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class="vector-toc-link" href="#1765–1774:_the_gathering_storm_of_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1765–1774: the gathering storm of revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1765–1774:_the_gathering_storm_of_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midnight_Ride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midnight_Ride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Midnight Ride</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midnight_Ride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="#Business_and_social_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Business and social connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_social_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years:_entrepreneurship,_manufacturing,_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years:_entrepreneurship,_manufacturing,_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later years: entrepreneurship, manufacturing, and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years:_entrepreneurship,_manufacturing,_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later years: entrepreneurship, manufacturing, and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years:_entrepreneurship,_manufacturing,_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technological_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Technological practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Labor practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing:_church_bells,_cannon,_and_copper_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing:_church_bells,_cannon,_and_copper_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Manufacturing: church bells, cannon, and copper products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing:_church_bells,_cannon,_and_copper_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steps_towards_standardized_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steps_towards_standardized_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Steps towards standardized production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steps_towards_standardized_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Politics and final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Revere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بول ريفير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول ريفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Revir" title="Pol Revir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pol Revir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Пол Ривиър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Ривиър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere_(revolucion%C3%A1%C5%99)" title="Paul Revere (revolucionář) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Revere (revolucionář)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere_(Freiheitsk%C3%A4mpfer)" title="Paul Revere (Freiheitskämpfer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Revere (Freiheitskämpfer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پل ریویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل ریویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%96%B4" title="폴 리비어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 리비어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%8C%D6%87%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Փոլ Ռևիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոլ Ռևիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="פול רוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול רוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Revere" title="Paulus Revere – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Revere" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بول ريفير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول ريفير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ポール・リビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・リビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ревир, Пол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ревир, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Revere" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" title="Пол Ревір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Ревір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="保羅·里維爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paul Revere (disambiguation)">Paul Revere (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Paul Rivière">Paul Rivière</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Revere</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2193" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a>, <i>Portrait of Paul Revere.</i> c. 1768–1770, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a>, Boston</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1735-01-01</span>)</span>January 1, 1735<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>: December 21, 1734)</small><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 10, 1818<span style="display:none">(1818-05-10)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Boston, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">colonial militia officer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sarah Orne</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1757; died 1773)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Rachel Walker</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1773; died 1813)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>8 with Sarah Orne</li><li>8 with Rachel Walker</li></ul></div> including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(businessman)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (businessman)">Joseph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollos_Rivoire" title="Apollos Rivoire">Apollos Rivoire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Revere_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Paul_Revere_signature.svg/150px-Paul_Revere_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Paul_Revere_signature.svg/225px-Paul_Revere_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Paul_Revere_signature.svg/300px-Paul_Revere_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Revere</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; December 21, 1734 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a> (January 1, 1735 <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">N.S.</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, military officer and industrialist who played a major role during the opening months of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, engaging in a <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Midnight Ride">midnight ride</a> in 1775 to alert nearby <a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">minutemen</a> of the approach of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British troops</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">battles of Lexington and Concord</a>. </p><p>Born in the <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Revere eventually became a prosperous and prominent Bostonian, deriving his income from silversmithing and engraving. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, he was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot cause</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a>. His midnight ride transformed him into an American <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk hero</a>, being dramatized in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s 1861 poem, "<a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride" title="Paul Revere's Ride">Paul Revere's Ride</a>". He also helped to organize an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">intelligence and alarm</a> system to keep watch on the movements of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> forces. Revere later served as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Militia">Massachusetts Militia</a>, though his service ended after the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a>, one of the most disastrous American campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, for which he was absolved of blame. </p><p>Following the war, Revere returned to his silversmith trade. He used the profits from his expanding business to finance his work in iron casting, bronze bell and cannon casting, and the forging of copper bolts and spikes. In 1800, he became the first American to successfully roll copper into sheets for use as sheathing on naval vessels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <p>Revere was born in the <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End, Boston</a> on December 21, 1734, according to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a> calendar then in use, or January 1, 1735, in the modern calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber19987_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber19987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, <a href="/wiki/Apollos_Rivoire" title="Apollos Rivoire">Apollos Rivoire</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> who came to Boston at the age of 13, had been apprenticed to the silversmith <a href="/wiki/John_Coney_(silversmith)" title="John Coney (silversmith)">John Coney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber19987–9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber19987–9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he married Deborah Hitchborn, a member of a long-standing Boston family that owned a small shipping wharf, in 1729, Rivoire had anglicized his name to Paul Revere. The Hitchborn family was of English origin; Deborah's maternal great grandparents, David and Catherine Hitchbourn, arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1641 from <a href="/wiki/Boston,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, England">Boston, England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their son, Paul Revere, was the third of 12 children and eventually the eldest surviving son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1994297_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1994297-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere grew up in the environment of the extended Hitchborn family, and never learned his father's native language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19949_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19949-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of thirteen, Paul Revere left school and became an apprentice to his father. Silversmithing afforded young Paul connections with a cross-section of Boston society; these would serve him well when he became active in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199814–16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199814–16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, though his father attended <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> services, Revere was drawn to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1750, aged 15, Revere was part of the first group of <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringers</a> to ring the new bells (cast in 1744) at Christ Church, in the north of Boston (the <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere eventually began attending the services of the political and provocative <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mayhew" title="Jonathan Mayhew">Jonathan Mayhew</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Old_West_Church,_Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Church, Boston, Massachusetts">West Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201021_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father did not approve, and as a result father and son came to blows on one occasion. Revere relented and returned to his father's church, although he did become friends with Mayhew, and returned to the West Church in the late 1760s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201025,_103_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201025,_103-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulReveredentaltools.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PaulReveredentaltools.jpg/170px-PaulReveredentaltools.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PaulReveredentaltools.jpg/255px-PaulReveredentaltools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PaulReveredentaltools.jpg/340px-PaulReveredentaltools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Revere's dentistry tools</figcaption></figure> <p>Revere's father died in 1754, when Paul was legally too young to officially be the master of the family silver shop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199821_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199821-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1756, during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American theater of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>), he enlisted in the provincial army. Possibly he made this decision because of the weak economy, since army service promised consistent pay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199821–22_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199821–22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commissioned a second lieutenant in a provincial artillery regiment, he spent the summer at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_Henry" title="Fort William Henry">Fort William Henry</a> at the southern end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> as part of an abortive plan for the capture of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. Frédéric">Fort St. Frédéric</a>. He did not stay long in the army, but returned to Boston and assumed control of the silver shop in his own name. On August 4, 1757, he married Sarah Orne (1736–1773); their first child was born eight months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201033_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201033-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Sarah had eight children, but two died young, and only one, Mary, survived her father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199415,_297_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199415,_297-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1765–1774:_the_gathering_storm_of_revolution"><span id="1765.E2.80.931774:_the_gathering_storm_of_revolution"></span>1765–1774: the gathering storm of revolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></div> <p>Revere's business began to suffer when the British economy entered a recession in the years following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, and declined further when the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act of 1765</a> resulted in a further downturn in the Massachusetts economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199838–43_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199838–43-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Business was so poor that an attempt was made to seize his property in late 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199420_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199420-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help make ends meet he even took up <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, a skill set he was taught by a practicing surgeon who lodged at a friend's house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010104_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010104-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One client was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a>, a local physician and political opposition leader with whom Revere formed a close friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201055_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201055-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998117_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998117-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere and Warren, in addition to having common political views, were also both active in the same local <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic lodges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199867_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199867-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Revere was not one of the "<a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a>"—organizers of the earliest protests against the Stamp Act—he was well connected with its members, who were laborers and artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199843_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199843-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere did not participate in some of the more raucous protests, such as the attack on the home of Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199846–47_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199846–47-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1765, a group of militants who would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> formed, of which Revere was a member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:112–115_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:112–115-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199836,_42_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199836,_42-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1765 on, in support of the dissident cause, he produced engravings and other artifacts with political themes. Among these engravings are a depiction of the arrival of British troops in 1768 (which he termed "an insolent parade") and a famous depiction of the March 1770 <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> (see illustration). Although the latter was engraved by Revere and he included the inscription, "Engraved, Printed, & Sold by Paul Revere Boston", it was modeled on a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham_(engraver)" title="Henry Pelham (engraver)">Henry Pelham</a>, and Revere's engraving of the drawing was colored by a third man and printed by a fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199422_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199422-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere also produced a bowl commemorating the Massachusetts assembly's refusal to retract the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a>. (This letter, adopted in response to the 1767 <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a>, called for united colonial action against the acts. <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">King George III</a> had issued a demand for its retraction.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199422_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199422-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg/220px-Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg/330px-Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg/440px-Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption><i>The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 5, 1770</i>, a copper engraving by Paul Revere modeled on a drawing by Henry Pelham,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199424_and_note_53_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199424_and_note_53-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1770.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1770 Revere <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_House" title="Paul Revere House">purchased a house, now a museum</a> on <a href="/wiki/North_Square_(Boston)" title="North Square (Boston)">North Square</a> in Boston's North End. The house provided space for his growing family while he continued to maintain his shop at nearby Clark's Wharf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199871–72_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199871–72-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarah died in 1773, and on October 10 of that year, Revere married Rachel Walker (1745–1813). They had eight children, three of whom died young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1999485–487_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1999485–487-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1773 the merchant ship <i>Dartmouth</i> arrived in Boston harbor carrying the first shipment of tea made under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:119_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:119-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act authorized the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> to ship tea (of which it had huge surpluses due to colonial boycotts organized in response to the Townshend Acts) directly to the colonies, bypassing colonial merchants. Passage of the act prompted calls for renewed protests against the tea shipments, on which Townshend duties were still levied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2002120_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2002120-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere and Warren, as members of the informal <a href="/wiki/North_End_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="North End Caucus">North End Caucus</a>, organized a watch over the <i>Dartmouth</i> to prevent the unloading of the tea. Revere took his turns on guard duty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010163_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010163-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was one of the ringleaders in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> of December 16, when colonists dumped tea from the <i>Dartmouth</i> and two other ships into the harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010165_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010165-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From December 1773 to November 1775, Revere served as a courier for the Boston <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Safety (American Revolution)">Committee of Public Safety</a>, traveling to New York and Philadelphia to report on the political unrest in Boston. Research has documented 18 such rides. Notice of some of them was published in Massachusetts newspapers, and British authorities received further intelligence of them from Loyalist Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199427,_54,_Appendix_C_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199427,_54,_Appendix_C-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1774, his cousin John on the island of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> wrote to Paul that John had seen reports of Paul's role as an "express" (courier) in London newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998101_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998101-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1774, the military governor of Massachusetts, General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">dissolved the provincial assembly</a> on orders from Great Britain. Governor Gage also <a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_Act" title="Boston Port Act">closed the port</a> of Boston and all over the city forced private citizens to quarter (provide lodging for) soldiers in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Revere and a group of 30 "mechanics" began meeting in secret at his favorite haunt, the <i>Green Dragon</i>, to coordinate the gathering and dissemination of intelligence by "watching the Movements of British Soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010181_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010181-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time Revere regularly contributed politically charged engravings to the recently founded Patriot monthly, <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_American_Magazine" title="Royal American Magazine">Royal American Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:83–100_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:83–100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He rode to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, in December 1774 upon rumors of an impending landing of British troops there, a journey known in history as the <a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm#Portsmouth_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Portsmouth Alarm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the rumors were false, his ride sparked a rebel success by provoking locals to <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_William_and_Mary" title="Capture of Fort William and Mary">raid Fort William and Mary</a>, defended by just six soldiers, for its gunpowder supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199452–57_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199452–57-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midnight_Ride">Midnight Ride</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_midnight_ride" title="Paul Revere's midnight ride">Paul Revere's midnight ride</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Revere%27s_midnight_ride&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Revere%27s_ride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Paul_Revere%27s_ride.jpg/220px-Paul_Revere%27s_ride.