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aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folk_Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Folk Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odd-headed_nāga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odd-headed_nāga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Odd-headed nāga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odd-headed_nāga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nāga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="ناغا (هندوسية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناغا (هندوسية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF)" title="নাগ (কিংবদন্তি) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাগ (কিংবদন্তি)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqa" title="Naqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Naqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97" title="নাগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1ka" title="Náka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Náka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Нага – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нага" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀླུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀླུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1ga" title="Nága – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nága" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_(mytologi)" title="Naga (mytologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naga (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_(Mythologie)" title="Naga (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naga (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaga" title="Naaga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naaga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Νάγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νάγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_(mitolog%C3%ADa_hinduista)" title="Naga (mitología hinduista) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naga (mitología hinduista)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nago" title="Nago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ناگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80" title="나가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="नाग (हिन्दू धर्म) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाग (हिन्दू धर्म)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_(mitologi_India)" title="Naga (mitologi India) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naga (mitologi India)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%92%D7%94" title="נאגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97" title="ನಾಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Наг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Наг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagas_(mitologija)" title="Nagas (mitologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nagas (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नागदेवता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नागदेवता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="နဂါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နဂါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_(bovennatuurlijk_wezen)" title="Naga (bovennatuurlijk wezen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naga (bovennatuurlijk wezen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC" title="ナーガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナーガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81g%C3%A1" title="Nāgá – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nāgá" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagi" title="Nagi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nagi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagowie_(mitologia)" title="Nagowie (mitologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagowie (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga" title="Naga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Naga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga" title="Naga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Наги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nage" title="Nage – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nage" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga" title="Naga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_(taruolento)" title="Naga (taruolento) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naga (taruolento)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_(mytologi)" title="Naga (mytologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naga (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நாக வழிபாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாக வழிபாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97" title="నాగ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాగ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="นาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Наги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nāga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%9C%E8%BF%A6" title="娜迦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="娜迦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naga_(mythology)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga (mythology)">Naga (mythology)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mythological creatures in Indian religions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern ethnic group, see <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga people</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Naga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Naga (disambiguation)">Naga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Naga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Naga182.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naga182.JPG/220px-Naga182.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naga182.JPG/330px-Naga182.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Naga182.JPG 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="756" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Naga couple, featured as a <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysala</a> relief</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">नाग</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>,</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In various Asian religious traditions, the <b>Nagas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">नाग</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nāga</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-<a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">serpent</a> beings that reside in the netherworld (<a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a>), and can occasionally take human or part-human form, or are so depicted in art. Furthermore, Nagas are also known as <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">water spirits</a>. A female naga is called a <b>Nagi</b>, or a <b><a href="/wiki/Nai%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_Dev%C4%AB" title="Naiṇī Devī">Nagini</a></b>. Their descendents are known as <a href="/wiki/Nagavanshi" title="Nagavanshi">Nagavanshi</a>. According to legend, they are the children of the sage <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadru" title="Kadru">Kadru</a>. Rituals devoted to these supernatural beings have been taking place throughout South Asia for at least 2,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are principally depicted in three forms: as entirely human with snakes on the heads and necks, as common serpents, or as half-human, half-snake beings in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">Nagaraja</a></i> is the title given to the king of the nagas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narratives of these beings hold cultural significance in the mythological traditions of many <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> cultures, and within Hinduism and Buddhism. Communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Nagavanshi" title="Nagavanshi">Nagavanshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Eelamese</a> claim descent from this race. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Naja_naja" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Naja naja">Naja naja</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p>In Sanskrit, a <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nāgá</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:नाग">नाग</a></span></span>) is a snake, most often depicted by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_cobra" title="Indian cobra">Indian cobra</a> (<i>Naja naja</i>). A synonym for <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nāgá</i></span></i> is <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">phaṇin</i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:फणिन्">फणिन्</a></span></span>). There are several words for "snake" in general, and one of the very commonly used ones is <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sarpá</i></span></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:सर्प">सर्प</a></span></span>). Sometimes the word <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nāgá</i></span></i> is also used generically to mean "snake".<sup id="cite_ref-Apte_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apte-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with English 'snake', Germanic: <i>*snēk-a-</i>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-IE</a>: <i>*(s)nēg-o-</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_s-mobile" title="Indo-European s-mobile">s-mobile</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, an Indo-European etymology as a "hairless, naked animal" - cognate to English "naked" - would explain that the Sanskrit word <i>nāga</i> can also mean "cloud", "mountain" or "elephant".