcaption></figure> <p>The incorporated city fit into 4–5 sq mi (10–13 km<sup>2</sup>) as late as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878428_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878428-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911943_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911943-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has since greatly expanded, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Ashley_River_(South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley River (South Carolina)">Ashley River</a> and encompassing <a href="/wiki/James_Island_(South_Carolina)" title="James Island (South Carolina)">James Island</a> and some of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Island_(South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Island (South Carolina)">Johns Island</a>. The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Island" title="Daniel Island">Daniel Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cainhoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainhoy">Cainhoy</a> area. The present city has a total area of 135.51 square miles (351.0 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 115.03 square miles (297.9 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 20.48 square miles (53.0 km<sup>2</sup>) (15.11%) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston" class="mw-redirect" title="North Charleston">North Charleston</a> blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and <a href="/wiki/Mt_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant</a> occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Harbor" title="Charleston Harbor">Charleston Harbor</a> runs about 7 miles (11 km) southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 miles (3.2 km), surrounded on all sides except its entrance. <a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a> lies to the north of the entrance and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a> to the south. The entrance itself is about 1 mi (2 km) wide; it was originally only 18 ft (5 m) deep but began to be enlarged in the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878428_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878428-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tidal rivers (<a href="/wiki/Wando_River" title="Wando River">Wando</a>, Cooper, <a href="/wiki/Stono_River" title="Stono River">Stono</a>, and Ashley) are evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">submergent</a> or drowned coastline. There is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor, and the Cooper River is deep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg/220px-Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg/330px-Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg/440px-Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Damage left from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Charleston has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Cfa</i>), with mild winters, hot humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of <a href="/wiki/Thundershower" class="mw-redirect" title="Thundershower">thundershowers</a>. Fall remains relatively warm through the middle of November. Winter is short and mild and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) has a median occurrence of only once per decade at the airport, but freezing rain is more common; a snowfall/freezing rain event on January 3, 2018, was the first such event in Charleston since December 26, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, during the <a href="/wiki/December_1989_United_States_cold_wave" title="December 1989 United States cold wave">December 1989 United States cold wave</a>, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Downtown Charleston, South Carolina (page does not exist)">Downtown Charleston</a>'s climate is milder than the airport's due to more substantial maritime influence. This is especially true in the winter, with the average January low in downtown being 43.6 °F (6 °C) to the airport's 38.9 °F (4 °C) for example. </p><p>The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944; the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on <a href="/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1899" title="Great Blizzard of 1899">February 14, 1899</a>, although there was an unofficial record low of 1 °F (−17 °C) in February 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999, down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on <a href="/wiki/January_1985_Arctic_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1985 Arctic outbreak">January 21, 1985</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area—most notably <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a> on September 21, 1989 (a <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_hurricane_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale">category 4</a> storm). The dewpoint from June to August ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (19.9 to 21.9 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_1961–90_KCHS_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KCHS-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport" title="Charleston International Airport">Charleston Int'l</a>, South Carolina (1991–2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-mean_extremes_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mean_extremes-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1938–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(35) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.7<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.7<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.2<br />(29.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.0<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.0<br />(33.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.4<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.7<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.6<br />(35.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.9<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4<br />(30.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.2<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.2<br />(25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">98.9<br />(37.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.2<br />(15.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8<br />(17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.1<br />(25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.6<br />(28.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5<br />(31.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.8<br />(32.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.4<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.7<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.6<br />(24.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7<br />(14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8<br />(18.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3<br />(22.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(26.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.5<br />(28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4<br />(27.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9<br />(24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3<br />(14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.2<br />(11.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.5<br />(19.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(5.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3<br />(8.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5<br />(12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4<br />(21.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.7<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.3<br />(20.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7<br />(14.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(5.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.4<br />(13.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(−3.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(−0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.2<br />(10.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.2<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4<br />(19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0<br />(13.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.3<br />(−6.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(−14) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(−11) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(−9) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(−2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(10) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(13) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(−3) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(−9) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6<br />(−14) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.37<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.05<br />(77) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.35<br />(85) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.32<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #0BFF0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.21<br />(158) </td> <td style="background: #04FF04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.60<br />(168) </td> <td style="background: #00F600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.97<br />(177) </td> <td style="background: #13FF13; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.01<br />(153) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.33<br />(110) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.66<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.35<br />(85) </td> <td style="background: #56FF56; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52.51<br />(1,334) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.25) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.76) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">113.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(7.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3<br />(10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0<br />(16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.4<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.4<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(8.6) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">54.3<br />(12.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.7 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.9 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287.8 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.3 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,808.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_txt_CHS_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt_CHS-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_1961–90_KCHS_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KCHS-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-UVIT_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UVIT-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Charleston, South Carolina (Downtown), 1991–2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-mean_extremes_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mean_extremes-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1893–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(35) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4<br />(22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.8<br />(23.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.0<br />(26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.1<br />(32.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.4<br />(34.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.3<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.9<br />(34.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.8<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.2<br />(29.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.3<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.8<br />(36.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.3<br />(15.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3<br />(22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.5<br />(30.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.4<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6<br />(28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6<br />(24.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1<br />(19.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.9<br />(16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.3<br />(22.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.8<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.8<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.0<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5<br />(23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4<br />(27.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.6<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1<br />(15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8<br />(12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.2<br />(19.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1<br />(7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.0<br />(11.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.7<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0<br />(20.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.2<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.1<br />(25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5<br />(24.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.5<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2<br />(17.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1<br />(11.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.1<br />(16.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(−1.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1<br />(7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3<br />(13.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1<br />(19.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.7<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.4<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6<br />(9.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.9<br />(−2.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(−12) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(−14) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br />(7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61<br />(16) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59<br />(15) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(10) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(3) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(−8) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(−11) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7<br />(−14) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.56<br />(65) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.56<br />(65) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.03<br />(77) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.96<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.58<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.85<br />(123) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.08<br />(129) </td> <td style="background: #18FF18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.11<br />(155) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.25<br />(133) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.07<br />(103) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.30<br />(58) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.91<br />(74) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.26<br />(1,124) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">101.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Charleston,_SC_(CHS)-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_txt_downtown_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt_downtown-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-downtownextremes_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-downtownextremes-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_statistical_area">Metropolitan statistical area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Metropolitan statistical area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As defined by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, for use by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and other U.S. Government agencies for statistical purposes only, Charleston is included within the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston metropolitan area, South Carolina">Charleston-North Charleston, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area</a>, which consists of three counties: <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Berkeley County, South Carolina">Berkeley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_County,_South_Carolina" title="Dorchester County, South Carolina">Dorchester</a>. The metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 849,417 in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston</a> is the second-largest city in the metro area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina" title="Summerville, South Carolina">Summerville</a> are the next-largest cities. </p><p>The traditional parish system persisted until counties were established during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, which now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish. However, the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1770</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,863</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,359</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,824</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,711</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">24,780</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,289</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,261</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">42,985</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,522</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">48,956</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">49,984</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,955</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,807</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">58,833</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">67,957</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">62,265</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">71,275</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,174</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,288</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">66,945</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,779</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,414</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">96,650</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,083</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">150,227</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">155,369</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusQuickFacts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1770 estimate<sup id="cite_ref-ColonialPop_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColonialPop-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Charleston city, South Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>60,187 </td> <td>82,427 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">108,766 </td> <td>62.27% </td> <td>68.64% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">72.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>32,688 </td> <td>30,288 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">25,332 </td> <td>33.82% </td> <td>25.22% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">16.86% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>140 </td> <td>235 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">278 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>0.20% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>1,184 </td> <td>1,950 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3,240 </td> <td>1.23% </td> <td>1.62% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>50 </td> <td>111 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">154 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some Other Race alone (NH) </td> <td>131 </td> <td>142 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">501 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>808 </td> <td>1,479 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5,138 </td> <td>0.84% </td> <td>1.23% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>1,462 </td> <td>3,451 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">6,818 </td> <td>1.51% </td> <td>2.87% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>96,650</b> </td> <td><b>120,083</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>150,227</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, there were 150,227 people, 58,902 households, and 31,780 families residing in the city. </p><p>In 2023, of the 150,227 people in Charleston, about 134,996 of them lived in Charleston County, and 15,231 of them lived in Berkeley County.