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Paul_Revere%27s_ride.jpg/330px-Paul_Revere%27s_ride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Paul_Revere%27s_ride.jpg/440px-Paul_Revere%27s_ride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>20th-century depiction of Revere's ride</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_midnight_ride" title="Paul Revere's midnight ride">Paul Revere's midnight ride</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Alert_state" title="Alert state">alert</a> given to <a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">minutemen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> by local <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> on the night of April 18, 1775, warning them of the approach of <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a> troops prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">battles of Lexington and Concord</a>. In the preceding weeks, Patriots in the region gained wind of a planned crackdown on the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a>, then based in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> occupational authorities in the colony. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> members Paul Revere and <a href="/wiki/William_Dawes" title="William Dawes">William Dawes</a> prepared the alert, which began when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Newman_(sexton)" title="Robert Newman (sexton)">Robert Newman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sexton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a>, used a <a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">lantern</a> signal to warn colonists in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Massachusetts">Charlestown</a> of the British Army's advance by way of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>. Revere and Dawes then rode to meet <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a>, ten miles away, alerting up to 40 other Patriot riders along the way. Revere and Dawes then headed towards Concord with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prescott" title="Samuel Prescott">Samuel Prescott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The trio were <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Capture_Site" title="Paul Revere Capture Site">intercepted</a> by a British Army patrol in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Massachusetts" title="Lincoln, Massachusetts">Lincoln</a>. Prescott and Dawes escaped but Revere was returned to Lexington by the patrol and freed after questioning. By giving the minutemen advance warning of the British Army's actions, the ride played a crucial role in the Patriot victory in the subsequent battles at Lexington and Concord. The ride has been commemorated in a range of cultural depictions, most notably <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s 1861 poem, "<a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride" title="Paul Revere's Ride">Paul Revere's Ride</a>", which has shaped popular memory of the event, despite its factual inaccuracies.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_years">War years</h2></div> <p>Because Boston was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">besieged</a> after the battles of Lexington and Concord, Revere could not return to the city, which was now firmly in British hands. He boarded in <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a>, where he was eventually joined by Rachel and most of his children (Paul Jr., then 15, remained in Boston to mind the family properties).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998115_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998115-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he was denied a commission in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, he tried to find other ways to be useful to the rebel cause. He was retained by the provincial congress as a courier, and he printed local currency which the congress used to pay the troops around Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010201–208_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010201–208-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Colonial_(MA-258)-Massachusetts-16_Oct_1778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US-Colonial_%28MA-258%29-Massachusetts-16_Oct_1778.jpg/220px-US-Colonial_%28MA-258%29-Massachusetts-16_Oct_1778.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US-Colonial_%28MA-258%29-Massachusetts-16_Oct_1778.jpg/330px-US-Colonial_%28MA-258%29-Massachusetts-16_Oct_1778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US-Colonial_%28MA-258%29-Massachusetts-16_Oct_1778.jpg/440px-US-Colonial_%28MA-258%29-Massachusetts-16_Oct_1778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="4374" /></a><figcaption>An eight-pence bill engraved and printed by Revere in 1778. The engraving of the pine tree on the verso (back of the bill) is likely the work of silversmith and engraver <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hurd" title="Nathaniel Hurd">Nathaniel Hurd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since there was a desperate shortage of gunpowder, the provincial congress decided in November 1775 to send him to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> to study the working of the only <a href="/wiki/Powder_mill" title="Powder mill">powder mill</a> in the colonies, in the hopes that he might be able to build a second one in Massachusetts. Revere called on the mill's owner, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Eve" title="Oswald Eve">Oswald Eve</a>, armed with a letter from Continental Congressmen <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickinson (delegate)">John Dickinson</a> asking Eve to "Chearfully & from Public Spirited Motives give Mr. Revere such information as will inable him to Conduct the business on his return home."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201062_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201062-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGettemy1905169_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettemy1905169-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eve showed Revere around the mill, but refused to give him detailed drawings unless he was first paid a substantial bribe. Despite this chilly reception, Revere was able to discern useful information from the visit. He also acquired, through the work of Samuel Adams, plans for another powder mill. This information enabled Revere to set up a powder mill at Stoughton (present-day <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts" title="Canton, Massachusetts">Canton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201062_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201062-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998148_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998148-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mill produced tons of gunpowder for the Patriot cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010214_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010214-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revere's friend and compatriot Joseph Warren was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> on June 17, 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010208_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010208-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because soldiers killed in battle were often buried in <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a> without ceremony, Warren's grave was unmarked. On March 21, 1776, several days after the British army left Boston, Revere, Warren's brothers, and a few friends went to the battlefield and found a grave containing two bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum1999195_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1999195-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being buried for nine months, Warren's face was unrecognizable, but Revere was able to identify Warren's body because he had placed a false tooth in Warren's mouth, and recognized the wire he had used for fastening it. Warren was given a proper funeral and reburied in a marked grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010215_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010215-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militia_service">Militia service</h3></div> <p>Upon returning to Boston in 1776, Revere was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> in the Massachusetts militia in that April, and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201080_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201080-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>, and was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Castle_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle William">Castle William</a>, defending Boston harbor. He was generally second or third in the chain of command, and on several occasions he was given command of the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201080_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201080-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He applied his engineering skills to maintaining the fort's armaments, even designing and building a <a href="/wiki/Caliper" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliper">caliper</a> to accurately measure cannonballs and cannon bore holes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201080_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201080-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service at Castle William was relatively isolated, and personality friction prompted some men to file complaints against Revere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010217_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010217-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boredom was alleviated in late August 1777 when Revere was sent with a troop of soldiers to escort prisoners taken in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a> to Boston, where they were confined on board prison ships,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGettemy1905148–151_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettemy1905148–151-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake1899128_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake1899128-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in September when he was briefly deployed to <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGettemy1905152–153_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettemy1905152–153-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg/220px-Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg/330px-Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg/440px-Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Drawing depicting the arrival of the French fleet in Narragansett Bay in 1778</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1778 Revere's regiment served in a combined Franco-American expedition whose objective was to capture the British base at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1999343_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1999343-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His regiment was responsible for erecting and maintaining artillery batteries on <a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Aquidneck Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998132_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998132-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt was abandoned by the French when their fleet was scattered in a storm, and Revere's regiment returned to Boston before the British sortied from Newport to force the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998133_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998133-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penobscot_disaster">Penobscot disaster</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a></div> <p>The British in June 1779 established a new base on <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Bay" title="Penobscot Bay">Penobscot Bay</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> (which was then part of Massachusetts).