<sup id="cite_ref-Mayrhofer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayrhofer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patanjali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/170px-Patanjali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/255px-Patanjali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/340px-Patanjali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> as <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Śeṣa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nagas, as a serpent-shaped group of deities that often take form as cobras, are prominent in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a>, throughout the hindu texts (especially in the first book of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a>) and in local folk traditions of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions of the Himalaya, nagas are regarded as the divine rulers of the region - as in <a href="/wiki/Kullu_Valley" title="Kullu Valley">Kullu Valley</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Berinag" title="Berinag">Berinag</a> and in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Pindar_River" title="Pindar River">Pindar River</a>, which is believed to be ruled by the ninefold <a href="/wiki/Nai%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_Dev%C4%AB" title="Naiṇī Devī">Naiṇī Devī</a>. Both in the <a href="/wiki/Nilamata_Purana" title="Nilamata Purana">Nilamata Purana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Swayambhu_Purana" title="Swayambhu Purana">Swayambhu Purana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, the respective region begins its history as a lake, populated by nagas, which is later drained.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> describe the nagas as a powerful, splendid and proud semi-divine species that can assume their physical form either as human (often with a halo of cobra hoods behind their head), as a partially human serpent, or as a whole serpent. Their domain is in the enchanted underworld, the underground realm filled with gems, gold and other earthly treasures called <i>Naga-loka</i> or <i>Patala-loka</i>. They are also often associated with bodies of waters — including rivers, lakes, seas, and wells — and are guardians of treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their power and venom make them potentially dangerous to humans. However, in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, they often take the role of benevolent protagonists; in the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasuki_(snake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasuki (snake)">Vasuki</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">nagaraja</a> who abides on <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>'s neck, became the churning rope for churning of the <a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Ocean of Milk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their eternal archrival is the <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuḍa</a>, the legendary semi-divine bird-like deity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is originally portrayed in the form sheltered by <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Sheshanāga</a> or reclining on Shesha, but the iconography has been extended to other deities as well. The serpent is a common feature in <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> iconography, and appears in many forms: around the neck,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use as a <a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">sacred thread</a> (Sanskrit: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yajñyopavīta</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrapped around the stomach as a belt, held in a hand, coiled at the ankles, or as a throne.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiva is often shown garlanded with a snake.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_Traditions">Folk Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Folk Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South India, termite hills are believed to be the dwelling place of female Nagammas,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Himalayan Nags and Naginis, such as <a href="/wiki/Nai%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_Dev%C4%AB" title="Naiṇī Devī">Naiṇī Devī</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pindar_River" title="Pindar River">Pindar Valley</a>, are worshipped as underworld beings protecting water resources and the wellbeing of village and valley.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> epic is the first text that introduces nagas; it describes them in detail and narrates their stories.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cosmic snake <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">nagarajas</a> (naga kings) <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takshaka" title="Takshaka">Takshaka</a>, Airavata and <a href="/wiki/Karkotaka" title="Karkotaka">Karkotaka</a>, and the princess <a href="/wiki/Ulupi" title="Ulupi">Ulupi</a>, are all depicted in the Mahabharata. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a> describes the reign of Adishesha as the king of the serpents in Patala:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the night the light of the moon is not utilised for its coolness but only for illumination. </p><p>Since that passes away is not taken notice of by the Nāgas who enjoy with gaiety the foodstuffs and the edibles they consume and the great beverages they drink. Nor are Danujas and others aware of it. </p><p>O brahmins, the forests, rivers, lakes, and lotus ponds, the cooing of the cuckoo and other sweet birds, the pleasing skies, the unguents and the continuous notes and sounds of musical instruments such as the lute, flute and Mṛdaṅga drums, O brahmins—all these and other beautiful things are enjoyed by virtue of their good luck by Dānavas, Daityas and Nāgas residing in Pātāla. The Tāmasī form of Viṣṇu, named Śeṣa is beneath the lower regions. </p><p> Daityas and Dānavas are not capable of recounting his good qualities. He is honoured by Devas and celestial sages. He is spoken of as Ananta. He has a thousand hoods and he is clearly bedecked in Svastika ornaments devoid of impurities. He illuminates all quarters by thousand jewels on his hoods.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a>, Chapter 19</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayana</a> describes the role of Vasuki in the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Manthana" title="Samudra Manthana">Samudra Manthana</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The devas and the asuras decided to get Amṛta (Ambrosia—the celestial honey of immortalily) by churning the sea of milk. The Devas went to bring Mandara-mountain, to be used as the churning rod. Their attempt was futile. The asuras made a trial with the same result. The Bhūtagaṇas (Guards) of Śiva also made a vain attempt. On the instruction of Viṣṇu, Garuḍa went and brought the mountain as easily as an eagle takes away a frog. Now Vāsuki should be brought. The Devas and Gandharvas failed in that attempt also. Garuḍa who was haughty of his strength and speed, went to the city of the nāgas (serpents) and requested Vāsuki to come to the sea of Milk. Vāsuki replied that if the matter was so urgent he had no objection for being carried to that place. He took the middle part of Vāsuki in his beak and flew up higher and higher and reached beyond the horizon. Still the lower half of Vāsuki was lying on the ground. So he took Vāsuki in his beak as folded in two. Still the result was the same. Garuḍa became aware of the impossibility of carrying Vāsuki and returned, ashamed and disappointed. Viṣṇu rebuked him for his arrogance. After this, Śiva stretched his hand to Pātāla. Vāsuki became a small bangle on that hand. Thus Vāsuki was brought to the shore of the sea of Milk.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, Yuddha Kanda</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a> describes the legend of Manasa:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Manasā is the mind-born daughter of Maharṣi Kaśyapa; hence she is named Manasā; or it may be She who plays with the mind is Manasā. Or it may be She who meditates on God with her mind and gets rapture in Her meditation of God is named Manasā. She finds pleasure in Her Own Self, the great devotee of Viṣṇu, a Siddha Yoginī. For three Yugas She worshipped Śrī Kṛṣṇa and then She became a Siddha Yoginī. Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Lord of the Gopīs, seeing the body of Manasā lean and thin due to austerities, or seeing her worn out like the Muni Jarat Kāru called her by the name of Jarat Kāru. Hence Her name has come also to be Jarat Kāru. Kṛṣṇa, the Ocean of Mercy, gave her out of kindness, Her desired boon; She worshipped Him and Śrī Kṛṣṇa also worshipped Her. Devī Manasā is known in the Heavens, in the abode of the Nāgas (serpents), in earth, in Brahmāloka, in all the worlds as of very fair colour, beautiful and charming. She is named Jagad Gaurī as she is of a very fair colour in the world. Her other name is Śaivī and she is the disciple of Śiva. She is named Vaiṣṇavī as she is greatly devoted to Viṣṇu. She saved the Nāgas in the Snake Sacrifice performed by Pariksit, she is named Nageśvarī and Nāga Bhaginī and She is capable to destroy the effects of poison. She is called Viṣahari. She got the Siddha yoga from Mahādeva; hence She is named Siddha Yoginī</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, Chapter 47</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG/220px-2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG/330px-2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG/440px-2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a> sheltering <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> (Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Naga_Prok_attitude" title="Naga Prok attitude">Naga Prok attitude</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_That_Doi_Suthep" title="Wat Phra That Doi Suthep">Wat Phra That Doi Suthep</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <p>As in Hinduism, the Buddhist nāga generally has sometimes been portrayed as a human being with a snake or dragon extending over his head.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One nāga, in human form, attempted to become a monk, and when telling it that such ordination was impossible, the Buddha told it how to ensure that it would be reborn a human, and so able to become a monk.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nagas are believed to both live on <a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Nagaloka</a>, among the other minor deities and in various parts of the human-inhabited earth. Some of them are water-dwellers, living in streams or the ocean; others are earth-dwellers, living in caverns. </p><p>The nagas are the followers of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a" title="Virūpākṣa">Virūpākṣa</a></i></span> (Pāli: Virūpakkha), one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings</a> who guards the western direction. They act as guards upon Mount Sumeru, protecting the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">dēvas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Trāyastriṃśa">Trāyastriṃśa</a> from attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">asuras</a>. </p><p>Among the notable nagas of Buddhist tradition is <a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">nagaraja</a> and protector of the Buddha. In the Vinaya Sutra (I, 3), shortly after his enlightenment, the Buddha is meditating in a forest when a great storm arises, but graciously, King Mucalinda gives shelter to the Buddha from the storm by covering the Buddha's head with his seven snake heads.