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHighwayMapBerkeleyCo_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHighwayMapBerkeleyCo-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given Charleston's high concentration of African Americans who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> that developed on the Sea Islands and in the Low Country, the local speech patterns were also influenced by this community. Today, Gullah is still spoken by many African American residents.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rapid development since 1980, especially on the surrounding Sea Islands, has attracted residents from outside the area and led to a decline in Gullah's prominence. </p><p>The traditional educated Charleston accent has long been noted throughout the state and South. It is typically heard in wealthy European American older people who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises <i>ay</i> and <i>aw</i> in certain environments, and is <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">nonrhotic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Primer" title="Sylvester Primer">Sylvester Primer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a> wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887)<sup id="cite_ref-primer_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primer-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on English, as the earliest settlers spoke it; therefore, it was derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The disappearing "Charleston accent" spoken mainly by older natives is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Many Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chalston". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charleston is known as "The Holy City".<sup id="cite_ref-why_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-why-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite beliefs that the term dates to the city's earliest days and refers to its religiously tolerant culture, the term was coined in the 20th century, likely as a mockery of Charlestonians' self-satisfied attitude about their city.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the nickname's origination, residents have embraced the term and explained it in more flattering terms. </p><p>The Anglican church was dominant in the colonial era, and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Luke_and_St._Paul_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul (Charleston, South Carolina)">Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul</a> is today the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_South_Carolina" title="Anglican Diocese of South Carolina">Anglican Diocese of South Carolina</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Protestant_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church</a> is another historic church in Charleston. Many French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> refugees settled in Charleston in the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church">Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal" class="mw-redirect" title="African Methodist Episcopal">African Methodist Episcopal</a> church in the Southern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and houses the oldest <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black congregation</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-MotherEmanuel-2015_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-MotherEmanuel-2015-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Carolina has long allowed <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to practice their faith without restriction. <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Kahal_Kadosh_Beth_Elohim" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim">Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim</a>, founded in 1749 by <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> from London, is the fourth-oldest Jewish congregation in the continental United States and was an important site for the development of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brith Sholom Beth Israel is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> synagogue in the South, founded by Sam Berlin and other <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> German and Central European Jews in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's oldest <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> parish, <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_of_the_Annunciation_Catholic_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="St. Mary of the Annunciation Catholic Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Mary of the Annunciation Catholic Church</a> is the mother church of Catholicism in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia. In 1820, Charleston was established as the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Charleston" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston">Diocese of Charleston</a>, which at the time comprised the Carolinas and Georgia and presently encompasses the state of South Carolina. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite_(Southern_Jurisdiction,_USA)" title="Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA)">Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite</a>, established in Charleston in 1801, is considered the mother council of the world by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charleston's culture blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has several arts, music, local cuisine, and fashion venues. <a href="/wiki/Spoleto_Festival_USA" title="Spoleto Festival USA">Spoleto Festival USA</a>, held annually in late spring, was founded in 1977 by <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>–winning composer <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>, who sought to establish a counterpart to the <i>Festival dei Due Mondi</i> (the Festival of Two Worlds) in <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>, Italy. </p><p>Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic <a href="/wiki/Dock_Street_Theatre" title="Dock Street Theatre">Dock Street Theatre</a>. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">gumbo</a>, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is a staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs">Annual cultural events and fairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Annual cultural events and fairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charleston annually hosts <a href="/wiki/Spoleto_Festival_USA" title="Spoleto Festival USA">Spoleto Festival USA</a> founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in various disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-charlestonspoleto.org_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlestonspoleto.org-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_River_Bridge_Run" title="Cooper River Bridge Run">Cooper River Bridge Run</a>, The Charleston Marathon,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE),<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Conference" title="Charleston Conference">Charleston Conference</a> is a major library industry event, held in the city center since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_in_Charleston" title="Music in Charleston">Music in Charleston</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a> community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music. In turn, Charleston's music has influenced the rest of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Geechee" class="mw-redirect" title="Geechee">geechee</a> dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired <a href="/wiki/Eubie_Blake" title="Eubie Blake">Eubie Blake</a>'s "Charleston Rag" and later <a href="/wiki/James_P._Johnson" title="James P. Johnson">James P. Johnson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Charleston_(1923_song)" title="Charleston (1923 song)">Charleston</a>", as well as the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">dance craze</a> that defined a nation in the 1920s. "<a href="/wiki/Ballin%27_the_Jack" title="Ballin' the Jack">Ballin' the Jack</a>", which was a popular dance in the years before "Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith_(composer)" title="Chris Smith (composer)">Chris Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Orphanage" title="Jenkins Orphanage">Jenkins Orphanage</a> was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments, and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on various instruments and could read music expertly.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. <a href="/wiki/Cat_Anderson" title="Cat Anderson">William "Cat" Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabbo_Smith" title="Jabbo Smith">Jabbo Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Green" title="Freddie Green">Freddie Green</a> are but a few of the alumni who became professional musicians. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Taft</a> and toured the US and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by <a href="/wiki/DuBose_Heyward" title="DuBose Heyward">DuBose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Heyward" title="Dorothy Heyward">Dorothy Heyward</a>, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the genuine Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbert_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbert-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ira_Gershwin" title="Ira Gershwin">Ira Gershwin</a> to turn his novel into the now famous opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i> (so named to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at <a href="/wiki/Folly_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Folly Beach">Folly Beach</a> outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it. <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i> is considered one of the first Great American Operas and is widely performed.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this day, Charleston is home to many musicians in all genres.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_theater">Live theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Live theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charleston has a vibrant theater scene, home to America's first theater. Most of the theaters are part of the League of Charleston Theatres, better known as Theatre Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the city's theaters include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dock_Street_Theatre" title="Dock Street Theatre">Dock Street Theatre</a>, opened in the 1930s on the site of America's first purpose-built theater building, is home to the Charleston Stage Company, South Carolina's largest professional theater company.</li> <li>Queen Street Playhouse, a former cotton warehouse, was fully converted into a theater in 1986. It is the home of the Footlight Players, a Charleston theater troupe first organized in 1932.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sottile_Theater" title="Sottile Theater">Sottile Theater</a>, on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_historical_sites,_and_other_attractions"><span id="Museums.2C_historical_sites.2C_and_other_attractions"></span>Museums, historical sites, and other attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Museums, historical sites, and other attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Historic_District" title="Charleston Historic District">Charleston Historic District</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Calhoun_Mansion,_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4648.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Calhoun_Mansion%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4648.JPG/220px-The_Calhoun_Mansion%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4648.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Calhoun_Mansion%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4648.JPG/330px-The_Calhoun_Mansion%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4648.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Calhoun_Mansion%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4648.JPG/440px-The_Calhoun_Mansion%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4648.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Calhoun Mansion">Calhoun Mansion</a> at 16 Meeting Street was built in 1876 by George Williams but derived its name from a later occupant, his grandson-in-law Patrick Calhoun.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Russell_House_(Front_Fa%C3%A7ade).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nathaniel_Russell_House_%28Front_Fa%C3%A7ade%29.JPG/220px-Nathaniel_Russell_House_%28Front_Fa%C3%A7ade%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nathaniel_Russell_House_%28Front_Fa%C3%A7ade%29.JPG/330px-Nathaniel_Russell_House_%28Front_Fa%C3%A7ade%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nathaniel_Russell_House_%28Front_Fa%C3%A7ade%29.JPG/440px-Nathaniel_Russell_House_%28Front_Fa%C3%A7ade%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Russell_House" title="Nathaniel Russell House">Nathaniel Russell House</a>, built 1808</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Customs_House_-_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Customs_House_-_2013.jpg/220px-Customs_House_-_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Customs_House_-_2013.jpg/330px-Customs_House_-_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Customs_House_-_2013.jpg/440px-Customs_House_-_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>Old <a href="/wiki/Exchange_and_Provost" title="Exchange and Provost">Exchange and Provost</a> Dungeon on Broad Street, built 1767</figcaption></figure> <p>Charleston has many historic buildings, art and historical museums, <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of parks in Charleston, South Carolina">public parks</a>, and other attractions, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Research_Center_for_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture">Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture</a>, established to collect, preserve, and make public African Americans' unique historical and cultural heritage in Charleston and the South Carolina Low Country. Avery's archival collections, museum exhibitions, and public programming reflect these diverse populations and the wider African Diaspora.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">The Battery</a>, a historic defensive seawall and promenade located at the tip of the peninsula along with <a href="/wiki/White_Point_Garden" title="White Point Garden">White Point Garden</a>, a park featuring several memorials and Civil War-era artillery pieces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Calhoun Mansion">Calhoun Mansion</a>, a 24,000-square-foot (2,200 m<sup>2</sup>), 1876 Victorian home at 16 Meeting Street, is named for a grandson of John C. Calhoun, who lived there with his wife, the builder's daughter. The private house is periodically open for tours.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Museum" title="Charleston Museum">Charleston Museum</a>, America's first museum, founded in 1773.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_and_Provost" title="Exchange and Provost">Exchange and Provost</a>, built in 1767, it is operated as a museum by the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbes_Museum_of_Art" title="Gibbes Museum of Art">Gibbes Museum of Art</a>, opened in 1905, it houses principally American works with a Charleston or Southern connection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gov._William_Aiken_House" title="Gov. William Aiken House">Gov. William Aiken House</a>, also known as the Aiken-Rhett House, is a house museum built in 1820.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproof_Building" title="Fireproof Building">Fireproof Building</a> houses the South Carolina Historical Society, which offers a rotating series of historical displays.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, the site of the first shots fired in the Civil War, is located in Charleston Harbor. The National Park Service maintains a visitor center for Fort Sumter at Liberty Square (near the South Carolina Aquarium), and boat tours including the fort depart nearby.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsey_Institute_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art">Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art</a> at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a>, a free a non-collecting contemporary arts organization.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward-Washington_House" title="Heyward-Washington House">Heyward-Washington House</a>, a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. The house is furnished in the late 18th century and includes a collection of Charleston-made furniture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_American_Museum" title="International African American Museum">International African American Museum</a>, opened in 2023.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Manigault_House" title="Joseph Manigault House">Joseph Manigault House</a>, a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. Gabriel Manigault designed the house, which is significant for its <a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a> architecture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Market_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="City Market (Charleston, South Carolina)">Market Hall and Sheds</a>, also known as the City Market or simply the Market, stretches several blocks behind 188 Meeting Street. Market Hall, built in 1841, houses the Daughters of the Confederacy Museum. The sheds house some permanent stores but are mainly occupied by open-air vendors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Russell_House" title="Nathaniel Russell House">Nathaniel Russell House</a>, a federal-style house open to the public as a house museum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Slave_Mart" title="Old Slave Mart">Old Slave Mart Museum</a>, located at 6 Chalmers Street in the historic district, is the first African American Museum. It has operated since 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Magazine_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Powder Magazine (Charleston, South Carolina)">Powder Magazine</a>, a 1713 gunpowder magazine and museum. It is the oldest surviving public building in South Carolina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Row" title="Rainbow Row">Rainbow Row</a>, an iconic strip of homes along the harbor, dates back to the mid-18th century. Though the houses are not open to the public, they are one of the most photographed attractions in the city and are featured heavily in local art.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Aquarium" title="South Carolina Aquarium">South Carolina Aquarium</a>, includes revolving exhibits while its permanent focus is on the aquatic life of South Carolina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Park_(Charleston)" title="Waterfront Park (Charleston)">Waterfront Park</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_River_(South_Carolina)" title="Cooper River (South Carolina)">Cooper River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg/220px-Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg/330px-Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg/440px-Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MUSC_Health_Stadium" title="MUSC Health Stadium">MUSC Health Stadium</a>, home of the Charleston Battery from 1998 to 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Charleston is home to some professional, minor league, and amateur sports teams: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Battery" title="Charleston Battery">Charleston Battery</a>, a professional <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> team, play in the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a>. The Battery plays at <a href="/wiki/Patriots_Point_Soccer_Complex" title="Patriots Point Soccer Complex">Patriots Point Soccer Complex</a>.</li> <li>Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association, a Gaelic athletic club focusing on the sports of <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>. The club competes in the Southeastern Division of the North American County Board of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">GAA</a>. The club hosts other division clubs in the Holy City Cup each spring.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Outlaws_RFC" title="Charleston Outlaws RFC">Charleston Outlaws RFC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> club in the Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South, and <a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">USA Rugby</a>. It competes in Men's Division II against the Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and Charlotte "B" clubs. The club also hosts a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a> tournament during Memorial Day weekend.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_RiverDogs" title="Charleston RiverDogs">Charleston RiverDogs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League Baseball</a> team, plays in the <a href="/wiki/Low-A_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-A East">Low-A East</a> and are an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Tampa Bay Rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RiverDogs play at <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Riley_Jr._Park" title="Joseph P. Riley Jr. Park">Joseph P. Riley Jr. Park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Open" title="Charleston Open">Credit One Charleston Open</a>, a major Women's Tennis Association Event, hosted at <a href="/wiki/Credit_One_Stadium" title="Credit One Stadium">Credit One Stadium</a>, on Daniel Island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_Highrollers" title="Lowcountry Highrollers">Lowcountry Highrollers</a>, a women's flat-track roller derby league in the Charleston area. The league is a local Women's Flat Track Derby Association member.