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010220_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010220-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts authorities called out the militia, pressed into service available shipping, and organized <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">a major expedition</a> to dislodge the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998134–135_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998134–135-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition was a complete fiasco: its land and naval commanders squabbled over control of the expedition, and could not agree on strategy or tactics. The arrival of British reinforcements led to the destruction of the entire Massachusetts fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998135–136_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998135–136-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere commanded the artillery units for the expedition, and was responsible for organizing the artillery train.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010224–225_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010224–225-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in the taking of Bank's Island, from which artillery batteries could reach the British ships anchored before <a href="/wiki/Fort_George_(Castine,_Maine)" title="Fort George (Castine, Maine)">Fort George</a>. He next oversaw the transport of the guns from Bank's Island to a new position on the heights of the Bagaduce Peninsula that commanded the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010229_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010229-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Revere was in favor of storming the fort, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lovell" title="Solomon Lovell">Solomon Lovell</a> opted for a siege instead. After further disagreements on how to proceed between Lovell and fleet commander <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Saltonstall" title="Dudley Saltonstall">Dudley Saltonstall</a>, Lovell decided to return to the transports on August 12, a decision supported by Revere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998136_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998136-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late the next day British sails were spotted. A mad scramble ensued, and on the 14th the fleet was in retreat heading up the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_River" title="Penobscot River">Penobscot River</a>. Revere and his men were put ashore with their stores, and their transports destroyed. At one point Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Peleg Wadsworth</a> ordered Revere to send his barge in an attempt to recover a ship drifting toward the enemy position. Revere at first resisted, but eventually complied, and Wadsworth told him to expect formal charges over the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010234–236_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010234–236-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident separated Revere from his men. Moving overland, he eventually managed to regroup most of his troops, and returned to Boston on August 26. A variety of charges were made against Revere, some of which were exaggerated assignments of blame<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998136–138_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998136–138-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made by enemies he had made in his command at Castle William. The initial hearings on the matter in September 1779 were inconclusive, but he was asked to resign his post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998136–138_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998136–138-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He repeatedly sought a full <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> to clear his name, but it was not until February 1782 that a court martial heard the issue, exonerating him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010238–239_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010238–239-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998139_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998139-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_social_connections">Business and social connections</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_Urn_MET_DP208084.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tea_Urn_MET_DP208084.jpg/220px-Tea_Urn_MET_DP208084.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tea_Urn_MET_DP208084.jpg/330px-Tea_Urn_MET_DP208084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tea_Urn_MET_DP208084.jpg/440px-Tea_Urn_MET_DP208084.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tea urn for <a href="/wiki/John_Rowe_(merchant)" title="John Rowe (merchant)">Hannah Rowe</a>, 1791, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Revolutionary War, Revere continued his efforts to move upwards in society into the gentry. After his failed efforts to become a military officer he attempted to become a merchant, but was hindered by a number of factors: while he was a fairly well-off member of the artisan class, he did not have the resources to afford the goods he would have sold as a merchant, nor were lenders in England willing to lend him the required startup capital. Other American merchants of the time were able to continue their business with colleagues in England. However, Revere's inexperience as a merchant meant that he had not yet established such relationships and was not able to communicate as effectively on unfamiliar matters. Another factor preventing Revere's success as a merchant was the economic climate of the time period after the war known as the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</a>; while the colonies had seen a time of economic growth before the war, the colonies experienced a severe post-war depression, constraining the overall success of his business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201094_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201094-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revere_Coat-of-Arms_engraved_by_Paul_Revere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Revere_Coat-of-Arms_engraved_by_Paul_Revere.jpg/170px-Revere_Coat-of-Arms_engraved_by_Paul_Revere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Revere_Coat-of-Arms_engraved_by_Paul_Revere.jpg/255px-Revere_Coat-of-Arms_engraved_by_Paul_Revere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Revere_Coat-of-Arms_engraved_by_Paul_Revere.jpg/340px-Revere_Coat-of-Arms_engraved_by_Paul_Revere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Revere Coat-of-Arms engraved by Paul Revere</figcaption></figure><p>While Revere struggled as a merchant, his success as a silversmith enabled him to pursue and leverage more advanced technological developments for the purposes of mass production. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">rolling</a> mills greatly improved the productivity of his silver shop and enabled his business to move further away from manufacturing high-end customized products in order to focus instead on the production of a more standardized set of goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010107–110_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010107–110-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, the standard of living continuously improved in America, as genteel goods became increasingly available to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederhen1988153_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederhen1988153-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere responded particularly well to this trend because his business was not solely manufacturing custom, high end purchases. Smaller products like teaspoons and buckles accounted for the majority of his work, allowing him to build a broad customer base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederhen1988154_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederhen1988154-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revere's increased efficiency left financial and human resources available for the exploration of other products, which was essential to overcoming the fluctuating post-war economic climate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalino200177_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalino200177-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to increasing production, the flatting mill enabled Revere to move towards a more managerial position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010111–114_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010111–114-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years:_entrepreneurship,_manufacturing,_and_politics"><span id="Later_years:_entrepreneurship.2C_manufacturing.2C_and_politics"></span>Later years: entrepreneurship, manufacturing, and politics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulRevereByGilbertStuart.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PaulRevereByGilbertStuart.jpeg/170px-PaulRevereByGilbertStuart.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PaulRevereByGilbertStuart.jpeg/255px-PaulRevereByGilbertStuart.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PaulRevereByGilbertStuart.jpeg/340px-PaulRevereByGilbertStuart.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1813 portrait of Revere by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Revere became interested in metal work beyond gold and silver. By 1788 he had invested some of the profits from his growing silverworking trade to construct a large <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnace</a>, which would allow him to work with larger quantities of metals at higher temperatures. He soon opened an iron foundry in Boston's <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a> that produced utilitarian cast iron items such as stove backs, fireplace tools, and <a href="/wiki/Sash_window" title="Sash window">sash-window</a> weights, marketed to a broad segment of Boston's population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010151–155_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010151–155-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Revere's business practices changed when he expanded his practice into ironworking, because he transitioned from just being an artisan to also being an entrepreneur and a manager. In order to make this transition successfully, Revere had to invest substantial quantities of capital and time in his foundry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010137_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010137-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_practices">Technological practices</h3></div> <p>The quasi-<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialization</a> of his practice set Revere apart from his competition. "Revere's rapid foundry success resulted from fortuitous timing, innate technical aptitude, thorough research, and the casting experience he gained from silverworking."