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the king takes the form of a young <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and renders the Buddha homage.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahāsiddha</a> traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéer199971_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéer199971-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nagas in their half-human form are depicted holding a nagas-jewel, <a href="/wiki/Kumbha" title="Kumbha">kumbhas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">amrita</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">terma</a> that had been elementally encoded by adepts. In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, nagas are known as <i>klu</i> or <i>klu-mo</i> and they are associated with water and cleanliness, as they live in oceans, rivers, lakes, and springs, and do not want their environments to be disturbed or polluted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two chief disciples of the Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Sariputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputta">Sariputta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallāna</a> are both referred to as <i>Mahānāga</i> or "Great nāga".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most important figures in Buddhist history symbolize nagas in their names such as <a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nāgāsēna</a>, and, although other etymons are assigned to his name, <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_2">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Kaew_Naga.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Wat_Phra_Kaew_Naga.JPG/170px-Wat_Phra_Kaew_Naga.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Wat_Phra_Kaew_Naga.JPG/255px-Wat_Phra_Kaew_Naga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Wat_Phra_Kaew_Naga.JPG/340px-Wat_Phra_Kaew_Naga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Nāga at the steps of a building in the <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga_Sa%E1%B9%83yutta" title="Nāga Saṃyutta">Nāga Saṃyutta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Suttas" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttas">suttas</a> specifically devoted to explaining nature of the nagas. </p><p>In the "Devadatta" chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i>, the daughter of the dragon king, an eight year old <a href="/wiki/Longn%C3%BC" title="Longnü">longnü</a> (龍女, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nāgakanyā</i></span>), after listening to <a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">Mañjuśrī</a> preach the Lotus Sutra, transforms into a male Bodhisattva and immediately reaches full enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster1981_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster1981-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some say this tale appears to reinforce the viewpoint prevalent in Mahayana scriptures that a male body is required for Buddhahood, even if a being is so advanced in realization that they can magically transform their body at will and demonstrate the emptiness of the physical form itself.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many schools of Buddhism and classical, seminal Chinese exegeses interpret the story to repudiate this viewpoint, stating the story demonstrates that women can attain Buddhahood in their current form.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster1981_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster1981-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to tradition, the Prajñapāramita sutras had been given by the Buddha to a great nāga who guarded them in the sea, and were conferred upon Nāgārjuna later.<sup id="cite_ref-Donaldson2001_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donaldson2001-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-(Jo-nang-pa)1990_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Jo-nang-pa)1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> literature, nagas are portrayed as guardians or owners of submerged treasure, which can be mere wealth or supernatural, "spiritual" treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, the nāga is a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> deity. For <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malay</a> sailors, nagas are a type of dragon with many heads. In <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> they are beaked water serpents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, they are said to be found in waterways and underground locations, and are susceptible to the suffering caused by human carelessness towards the natural environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagaraja_Guardstone_from_Sri_Lanka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nagaraja_Guardstone_from_Sri_Lanka.JPG/220px-Nagaraja_Guardstone_from_Sri_Lanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nagaraja_Guardstone_from_Sri_Lanka.JPG/330px-Nagaraja_Guardstone_from_Sri_Lanka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nagaraja_Guardstone_from_Sri_Lanka.JPG/440px-Nagaraja_Guardstone_from_Sri_Lanka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="4885" /></a><figcaption>A granite <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">nagaraja</a> guardstone from Sri Lanka.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga people</a></b> were believed to be an ancient <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> and origins of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005172,174_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005172,174-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/V._Kanakasabhai" title="V. Kanakasabhai">V. Kanakasabhai</a>, the Oliyar, <a href="/wiki/Parathavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathavar">Parathavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maravar" title="Maravar">Maravar</a>, and Eyinar, who were widespread across <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">North-East Sri Lanka</a>, are all Naga tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are references to them in several ancient texts such as <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a>, and also in other <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali literature</a>. They are generally represented as a class of superhumans taking the form of serpents who inhabit a subterranean world. Texts such as Manimekalai represent them as persons in human form.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/N%C4%81ga" title="Special:EditPage/Nāga">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NagaPhnomPenh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NagaPhnomPenh.jpg/220px-NagaPhnomPenh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NagaPhnomPenh.jpg/330px-NagaPhnomPenh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NagaPhnomPenh.jpg/440px-NagaPhnomPenh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Cambodian seven-headed nāga at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Cambodia" title="Royal Palace of Cambodia">Royal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stories of nāgas (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">នាគ</span>, <span title="Khmer-language text"><i lang="km-Latn">néak</i></span>) have been part of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> society for thousands of years, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan era</a> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">នគរភ្នំ</span></span>). According to reports from two Chinese envoys, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Tai" title="Kang Tai">Kang Tai</a> and Zhu Ying, the state of <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> was established in the 1st century CE when an Indian prince named <a href="/wiki/Kaundinya_I" title="Kaundinya I">Kaundinya I</a> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">កៅណ្ឌិន្យទី១</span></span>) married a nāga princess named <a href="/wiki/Queen_Soma" title="Queen Soma">Soma</a> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">សោមា</span></span>កូនព្រះចន្ទ <span title="Khmer-language text"><i lang="km-Latn">saôma</i></span> kon preah chan; "Soma, daughter of the moon god"; Chinese: <i>Liuye</i>; "Willow Leaf"). The couple is symbolized in the story of <a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a>. As the legend goes, Kaundinya received instruction in a dream to take a magic bow from a temple and defeat Soma, the nāga princess and daughter of the nāga king. During the ensuing battle, they fell in love and later married, establishing the royal lineage of the Funan dynasty. Kaundinya subsequently constructed the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Vyadhapura" title="Vyadhapura">Vyadhapura</a>, and the kingdom became known as <i>Kambujadeśa</i> or <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">កម្ពុជា</span></span>, <span title="Khmer-language text"><i lang="km-Latn">Kampuchea</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The love story between Kaundinya and Soma is the foundation for many standard practices in modern-day Khmer culture, including wedding ceremonies and other rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khmer people regard themselves as descendants of the nagas and many still believe the nāga exist today, destined to one day return and restore prosperity to their people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although wars, nature, and the passage of time destroyed many temples from the Funan era, nāgas can still be seen in ancient temples dating to the <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> eras. For instance, the temple now called "The Coiled Nāgas Temple" (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ប្រាសាទនាគព័ន្ធ</span></span>, <span title="Khmer-language text"><i lang="km-Latn">Prasat <a href="/wiki/Neak_Poan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neak Poan">Neak Poan</a></i></span>) was previously named, "Emperor's Wealth Temple" (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ប្រាសាទរាជ្យស្រី</span></span> <span title="Khmer-language text"><i lang="km-Latn">Prasat Reach Srey</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Khmer culture, nāgas symbolize rain, and represent a bridge between the mortal realm (<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ឋានមនុស្ស</span></span>) and the realm of <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> (Heaven; <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ឋានទេវតា</span></span>/<span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ឋានសួគ៌</span></span>). They have the ability to transform into half or fully human and act as protectors against invisible forces, deities, or malicious intentions. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> nāgas possess numerological symbolism based on the number of their heads. Odd-headed nāgas embody masculinity, infinity, timelessness, and immortality, since all odd numbers derives from the number one (១). Even-headed nāgas denote femininity, physicality, mortality, temporality, and the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Odd headed nāgas are believed to represent immortality and are carved and used throughout Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_2009_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen_2009-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odd-headed_nāga"><span id="Odd-headed_n.C4.81ga"></span>Odd-headed nāga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Odd-headed nāga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/N%C4%81ga" title="Special:EditPage/Nāga">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>1-headed Nāga</dt> <dd>Mostly seen in modern days, carved on objects for protection in temples, monasteries, king's places and residences of deity (អទីទេព). They symbolize that even if everything in this world is gone, there's still this Nāga left bringing victory and happiness to all.</dd> <dt>3-headed, Kalyak</dt> <dd>Born between the mortal and divine realms, they live at the bottom of the ocean as guardians of wealth, often depicted as evil (nothing to do with the symbolism). They symbolize the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>; (left <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, middle <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, right <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>) and the three realms - heaven (devas' realm), earth (mortal realm), and hell (norok realm). In Buddhism, the central head represents <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, the right <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and the left the monks.</dd> <dt>5-headed Anontak/Sesak</dt> <dd>Born from the earthly elements, they are immortals. They symbolize the 5 directions; East, West, North, South and Middle (<a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a> river, <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> river, <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> river, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> river (Brahma's Son River), <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a> river). In Buddhism, the 5 heads represent the 5 Buddhas - Kadabak, Kunsontho, Koneakumno, Samnak Koudom <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, and Seare Metrey.</dd> <dt>7-headed Muchlentak</dt> <dd>Originated from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, they bring peace and prosperity to humans. They control the seven oceans and seven mountains called 'Seytontaraksatakboriphorn.' Sheltered <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> for 7 days and 7 nights (<a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a>). Often depicted as guardian statues, carved as balustrades on causeways leading to main temples, such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_2009_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen_2009-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also represent the seven races within Naga society, which has a mythological, or symbolic, association with "the seven colors of the rainbow." They symbolize the Sun, the Moon and five other planets; ចន្ទ (Moon)[also Monday] អង្គារ (Mars)[Tuesday] ពុធ (Mercury)[Wednesday] ព្រហស្បតិ៍ (Jupiter)[Thursday] សុក្រ (Venus)[Friday] សៅរ៍ (Saturn)[Saturday] អាទិត្យ (Sun)[Sunday].</dd></dl> <dl><dt>9-headead Vasukak</dt> <dd>The king who rules the Earth (<a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a>). When carved on both sides, the front heads represent reincarnation and behind represent death. He symbolizes the power of the nine immortals of the universe - power of the lightning and thunder of the East (ទិសបូព៌ា), power of the fire of the Southeast (ទិសអាគ្នេយ៍), power of the law and order of the South (ទិសខាងត្បូង), power of the spirits and demonic creatures of the Southwest (ទិសនារតី), power of the rain of the West (ទិសខាងលិច), power of the wind of the Northwest (ទិសពាយព្យ), power of the wealth and aesthetic of the North (ទិសឧត្តរ), power of destruction of the Northeast (ទិសឥសាន្ត), power of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> (creation and preservation) in the middle (កណ្តាល).</dd></dl> <p>In Indian origin religions, there are four different Nāga races: </p> <ol><li>Primitive Dragons such as the European dragon who can spit fire.</li> <li>The Spiritual Dragons who are the guardians of wealth, protecting treasure in the ocean. They can take on a half human form.</li> <li>The Divine Nāgas, who can travel to heaven, came from <a href="/wiki/Lord_Indra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Indra">Lord Indra</a>'s realm (the divine realm). They can take on a full human form.</li> <li>The Supreme and Divine Nāgas, like <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a> the follower of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shiva">Lord Shiva</a>, who alone can fight the entire <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuḍa</a> race.</li></ol> <p>All of them have great powers and can set off storms, rain, tempest and create lands from the sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yogyakarta_Indonesia_Kraton-the-Sultans-Palace-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yogyakarta_Indonesia_Kraton-the-Sultans-Palace-03.jpg/220px-Yogyakarta_Indonesia_Kraton-the-Sultans-Palace-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yogyakarta_Indonesia_Kraton-the-Sultans-Palace-03.jpg/330px-Yogyakarta_Indonesia_Kraton-the-Sultans-Palace-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yogyakarta_Indonesia_Kraton-the-Sultans-Palace-03.jpg/440px-Yogyakarta_Indonesia_Kraton-the-Sultans-Palace-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Crowned golden nāga-woodcarving at <a href="/wiki/Kraton_Ngayogyakarta_Hadiningrat" title="Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat">Keraton Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bali#Culture" title="Bali">Balinese culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, a nāga is depicted as a crowned, giant, magical serpent, sometimes winged. It is similarly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>-Hinduism tradition, merged with Javanese <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. The nāga in Indonesia mainly derived and influenced by Indic tradition, combined with the native animism tradition of sacred serpents. In Sanskrit, the term <i>nāga</i> literally means snake, but in Java it normally refer to serpent deity, associated with water and fertility. In <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, the nagas are depicted in their human form, but elsewhere they are depicted in animal shape.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early depictions of circa-9th-century Central Java closely resembled Indic nāga which was based on imagery of <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobras</a>. During this period, nāga-serpents were depicted as giant cobras supporting the waterspout of <a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">yoni</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a>. The examples of nāga-sculpture can be found in several Javanese <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">candis</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambisari" title="Sambisari">Sambisari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijo_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijo temple">Ijo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawi_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi temple">Jawi</a>. In East Java, the <a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a> temple complex contain a <i>Candi Nāga</i>, an unusual nāga-temple with its Hindu-Javanese <a href="/wiki/Caryatids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caryatids">caryatids</a> holding corpulent nagas aloft.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_1.jpg/220px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_1.jpg/330px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_1.jpg/440px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Crowned nāga flanked the stairs entrance of <a href="/wiki/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta" title="Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta">Pura Jagatkarta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The later depiction since the 15th century, however, was slightly influenced by Chinese dragon imagery—although unlike its Chinese counterparts, Javanese and Balinese nagas do not have legs. Nāga as the lesser deity of earth and water is prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Hindu period</a> of Indonesia, before the introduction of Islam. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a> tradition, nagas are often depicted battling <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">garuḍas</a>. Intricately carved nagas are found as stairs railings in bridges or stairs, such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> monkey forest, and <a href="/wiki/Taman_Sari_(Yogyakarta)" title="Taman Sari (Yogyakarta)">Taman Sari</a> in Yogyakarta. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> theater story, a snake-like god (nāga) named Sanghyang Anantaboga or <a href="/wiki/Antaboga" title="Antaboga">Antaboga</a> is a guardian deity in the bowels of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nagas symbolize the nether realm of earth or underworld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laos">Laos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nāga (<a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ພະຍານາກ</span>) is believed to live in the <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laotian</a> stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> or its estuaries. Lao mythology maintains that the nagas are the protectors of <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, and by extension, the Lao state. The association with nagas was most clearly articulated during and immediately after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Anouvong" title="Anouvong">Anouvong</a>. An important poem from this period <i>San Leupphasun</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ສານລຶພສູນ</span>) discusses relations between Laos and Thailand in a veiled manner, using the Nāga and the <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuḍa</a> to represent the Lao and the Thai, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nāga is incorporated extensively into Lao iconography, and features prominently in Lao culture throughout the length of the country, not only in Vientiane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Phaya Nak</b> or <b>Phaya Nāga</b> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พญานาค</span>; <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn"><i>phaya nak</i></i></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">lord of Nāga</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <i>phaya</i> derived from <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> which mean <i>high nobility</i>) or Nakkharat (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">นาคราช</span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">king of Nāga</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) in Thai beliefs, nagas are considered the patrons of water. Nagas are believed to live in either water bodies or in caves. According to a popular legend, the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">north-eastern Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> was said to be created by two <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">Nāga kings</a> slithering through the area, thus creating the Mekong and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Nan_River" title="Nan River">Nan River</a>. The Mekong is synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Naga_fireball" title="Naga fireball">unexplained fireballs phenomenon</a> which has long been believed to be created by the nagas that dwell in the river.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ปริ_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ปริ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common explanations of their sightings have been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Oarfish" title="Oarfish">oarfish</a>, elongated fish with red crests; however, these are exclusively marine and usually live at great depths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2021)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2022, the Thai government declared the Naga as the <a href="/wiki/National_symbol_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbol of Thailand">national symbol of Thailand</a>, with the aim of promoting Thai culture and traditions and increasing the country's cultural capital to drive the creative economy. The Naga is a mythical creature with long-standing beliefs and connections to the Thai people, and its designation as a national symbol is a significant step towards preserving and promoting Thai culture. The National Culture Commission and the <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Department" title="Fine Arts Department">Fine Arts Department</a> developed a prototype image of the Naga that accurately represents Thai beliefs and traditions related to the creature. The prototype image features the four families of Nagas, each with its unique color, and the largest Naga, Nak Vasuki (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">นาควาสุกรี</span>), who is related to Buddhism and the Thai monarchy, The Naga is also believed to be a symbol of water and fertility and serves as a guardian of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the strong relation with everything water, the Nāga in Thai belief also plays a role in rain control. The concept of <i>Nak hai nam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">นาคให้น้ำ</span>; lit. Nāga granting water) is used for annual rainfall prediction. It is still practiced nowadays, most notably during the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony" title="Royal Ploughing Ceremony">Royal Ploughing Ceremony</a>. The oracle ranges from <i>1 nak hai nam</i> (1 Nāga granted water); meaning that abundant rainfall should be observed that year, to maximum <i>7 nak hai nam</i> (7 nagas granted water); meaning there might not be adequate rainfall that year.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In northern Thailand, the <a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a> Kingdom had a strong connection with nagas. The kingdom was believed to be built with aids of nagas, and thus, nagas were highly revered by the royal family. The kingdom, for a period of time, was renamed <i>Yonok Nāga Rāj</i> (lit. <a href="/wiki/Yonok" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonok">Yonok</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">nagaraja</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nagas are also highly revered. The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a> and palaces are often adorned with various nagas. The term <i>Nāga</i> is also present in various <a href="/wiki/Thai_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai architecture">Thai architecture</a> terms including the <i>nak sadung</i> (นาคสะดุ้ง, the outer roof finial component featuring Nāga-like structure), and the <i>nak than</i> (นาคทันต์, the <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbel</a> with Nāga-shape).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, nagas are sometimes linked to medicine. The naga <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a> is present in the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a> (god of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">amrita</a> (the elixir of eternal life) were churned from the <a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Ocean of Milk</a>. The nagas can also be founded substituting the <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> in either <a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a> or mistakenly <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a> of several medical institutions' symbols. The former seal of <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine,_Srinakharinwirot_University" title="Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University">Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University</a>, and the seal of Society of Medical Student Thailand are some notable examples using the Caduceus with nagas' presence instead of snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folklore">Folklore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai folklore</a> holds the Phaya nagas to be semi-divine, demi-creatures, which possess supernatural powers as has been described in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-พญา_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-พญา-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Thailand#North-Eastern_(Isan_region)" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Thailand">Kamchanod Forest</a>" (ป่าคำชะโนด; <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">Pa Khamchanot</i></span>) <a href="/wiki/Ban_Dung_district" title="Ban Dung district">Ban Dung district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_province" title="Udon Thani province">Udon Thani province</a>, which is held in high reverence and fear across Thailand, is believed to be the border between the human world and the netherworld, and is frequently depicted in Thai folklore as the site of many hauntings, but more frequently is considered to be the home of the Nāga.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> folklore of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nánzhào Kingdom</a> (now southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries, which was centered on present-day <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yúnnán</a> in China), the Nāga inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Ěrhǎi lake</a> and is the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-พญา_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-พญา-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the Nāga (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <b>那伽</b>) is generally more considered to be a dragon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance">Appearance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> (the north-eastern region of Thailand), believe that the nagas are responsible for unnatural wave phenomena occurring in the rivers or lakes in the vicinity. It is also frequently claimed that the serpent-like demigods are responsible for marks on common objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">car hoods</a> or house walls.<sup id="cite_ref-ปริ_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ปริ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A police office has also claimed to be in contact with the Nāga, although the implications of this contact is not thoroughly explained.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In attempts to explain these phenomena, scientists and researchers at the Faculty of Science of Chulalongkorn University have attributed these seemingly preternatural phenomena to <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> in water, and posit that the existence of the Phaya Nāga is similar to belief in <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a> in Scotland or <a href="/wiki/Ogopogo" title="Ogopogo">Ogopogo</a> in Canada, and further maintain that the serpent-like tracks of the Phaya Nāga are very possibly forged by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NAGA_Sculpture_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of Nāga sculpture in Songkhla Province."><img alt="Head of Nāga sculpture in Songkhla Province." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/NAGA_Sculpture_-_panoramio.jpg/135px-NAGA_Sculpture_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/NAGA_Sculpture_-_panoramio.jpg/202px-NAGA_Sculpture_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/NAGA_Sculpture_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-NAGA_Sculpture_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of Nāga sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkhla Province">Songkhla Province</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaya_Naga,_Mekong%27s_Embankment_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sign featuring Nāgas by the Mekong River, Nong Khai Province, Thailand: Nāgas and the Mekong are strongly associated in local beliefs."