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Stingrays" title="South Carolina Stingrays">South Carolina Stingrays</a>, a professional hockey team, plays in the <a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a>. The Stingrays play in North Charleston at the <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston_Coliseum" title="North Charleston Coliseum">North Charleston Coliseum</a>. The Stingrays are an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Capitals" title="Washington Capitals">Washington Capitals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hershey_Bears" title="Hershey Bears">Hershey Bears</a>.</li></ul> <p>Other notable sports venues in Charleston include <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Hagood_Stadium" title="Johnson Hagood Stadium">Johnson Hagood Stadium</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel_Bulldogs" title="The Citadel Bulldogs">The Citadel Bulldogs</a> <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">football</a> team), <a href="/wiki/McAlister_Field_House" title="McAlister Field House">McAlister Field House</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel_Bulldogs" title="The Citadel Bulldogs">The Citadel Bulldogs</a> <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">basketball</a> team), and <a href="/wiki/TD_Arena" title="TD Arena">Toronto Dominion Bank Arena</a> at the College of Charleston, which seats 5,100 people who view the school's basketball and volleyball teams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_films">Books and films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Books and films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Creative_works_set_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Creative works set in Charleston, South Carolina">Creative works set in Charleston, South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_and_films_set_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of television shows and films set in Charleston, South Carolina">List of television shows and films set in Charleston, South Carolina</a></div> <p>Various books and films have been set in Charleston; some of the best-known works are listed below. In addition, Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and television, both in its own right and as a stand-in for Southern historical settings. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_(novel)" title="Porgy (novel)">Porgy</a></i> (1925), by <a href="/wiki/DuBose_Heyward" title="DuBose Heyward">DuBose Heyward</a>, adapted into <a href="/wiki/Porgy_(play)" title="Porgy (play)">the play</a> in 1927. <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>'s folk opera <i>Porgy and Bess</i> (1935), based on the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_(novel)" title="Porgy (novel)">Porgy</a></i>, is set in Charleston and was partially written at <a href="/wiki/Folly_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Folly Beach">Folly Beach</a>, near Charleston. A <a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(film)" title="Porgy and Bess (film)">film version</a> was released in 1959.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_and_South_(trilogy)" title="North and South (trilogy)"><i>North and South</i></a>, series of books by <a href="/wiki/John_Jakes" title="John Jakes">John Jakes</a>, was partially set in Charleston. The <a href="/wiki/North_and_South_(miniseries)" title="North and South (miniseries)"><i>North and South</i></a> miniseries was partially set and filmed in Charleston.</li> <li>Part of the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)" title="Glory (1989 film)">Glory</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Broderick" title="Matthew Broderick">Matthew Broderick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a>, features the 1863 <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Wagner" title="Second Battle of Fort Wagner">Second Battle of Fort Wagner</a> on <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a>.</li> <li>The movies <i><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Thing_(1982_film)" title="Swamp Thing (1982 film)">Swamp Thing</a></i> (1982) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lords_of_Discipline_(film)" title="The Lords of Discipline (film)">The Lords of Discipline</a></i> (1983) (based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Conroy" title="Pat Conroy">Pat Conroy</a>) were partly filmed in Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Carolina#Modern_economy" title="Economy of South Carolina">Economy of South Carolina</a></div> <p>Commercial shipping is important to the economy. The city has two shipping terminals, of a total of five terminals owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority in the Charleston metropolitan area, which are part of the fourth-largest container seaport on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> and the seventh-largest container seaport in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-bts.gov_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bts.gov-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port is also used to transfer cars and car parts for Charleston's auto manufacturing business, such as Mercedes and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volvo_Car_production_plants" title="List of Volvo Car production plants">Volvo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes known as Silicon Harbor,<sup id="cite_ref-Swartz_2017_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swartz_2017-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charleston_is_Known_As_Silicon_Harbor_2019_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charleston_is_Known_As_Silicon_Harbor_2019-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city is becoming a popular location for <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this sector has had the highest rate of growth between 2011 and 2012, due in large part to the Charleston Digital Corridor. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Milken_Institute" title="Milken Institute">Milken Institute</a> ranked the Charleston region as the ninth-best performing economy in the US because of its growing IT sector. Notable companies include <a href="/wiki/Blackbaud" title="Blackbaud">Blackbaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greystar_Real_Estate_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Greystar Real Estate Partners">Greystar Real Estate Partners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evening_Post_Industries" title="Evening Post Industries">Evening Post Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Creuset" title="Le Creuset">Le Creuset</a>, SPARC a <a href="/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen Hamilton</a> subsidiary, BoomTown, CSS, and Benefitfocus. </p><p>In June 2017, the mean sales price for a home in Charleston was $351,186 (equivalent to $429,400 in 2023) and the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> price was $260,000 (equivalent to $317,900 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_Employers">Top Employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Top Employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the city's 2023 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Charleston metropolitan area's top employers are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Employer</th> <th>Number of employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Charleston" title="Joint Base Charleston">Joint Base Charleston</a></td> <td>24,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_South_Carolina" title="Medical University of South Carolina">Medical University of South Carolina</a></td> <td>17,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_South_Carolina" title="Boeing South Carolina">Boeing South Carolina</a></td> <td>6,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Roper St. Francis Healthcare</td> <td>6,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston_County_School_District" title="Charleston County School District">Charleston County School District</a></td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a></td> <td>3,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration" title="Veterans Health Administration">R.H. Johnson VA Medical Center</a></td> <td>3,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston County</a></td> <td>2,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a></td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>City of Charleston</td> <td>1,982 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG/220px-Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG/330px-Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG/440px-Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charleston_City_Hall_(South_Carolina)" title="Charleston City Hall (South Carolina)">City Hall</a> is open to tourists for free historical tours. Shown during <a href="/wiki/Spoleto_Festival_USA" title="Spoleto Festival USA">Spoleto Festival USA</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Charleston has a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">strong mayor–council government</a>, with the mayor acting as the chief administrator and the executive officer of the municipality. The mayor also presides over <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> meetings and has a vote, the same as other council members. The current mayor, since 2024, is <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Cogswell_Jr." title="William S. Cogswell Jr.">William S. Cogswell Jr.</a> The council has 12 members who are each elected from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_department">Fire department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fire department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlestonfd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlestonfd.JPG/220px-Charlestonfd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlestonfd.JPG/330px-Charlestonfd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlestonfd.JPG/440px-Charlestonfd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Fire Department station houses for Engines 2 and 3 of the Charleston Fire Department</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Charleston_Fire_Department" title="City of Charleston Fire Department">City of Charleston Fire Department</a> consists of over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 21 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, two ladder companies, a heavy rescue company, a HAZ-MAT unit, and several special units. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the department's divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and is a Class 1 ISO rating.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008. Chief Daniel Curia presently leads the department. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_department">Police department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Police department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Charleston_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Charleston Police Department">City of Charleston Police Department</a>, with 456 sworn officers and 117 civilians is South Carolina's largest police department.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chico Walker serves as the current Chief of Police. He follows Luther Reynolds, Greg Mullen and Reuben Greenberg. Chief Reynolds is credited with continuing successful community outreach programs such as The Illumination Project and fostering a culture of mutual respect. Under Chief Reynolds, the agency has successfully withstood challenges such as the Coronavirus and downtown disturbances. Additionally, the agency continues to recruit police candidates in a competitive market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EMS_and_medical_centers">EMS and medical centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: EMS and medical centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a> (EMS) for the city are provided by Charleston County Emergency Medical Services (CCEMS) & Berkeley County Emergency Medical Services (BCEMS). The city is served by the EMS and 911 services of both Charleston and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Berkeley County, South Carolina">Berkeley</a> counties since the city is part of both counties. </p><p>Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: <a href="/wiki/MUSC_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSC Medical Center">Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center</a> (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Roper Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a> industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trident_Medical_Center" title="Trident Medical Center">Trident Regional Medical Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">City of North Charleston</a> and East Cooper Regional Medical Center<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant</a> also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coast_Guard_Station_Charleston">Coast Guard Station Charleston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Coast Guard Station Charleston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coast Guard Station Charleston responds to search and rescue emergencies, conducts maritime law enforcement activities, and performs ports, waterways, and coastal security (PWCS) missions. Personnel from Station Charleston are highly trained professionals, composed of federal law enforcement officers, boat crew members, and coxswains capable of completing various missions. In 2020, the Coast Guard announced plans to construct a 2,800-acre (11 km<sup>2</sup>) "superbase" on the former <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Naval_Shipyard" title="Charleston Naval Shipyard">Charleston Naval Shipyard</a> complex to consolidate all its Charleston-area facilities and become the homeport for five Security cutters and additional offshore cutters. Construction began on the Superbase in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coast_Guard_Sector_Charleston_(District_7)"><span id="Coast_Guard_Sector_Charleston_.28District_7.29"></span>Coast Guard Sector Charleston (District 7)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Coast Guard Sector Charleston (District 7)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coast Guard <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_HH-65_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin">Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin</a>, Johns Island</li> <li>Coast Guard Helicopter Air Facility, Johns Island, Charleston</li> <li>Coast Guard <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Law_Enforcement_Academy" title="Maritime Law Enforcement Academy">Maritime Law Enforcement Academy</a></li> <li>Coast Guard Reserves, Charleston</li> <li>Coast Guard Station Charleston</li> <li>USCGC Anvil, <a href="/wiki/USCG_inland_construction_tender" title="USCG inland construction tender">75-foot inland construction tender</a>, Charleston</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Calhoun_(WMSL-759)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Calhoun (WMSL-759)">USCGC Calhoun (WMSL-759)</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Cutter">National Security Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Friedman_(WMSL-760)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Friedman (WMSL-760)">USCGC Friedman (WMSL-760)</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Cutter">National Security Cutter</a> (2024 Delivery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Hamilton_(WMSL-753)" title="USCGC Hamilton (WMSL-753)">USCGC Hamilton (WMSL-753)</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Cutter">National Security Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_James_(WMSL-754)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC James (WMSL-754)">USCGC James (WMSL-754)</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Cutter">National Security Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Stone_(WMSL-758)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Stone (WMSL-758)">USCGC Stone (WMSL-758)</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Cutter">National Security Cutter</a></li> <li>USCGC Willow, (WLB-202), Charleston</li> <li>USCGC Yellowfin, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Protector-class_coastal_patrol_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Protector-class coastal patrol boat">Marine Protector-class coastal patrol boat</a>, Charleston</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>, Charleston District Headquarters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Charleston" title="Joint Base Charleston">Joint Base Charleston</a> (Navy & Air Force)</li> <li>U.S. Coast Guard</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime">Crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows Charleston's crime rate for six crimes that <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Quitno" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Quitno">Morgan Quitno</a> uses to calculate the ranking of "America's most dangerous cities" in comparison to the national average. The statistics shown are for the number of crimes committed per 100,000 people. Since 1999, the overall crime rate in Charleston has declined markedly. Charleston's total crime index rate in 1999 was 597.1 crimes committed per 100,000 people, while in 2011, the total crime index rate was 236.4 per 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Crime </th> <th>Charleston (2011) </th> <th>National Average </th></tr> <tr> <td>Murder </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rape </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Robbery </td> <td style="text-align:right;">162.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">133.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assault </td> <td style="text-align:right;">195.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">160.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burglary </td> <td style="text-align:right;">527.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">433.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Theft </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,957.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,434.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Auto thefts </td> <td style="text-align:right;">270.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">222.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arson </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_and_rail">Airport and rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Airport and rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The City of Charleston is served by the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport" title="Charleston International Airport">Charleston International Airport</a>. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 mi (19 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: <b>CHS</b>, <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: <b>KCHS</b>). The airport shares runways with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Air_Force_Base" title="Charleston Air Force Base">Charleston Air Force Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Executive_Airport" title="Charleston Executive Airport">Charleston Executive Airport</a> is a smaller airport located in Charleston's John's Island section and is used by noncommercial aircraft. Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority. As of April 2019, <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> does seasonal non-stop flights from Charleston to <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London-Heathrow</a>. </p><p>Charleston is served by two daily <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> trains: <a href="/wiki/Palmetto_(Amtrak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmetto (Amtrak)">The Palmetto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_Meteor" title="Silver Meteor">Silver Meteor</a> at <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston_station" title="North Charleston station">the Amtrak station</a>, located at 4565 Gaynor Avenue in the City of North Charleston, which is approximately 7.5 miles from downtown Charleston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstates_and_highways">Interstates and highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Interstates and highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Interstate_26_in_South_Carolina" title="Interstate 26 in South Carolina">I-26</a> begins in Downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge" title="Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge">Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge</a> and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city to <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport" title="Charleston International Airport">Charleston International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_South_Carolina" title="Interstate 95 in South Carolina">I-95</a>, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_South_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 17 in South Carolina">US 17</a>, which travels east–west through Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Expressway, or <a href="/wiki/Interstate_526" title="Interstate 526">I-526</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Bypass_(road)" title="Bypass (road)">bypass</a> around the city and begins and ends at US 17. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_South_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 52 in South Carolina">US 52</a> is Meeting Street and its <a href="/w/index.php?title=U,.S._Route_52_Spur_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U,.S. Route 52 Spur (Charleston, South Carolina) (page does not exist)">spur</a> is East Bay Street, which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side. This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (industrial district). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_South_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 78 in South Carolina">US 78</a> is King Street in the downtown merging with Meeting Street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_highways">Major highways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Major highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/I-26.svg/24px-I-26.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/I-26.svg/36px-I-26.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/I-26.svg/48px-I-26.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_26_in_South_Carolina" title="Interstate 26 in South Carolina">I-26</a> (eastern terminus is in Charleston)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/I-526.svg/30px-I-526.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/I-526.svg/45px-I-526.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/I-526.svg/60px-I-526.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_526_(South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 526 (South Carolina)">I-526</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_17.svg/24px-US_17.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_17.svg/36px-US_17.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_17.svg/48px-US_17.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_South_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 17 in South Carolina">US 17</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/US_52.svg/24px-US_52.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/US_52.svg/36px-US_52.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/US_52.svg/48px-US_52.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_South_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 52 in South Carolina">US 52</a> (eastern terminus is in Charleston)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/24px-US_78.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/36px-US_78.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/48px-US_78.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_South_Carolina" title="U.S. Route 78 in South Carolina">US 78</a> (eastern terminus is in Charleston)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/South_Carolina_7.svg/30px-South_Carolina_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/South_Carolina_7.svg/45px-South_Carolina_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/South_Carolina_7.svg/60px-South_Carolina_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_7" title="South Carolina Highway 7">SC 7</a> (Sam Rittenberg Boulevard)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/South_Carolina_30.svg/30px-South_Carolina_30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/South_Carolina_30.svg/45px-South_Carolina_30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/South_Carolina_30.svg/60px-South_Carolina_30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_30" title="South Carolina Highway 30">SC 30</a> (James Island Expressway)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/South_Carolina_61.svg/30px-South_Carolina_61.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/South_Carolina_61.svg/45px-South_Carolina_61.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/South_Carolina_61.svg/60px-South_Carolina_61.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_61" title="South Carolina Highway 61">SC 61</a> (St. Andrews Boulevard/Ashley River Road)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Carolina_171.svg/30px-South_Carolina_171.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Carolina_171.svg/45px-South_Carolina_171.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Carolina_171.svg/60px-South_Carolina_171.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_171" title="South Carolina Highway 171">SC 171</a> (Old Towne Road/Folly Road)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/South_Carolina_461.svg/30px-South_Carolina_461.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/South_Carolina_461.svg/45px-South_Carolina_461.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/South_Carolina_461.svg/60px-South_Carolina_461.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_461" title="South Carolina Highway 461">SC 461</a> (Paul Cantrell Boulevard/Glenn McConnell Parkway)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/South_Carolina_700.svg/30px-South_Carolina_700.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/South_Carolina_700.svg/45px-South_Carolina_700.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/South_Carolina_700.svg/60px-South_Carolina_700.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_700" title="South Carolina Highway 700">SC 700</a> (Maybank Highway)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge">Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge" title="Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge">Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_River_(South_Carolina)" title="Cooper River (South Carolina)">Cooper River</a> opened on July 16, 2005, and was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans">longest</a> <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> in the Americas at the time of its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge links downtown Charleston with Mount Pleasant, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles. The bridge's height varies but is estimated at 573 feet. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/John_P._Grace_Memorial_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Grace Memorial Bridge">Grace Memorial Bridge</a> (built in 1929) and the <a href="/wiki/Silas_N._Pearman_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Silas N. Pearman Bridge">Silas N. Pearman Bridge</a> (built in 1966). They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenel_Bridge_at_night_from_Mt_Pleasant_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ravenel_Bridge_at_night_from_Mt_Pleasant_%28cropped%29.jpg/770px-Ravenel_Bridge_at_night_from_Mt_Pleasant_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="770" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ravenel_Bridge_at_night_from_Mt_Pleasant_%28cropped%29.jpg/1155px-Ravenel_Bridge_at_night_from_Mt_Pleasant_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ravenel_Bridge_at_night_from_Mt_Pleasant_%28cropped%29.jpg/1540px-Ravenel_Bridge_at_night_from_Mt_Pleasant_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6038" data-file-height="2879" /></a><figcaption>The new Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge, constructed in 2005 and named after the late <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr." title="Arthur Ravenel Jr.">Arthur Ravenel Jr.</a>, who pushed the project to fruition, was at the time of its construction the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans">longest</a> <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_bus_service">City bus service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: City bus service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is also served by a bus system operated by the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Area_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority">Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority</a> (CARTA). Most of the urban area is served by regional fixed-route buses equipped with bike racks as part of the system's Rack and Ride program. CARTA offers connectivity to historic downtown attractions and accommodations with the Downtown Area Shuttle trolley buses, and it offers curbside pickup for disabled passengers with its Tel-A-Ride buses. A <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system is in development, called <a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_Rapid_Bus_System" title="Lowcountry Rapid Bus System">Lowcountry Rapid Transit</a>, that will connect Charleston to Summerville through North Charleston. </p><p>Rural parts of the city and metropolitan area are served by a different bus system operated by the Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Rural Transportation Management Association. The system is also commonly called the TriCounty Link.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Charleston" title="Port of Charleston">Port of Charleston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_13,092-TEU_container_ship_COSCO_Development_works_at_the_Port_of_Charleston%27s_Wando_Welch_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_13%2C092-TEU_container_ship_COSCO_Development_works_at_the_Port_of_Charleston%27s_Wando_Welch_Terminal.jpg/220px-The_13%2C092-TEU_container_ship_COSCO_Development_works_at_the_Port_of_Charleston%27s_Wando_Welch_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_13%2C092-TEU_container_ship_COSCO_Development_works_at_the_Port_of_Charleston%27s_Wando_Welch_Terminal.jpg/330px-The_13%2C092-TEU_container_ship_COSCO_Development_works_at_the_Port_of_Charleston%27s_Wando_Welch_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_13%2C092-TEU_container_ship_COSCO_Development_works_at_the_Port_of_Charleston%27s_Wando_Welch_Terminal.jpg/440px-The_13%2C092-TEU_container_ship_COSCO_Development_works_at_the_Port_of_Charleston%27s_Wando_Welch_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Wanda Welch Terminal in the Port of Charleston</figcaption></figure> <p>The Port of Charleston, owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority, is one of the largest ports in the United States, ranked seventh in the top 25 by <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerized cargo</a> volume in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-bts.gov_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bts.gov-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of six terminals, with the sixth opening in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Port activity at the two terminals located in the city of Charleston is one of the city's leading sources of revenue, behind tourism. </p><p>Today, the Port of Charleston boasts the deepest water in the southeast region and regularly handles ships too big to transit through the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. A harbor-deepening project was completed,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes the Port of Charleston's entrance channel a depth of 54 feet (16 m) and harbor channel 52 feet at mean low tide. With an average high tide of 6 feet (1.8 m), the depth clearances will become 60 feet (18 m) and 58 feet, respectively. At 52 feet (16 m), the Port of Charleston is the deepest harbor on the East Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of Union Pier Terminal in Charleston is a cruise ship passenger terminal hosting numerous cruise departures annually through 2019. Beginning in May 2019, until cruise operations were interrupted in April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Cruise_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival Cruise Lines">Carnival</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Sunshine" title="Carnival Sunshine"><i>Sunshine</i></a> was permanently stationed in Charleston, offering 4, 5, and 7-day cruises to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the closure of the Naval Base and the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Naval_Shipyard" title="Charleston Naval Shipyard">Charleston Naval Shipyard</a> in 1996, Detyens, Inc. signed a long-term lease. Detyens Shipyard, Inc. is one of the East Coast's most extensive commercial marine repair facilities, with three dry docks, one floating dock, and six piers. Projects include military, commercial, and cruise ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of schools in Charleston, South Carolina">List of schools in Charleston, South Carolina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Randolph_hall_college_of_charleston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Randolph_hall_college_of_charleston.JPG/220px-Randolph_hall_college_of_charleston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Randolph_hall_college_of_charleston.JPG/330px-Randolph_hall_college_of_charleston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Randolph_hall_college_of_charleston.JPG/440px-Randolph_hall_college_of_charleston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Randolph Hall, <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because most of the city of Charleston is located in Charleston County, it is served by the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County_School_District" title="Charleston County School District">Charleston County School District</a>, which covers all of Charleston County.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the city, however, is served by the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County_School_District" title="Berkeley County School District">Berkeley County School District</a>, which covers all of Berkeley County.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Berkeley County section includes northern portions of the city, such as the Cainhoy Industrial District, Cainhoy Historical District, and Daniel Island. </p><p>Charleston is also served by a large number of independent schools, including <a href="/wiki/Porter-Gaud_School" title="Porter-Gaud School">Porter-Gaud School</a> (K-12), <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Collegiate_School" title="Charleston Collegiate School">Charleston Collegiate School</a> (K-12), <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Hall_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley Hall (school)">Ashley Hall</a> (Pre K-12), Charleston Day School (K-8), First Baptist Church School (K-12), Palmetto Christian Academy (K-12), Coastal Christian Preparatory School (K-12), Mason Preparatory School<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (K-8), and Addlestone Hebrew Academy (K-8). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Charleston" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston">Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston</a> Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into <a href="/wiki/Bishop_England_High_School" title="Bishop England High School">Bishop England High School</a>, a diocesan high school within the city. <a href="/wiki/Bishop_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop England">Bishop England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter-Gaud_School" title="Porter-Gaud School">Porter-Gaud School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Hall_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley Hall (school)">Ashley Hall</a> are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools and are a significant part of Charleston's history, dating back some 150 years. </p><p>Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_South_Carolina" title="Medical University of South Carolina">Medical University of South Carolina</a>. The city is also home to private schools, including the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Southern_University" title="Charleston Southern University">Charleston Southern University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charleston_School_of_Law" title="Charleston School of Law">Charleston School of Law</a>. Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, <a href="/wiki/Trident_Technical_College" title="Trident Technical College">Trident Technical College</a>. Charleston has the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_the_Building_Arts" title="American College of the Building Arts">American College of the Building Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Media in Charleston, South Carolina">Media in Charleston, South Carolina</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_television">Broadcast television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Broadcast television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charleston is the nation's 89th-largest <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">Designated market area (DMA)</a>, with 332,770 households and 0.27% of the U.S. TV population.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stations are licensed in Charleston and have significant operations or viewers in the city:<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WCBD-TV" title="WCBD-TV">WCBD-TV</a> (2, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_CW_Plus" title="The CW Plus">CW+</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGWG" title="WGWG">WGWG</a> (4, <a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCSC-TV" title="WCSC-TV">WCSC-TV</a> (5, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Educational_Television" title="South Carolina Educational Television">WITV</a> (7, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLCN-CD" title="WLCN-CD">WLCN-CD</a> (18, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Television_Network" title="Christian Television Network">CTN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="WTAT">WTAT-TV</a> (24, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>)</li> <li>WAZS-CD (29, <a href="/wiki/Azteca_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Azteca America">Azteca America</a> Independent)</li> <li>WJNI-CD (31, <a href="/wiki/America_One" title="America One">America One</a> Independent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCIV" title="WCIV">WCIV</a> (36, <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of people from Charleston, South Carolina">List of people from Charleston, South Carolina</a></div> <p>As a population and wealth center with colleges and cultural outlets, Charleston has produced <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of people from Charleston, South Carolina">many notable people in all fields</a>. Among the most notable historical and contemporary figures are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akim_Anastopoulo" title="Akim Anastopoulo">Akim Anastopoulo</a> (born 1960), trial attorney, TV personality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrell_Brantley" title="Jarrell Brantley">Jarrell Brantley</a> (born 1996), basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Cline" title="Madelyn Cline">Madelyn Cline</a>, Actress in <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks_(TV_series)" title="Outer Banks (TV series)"><i>Outer Banks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>, comedian and host of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert" title="The Late Show with Stephen Colbert">The Late Show</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Donehue" title="Wesley Donehue">Wesley Donehue</a>, political strategist, Internet consultant, CEO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Drayton" title="Ann Drayton">Ann Drayton</a>, 18th-century landowner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shepard Fairey</a>, graffiti artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a>, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Elfe" title="Thomas Elfe">Thomas Elfe</a>, interior designer and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">cabinetmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gibson" title="Thomas Gibson">Thomas Gibson</a>, actor and star of <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Minds" title="Criminal Minds">Criminal Minds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Grandpa" title="Angry Grandpa">Angry Grandpa</a>, (Charles Green Jr.) YouTube celebrity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Fritz Hollings</a>, former US Senator and Governor of South Carolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Hutton" title="Lauren Hutton">Lauren Hutton</a>, model and actress, starring in <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gigolo" title="American Gigolo">American Gigolo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gambler_(1974_film)" title="The Gambler (1974 film)">The Gambler (1974)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jordan" title="Robert Jordan">Robert Jordan</a> (James Oliver Rigney Jr.), fantasy author notable for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheel_of_Time" title="The Wheel of Time">The Wheel of Time</a></i> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Laurens" title="John Laurens">John Laurens</a>, American Revolutionary War lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Manigault" title="Peter Manigault">Peter Manigault</a>, the wealthiest person in British North America in 1770</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khris_Middleton" title="Khris Middleton">Khris Middleton</a>, NBA basketball player for the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks" title="Milwaukee Bucks">Milwaukee Bucks</a>, gold medal Olympian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Rucker" title="Darius Rucker">Darius Rucker</a>, country music artist, former member of <a href="/wiki/Hootie_%26_The_Blowfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hootie & The Blowfish">Hootie & The Blowfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smalls" title="Robert Smalls">Robert Smalls</a>, African American Civil War hero, businessman, politician, and civil rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a>, revolutionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wragg" title="Joseph Wragg">Joseph Wragg</a>, a pioneer of the large-scale slave trade</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charleston's <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, Sierra Leone</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, Panama</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados"><img alt="Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Speightstown" title="Speightstown">Speightstown</a>, Barbados</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Flers,_Orne" title="Flers, Orne">Flers</a>, France</li></ul> <p>The relationship with Spoleto began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a> selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."