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010154_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010154-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technical proficiency allowed Revere to optimize his work and adapt to a new technological and entrepreneurial model. Revere's location also benefited his endeavors. Revere was entering the field of iron casting in a time when New England cities were becoming centers of industry. The nature of technological advancement was such that many skilled entrepreneurs in a number of fields worked together, in what is known by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rosenberg" title="Nathan Rosenberg">Nathan Rosenberg</a> as <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">technological convergence</a>, by which a number of companies work together on challenges in order to spur advances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010252_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010252-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By accessing the knowledge of other nearby metal workers, Revere was able to successfully explore and master new technologies throughout his career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_practices">Labor practices</h3></div> <p>One of the biggest changes for Revere in his new business was organization of labor. In his earlier days, Revere primarily utilized the <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> model standard for artisan shops at this time, but as his business expanded he hired employees (wage laborers) to work for his foundry. Many manufacturers of the era found this transition from master to employer difficult because many employees at the onset of the Industrial Revolution identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Skilled_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilled workers">skilled workers</a>, and thus wanted to be treated with the respect and autonomy accorded to <a href="/wiki/Artisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisans">artisans</a>. An artisan himself, Revere managed to avoid many of these labor conflicts by adopting a system of employment that still held trappings of the craft system in the form of worker freedoms such as work hour flexibility, wages in line with skill levels, and liquor on the job.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010276,_146_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010276,_146-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing:_church_bells,_cannon,_and_copper_products"><span id="Manufacturing:_church_bells.2C_cannon.2C_and_copper_products"></span>Manufacturing: church bells, cannon, and copper products</h3></div> <p>After mastering the iron casting process and realizing substantial profits from this new product line, Revere identified a burgeoning market for church bells in the religious revival known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> that followed the war. Beginning in 1792 he became one of America's best-known <a href="/wiki/Revere_Bells" class="mw-redirect" title="Revere Bells">bell casters</a>, working with sons Paul Jr. and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(businessman)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (businessman)">Joseph Warren Revere</a> in the firm <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Revere_%26_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Revere & Sons (page does not exist)">Paul Revere & Sons</a>. This firm cast the first bell made in Boston and ultimately produced hundreds of bells, a number of which remain in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010168–171_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010168–171-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1794, Revere decided to take the next step in the evolution of his business, expanding his bronze casting work by learning to cast cannon for the federal government, state governments, and private clients. Although the government often had trouble paying him on time, its large orders inspired him to deepen his contracting and seek additional product lines of interest to the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010179–184_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010179–184-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1795, a growing percentage of his foundry's business came from a new product, copper bolts, spikes, and other fittings that he sold to merchants and the Boston naval yard for ship construction. In 1801, Revere became a pioneer in the production of <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">rolled copper</a>, opening North America's first copper mill south of Boston in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts" title="Canton, Massachusetts">Canton</a>. Copper from the <a href="/wiki/Revere_Copper_Company" title="Revere Copper Company">Revere Copper Company</a> was used to cover the original wooden dome of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a> in 1802. His copper and brass works eventually grew, through sale and corporate merger, into a large corporation, Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010331–332_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010331–332-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steps_towards_standardized_production">Steps towards standardized production</h3></div> <p>During his earlier days as an artisan, especially when working with silver products, Revere produced "bespoke" or customized goods. As he shifted to ironworking, he found the need to produce more standardized products, because this made production cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010155_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010155-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve the beginnings of standardization, Revere used identical molds for casting, especially in the fabrication of mass-produced items such as stoves, ovens, frames, and chimney backs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010141_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010141-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Revere did not totally embrace uniform production. For example, his bells and cannons were all unique products: these large objects required extensive fine-tuning and customization, and the small number of bells and cannon minimized the potential benefits of standardizing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010301_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010301-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, even the products that he made in large quantities could not be truly standardized due to technological and skill limitations. His products were rarely (if ever) identical, but his processes were well systematized. "He came to realize that the foundry oven melded the characteristics of tools and machines: it required skilled labor and could be used in a flexible manner to produce different products, but an expert could produce consistent output by following a standard set of production practices."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello2010154_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello2010154-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Registration_of_Lodge_Membership_for_Paul_Revere,_Joseph_Warren_and_William_Palfrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Registration_of_Lodge_Membership_for_Paul_Revere%2C_Joseph_Warren_and_William_Palfrey.jpg/220px-Registration_of_Lodge_Membership_for_Paul_Revere%2C_Joseph_Warren_and_William_Palfrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Registration_of_Lodge_Membership_for_Paul_Revere%2C_Joseph_Warren_and_William_Palfrey.jpg/330px-Registration_of_Lodge_Membership_for_Paul_Revere%2C_Joseph_Warren_and_William_Palfrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Registration_of_Lodge_Membership_for_Paul_Revere%2C_Joseph_Warren_and_William_Palfrey.jpg/440px-Registration_of_Lodge_Membership_for_Paul_Revere%2C_Joseph_Warren_and_William_Palfrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Extract from membership register for Revere, Warren and Palfrey</figcaption></figure> <p>Revere was a Freemason as a member of Lodge St. Andrews, No. 81, in Boston, Massachusetts. The Lodge continues to meet in Boston with the No. 4 under and the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Massachusetts" title="Grand Lodge of Massachusetts">Grand Lodge of Massachusetts</a>. The date he joined the Lodge is not known but was sometime after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, November 30, 1756, and before May 15, 1769, when he is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge of Scotland</a> membership register as the Lodge Secretary. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Palfrey" title="William Palfrey">William Palfrey</a> are also recorded, on the same page, as members of the Lodge as being Master and Senior Warden respectively. (see image)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He subsequently became the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (Masonic)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemasons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Massachusetts" title="Grand Lodge of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> from 1795 to 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure, Revere, along with <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> and Deputy Grand Master, Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Scollay" title="William Scollay">William Scollay</a>, deposited a box containing an assemblage of commemorative items under the cornerstone of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a> on July 4, 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_final_years">Politics and final years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Revere_Memorial,_Granary_Burying_Ground,_Boston,_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paul_Revere_Memorial%2C_Granary_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/170px-Paul_Revere_Memorial%2C_Granary_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paul_Revere_Memorial%2C_Granary_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/255px-Paul_Revere_Memorial%2C_Granary_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paul_Revere_Memorial%2C_Granary_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/340px-Paul_Revere_Memorial%2C_Granary_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="3661" /></a><figcaption>Paul Revere's grave site in the <a href="/wiki/Granary_Burying_Ground" title="Granary Burying Ground">Granary Burying Ground</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Revere remained politically active throughout his life. His business plans in the late 1780s were often stymied by a shortage of adequate money in circulation. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s national policies regarding banks and industrialization exactly matched his dreams, and he became an ardent <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> committed to building a robust economy and a powerful nation. Of particular interest to Revere was the question of protective tariffs; he and his son sent a petition to Congress in 1808 asking for protection for his sheet copper business.