><img alt="A sign featuring Nāgas by the Mekong River, Nong Khai Province, Thailand: Nāgas and the Mekong are strongly associated in local beliefs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phaya_Naga%2C_Mekong%27s_Embankment_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Phaya_Naga%2C_Mekong%27s_Embankment_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phaya_Naga%2C_Mekong%27s_Embankment_-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Phaya_Naga%2C_Mekong%27s_Embankment_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phaya_Naga%2C_Mekong%27s_Embankment_-_panoramio.jpg/480px-Phaya_Naga%2C_Mekong%27s_Embankment_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sign featuring Nāgas by the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nong_Khai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nong Khai Province">Nong Khai Province</a>, Thailand: Nāgas and the Mekong are strongly associated in local beliefs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_English_governess_at_the_Siamese_court_-_being_recollections_of_six_years_in_the_royal_palace_at_Bangkok_(1873)_(14589535639).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of Royal Barge Anantanakkharat, 1873."><img alt="Illustration of Royal Barge Anantanakkharat, 1873." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_English_governess_at_the_Siamese_court_-_being_recollections_of_six_years_in_the_royal_palace_at_Bangkok_%281873%29_%2814589535639%29.jpg/301px-The_English_governess_at_the_Siamese_court_-_being_recollections_of_six_years_in_the_royal_palace_at_Bangkok_%281873%29_%2814589535639%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_English_governess_at_the_Siamese_court_-_being_recollections_of_six_years_in_the_royal_palace_at_Bangkok_%281873%29_%2814589535639%29.jpg/452px-The_English_governess_at_the_Siamese_court_-_being_recollections_of_six_years_in_the_royal_palace_at_Bangkok_%281873%29_%2814589535639%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_English_governess_at_the_Siamese_court_-_being_recollections_of_six_years_in_the_royal_palace_at_Bangkok_%281873%29_%2814589535639%29.jpg/602px-The_English_governess_at_the_Siamese_court_-_being_recollections_of_six_years_in_the_royal_palace_at_Bangkok_%281873%29_%2814589535639%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Barge_Anantanakkharat" title="Royal Barge Anantanakkharat">Royal Barge Anantanakkharat</a>, 1873.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Barge Anantanakkharat at National Museum of Royal Barges, Bangkok."><img alt="Royal Barge Anantanakkharat at National Museum of Royal Barges, Bangkok." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg/101px-Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg/152px-Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg/202px-Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Barge_Anantanakkharat" title="Royal Barge Anantanakkharat">Royal Barge Anantanakkharat</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Royal_Barges" title="National Museum of Royal Barges">National Museum of Royal Barges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Kurmavatara_and_the_churning_of_the_milk_ocean_(3260164288).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nāga sculpture at Suvarnabhumi airport."><img alt="Nāga sculpture at Suvarnabhumi airport." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vishnu_Kurmavatara_and_the_churning_of_the_milk_ocean_%283260164288%29.jpg/271px-Vishnu_Kurmavatara_and_the_churning_of_the_milk_ocean_%283260164288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vishnu_Kurmavatara_and_the_churning_of_the_milk_ocean_%283260164288%29.jpg/407px-Vishnu_Kurmavatara_and_the_churning_of_the_milk_ocean_%283260164288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vishnu_Kurmavatara_and_the_churning_of_the_milk_ocean_%283260164288%29.jpg/542px-Vishnu_Kurmavatara_and_the_churning_of_the_milk_ocean_%283260164288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nāga sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Suvarnabhumi airport">Suvarnabhumi airport</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_8664_Himmapan_Animal_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nāga, Himmapan animal on Royal Crematorium King Rama IX."><img alt="Nāga, Himmapan animal on Royal Crematorium King Rama IX." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IMG_8664_Himmapan_Animal_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_02.jpg/270px-IMG_8664_Himmapan_Animal_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IMG_8664_Himmapan_Animal_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_02.jpg/405px-IMG_8664_Himmapan_Animal_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IMG_8664_Himmapan_Animal_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_02.jpg/540px-IMG_8664_Himmapan_Animal_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nāga, <a href="/wiki/Himavanta" title="Himavanta">Himmapan</a> animal on Royal Crematorium <a href="/wiki/King_Rama_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="King Rama IX">King Rama IX</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_(083).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garuḍa devouring Nāga, at Wat Phra Kaew."><img alt="Garuḍa devouring Nāga, at Wat Phra Kaew." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28083%29.jpg/135px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28083%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28083%29.jpg/202px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28083%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28083%29.jpg/270px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28083%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Garuda#Thailand" title="Garuda">Garuḍa</a> devouring Nāga, at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Chini">Lake Chini</a></div> <p>In Malay and Orang Asli traditions, the lake Chini, located in <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> is home to a Nāga called Sri Gumum. Depending on legend versions, her predecessor Sri Pahang or her son left the lake and later fought a Nāga called Sri Kemboja. Kemboja is the Malay name for Cambodia. Like the Nāga-legends there, there are stories about an ancient empire in lake Chini, although the stories are not linked to the Nāga-legends.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/220px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/330px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/440px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a> hilt from a Visayan (Panay) <i>tenegre</i> sword.</figcaption></figure> <p>The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a>, a serpent-like moon-eating creature in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with the Nāga. It is believed to be the cause of <a href="/wiki/Eclipses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipses">eclipses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, rains, and wind.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movements of the <i>bakunawa</i> served as a <a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> system for ancient Filipinos and were part of the <a href="/wiki/Shamanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanistic">shamanistic</a> rituals of the <i><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a></i>. It is usually depicted with a characteristically looped tail and was variously believed to inhabit either the sea, the sky, or the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mccoy_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccoy-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the bakunawa may have also syncretized with the Hindu deities, <a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">navagraha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grahana" title="Grahana">eclipses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Adishesha</a>, on whom <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">yoga nidra</a> (Ananta shayana)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasuki_(snake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasuki (snake)">Vasuki</a>, the king of nagas and who coils over <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>'s neck<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offered to serve as the rope to pull <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mandara" title="Mount Mandara">Mount Mandara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a> (Churning of the Ocean of Milk) to release the <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">amrita</a> (nectar of the immortality).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliya" title="Kaliya">Kaliya</a>, a snake conquered by <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a>, the Hindu goddess of Nagas and curer of snake-bite and sister of <a href="/wiki/Vasuki_(snake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasuki (snake)">Vasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takshaka" title="Takshaka">Takshaka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">king of the nagas</a>, and ruler of <a href="/wiki/Khandava_Forest" title="Khandava Forest">Khandava forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulupi" title="Ulupi">Ulupi</a>, a companion of <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkotaka" title="Karkotaka">Karkotaka</a>, a naga king in Indian mythology who controls weather, that lived in a forest near <a href="/wiki/Nishadha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishadha Kingdom">Nishadha Kingdom</a> and bit Nala at the request of Indra controls weather</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a>, a nāga in Buddhism who protected the Gautama Buddha from the elements after his enlightenment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmavati_(Jainism)" title="Padmavati (Jainism)">Padmavati</a>, the Nāgī queen & companion of <a href="/wiki/Dharanendra" title="Dharanendra">Dharanendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalala" title="Apalala">Apalala</a>, Nāga in Buddhist mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Nabay" title="Shwe Nabay">Shwe Nabay</a> (<i>Naga Medaw</i>), a goddess or a <a href="/wiki/Nat_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (spirit)">Nat</a> spirit in <a href="/wiki/Burmese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese culture">Burmese animistic</a> mythology, who is believed to have married a Naga and died from heartbreak after he left