<sup id="cite_ref-charlestonspoleto.org_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlestonspoleto.org-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sister city relation with Panama City was described as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As you may be aware, the city of Charleston, like the city of Panama City, is a historic port City that shares a proud and prosperous history. Our stories are very similar as reflected by our citizens of European, African, Caribbean, native descent, our cuisine, our architecture, and our mutual modern growth in meritime commerce. As Panama City is enjoying a global surge of interest so is Charleston, being ranked as a top destination for travellers, commerce, technology, education, culture and fashion.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Honorable Joseph P. Riley Jr., Mayor, City of Charleston 1974–2016</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Charleston is also twinned with Speightstown. The first colonists to settle in the region designed the original parts of Charlestown based on the plans of Barbados's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many indigo, tobacco, and cotton planters relocated their plantation operations and the people they enslaved from Speightstown to Charleston after the sugarcane industry came to dominate agricultural production in Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Carolina" title="Portal:South Carolina">South Carolina portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Street_African_Burial_Ground" title="Anson Street African Burial Ground">Anson Street African Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Carolina" title="List of municipalities in South Carolina">List of municipalities in South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Charleston" title="USS Charleston">USS <i>Charleston</i></a>, 6 ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The female figure is sometimes glossed as <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the official explanation is that she is a <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of Charleston itself.<sup id="cite_ref-seal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, although <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aedes" class="extiw" title="wikt:aedes">aedes</a></i></span></i> properly refers to temples and originally referred to the churches depicted on the seal, the official gloss is that it intends the city's "buildings".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As defined by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, for use by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> for statistical purposes only.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Brown Fellowship Society, initially a <a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">burial society</a>, operated from 1790 to 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum Georgia">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum Virginia">Virginia</a>, came closest, reaching 40% at times.<sup id="cite_ref-macky28_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macky28-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A monument to Vesey as a freedom fighter was long opposed by Charleston's white community but was finally begun in 2010 after a compromise placed it in <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Park_(Charleston)" title="Hampton Park (Charleston)">Hampton Park</a>, out of the historic district and far from the original proposed site in <a href="/wiki/Marion_Square" title="Marion Square">Marion Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bernews_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernews-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-why-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-why_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-why_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lowcountrywalkingtours.com/charleston-stories/charleston-holy-city/">"Why is Charleston Called the Holy City?"</a>. <i>Low Country Walking Tours</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810053102/https://lowcountrywalkingtours.com/charleston-stories/charleston-holy-city/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Low+Country+Walking+Tours&rft.atitle=Why+is+Charleston+Called+the+Holy+City%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flowcountrywalkingtours.com%2Fcharleston-stories%2Fcharleston-holy-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrouche2014" class="citation cs2">Trouche, Michael (January 28, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlestonfootprints.com/charleston-blog/enlightening-latin/2014/01/28/">"Enlightening Latin"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlestonfootprints.com"><i>Charleston Footprints</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009233127/http://www.charlestonfootprints.com/">archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enlightening+Latin&rft.btitle=Charleston+Footprints&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.aulast=Trouche&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlestonfootprints.com%2Fcharleston-blog%2Fenlightening-latin%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seal_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz" class="citation cs2">Schultz, Rebecca, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charleston-sc.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4251">"The Seal of the City of Charleston"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charleston-sc.gov"><i><span></span></i>Official website<i><span></span></i></a>, City of Charleston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504101214/http://www.charleston-sc.gov/">archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seal+of+the+City+of+Charleston&rft.btitle=Official+website&rft.pub=City+of+Charleston&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charleston-sc.gov%2FDocumentCenter%2FView%2F4251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='45'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer%2F5%2Fquery%3Fwhere%3DSTATE%3D%2745%27%26outFields%3DNAME%2CSTATE%2CPLACE%2CAREALAND%2CAREAWATER%2CLSADC%2CCENTLAT%2CCENTLON%26orderByFields%3DPLACE%26returnGeometry%3Dfalse%26returnTrueCurves%3Dfalse%26f%3Djson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:45&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108">"Census Population API"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Population+API&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.census.gov%2Fdata%2F2020%2Fdec%2Fpl%3Fget%3DP1_001N%2CNAME%26for%3Dplace%3A%2A%26in%3Dstate%3A45%26key%3D5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusQuickFacts-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/charlestoncitysouthcarolina">"QuickFacts: Charleston city, South Carolina"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts%3A+Charleston+city%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fcharlestoncitysouthcarolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopEstCBSA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html#v2023">"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Population Division. March 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+and+Micropolitan+Statistical+Areas+Population+Totals%3A+2020-2023&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau%2C+Population+Division&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html%23v2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov">"US Board on Geographic Names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. October 25, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303214913/https://geonames.usgs.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">"Find a County"</a>. National Association of Counties. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">the original</a> on May 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+a+County&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Counties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420110123/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab07.txt">"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab07.txt">the original</a> on April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+100+Largest+Urban+Places%3A+1840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0027%2Ftab07.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/28/arts/charleston-international-african-american-museum.html">Michael Kimmelman, "Charleston Needs That African American Museum. And Now."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329173359/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/28/arts/charleston-international-african-american-museum.html">Archived</a> March 29, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, March 29, 2018; accessed March 29, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/19/us/charleston-apology-slavery-juneteenth-trnd/index.html">"Charleston, where 40% of all US slaves entered the country, finally apologizes for its role in the slave trade"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. June 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208094112/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/19/us/charleston-apology-slavery-juneteenth-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Charleston%2C+where+40%25+of+all+US+slaves+entered+the+country%2C+finally+apologizes+for+its+role+in+the+slave+trade&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F06%2F19%2Fus%2Fcharleston-apology-slavery-juneteenth-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, J.D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carolana.com/Carolina/Settlement/barbadian_settlers.html">"Carolina – The Barbadian Settlers, et.al"</a>. <i>www.carolana.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703194506/http://www.carolana.com/Carolina/Settlement/barbadian_settlers.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Charles Town and surrounding areas were first settled by folks from Barbados and Bermuda</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carolana.com&rft.atitle=Carolina+%E2%80%93+The+Barbadian+Settlers%2C+et.al.&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carolana.com%2FCarolina%2FSettlement%2Fbarbadian_settlers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2018" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Justin (April 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501035412/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0293.xml">"Barbados in the Atlantic World"</a>. <i>Atlantic History</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4870&context=etd">the original</a> on October 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeffrey+G.+Strickland%2C+Ethnicity+And+Race+In+The+Urban+South%3A+German+Immigrants+And+African-Americans+In+Charleston%2C+South+Carolina+During+Reconstruction%2C+2003%2C+p.+11%2C+Electronic+Theses%2C+Treatises+and+Dissertations.+Paper+1541&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiginole.lib.fsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4870%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Horace Fitchett, "The Traditions of the Free Negro in Charleston, South Carolina", <i>Journal of Negro History</i>, XXV (April 1940), p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIqiqdeHMscC&pg=PA43">Thomas Holt, <i>Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116110148/https://books.google.com/books?id=LIqiqdeHMscC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> January 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Illinois Press, 1979, p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report1879-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Report1879_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Bureau_of_Fisheries1879" class="citation book cs1">United States Bureau of Fisheries (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BstAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA228"><i>Report on the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New England</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Condition+of+the+Sea+Fisheries+of+the+South+Coast+of+New+England&rft.pages=166%2C+169%2C+228%2C+529&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1879&rft.au=United+States+Bureau+of+Fisheries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BstAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meeks-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27567894">Melinda Meeks Hennessy, "Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy"</a>, <i>South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>, Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104–106 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928082928/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27567894">Archived</a> September 28, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foley-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foley_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screconstruction.org/Reconstruction/Sites_of_violence/Entries/1876/10/16_Cainhoy_Riot.html">Reconstruction as Armed Insurgency: Cainhoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106211013/http://www.screconstruction.org/Reconstruction/Sites_of_violence/Entries/1876/10/16_Cainhoy_Riot.html">Archived</a> November 6, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>South Carolina during Reconstruction</i>, 2010–2012, accessed October 27, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doyle W. Boggs, "Charleston Politics, 1900–1930: An Overview," <i>Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association</i> 49 (1979) 1–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons_&_al.1927" class="citation cs2">Simons, Albert; Lapham, Samuel VI (1927), <i>Charleston, S.C.</i>, The Octagon <i>Library of Early American Architecture</i>, Vol. I, Press of the American Institute of Architects</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.series=The+Octagon+%27%27Library+of+Early+American+Architecture%27%27%2C+Vol.+I&rft.pub=Press+of+the+American+Institute+of+Architects&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lapham%2C+Samuel+VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2014" class="citation cs2">Horton, Tom (2014), "Touring Charleston Back in 1912", <i>History's Lost Moments, </i>Vol. V<i><span></span></i>, Trafford, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thPUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182">182</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Touring+Charleston+Back+in+1912&rft.btitle=History%27s+Lost+Moments%2C+Vol.+V&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charlestoncity.info-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charlestoncity.info_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192558/http://www.charlestoncity.info/shared/docs/0/2010_population_estimates.pdf">"Century V City of Charleston Population 2010 Estimates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Results+for+%22Naval+Base+History%22+%E2%80%93+City+of+North+Charleston%2C+SC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northcharleston.org%2FVisitors%2FAttractions%2FGreater-Charleston-Naval-Base-Memorial%2FNaval-Base-History.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slade-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slade_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slade_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postandcourier.com/news/racial-shift-charleston-peninsula-s-makeup-reverses-in-years-with/article_69581977-ef00-5f6c-b969-edb7104344bb.html">David Slade, "RACIAL SHIFT: Charleston peninsula's makeup reverses in 30 years, with blacks leaving for suburbs, area becoming two-thirds white"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516163040/http://www.postandcourier.com/news/racial-shift-charleston-peninsula-s-makeup-reverses-in-years-with/article_69581977-ef00-5f6c-b969-edb7104344bb.html">Archived</a> May 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Post and Courier</i>, March 28, 2011; accessed November 10, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashingtonPost-Shooting-2015-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost-Shooting-2015_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverCosta2015" class="citation news cs1">Bever, Lindsey; Costa, Robert (June 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/06/17/white-gunman-sought-in-shooting-at-historic-charleston-african-ame-church/">"9 dead in shooting at historic Charleston African American church. Police chief calls it 'hate crime.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226144707/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/06/17/white-gunman-sought-in-shooting-at-historic-charleston-african-ame-church/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=%22Porgy+and+Bess%2C%22+the+first+great+American+opera%2C+premieres+on+Broadway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fporgy-and-bess-the-first-great-american-opera-premieres-on-broadway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErb" class="citation web cs1">Erb, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/gershwin/porgy&bess.php">"Porgy and Bess (1934)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131112657/http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/gershwin/porgy%26bess.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porgy+and+Bess+%281934%29&rft.aulast=Erb&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical.net%2Fmusic%2Fcomp.lst%2Fworks%2Fgershwin%2Fporgy%26bess.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciway.net/sc-bands/charleston-bands.html">"Charleston SC Music: Full Guide to Symphonies, Bands, Singers, and Musicians"</a>. <i>www.sciway.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciway.net&rft.atitle=Charleston+SC+Music%3A+Full+Guide+to+Symphonies%2C+Bands%2C+Singers%2C+and+Musicians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciway.net%2Fsc-bands%2Fcharleston-bands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrecharleston.com">"Theatre Charleston"</a>. <i>theatrecharleston.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905224422/http://www.theatrecharleston.com/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theatrecharleston.com&rft.atitle=Theatre+Charleston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrecharleston.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halsey.cofc.edu/">"Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art"</a>. <i>halsey.cofc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124184357/http://halsey.cofc.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=halsey.cofc.edu&rft.atitle=Halsey+Institute+of+Contemporary+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalsey.cofc.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/">"Old Slave Mart Museum"</a>. <i>www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612165904/http://www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oldslavemartmuseum.com%2F&rft.atitle=Old+Slave+Mart+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldslavemartmuseum.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinkins1997" class="citation news cs1">Jinkins, Shirley (February 23, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729104311/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/49585150.html?dids=49585150:49585150&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+23,+1997&author=Shirley+Jinkins&pub=The+Sun&desc=Charleston+S.C.+has+had+a+long+and+turbulent+history,+but+a+remarkable+number+of+its+buildings+have+survived.&pqatl=google">"Charleston S.C. has had a long and turbulent history, but a remarkable number of its buildings have survived"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/49585150.html?dids=49585150:49585150&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+23%2C+1997&author=Shirley+Jinkins&pub=The+Sun&desc=Charleston+S.C.+has+had+a+long+and+turbulent+history%2C+but+a+remarkable+number+of+its+buildings+have+survived.&pqatl=google">the original</a> on July 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Charleston+S.C.+has+had+a+long+and+turbulent+history%2C+but+a+remarkable+number+of+its+buildings+have+survived&rft.date=1997-02-23&rft.aulast=Jinkins&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fbaltsun%2Faccess%2F49585150.html%3Fdids%3D49585150%3A49585150%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DFeb%2B23%252C%2B1997%26author%3DShirley%2BJinkins%26pub%3DThe%2BSun%26desc%3DCharleston%2BS.C.