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to participate in local discussions of political issues even after his retirement in 1811, and in 1814 circulated a petition offering the government the services of Boston's artisans in protecting Boston during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010257_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010257-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere died on May 10, 1818, at the age of 83, at his home on Charter Street in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010258_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010258-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Granary_Burying_Ground" title="Granary Burying Ground">Granary Burying Ground</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Street" title="Tremont Street">Tremont Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPRMA198833_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPRMA198833-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Revere_Equestrian_Statue_(2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Paul_Revere_Equestrian_Statue_%282022%29.jpg/220px-Paul_Revere_Equestrian_Statue_%282022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Paul_Revere_Equestrian_Statue_%282022%29.jpg/330px-Paul_Revere_Equestrian_Statue_%282022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Paul_Revere_Equestrian_Statue_%282022%29.jpg/440px-Paul_Revere_Equestrian_Statue_%282022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Paul_Revere" title="Equestrian statue of Paul Revere">Paul Revere Equestrian Statue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin" title="Cyrus Edwin Dallin">Cyrus Edwin Dallin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Mall" title="Paul Revere Mall">Paul Revere Mall</a> in Boston (2022)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Revere's death, the family business was taken over by his oldest surviving son, Joseph Warren Revere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010255,_260_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010255,_260-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copper works founded in 1801 continues today as the Revere Copper Company, with manufacturing divisions in <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revere's original silverware, engravings, and other works are highly regarded today, and can be found on display in museums including the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Revere_Bell" title="Revere Bell">Revere Bell</a>, presented in 1843 to the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Singapore" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore">Church of St. Andrew</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> by his daughter, Mrs. Maria Revere Balestier, wife of American <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)#United_States_consuls_in_the_early_years" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Balestier" title="Joseph Balestier">Joseph Balestier</a>, is now displayed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Singapore" title="National Museum of Singapore">National Museum of Singapore</a>. This is the only bell cast by the Revere foundry that is outside the United States. For a time, it was displayed behind velvet ropes in the foyer of the United States Embassy in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-herbold_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbold-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The communities of <a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt20027_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt20027-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Revere,_Minnesota" title="Revere, Minnesota">Revere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1920451_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1920451-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bear his name, as do <a href="/wiki/Revere_Beach" title="Revere Beach">Revere Beach</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt20027_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt20027-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Revere, Massachusetts; Revere Avenue in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara1978_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara1978-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Revere Road in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington, Massachusetts</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Paul Revere Apartments<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. </p><p>A 25-cent 1958 U.S. <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Issue" title="Liberty Issue">Liberty Series</a> honors Paul Revere, featuring the portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>. He also appears on the $5,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security#Series_EE" title="United States Treasury security">Series EE U.S. Savings Bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a> released a <a href="/wiki/Mint_Mobile" title="Mint Mobile">Mint Mobile</a> commercial that features Avery Revere, a direct descent of Paul Revere.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Mall" title="Paul Revere Mall">Paul Revere Mall</a> is a corridor located in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a>. It features the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Paul_Revere" title="Equestrian statue of Paul Revere">Equestrian statue of Paul Revere</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin" title="Cyrus Edwin Dallin">Cyrus Edwin Dallin</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Revere_Mall_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Revere_Mall_Plaque.jpg/220px-Paul_Revere_Mall_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Revere_Mall_Plaque.jpg/330px-Paul_Revere_Mall_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Revere_Mall_Plaque.jpg/440px-Paul_Revere_Mall_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="2783" /></a><figcaption>Paul Revere Mall plaque</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <p>In episode 8 of the 2nd season of the US TV show <i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i> (1999–2006), Paul Revere is named as the manufacturer of president Bartlet's knife-set he presents to Charlie, his personal aide. </p><p>Revere appears in the 2012 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III" title="Assassin's Creed III">Assassin's Creed III</a></i> and is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Dinsmore" title="Bruce Dinsmore">Bruce Dinsmore</a>. He is fictitiously depicted riding alongside the game's protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Ratonhnak%C3%A9:ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratonhnaké:ton">Ratonhnaké:ton</a>, to alert the colonial militias.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> voiced Revere in the animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids</a>.</i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Raymond-James" title="Michael Raymond-James">Michael Raymond-James</a> portrayed Revere on the 2015 <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History</a> miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)">Sons of Liberty</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revere is mentioned in the lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s 1965 song <a href="/wiki/Tombstone_Blues" title="Tombstone Blues">Tombstone Blues</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(businessman)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (businessman)">Joseph Warren Revere</a>, son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Revere_Balestier" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Revere Balestier">Maria Revere Balestier</a>, daughter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(general)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (general)">Joseph Warren Revere</a>, grandson; artist, Navy officer, and Union Army general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere (writer)">Paul Revere</a>, great-grandson; Morristown lawyer</li> <li>Paul Revere Jr. (3rd great-grandson)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paul Revere III (4th great-grandson)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Revere_Thayer" title="Pauline Revere Thayer">Pauline Revere Thayer</a>, daughter of Paul Revere III</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avery_Revere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avery Revere (page does not exist)">Avery Revere</a> (4th great-granddaughter)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Bissell" title="Israel Bissell">Israel Bissell</a>, who rode to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> with news of the battles of Lexington and Concord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Ludington" title="Sybil Ludington">Sybil Ludington</a>, who is said to have performed a similar ride in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Jouett" title="Jack Jouett">Jack Jouett</a>, rode to warn <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> legislature of a British raid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere_Bells" class="mw-redirect" title="Revere Bells">Revere Bells</a>, one of Revere's highest-profile products</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere_Copper_Company" title="Revere Copper Company">Revere Copper Company</a>, the business founded by Paul Revere and later managed by his son and grandsons</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Tremain" title="Johnny Tremain">Johnny Tremain</a></i>, 1943 children's novel by <a href="/wiki/Esther_Forbes" title="Esther Forbes">Esther Forbes</a> set in Boston prior to and during the outbreak of the Revolution</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revere's date of birth is confused by the conversion between the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendars</a>, which offsets the date by 11 days, and by the fact that only his baptism, not his actual birth was recorded. While his baptism was recorded on December 22, adjusting for the conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars changes the date to January 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss189110–11_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss189110–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1994297_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1994297-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forcing private citizens to quarter soldiers in their homes would be one of the grievances enumerated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>—[The King] "has combined with others to subject us to a Jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among us:..."—and the framers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> restricted the practice in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">Third Amendment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss189110–11-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss189110–11_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoss1891">Goss 1891</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1994297-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1994297_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1994297_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1994">Fischer 1994</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber19987-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber19987_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber19987–9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber19987–9_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Revere_Memorial_Association1988" class="citation book cs1">Paul Revere Memorial Association (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xfrAAAAMAAJ&q=David%20Hitchbourn"><i>Paul Revere: Artisan, Businessman, and Patriot--the Man Behind the Myth</i></a>. 