her</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_in_Hindu_mythology#Nāga" title="List of legendary creatures in Hindu mythology">Paravataksha</a>, his sword causes earthquakes and his roar caused thunder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Seri_Gumum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Seri Gumum">Naga Seri Gumum</a>, who lives in <a href="/wiki/Tasik_Chini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasik Chini">Tasik Chini</a>, a freshwater lake in <a href="/wiki/Pahang,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahang, Malaysia">Pahang, Malaysia</a></li> <li>Yulong, the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_King_of_the_West_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon King of the West Sea">Dragon King of the West Sea</a> in the Chinese classical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i>, becomes a naga after completing his journey with <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a>, a dragon in Philippine mythology that is often represented as a gigantic sea serpent. Nagas are also present in <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a> polytheistic beliefs, such as Lakandanum. (See <a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Philippine mythology">Deities of Philippine mythology</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaboga" title="Antaboga">Antaboga</a>, the world serpent in Javanese and Balinese mythology of Indonesia, who created the <a href="/wiki/World_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="World turtle">world turtle</a> Bedawang where the world resides on its back</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Several <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films have been made about female nagas, including <a href="/wiki/Nagin_(1954_film)" title="Nagin (1954 film)"><i>Nagin</i> (1954)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagin_(1976_film)" title="Nagin (1976 film)"><i>Nagin</i> (1976)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagina_(1986_film)" title="Nagina (1986 film)"><i>Nagina</i> (1986)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigahen:_Nagina_Part_II" title="Nigahen: Nagina Part II"><i>Nigahen</i> (1989)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaani_Dushman:_Ek_Anokhi_Kahani" title="Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani"><i>Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani</i> (2002)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hisss" title="Hisss"><i>Hisss</i> (2010)</a>. Naga also appear in television series such as <a href="/wiki/Naaginn_(2007_TV_series)" title="Naaginn (2007 TV series)"><i>Naaginn</i></a> (2007-2009), <a href="/wiki/Naagin_(2015_TV_series)" title="Naagin (2015 TV series)"><i>Naagin</i></a> (2015) and <a href="/wiki/Adhuri_Kahaani_Hamari" title="Adhuri Kahaani Hamari">Adhuri Kahaani Hamari</a> (2015-2016).</li> <li>In the 1998 film <i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Boy_(1998_film)" title="Jungle Boy (1998 film)">Jungle Boy</a></i>, the Naga is depicted as a large <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobra</a> deity that grants the gift of understanding all languages to those who are pure of heart and punishes those who are not pure of heart in different ways.</li> <li>In the 1999 Telugu film <a href="/wiki/Devi_(1999_film)" title="Devi (1999 film)"><i>Devi</i></a>, a Nagini played by <a href="/wiki/Prema_(actress,_born_1977)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prema (actress, born 1977)">Prema</a> comes to Earth to protect a woman who saves her when she was in the snake form. She eventually falls in love with a human.</li> <li>The Nagas are antagonists in the cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Saturdays" title="The Secret Saturdays">The Secret Saturdays</a></i>. They served the ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptids" title="List of cryptids">cryptid</a> Kur and attempted to push Zak Saturday into the dark side after learning that he was Kur reincarnated, but eventually served V. V. Argost when he gained his own Kur powers.</li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Lakorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakorn">lakorn</a> (Thai television soap operas) are based on a Phaya Naga legend, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Poot_Mae_Nam_Khong" title="Poot Mae Nam Khong">Poot Mae Nam Khong</a></i> (ภูติแม่น้ำโขง) in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Manisawat</i> (มณีสวาท) in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Nakee</i> (นาคี) in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A search for the Phaya Naga was recently featured in a <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Truth" title="Destination Truth">Destination Truth</a></i> episode on the <a href="/wiki/SyFy" class="mw-redirect" title="SyFy">SyFy</a> (formerly Sci-Fi Channel) series in Series 01 (episode 02).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The dragons in the 2021 film <i><a href="/wiki/Raya_and_the_Last_Dragon" title="Raya and the Last Dragon">Raya and the Last Dragon</a></i> are based on the Phaya Naga.</li> <li>A serpent god named Nāga is featured in the 2021 animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Soul_of_the_Dragon" title="Batman: Soul of the Dragon">Batman: Soul of the Dragon</a></i>.</li> <li>it featured Pakistani movies like <i>Naag aur Nagin</i> (2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_3">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Naga are featured in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_Bells" class="mw-redirect" title="The Silent Bells">The Silent Bells</a></i>, the fourth book in <a href="/wiki/N._D._Wilson" title="N. D. Wilson">N. D. Wilson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ashtown_Burials" title="Ashtown Burials">Ashtown Burials</a></i> series.</li> <li>The Japanese anime and manga series, <i><a href="/wiki/Slayers" title="Slayers">Slayers</a></i> (1989), has a principal character named <a href="/wiki/Naga_the_Serpent" title="Naga the Serpent">Naga the Serpent</a> (introduced in 1990).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wizarding_World" title="Wizarding World">Wizarding World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagini_(Harry_Potter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagini (Harry Potter)">Nagini</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Voldemort" title="Lord Voldemort">Voldemort</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Horcruxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Horcruxes">horcruxes</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series and a Maledictus, a carrier of blood curse, in the 2018 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Beasts:_The_Crimes_of_Grindelwald" title="Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald">Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindlewald</a></i>. Her curse allows her to change into a snake and back into a human, but her snake form eventually becomes permanent.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Xanth" title="Xanth">Xanth series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Piers_Anthony" title="Piers Anthony">Piers Anthony</a>, the Naga are a race of human-headed serpents that can transform between fully human and serpent forms, including any species and size of snake.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nagas appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Roleplaying_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Roleplaying game">roleplaying game</a>, depicted as massive serpents with human heads.</li> <li>The Nagas appear in the multiple franchises by <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Warcraft" title="Warcraft">Warcraft</a></i>, they are depicted as ancient night elves that have snake-like tails in place of legs, and have other serpentine or aquatic features such as scales and fins. The Nagas came to be when they were transformed from the ancient night elves by the Old Gods. Their queen Azshara is described as a demigoddess. The digital card game <i><a href="/wiki/Hearthstone" title="Hearthstone">Hearthstone</a></i> incorporated Naga as a minion type in its Battlegrounds game mode on May 10, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nagas also appear in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_Wesnoth" title="The Battle for Wesnoth">The Battle for Wesnoth</a></i>, and are depicted as a more snakelike counterpart to the merfolk, who are often their enemies.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 2014–2015 block, set on the plane of Tarkir, featured Naga as humanoid snakes versed in powerful venoms and poisons with two arms and no other appendages. They are aligned with the Sultai clan in the sets, <i><a href="/wiki/Khans_of_Tarkir" title="Khans of Tarkir">Khans of Tarkir</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fate_Reforged" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate Reforged">Fate Reforged</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the Silumgar clan in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dragons_of_Tarkir" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons of Tarkir">Dragons of Tarkir</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set.</li> <li>Nagas are units in <a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_Might_and_Magic_III" title="Heroes of Might and Magic III">Heroes of Might and Magic III</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigabash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabash">Gigabash</a></i> features Rawa, a bipedal Phaya Naga inspired <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a> among its playable cast of creatures.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhuvanesvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga and Nagini in Bhubaneswar, Odisha"><img alt="Naga and Nagini in Bhubaneswar, Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bhuvanesvar.jpg/86px-Bhuvanesvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bhuvanesvar.jpg/128px-Bhuvanesvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bhuvanesvar.jpg/171px-Bhuvanesvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga and Nagini in <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagas_on_copper_pillar,_Kullu,_H.P..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga on copper pillar in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh India"><img alt="Naga on copper pillar in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nagas_on_copper_pillar%2C_Kullu%2C_H.P..jpg/72px-Nagas_on_copper_pillar%2C_Kullu%2C_H.P..jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nagas_on_copper_pillar%2C_Kullu%2C_H.P..jpg/108px-Nagas_on_copper_pillar%2C_Kullu%2C_H.P..