%2Bhas%2Bhad%2Ba%2Blong%2Band%2Bturbulent%2Bhistory%252C%2Bbut%2Ba%2Bremarkable%2Bnumber%2Bof%2Bits%2Bbuildings%2Bhave%2Bsurvived.%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/spaces/2008/waterfrontpark.htm">"Waterfront Park: Charleston, South Carolina"</a>. <i>www.planning.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012050054/https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/spaces/2008/waterfrontpark.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.planning.org&rft.atitle=Waterfront+Park%3A+Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planning.org%2Fgreatplaces%2Fspaces%2F2008%2Fwaterfrontpark.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charlestonhurling.com/">"Charleston Hurling Club"</a>. Charleston Hurling Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142532/http://charlestonhurling.com/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 11, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212062909/https://charlestonbusiness.com/news/hospitality-and-tourism/79740/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Page 177. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809243266" title="Special:BookSources/9780809243266">9780809243266</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bts.gov-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bts.gov_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bts.gov_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bts.dot.gov/browse-statistical-products-and-data/freight-facts-and-figures/top-25-water-ports-containerized">"Top 25 Water Ports by Containerized Cargo"</a>. <i>USDOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics - Freight Facts and Figures Figure 3-11</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TriCounty+Link+rural+bus+service+with+flagstop+system+serving+Berkeley%2C+Charleston+and+Dorchester+counties+of+South+Carolina&rft.pub=Ridetricountylink.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ridetricountylink.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maritime-executive.com/article/charleston-opens-first-new-u-s-container-terminal-in-12-years">"Charleston Opens First New U.S. Container Terminal in 12 Years"</a>. <i>The Maritime Executive</i>. April 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210409234212/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/charleston-opens-first-new-u-s-container-terminal-in-12-years">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Maritime+Executive&rft.atitle=Charleston+Opens+First+New+U.S.+Container+Terminal+in+12+Years&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Fcharleston-opens-first-new-u-s-container-terminal-in-12-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scspa.com/facilities/port-expansion/harbor-deepening/">"Harbor Deepening"</a>. <i>South Carolina Ports</i>. October 13, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014010914/http://scspa.com/facilities/port-expansion/harbor-deepening/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Ports&rft.atitle=Harbor+Deepening&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscspa.com%2Ffacilities%2Fport-expansion%2Fharbor-deepening%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scspa.com/news/charleston-has-deepest-harbor-on-east-coast-at-52-feet/">"Charleston has deepest harbor on East Coast at 52 feet"</a>. <i>South Carolina Ports</i>. December 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Ports&rft.atitle=Charleston+has+deepest+harbor+on+East+Coast+at+52+feet&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscspa.com%2Fnews%2Fcharleston-has-deepest-harbor-on-east-coast-at-52-feet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postandcourier.com/business/newer-larger-carnival-sunshine-to-call-charleston-home-beginning-in-2019/article_788e2410-db50-11e7-b310-27d2608ad604.html">"Newer, larger Carnival Sunshine to call Charleston home beginning in 2019"</a>. <i>postandcourier.com</i>. December 7, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017144430/https://www.postandcourier.com/business/newer-larger-carnival-sunshine-to-call-charleston-home-beginning-in-2019/article_788e2410-db50-11e7-b310-27d2608ad604.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postandcourier.com&rft.atitle=Newer%2C+larger+Carnival+Sunshine+to+call+Charleston+home+beginning+in+2019&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnewer-larger-carnival-sunshine-to-call-charleston-home-beginning-in-2019%2Farticle_788e2410-db50-11e7-b310-27d2608ad604.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45019_charleston/DC20SD_C45019.pdf">"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Charleston County, SC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+CENSUS+-+SCHOOL+DISTRICT+REFERENCE+MAP%3A+Charleston+County%2C+SC&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FPL20%2Fst45_sc%2Fschooldistrict_maps%2Fc45019_charleston%2FDC20SD_C45019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45019_charleston/DC20SD_C45019_SD2MS.txt">Text list</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45015_berkeley/DC20SD_C45015.pdf">"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Berkeley County, SC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+CENSUS+-+SCHOOL+DISTRICT+REFERENCE+MAP%3A+Berkeley+County%2C+SC&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FPL20%2Fst45_sc%2Fschooldistrict_maps%2Fc45015_berkeley%2FDC20SD_C45015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45015_berkeley/DC20SD_C45015_SD2MS.txt">Text list</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masonprep.org/">"Private School Charleston SC – Mason Preparatory School"</a>. <i>Masonprep.org</i>. May 24, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070541/http://www.masonprep.org/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Masonprep.org&rft.atitle=Private+School+Charleston+SC+%E2%80%93+Mason+Preparatory+School&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masonprep.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217013414/http://buildingartscollege.us/">"Welcome – American College of the Building Arts in Charleston, SC"</a>. <i>Buildingartscollege.us</i>. July 12, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingartscollege.us/">the original</a> on February 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buildingartscollege.us&rft.atitle=Welcome+%E2%80%93+American+College+of+the+Building+Arts+in+Charleston%2C+SC&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingartscollege.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postandcourier.com/news/business">"Charleston drops in TV market pecking order"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909003043/http://www.postandcourier.com/news/business/">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charleston+drops+in+TV+market+pecking+order&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715120014/http://tvstations.procontentanddesign.com/browse/city/185_Charleston_SC.htm">"Television station listings in Charleston, South Carolina – Total station FCC filings found"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvstations.procontentanddesign.com/browse/city/185_Charleston_SC.htm">the original</a> on July 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Television+station+listings+in+Charleston%2C+South+Carolina+%E2%80%93+Total+station+FCC+filings+found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvstations.procontentanddesign.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcity%2F185_Charleston_SC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/furchgott-facts.html">"Robert F. Furchgott – Facts"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612202058/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/furchgott-facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Robert+F.+Furchgott+%E2%80%93+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1998%2Ffurchgott-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlestonsistercities.org/sister-cities">"Our Sister Cities"</a>. Charleston Sister Cities International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527194909/https://www.charlestonsistercities.org/sister-cities">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Charleston+Sister+Cities+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlestonsistercities.org%2Fsister-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGUÉGAN2022" class="citation web cs1">GUÉGAN, Nicolas (May 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/flers-61100/flers-le-jumelage-avec-charleston-en-caroline-du-sud-officialise-e9aa3fc6-d75e-11ec-862e-32dcdc637907">"Flers. Le jumelage avec Charleston, en Caroline du Sud, officialisé"</a>. <i>Ouest-France.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest-France.fr&rft.atitle=Flers.+Le+jumelage+avec+Charleston%2C+en+Caroline+du+Sud%2C+officialis%C3%A9&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft.aulast=GU%C3%89GAN&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouest-france.fr%2Fnormandie%2Fflers-61100%2Fflers-le-jumelage-avec-charleston-en-caroline-du-sud-officialise-e9aa3fc6-d75e-11ec-862e-32dcdc637907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlestonsistercities.org/panama-city">"Panama City"</a>. Charleston Sister Cities International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527194854/https://www.charlestonsistercities.org/panama-city">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panama+City&rft.pub=Charleston+Sister+Cities+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlestonsistercities.org%2Fpanama-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/files/pdfs/African%20American/SC-Barbados-connection.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524181026/http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/files/pdfs/African%20American/SC-Barbados-connection.pdf">Archived</a> May 24, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciway.net/sn/43.html">"Barbados: South Carolina's Mother Colony"</a>. Sciway.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023100344/http://www.sciway.net/sn/43.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbados%3A+South+Carolina%27s+Mother+Colony&rft.pub=Sciway.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciway.net%2Fsn%2F43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eneas_Sweetland_Dallas" title="Eneas Sweetland Dallas">Dallas, William Leist Eneas Sweetland</a> (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Charleston"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Charleston">"Charleston" </a></span>, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 428–429</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charleston&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=428-429&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Dallas&rft.aufirst=William+Leist+Eneas+Sweetland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charleston (South Carolina)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charleston_(South_Carolina)">"Charleston (South Carolina)" </a></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 943–945</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charleston+%28South+Carolina%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=943-945&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar1998" class="citation cs2">Edgar, Walter B. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFSbwGk2szgC"><i>South Carolina: A History</i></a>, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570032554" title="Special:BookSources/9781570032554"><bdi>9781570032554</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Carolina%3A+A+History&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781570032554&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFSbwGk2szgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier_&_al.2016" class="citation cs2">Frazier, Herb; Bernard Edward Powers Jr.; Wentworth, Marjory (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7o7CwAAQBAJ"><i>We Are Charleston: Tragedy and Triumph at Mother Emanuel</i></a>, Nashville: W Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780718041496" title="Special:BookSources/9780718041496"><bdi>9780718041496</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+Charleston%3A+Tragedy+and+Triumph+at+Mother+Emanuel&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=W+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780718041496&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.au=Bernard+Edward+Powers+Jr.&rft.au=Wentworth%2C+Marjory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7o7CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnis2005" class="citation cs2">McInnis, Maurie D. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8g3CwAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston</i></a>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469625997" title="Special:BookSources/9781469625997"><bdi>9781469625997</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Taste+in+Antebellum+Charleston&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781469625997&rft.aulast=McInnis&rft.aufirst=Maurie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8g3CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2015" class="citation cs2">Thompson, Michael D. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cs27BwAAQBAJ"><i>Working on the Dock of the Bay: Labor and Enterprise in an Antebellum Southern Port</i></a>, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611174755" title="Special:BookSources/9781611174755"><bdi>9781611174755</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+on+the+Dock+of+the+Bay%3A+Labor+and+Enterprise+in+an+Antebellum+Southern+Port&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781611174755&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCs27BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Borick, Carl P. <i>A Gallant Defense: The Siege of Charleston, 1780.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>, 2003. 332 pp.</li> <li>Bull, Kinloch Jr. <i>The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family.</i> University of South Carolina Press, 1991. 415 pp.</li> <li>Clarke, Peter. <i>A Free Church in a Free Society. The Ecclesiology of John England, Bishop of Charleston, 1820–1842, a Nineteenth Century Missionary Bishop in the Southern United States.</i> Charleston, South Carolina: Bagpipe, 1982. 561 pp.</li> <li>Coker, P. C., III. <i>Charleston's Maritime Heritage, 1670–1865: An Illustrated History.</i> Charleston, South Carolina: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp.</li> <li>Doyle, Don H. <i>New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860–1910.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, 1990. 369 pp.</li> <li>Fraser, Walter J. Jr. <i>Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City.</i> University of South Carolina, 1990. 542 pp. the standard scholarly history</li> <li>Gillespie, Joanna Bowen. <i>The Life and Times of Martha Laurens Ramsay, 1759–1811.</i> University of South Carolina Press, 2001.</li> <li>Goloboy, Jennifer L. <i>Charleston and the Emergence of Middle-Class Culture in the Revolutionary Era.</i> Athens, GA; University of Georgia Press, 2016.</li> <li>Hagy, James William. <i>This Happy Land: The Jews of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>, 1993.</li> <li>Hart, Emma. <i>Building Charleston: Town and Society in the Eighteenth Century British Atlantic World</i> (University of Virginia Press 2010, University of South Carolina Press 2015)</li> <li>Jaher, Frederic Cople. <i>The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 1982. 777 pp.</li> <li>Pease, William H. and Pease, Jane H. <i>The Web of Progress: Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828–1843. </i> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1985. 352 pp.</li> <li>Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. <i>A Family of Women: The Carolina Petigrus in Peace and War.</i> University of North Carolina Press, 1999. 328 pp.</li> <li>Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. <i>Ladies, Women, and Wenches: Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston.</i> University of North Carolina Press, 1990. 218 pp.</li> <li>Phelps, W. Chris. <i>The Bombardment of Charleston, 1863–1865.</i> Gretna, La.: Pelican, 2002. 175 pp.</li> <li>Rosen, Robert N. <i>Confederate Charleston: An Illustrated History of the City and the People during the Civil War.</i> University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 181 pp.</li> <li>Spence, E. Lee. <i>Treasures of the Confederate Coast: the "real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations</i> (Narwhal Press, Charleston/Miami, ©1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886391-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-886391-01-7">1-886391-01-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886391-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-886391-00-9">1-886391-00-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32431590">32431590</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art,_architecture,_city_planning,_literature,_science"><span id="Art.2C_architecture.2C_city_planning.2C_literature.2C_science"></span>Art, architecture, city planning, literature, science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Art, architecture, city planning, literature, science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cothran, James R. <i>Gardens of Historic Charleston.</i> University of South Carolina Press, 1995. 177 pp.</li> <li>Greene, Harlan. <i>Mr. Skylark: John Bennett and the Charleston Renaissance.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>, 2001. 372 pp.</li> <li>Hutchisson, James M. <i>DuBose Heyward: A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>, 2000. 225 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby1994" class="citation book cs1">Jacoby, Mary Moore, ed. (1994). <i>The Churches of Charleston and the Lowcountry</i> (hardback). Columbia South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-888-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-888-3"><bdi>0-87249-888-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+Charleston+and+the+Lowcountry&rft.place=Columbia+South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87249-888-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-888-4">978-0-87249-888-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCandless2011" class="citation book cs1">McCandless, Peter (2011). <i>Slavery, Disease, and Suffering in the Southern Lowcountry</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139499149" title="Special:BookSources/9781139499149"><bdi>9781139499149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Disease%2C+and+Suffering+in+the+Southern+Lowcountry&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139499149&rft.aulast=McCandless&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Brien, Michael and Moltke-Hansen, David, ed. <i>Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston. </i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>, 1986. 468 pp.</li> <li>Poston, Jonathan H. <i>The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City's Architecture.</i> University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 717 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverens1988" class="citation book cs1">Severens, Kenneth (1988). <i>Charleston Antebellum Architecture and Civic Destiny</i> (hardback). Knoxville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87049-555-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87049-555-0"><bdi>0-87049-555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charleston+Antebellum+Architecture+and+Civic+Destiny&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87049-555-0&rft.aulast=Severens&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-555-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-555-7">978-0-87049-555-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuger_Smith_&_al.1917" class="citation cs2">Huger Smith, Alice Ravenel; Huger Smith, Daniel Elliott; Simons, Albert (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dwellinghousesof00smitrich"><i>The Dwelling House of Charleston, South Carolina</i></a>, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dwelling+House+of+Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Huger+Smith&rft.aufirst=Alice+Ravenel&rft.au=Huger+Smith%2C+Daniel+Elliott&rft.au=Simons%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdwellinghousesof00smitrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stephens, Lester D. <i>Science, Race, and Religion in the American South: John Bachman and the Charleston Circle of Naturalists, 1815–1895.</i> University of North Carolina Press, 2000. 338 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell2003" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, Gene (2003). <i>Charleston Architecture, 1670–1860</i> (hardback). Vol. 2. Charleston: Wyrick & Company. p. 992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941711-68-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941711-68-5"><bdi>978-0-941711-68-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charleston+Architecture%2C+1670%E2%80%931860&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pages=992&rft.pub=Wyrick+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-941711-68-5&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharleston%2C+South+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941711-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-941711-68-4">0-941711-68-4</a></li> <li>Yuhl, Stephanie E. <i>A Golden Haze of Memory: The Making of Historic Charleston.</i> University of North Carolina Press, 2005. 285 pp.</li> <li>Zola, Gary Phillip. <i>Isaac Harby of Charleston, 1788–1828: Jewish Reformer and Intellectual.