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November 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Change+Ringing+Bells+%7C+The+Old+North+Church&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldnorth.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-bells-at-old-north%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oldnorth.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Bell-Ringer-document.pdf">"Bell Ringer's Agreement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Old North Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199821–22_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201033-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201033_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2010">Miller 2010</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199415,_297-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199415,_297_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1994">Fischer 1994</a>, pp. 15, 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199838–43-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199838–43_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, pp. 38–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199420-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199420_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1994">Fischer 1994</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2010104-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2010104_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2010">Miller 2010</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartello201055-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartello201055_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartello2010">Martello 2010</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber1998117-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber1998117_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199867-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199867_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199843-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199843_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199846–47-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199846–47_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:112–115-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss18911:112–115_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoss1891">Goss 1891</a>, pp. 1:112–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199836,_42-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199836,_42_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, pp. 36, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199422-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199422_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199422_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1994">Fischer 1994</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199424_and_note_53-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199424_and_note_53_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1994">Fischer 1994</a>, p. 24 and note 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriber199871–72-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriber199871–72_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriber1998">Triber 1998</a>, 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EW.com&rft.atitle=History%27s+%27Sons+of+Liberty%27+miniseries+casts+Dean+Norris%2C+Ben+Barnes%2C+Henry+Thomas&rft.aulast=June+4&rft.aufirst=James+Hibberd+Updated&rft.au=EDT%2C+2014+at+05%3A01+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F06%2F04%2Fhistory-sons-of-liberty-miniseries-starring-ben-barnes-henry-thomas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacQuarrie" class="citation web cs1">MacQuarrie, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/11/29/through-his-descendants-legacy-paul-revere-gallops/iyEVgHXIA1JIUBj51ocpCM/story.html">"Through his descendants, the legacy of Paul Revere gallops on"</a>. <i>bostonglobe.com</i>. Brain MacQuarrie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bostonglobe.com&rft.atitle=Through+his+descendants%2C+the+legacy+of+Paul+Revere+gallops+on&rft.aulast=MacQuarrie&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2019%2F11%2F29%2Fthrough-his-descendants-legacy-paul-revere-gallops%2FiyEVgHXIA1JIUBj51ocpCM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2002" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, John (2002). <i>Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician</i>. 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Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-23453-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-23453-3"><bdi>978-0-585-23453-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boston+Campaign%3A+April+1775+%E2%80%93+March+1776&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Combined+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-585-23453-3&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1899" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Samuel Adams (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion04drakgoog"><i>Historic Mansions and Highways Around Boston</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion04drakgoog/page/n158">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1838072">1838072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Mansions+and+Highways+Around+Boston&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1838072&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricmansion04drakgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalino2001" class="citation book cs1">Falino, Jeannine (2001). <i>"The Pride Which Pervades thro every Class": The Customers of Paul Revere</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: University Press of Virginia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Pride+Which+Pervades+thro+every+Class%22%3A+The+Customers+of+Paul+Revere&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Falino&rft.aufirst=Jeannine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederhen1988" class="citation book cs1">Federhen, Deborah (1988). <i>From Artisan to Entrepreneur: Paul Revere's Silver Shop Operation</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Paul Revere Memorial Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Artisan+to+Entrepreneur%3A+Paul+Revere%27s+Silver+Shop+Operation&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Paul+Revere+Memorial+Association&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Federhen&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195088472"><i>Paul Revere's ride</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508847-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508847-6"><bdi>0-19-508847-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere%27s+ride&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-508847-6&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195088472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span> This work is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of the Revere's ride and the battles at Lexington and Concord.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Forbes" title="Esther Forbes">Forbes, Esther</a> (1999) [1942]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulrevereworldh00esth"><i>Paul Revere and the World He Lived in</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00194-1"><bdi>978-0-618-00194-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere+and+the+World+He+Lived+in&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-618-00194-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulrevereworldh00esth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettemy1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferris_Gettemy" title="Charles Ferris Gettemy">Gettemy, Charles</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truestorypaulre01gettgoog"><i>The True Story of Paul Revere</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1375230">1375230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Story+of+Paul+Revere&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1375230&rft.aulast=Gettemy&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruestorypaulre01gettgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss1891" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Elbridge Henry (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifecolonelpaul00gossgoog"><i>The Life of Colonel Paul Revere</i></a>. Boston: J. G. Cupples. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3589045">3589045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Colonel+Paul+Revere&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=J.+G.+Cupples&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3589045&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Elbridge+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifecolonelpaul00gossgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifecolonelpaul01gossgoog">Volume 2</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum1999" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Robert (1999) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisivedaybattl00ketc"><i>Decisive Day: The Battle For Bunker Hill</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6099-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-6099-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Day%3A+The+Battle+For+Bunker+Hill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6099-7&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisivedaybattl00ketc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartello2010" class="citation book cs1">Martello, Robert (2010). <i>Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise</i>. Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+Ride%2C+Industrial+Dawn%3A+Paul+Revere+and+the+Growth+of+American+Enterprise&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.series=Johns+Hopkins+Studies+in+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Martello&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldMcDonald1980" class="citation journal cs1">McDonald, Forrest; McDonald, Ellen (April 1980). "The Ethnic Origins of the American People, 1790". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. Third. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1919495">10.2307/1919495</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919495">1919495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ethnic+Origins+of+the+American+People%2C+1790&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1919495&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1919495%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara1978" class="citation book cs1">McNamara, John (1978). <i>History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names, Borough of the Bronx, New York City</i>. Fleischmanns, New York: Harbor Hill Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+in+Asphalt%3A+The+Origin+of+Bronx+Street+and+Place+Names%2C+Borough+of+the+Bronx%2C+New+York+City&rft.place=Fleischmanns%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Harbor+Hill+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2010" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Joel J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionarypau00mill"><i>The Revolutionary Paul Revere</i></a>. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-074-3"><bdi>978-1-59555-074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+Paul+Revere&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59555-074-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Joel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionarypau00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrin2002" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John M.; et al. (2002) [1996]. <i>Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877</i>. Florence, Kentucky: Wadsworth–Thomson Learning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1877&rft.place=Florence%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Wadsworth%E2%80%93Thomson+Learning&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPRMA1988" class="citation book cs1"><i>Paul Revere, Artisan, Businessman and Patriot: The Man Behind the Myth</i>. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association (PRMA). 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere%2C+Artisan%2C+Businessman+and+Patriot%3A+The+Man+Behind+the+Myth&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Paul+Revere+Memorial+Association+%28PRMA%29&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevere1961" class="citation book cs1">Revere, Paul (1961). <i>Paul Revere's Three Accounts of His Famous Ride</i>. Introduction by Edmund Morgan. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9619999-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9619999-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9619999-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere%27s+Three+Accounts+of+His+Famous+Ride&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-9619999-0-2&rft.aulast=Revere&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRulandBradbury1991" class="citation book cs1">Ruland, Richard; Bradbury, Malcolm (1991). <i>From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature</i>. New York: Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Puritanism+to+Postmodernism%3A+A+History+of+American+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ruland&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2002" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Leah A (2002). <i>Revere Beach</i>. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-1030-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-1030-9"><bdi>978-0-7385-1030-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revere+Beach&rft.place=Mount+Pleasant%2C+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-1030-9&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Leah+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteblecki1985" class="citation book cs1">Steblecki, Edith J. (1985). <i>Paul Revere and Freemasonry</i>. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association (PRMA). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17485269">17485269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere+and+Freemasonry&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Paul+Revere+Memorial+Association+%28PRMA%29&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17485269&rft.aulast=Steblecki&rft.aufirst=Edith+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriber1998" class="citation book cs1">Triber, Jayne (1998). <i>A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere</i>. Amherst, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-139-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-139-7"><bdi>978-1-55849-139-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+True+Republican%3A+The+Life+of+Paul+Revere&rft.place=Amherst%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-139-7&rft.aulast=Triber&rft.aufirst=Jayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States" class="citation book cs1">United States, National Archives and Records Service. <i>Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+of+the+Continental+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration%2C+General+Services+Administration&rft.aulast=United+States&rft.aufirst=National+Archives+and+Records+Service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham1920" class="citation book cs1">Upham, Warren (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesotageograp00upharich"><i>Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance</i></a>. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34232868">34232868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Geographic+Names%3A+Their+Origin+and+Historic+Significance&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34232868&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesotageograp00upharich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2013" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Deborah Dependahl (2013). <i>A Handsome Cupboard of Plate: Early American Silver in the Cahn Collection</i>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/John_Adamson_(publisher)" title="John Adamson (publisher)">John Adamson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898565-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898565-11-6"><bdi>978-1-898565-11-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handsome+Cupboard+of+Plate%3A+Early+American+Silver+in+the+Cahn+Collection&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=John+Adamson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-898565-11-6&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Dependahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" class="extiw" title="commons:Paul Revere"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Paul Revere</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Revere, Paul"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Revere,_Paul">"Revere, Paul" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revere%2C+Paul&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Revere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paul-revere-heritage.com/">Paul Revere Heritage Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulreverehouse.org/">The Paul Revere House</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628045158/http://www.paulreverehouse.org/ride/virtual.shtml">An interactive map showing the routes taken by Revere, Dawes, and Prescott</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arcidx.htm">Original copper engravings and other documents in collections of the Massachusetts State Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revererollingmill.googlepages.com/">Revere Rolling Mill</a> – about the endangered original Revere copper works site in Canton, MA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?58074-1/paul-reveres-ride"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with David Hackett Fischer on <i>Paul Revere's Ride</i>, July 17, 1994.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Revere%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Paul%20Revere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Revere%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Paul%20Revere%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Revere%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Paul%20Revere%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Revere%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Paul%20Revere%22%29%20OR%20%28%221735-1818%22%20AND%20Revere%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Paul Revere</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2418">Works by Paul Revere</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Paul_Revere" title="Template:Paul Revere"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul_Revere" title="Template talk:Paul Revere"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul_Revere" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul Revere"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paul_Revere61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Revere</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_House" title="Paul Revere House">Paul Revere House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere_bells" title="Revere bells">Revere bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere_Copper_Company" title="Revere Copper Company">Revere Copper Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_and_Paul_Revere_time_capsule" title="Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule">Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary_Burying_Ground" title="Granary Burying Ground">Granary Burying Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Midnight Ride">Paul Revere's Midnight Ride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Capture_Site" title="Paul Revere Capture Site">capture site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Paul_Revere_(APA-248)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Paul Revere (APA-248)">USS <i>Paul Revere</i> (APA-248)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Mall" title="Paul Revere Mall">Paul Revere Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Park" title="Paul Revere Park">Paul Revere Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere, Massachusetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride" title="Paul Revere's Ride">Paul Revere's Ride</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_British_Are_Coming_(song)" title="The British Are Coming (song)">The British Are Coming</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Midnight_Ride_of_Paul_Revere_(painting)" title="The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (painting)">The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Paul_Revere" title="Equestrian statue of Paul Revere">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> miniseries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppets_Present...Great_Moments_in_American_History" title="The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History">The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(businessman)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (businessman)">Joseph Warren Revere</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(general)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (general)">Joseph Warren Revere</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos_Rivoire" title="Apollos Rivoire">Apollos Rivoire</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327071#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327071#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327071#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118788493">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80037041">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14449430f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14449430f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2012685775&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069745366">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7048752">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000205043&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/196611">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267028805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500017620">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/66428">RKD Artists</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/320942">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=10731">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/058632735">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582141">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pv6jk5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Revere&oldid=1273127955">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Revere&oldid=1273127955</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paul_Revere" title="Category:Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1734_births" title="Category:1734 births">1734 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1818_deaths" title="Category:1818 deaths">1818 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_businesspeople" title="Category:18th-century American businesspeople">18th-century American businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_businesspeople" title="Category:19th-century American businesspeople">19th-century American businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_engravers" title="Category:American engravers">American engravers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Freemasons" title="Category:American Freemasons">American Freemasons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revere_family" title="Category:Revere family">Revere family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_military_personnel_of_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Category:American military personnel of the Seven Years' 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