</i> University of Alabama Press, 1994. 284 pp.</li> <li>Wilson, Thomas D. <i>The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bellows, Barbara L. <i>Benevolence among Slaveholders: Assisting the Poor in Charleston, 1670–1860.</i> Baton Rouge, LA: <a href="/wiki/LSU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="LSU Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, 1993.</li> <li>Drago, Edmund L. <i>Initiative, Paternalism, and Race Relations: Charleston's Avery Normal Institute.</i> Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990.</li> <li>Egerton, Douglas R. <i>He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey.</i> Madison House, 1999.</li> <li>Greene, Harlan; Hutchins, Harry S. Jr.; and Hutchins, Brian E. <i>Slave Badges and the Slave-Hire System in Charleston, South Carolina, 1783–1865.</i> McFarland, 2004. 194 pp.</li> <li>Jenkins, Wilbert L. <i>Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston.</i> Bloomington, IN: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 1998. 256 pp.</li> <li>Johnson, Michael P. and Roark, James L. <i>No Chariot Let Down: Charleston's Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War. </i> Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.</li> <li>Kennedy, Cynthia M. <i>Braided Relations, Entwined Lives: The Women of Charleston's Urban Slave Society.</i> Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Powers, Bernard E. Jr. <i>Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822–1885.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press" title="University of Arkansas Press">University of Arkansas Press</a>, 1994.</li> <li>Strickland, Jeff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upf.com/book.asp?id=STRIC001">Unequal Freedoms: Ethnicity, Race, and White Supremacy in Civil War-Era Charleston</a>.</i> Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2015.</li> <li>Wilson, Thomas D. <i>The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charleston,_South_Carolina" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Charleston, South Carolina">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Charleston_(South_Carolina)" class="extiw" title="voy:Charleston (South Carolina)">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charleston-sc.gov/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charleston.com/">Charleston Tourism Guide</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/194119">Charleston, South Carolina</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Template talk:Charleston, South Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charleston, South Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charleston, South Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of mayors of Charleston, South Carolina">Mayor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cogswell_Jr." title="William S. Cogswell Jr.">William S. Cogswell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Districts">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ashley" title="West Ashley">West Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Island" title="Daniel Island">Daniel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Johns Island, South Carolina">Johns Island</a> (parts)</li> <li>Cainhoy Peninsula</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sports">Sports teams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Stingrays" title="South Carolina Stingrays">South Carolina Stingrays</a> (<a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Battery" title="Charleston Battery">Charleston Battery</a> (<a href="/wiki/USL_First_Division" title="USL First Division">USL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_RiverDogs" title="Charleston RiverDogs">Charleston RiverDogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_League" title="South Atlantic League">SAL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Outlaws_RFC" title="Charleston Outlaws RFC">Charleston Outlaws RFC</a> (<a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">USA Rugby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Media">Newspapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">The Post and Courier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charleston_City_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston City Paper">Charleston City Paper</a></i></li> <li><i>The Charleston Regional Business Journal</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Miscellany" title="The Catholic Miscellany">The Catholic Miscellany</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Media">Television<br />stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>2</b> <a href="/wiki/WCBD-TV" title="WCBD-TV">WCBD-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>)</li> <li><b>4</b> <a href="/wiki/WCIV" title="WCIV">WCIV</a>-<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a></li> <li><b>5</b> <a href="/wiki/WCSC-TV" title="WCSC-TV">WCSC-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>)</li> <li><b>7</b> <a href="/wiki/WITV-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WITV-TV">WITV-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>)</li> <li><b>18</b> <a href="/wiki/WLCN-CD" title="WLCN-CD">WLCN-CD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">RTN</a>)</li> <li><b>24</b> <a href="/wiki/WTAT-TV" title="WTAT-TV">WTAT-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>)</li> <li><b>36</b> <a href="/wiki/WMMP-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WMMP-TV">WMMP-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Squares_in_downtown_Charleston">Squares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_House_Square_(Charleston)" title="Court House Square (Charleston)">Court House Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Square" title="Marion Square">Marion Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_(Charleston)" title="Washington Square (Charleston)">Washington Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transportation">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport" title="Charleston International Airport">Int'l Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Executive_Airport" title="Charleston Executive Airport">Executive Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Area_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority">Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge" title="Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge">Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of schools in Charleston, South Carolina">K–12</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_County_School_District" title="Charleston County School District">CCSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_High_School_(South_Carolina)" title="St. John's High School (South Carolina)">St. John's HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ashley_High_School" title="West Ashley High School">West Ashley HS</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Hall_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Ashley Hall (Charleston, South Carolina)">Ashley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_England_High_School" title="Bishop England High School">Bishop England HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter-Gaud_School" title="Porter-Gaud School">Porter-Gaud School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Collegiate_School" title="Charleston Collegiate School">Charleston Collegiate School</a> (in Johns Island)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Citadel" title="The Citadel">The Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_the_Building_Arts" title="American College of the Building Arts">American College of the Building Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_School_of_Law" title="Charleston School of Law">Charleston School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_South_Carolina" title="Medical University of South Carolina">Medical University of South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="History of Charleston, South Carolina">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Timeline of Charleston, South Carolina">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Charleston_earthquake" title="1886 Charleston earthquake">1886 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">2015 church shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Architecture of Charleston, South Carolina">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">The Battery</a></li> <li>Edmondston–Alston House</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_House_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina)">Pink House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="List of public art in Charleston, South Carolina">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Row" title="Rainbow Row">Rainbow Row</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Charleston, South Carolina)">Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Luke_and_St._Paul_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul (Charleston, South Carolina)">Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church">Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenot_Church" title="Huguenot Church">Huguenot Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahal_Kadosh_Beth_Elohim" title="Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim">Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="St. John's Reformed Episcopal Church">St. John's Reformed Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_German_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church">St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Michael's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Philip's Episcopal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Category:Charleston, South Carolina">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Charleston,_South_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Charleston,_South_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to Charleston, South Carolina</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Template:Berkeley County, South Carolina"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Template talk:Berkeley County, South Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berkeley County, South Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Berkeley County, South Carolina"><span class="region">Berkeley County, South Carolina</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Moncks_Corner,_South_Carolina" title="Moncks Corner, South Carolina"><span>Moncks Corner</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charleston</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_Creek,_South_Carolina" title="Goose Creek, South Carolina">Goose Creek</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanahan,_South_Carolina" title="Hanahan, South Carolina">Hanahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of South Carolina highlighting Berkeley County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg/270px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg/360px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1174" /></span><figcaption>Map of South Carolina highlighting Berkeley County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonneau,_South_Carolina" title="Bonneau, South Carolina">Bonneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_South_Carolina" title="Jamestown, South Carolina">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncks_Corner,_South_Carolina" title="Moncks Corner, South Carolina">Moncks Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen,_South_Carolina" title="St. Stephen, South Carolina">St. Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina" title="Summerville, South Carolina">Summerville</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonneau_Beach,_South_Carolina" title="Bonneau Beach, South Carolina">Bonneau Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladson,_South_Carolina" title="Ladson, South Carolina">Ladson</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimlico,_South_Carolina" title="Pimlico, South Carolina">Pimlico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinopolis,_South_Carolina" title="Pinopolis, South Carolina">Pinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russellville,_South_Carolina" title="Russellville, South Carolina">Russellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangaree,_South_Carolina" title="Sangaree, South Carolina">Sangaree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvin, South Carolina">Alvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethera,_South_Carolina" title="Bethera, South Carolina">Bethera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordesville,_South_Carolina" title="Cordesville, South Carolina">Cordesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross,_South_Carolina" title="Cross, South Carolina">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumville,_South_Carolina" title="Gumville, South Carolina">Gumville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huger,_South_Carolina" title="Huger, South Carolina">Huger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Holly,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Holly, South Carolina">Mount Holly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineville,_South_Carolina" title="Pineville, South Carolina">Pineville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pringletown,_South_Carolina" title="Pringletown, South Carolina">Pringletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry,_South_Carolina" title="Strawberry, South Carolina">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barrows,_South_Carolina" title="The Barrows, South Carolina">The Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Awake,_South_Carolina" title="Wide Awake, South Carolina">Wide Awake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Carolina_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South Carolina (state)"><span>South Carolina portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Charleston_County,_South_Carolina,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Template:Charleston County, South Carolina"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Template talk:Charleston County, South Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charleston County, South Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Charleston_County,_South_Carolina,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina"><span class="region">Charleston County, South Carolina</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>Charleston</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charleston</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folly_Beach,_South_Carolina" title="Folly Beach, South Carolina">Folly Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_Creek,_South_Carolina" title="Goose Creek, South Carolina">Goose Creek</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Palms,_South_Carolina" title="Isle of Palms, South Carolina">Isle of Palms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of South Carolina highlighting Charleston County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg/270px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg/360px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1174" /></span><figcaption>Map of South Carolina highlighting Charleston County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awendaw,_South_Carolina" title="Awendaw, South Carolina">Awendaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_South_Carolina" title="Hollywood, South Carolina">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Island,_South_Carolina" title="James Island, South Carolina">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiawah_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Kiawah Island, South Carolina">Kiawah Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnville,_South_Carolina" title="Lincolnville, South Carolina">Lincolnville</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClellanville,_South_Carolina" title="McClellanville, South Carolina">McClellanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meggett,_South_Carolina" title="Meggett, South Carolina">Meggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenel,_South_Carolina" title="Ravenel, South Carolina">Ravenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_South_Carolina" title="Rockville, South Carolina">Rockville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Seabrook Island, South Carolina">Seabrook Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina" title="Summerville, South Carolina">Summerville</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Run,_South_Carolina" title="Adams Run, South Carolina">Adams Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladson,_South_Carolina" title="Ladson, South Carolina">Ladson</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrelville,_South_Carolina" title="Barrelville, South Carolina">Barrelville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edisto_Island,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Edisto Island, South Carolina">Edisto Island</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Johns Island, South Carolina">Johns Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementia,_South_Carolina" title="Clementia, South Carolina">Clementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Carolina_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South Carolina (state)"><span>South Carolina portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_South_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Carolina" title="Template:South Carolina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Carolina" title="Template talk:South Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_South_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#South_Carolina" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Strand" title="Grand Strand">Grand Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Hills_of_Santee" title="High Hills of Santee">High Hills of Santee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Murray_Country" title="Lake Murray Country">Lake Murray Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" title="South Carolina Lowcountry">Lowcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_metropolitan_area" title="Charlotte metropolitan area">Metrolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_of_South_Carolina" title="Midlands of South Carolina">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-Six_District,_South_Carolina" title="Ninety-Six District, South Carolina">Ninety-Six District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olde_English_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Olde English District">Olde English District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pee_Dee" title="Pee Dee">Pee Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Carolina)" title="Sandhills (Carolina)">Sandhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Islands" title="Sea Islands">Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina" title="Upstate South Carolina">Upstate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Carolina" title="List of municipalities in South Carolina">Larger cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina" title="Rock Hill, South Carolina">Rock Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina" title="Spartanburg, South Carolina">Spartanburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Carolina" title="List of municipalities in South Carolina">Smaller cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiken,_South_Carolina" title="Aiken, South Carolina">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina" title="Anderson, South Carolina">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_South_Carolina" title="Beaufort, South Carolina">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennettsville,_South_Carolina" title="Bennettsville, South Carolina">Bennettsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_South_Carolina" title="Camden, South Carolina">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayce,_South_Carolina" title="Cayce, South Carolina">Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway,_South_Carolina" title="Conway, South Carolina">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easley,_South_Carolina" title="Easley, South Carolina">Easley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina" title="Florence, South Carolina">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Acres,_South_Carolina" title="Forest Acres, South Carolina">Forest Acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaffney,_South_Carolina" title="Gaffney, South Carolina">Gaffney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_South_Carolina" title="Georgetown, South Carolina">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_Creek,_South_Carolina" title="Goose Creek, South Carolina">Goose Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina" title="Greenwood, South Carolina">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greer,_South_Carolina" title="Greer, South Carolina">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Hilton Head Island, South Carolina">Hilton Head Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Palms,_South_Carolina" title="Isle of Palms, South Carolina">Isle of Palms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens,_South_Carolina" title="Laurens, South Carolina">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_South_Carolina" title="Lexington, South Carolina">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauldin,_South_Carolina" title="Mauldin, South Carolina">Mauldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina" title="Myrtle Beach, South Carolina">Myrtle Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Augusta,_South_Carolina" title="North Augusta, South Carolina">North Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina" title="North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina">North Myrtle Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangeburg,_South_Carolina" title="Orangeburg, South Carolina">Orangeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpsonville,_South_Carolina" title="Simpsonville, South Carolina">Simpsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina" title="Summerville, South Carolina">Summerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina" title="Sumter, South Carolina">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_South_Carolina" title="Union, South Carolina">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walterboro,_South_Carolina" title="Walterboro, South Carolina">Walterboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="West Columbia, South Carolina">West Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_South_Carolina" title="York, South Carolina">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Carolina" title="List of municipalities in South Carolina">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeville,_South_Carolina" title="Abbeville, South Carolina">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnwell,_South_Carolina" title="Barnwell, South Carolina">Barnwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batesburg-Leesville,_South_Carolina" title="Batesburg-Leesville, South Carolina">Batesburg-Leesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton,_South_Carolina" title="Bluffton, South Carolina">Bluffton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson,_South_Carolina" title="Clemson, South Carolina">Clemson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington,_South_Carolina" title="Darlington, South Carolina">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon,_South_Carolina" title="Dillon, South Carolina">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgefield,_South_Carolina" title="Edgefield, South Carolina">Edgefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mill,_South_Carolina" title="Fort Mill, South Carolina">Fort Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Inn,_South_Carolina" title="Fountain Inn, South Carolina">Fountain Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_South_Carolina" title="Great Falls, South Carolina">Great Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardeeville,_South_Carolina" title="Hardeeville, South Carolina">Hardeeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmo,_South_Carolina" title="Irmo, South Carolina">Irmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_South_Carolina" title="Jefferson, South Carolina">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingstree,_South_Carolina" title="Kingstree, South Carolina">Kingstree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_South_Carolina" title="Liberty, South Carolina">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_South_Carolina" title="Marion, South Carolina">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCormick,_South_Carolina" title="McCormick, South Carolina">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncks_Corner,_South_Carolina" title="Moncks Corner, South Carolina">Moncks Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry,_South_Carolina" title="Newberry, South Carolina">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pageland,_South_Carolina" title="Pageland, South Carolina">Pageland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton,_South_Carolina" title="Pendleton, South Carolina">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens,_South_Carolina" title="Pickens, South Carolina">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca,_South_Carolina" title="Seneca, South Carolina">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelers_Rest,_South_Carolina" title="Travelers Rest, South Carolina">Travelers Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walhalla,_South_Carolina" title="Walhalla, South Carolina">Walhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster,_South_Carolina" title="Westminster, South Carolina">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamston,_South_Carolina" title="Williamston, South Carolina">Williamston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of census-designated places in South Carolina">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berea,_South_Carolina" title="Berea, South Carolina">Berea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Forest,_South_Carolina" title="Carolina Forest, South Carolina">Carolina Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsville,_South_Carolina" title="Dentsville, South Carolina">Dentsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Forks,_South_Carolina" title="Five Forks, South Carolina">Five Forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gantt,_South_Carolina" title="Gantt, South Carolina">Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_South_Carolina" title="Garden City, South Carolina">Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladson,_South_Carolina" title="Ladson, South Carolina">Ladson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker,_South_Carolina" title="Parker, South Carolina">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hill,_South_Carolina" title="Red Hill, South Carolina">Red Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrews,_South_Carolina" title="St. Andrews, South Carolina">Saint Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Oaks,_South_Carolina" title="Seven Oaks, South Carolina">Seven Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socastee,_South_Carolina" title="Socastee, South Carolina">Socastee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylors,_South_Carolina" title="Taylors, South Carolina">Taylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton,_South_Carolina" title="Wade Hampton, South Carolina">Wade Hampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_South_Carolina" title="List of counties in South Carolina">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeville_County,_South_Carolina" title="Abbeville County, South Carolina">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiken_County,_South_Carolina" title="Aiken County, South Carolina">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allendale_County,_South_Carolina" title="Allendale County, South Carolina">Allendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_County,_South_Carolina" title="Anderson County, South Carolina">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_County,_South_Carolina" title="Bamberg County, South Carolina">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnwell_County,_South_Carolina" title="Barnwell County, South Carolina">Barnwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_County,_South_Carolina" title="Beaufort County, South Carolina">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="Berkeley County, South Carolina">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_South_Carolina" title="Calhoun County, South Carolina">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_South_Carolina" title="Cherokee County, South Carolina">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_South_Carolina" title="Chester County, South Carolina">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Chesterfield County, South Carolina">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_County,_South_Carolina" title="Clarendon County, South Carolina">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleton_County,_South_Carolina" title="Colleton County, South Carolina">Colleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_County,_South_Carolina" title="Darlington County, South Carolina">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_County,_South_Carolina" title="Dillon County, South Carolina">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_County,_South_Carolina" title="Dorchester County, South Carolina">Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgefield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Edgefield County, South Carolina">Edgefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Fairfield County, South Carolina">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_County,_South_Carolina" title="Florence County, South Carolina">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_County,_South_Carolina" title="Georgetown County, South Carolina">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_County,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville County, South Carolina">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_County,_South_Carolina" title="Greenwood County, South Carolina">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_County,_South_Carolina" title="Hampton County, South Carolina">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horry_County,_South_Carolina" title="Horry County, South Carolina">Horry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_South_Carolina" title="Jasper County, South Carolina">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kershaw_County,_South_Carolina" title="Kershaw County, South Carolina">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_South_Carolina" title="Lancaster County, South Carolina">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_County,_South_Carolina" title="Laurens County, South Carolina">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_South_Carolina" title="Lee County, South Carolina">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_County,_South_Carolina" title="Lexington County, South Carolina">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_South_Carolina" title="Marion County, South Carolina">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlboro_County,_South_Carolina" title="Marlboro County, South Carolina">Marlboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCormick_County,_South_Carolina" title="McCormick County, South Carolina">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_County,_South_Carolina" title="Newberry County, South Carolina">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconee_County,_South_Carolina" title="Oconee County, South Carolina">Oconee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangeburg_County,_South_Carolina" title="Orangeburg County, South Carolina">Orangeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens_County,_South_Carolina" title="Pickens County, South Carolina">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_South_Carolina" title="Richland County, South Carolina">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluda_County,_South_Carolina" title="Saluda County, South Carolina">Saluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartanburg_County,_South_Carolina" title="Spartanburg County, South Carolina">Spartanburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumter_County,_South_Carolina" title="Sumter County, South Carolina">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_South_Carolina" title="Union County, South Carolina">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_County,_South_Carolina" title="Williamsburg County, South Carolina">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_South_Carolina" title="York County, South Carolina">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_South_Carolina%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of South Carolina–related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Carolina" title="Outline of South Carolina">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_South_Carolina" title="List of airports in South Carolina">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amusement_parks_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:Amusement parks in South Carolina">Amusement parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_statistical_areas" title="South Carolina statistical areas">Census areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_congressional_districts" title="South Carolina's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina#Famous_people_from_South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">Famous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Carolina">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Carolina" title="List of rivers of South Carolina">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of governors of South Carolina">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_Highway_System" title="South Carolina State Highway System">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">Historic places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:Mass media in South Carolina">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_South_Carolina" title="List of newspapers in South Carolina">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Carolina" title="List of radio stations in South Carolina">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_South_Carolina" title="List of television stations in South Carolina">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_malls_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:Shopping malls in South Carolina">Shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:Sports venues in South Carolina">Sports venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House" title="South Carolina State House">State House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Carolina_state_parks" title="List of South Carolina state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Carolina_state_symbols" title="List of South Carolina state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:Tourist attractions in South Carolina">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Carolina_wildlife_management_areas" title="List of South Carolina wildlife management areas">Wildlife management areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Carolina" title="Abortion in South Carolina">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Carolina" title="Crime in South Carolina">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Carolina">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Carolina" title="Demographics of South Carolina">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Carolina" title="Economy of South Carolina">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina#Education" title="South Carolina">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_South_Carolina" title="List of colleges and universities in South Carolina">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_South_Carolina" title="Gun laws in South Carolina">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Carolina">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_literature" title="South Carolina literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_government_and_politics" title="South Carolina government and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_South_Carolina" title="Sports in South Carolina">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">African Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Carolina" title="Portal:South Carolina">South Carolina portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_South_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Carolina_county_seats" title="Template:South Carolina county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:South_Carolina_county_seats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:South Carolina county seats (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Carolina_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Carolina county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_South_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="County seats">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeville,_South_Carolina" title="Abbeville, South Carolina">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiken,_South_Carolina" title="Aiken, South Carolina">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allendale,_South_Carolina" title="Allendale, South Carolina">Allendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina" title="Anderson, South Carolina">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg,_South_Carolina" title="Bamberg, South Carolina">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnwell,_South_Carolina" title="Barnwell, South Carolina">Barnwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_South_Carolina" title="Beaufort, South Carolina">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennettsville,_South_Carolina" title="Bennettsville, South Carolina">Bennettsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopville,_South_Carolina" title="Bishopville, South Carolina">Bishopville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_South_Carolina" title="Camden, South Carolina">Camden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_South_Carolina" title="Chester, South Carolina">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_South_Carolina" title="Chesterfield, South Carolina">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway,_South_Carolina" title="Conway, South Carolina">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington,_South_Carolina" title="Darlington, South Carolina">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon,_South_Carolina" title="Dillon, South Carolina">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgefield,_South_Carolina" title="Edgefield, South Carolina">Edgefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina" title="Florence, South Carolina">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaffney,_South_Carolina" title="Gaffney, South Carolina">Gaffney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_South_Carolina" title="Georgetown, South Carolina">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina" title="Greenwood, South Carolina">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_South_Carolina" title="Hampton, South Carolina">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingstree,_South_Carolina" title="Kingstree, South Carolina">Kingstree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_South_Carolina" title="Lancaster, South Carolina">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens,_South_Carolina" title="Laurens, South Carolina">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_South_Carolina" title="Lexington, South Carolina">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manning,_South_Carolina" title="Manning, South Carolina">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_South_Carolina" title="Marion, South Carolina">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCormick,_South_Carolina" title="McCormick, South Carolina">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncks_Corner,_South_Carolina" title="Moncks Corner, South Carolina">Moncks Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry,_South_Carolina" title="Newberry, South Carolina">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangeburg,_South_Carolina" title="Orangeburg, South Carolina">Orangeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens,_South_Carolina" title="Pickens, South Carolina">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgeland,_South_Carolina" title="Ridgeland, South Carolina">Ridgeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluda,_South_Carolina" title="Saluda, South Carolina">Saluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina" title="Spartanburg, South Carolina">Spartanburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George,_South_Carolina" title="St. George, South Carolina">St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthews,_South_Carolina" title="St. Matthews, South Carolina">St. Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina" title="Sumter, South Carolina">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_South_Carolina" title="Union, South Carolina">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walhalla,_South_Carolina" title="Walhalla, South Carolina">Walhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walterboro,_South_Carolina" title="Walterboro, South Carolina">Walterboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnsboro,_South_Carolina" title="Winnsboro, South Carolina">Winnsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_South_Carolina" title="York, South Carolina">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47716#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/162991201">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwmPYxbqfdHFpqFMWd84q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4217693-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022924">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119967781">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119967781">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Charleston (Jižní Karolína)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0042090&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554954005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b037dd05-f5d1-4033-afa7-22ba9d228223">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02805637X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045374">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&oldid=1259977700">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina&oldid=1259977700</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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