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nagas_on_copper_pillar%2C_Kullu%2C_H.P..jpg/145px-Nagas_on_copper_pillar%2C_Kullu%2C_H.P..jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga on copper pillar in <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a>, Himachal Pradesh India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Naga_King_Dasavatara_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga king in Anjali mudra in Deogarh temple, Madhya Pradesh"><img alt="Naga king in Anjali mudra in Deogarh temple, Madhya Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Naga_King_Dasavatara_Temple.jpg/80px-The_Naga_King_Dasavatara_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Naga_King_Dasavatara_Temple.jpg/120px-The_Naga_King_Dasavatara_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Naga_King_Dasavatara_Temple.jpg/159px-The_Naga_King_Dasavatara_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="869" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga king in Anjali mudra in Deogarh temple, Madhya Pradesh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maninaga_and_Svastika._Kushan_period,_2nd_century_CE,_Rajgir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maninaga and Svastika. Kushan period, 2nd century CE, Rajgir, Bihar"><img alt="Maninaga and Svastika. Kushan period, 2nd century CE, Rajgir, Bihar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maninaga_and_Svastika._Kushan_period%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Rajgir.jpg/80px-Maninaga_and_Svastika._Kushan_period%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Rajgir.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maninaga_and_Svastika._Kushan_period%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Rajgir.jpg/120px-Maninaga_and_Svastika._Kushan_period%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Rajgir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maninaga_and_Svastika._Kushan_period%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Rajgir.jpg/160px-Maninaga_and_Svastika._Kushan_period%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Rajgir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maninaga and Svastika. Kushan period, 2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:401_CE_Udayagiri_Varaha_Relief_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga (marked 15) in the Varaha panel at Udayagiri Caves"><img alt="Naga (marked 15) in the Varaha panel at Udayagiri Caves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/401_CE_Udayagiri_Varaha_Relief_annotated.jpg/120px-401_CE_Udayagiri_Varaha_Relief_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/401_CE_Udayagiri_Varaha_Relief_annotated.jpg/180px-401_CE_Udayagiri_Varaha_Relief_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/401_CE_Udayagiri_Varaha_Relief_annotated.jpg/240px-401_CE_Udayagiri_Varaha_Relief_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga (marked 15) in the Varaha panel at <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Digambara_Parshivanatha_24th_Jain_Digambara_Teertankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tirthankara Parshvanatha of Jainism standing under Naga hood"><img alt="Tirthankara Parshvanatha of Jainism standing under Naga hood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Digambara_Parshivanatha_24th_Jain_Digambara_Teertankara.jpg/67px-Digambara_Parshivanatha_24th_Jain_Digambara_Teertankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Digambara_Parshivanatha_24th_Jain_Digambara_Teertankara.jpg/101px-Digambara_Parshivanatha_24th_Jain_Digambara_Teertankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Digambara_Parshivanatha_24th_Jain_Digambara_Teertankara.jpg/135px-Digambara_Parshivanatha_24th_Jain_Digambara_Teertankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tirthankara Parshvanatha of Jainism standing under Naga hood</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_28223_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Linggam_and_Ioni_at_Yogyakarta_-_1865-07-1865-09.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga supporting waterspout of Yoni-Lingam, Yogyakarta Java, c. 9th century"><img alt="Naga supporting waterspout of Yoni-Lingam, Yogyakarta Java, c. 9th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KITLV_28223_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Linggam_and_Ioni_at_Yogyakarta_-_1865-07-1865-09.tif/lossy-page1-101px-KITLV_28223_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Linggam_and_Ioni_at_Yogyakarta_-_1865-07-1865-09.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KITLV_28223_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Linggam_and_Ioni_at_Yogyakarta_-_1865-07-1865-09.tif/lossy-page1-151px-KITLV_28223_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Linggam_and_Ioni_at_Yogyakarta_-_1865-07-1865-09.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KITLV_28223_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Linggam_and_Ioni_at_Yogyakarta_-_1865-07-1865-09.tif/lossy-page1-201px-KITLV_28223_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Linggam_and_Ioni_at_Yogyakarta_-_1865-07-1865-09.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="3734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga supporting waterspout of Yoni-Lingam, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> Java, c. 9th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:098_Naga_Temple_from_North-East_(25559532977).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga temple, Penataran, East Java"><img alt="Naga temple, Penataran, East Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/098_Naga_Temple_from_North-East_%2825559532977%29.jpg/120px-098_Naga_Temple_from_North-East_%2825559532977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/098_Naga_Temple_from_North-East_%2825559532977%29.jpg/180px-098_Naga_Temple_from_North-East_%2825559532977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/098_Naga_Temple_from_North-East_%2825559532977%29.jpg/240px-098_Naga_Temple_from_North-East_%2825559532977%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5435" data-file-height="3925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga temple, <a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a>, East Java</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Monkey_Forest_Sanctuary_-_panoramio_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga bridge at Ubud monkey forest, Bali"><img alt="Naga bridge at Ubud monkey forest, Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sacred_Monkey_Forest_Sanctuary_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/80px-Sacred_Monkey_Forest_Sanctuary_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sacred_Monkey_Forest_Sanctuary_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/120px-Sacred_Monkey_Forest_Sanctuary_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sacred_Monkey_Forest_Sanctuary_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/160px-Sacred_Monkey_Forest_Sanctuary_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga bridge at <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> monkey forest, Bali</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laonaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga guarding Anouvong's Wat Sisaket in Vientiane"><img alt="Naga guarding Anouvong's Wat Sisaket in Vientiane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Laonaga.jpg/90px-Laonaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Laonaga.jpg/135px-Laonaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Laonaga.jpg/180px-Laonaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga guarding <a href="/wiki/Anouvong" title="Anouvong">Anouvong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wat_Sisaket" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Sisaket">Wat Sisaket</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008.02.15_Kjerning_p%C3%A5_Sawasdee_flyplass_i_Bangkok_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sesa Naga at Bangkok international airport, Thailand"><img alt="Sesa Naga at Bangkok international airport, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2008.02.15_Kjerning_p%C3%A5_Sawasdee_flyplass_i_Bangkok_I.JPG/120px-2008.02.15_Kjerning_p%C3%A5_Sawasdee_flyplass_i_Bangkok_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2008.02.15_Kjerning_p%C3%A5_Sawasdee_flyplass_i_Bangkok_I.JPG/180px-2008.02.15_Kjerning_p%C3%A5_Sawasdee_flyplass_i_Bangkok_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2008.02.15_Kjerning_p%C3%A5_Sawasdee_flyplass_i_Bangkok_I.JPG/240px-2008.02.15_Kjerning_p%C3%A5_Sawasdee_flyplass_i_Bangkok_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sesa Naga at Bangkok international airport, Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naga_at_the_funeral_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_in_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naga at the funeral of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand in 2017"><img alt="Naga at the funeral of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand in 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Naga_at_the_funeral_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_in_2017.jpg/68px-Naga_at_the_funeral_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_in_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Naga_at_the_funeral_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_in_2017.jpg/102px-Naga_at_the_funeral_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_in_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Naga_at_the_funeral_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_in_2017.jpg/136px-Naga_at_the_funeral_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_in_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="4240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naga at the funeral of King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> of Thailand in 2017</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichchadhari_naag_and_naagin_(shape-shifting_cobra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichchadhari naag and naagin (shape-shifting cobra)">Ichchadhari naag and naagin (shape-shifting cobra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_N%C4%81gas" title="List of Nāgas">List of Nāgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoraga" title="Mahoraga">Mahoraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Kingdom">Naga Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga people (Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagvanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshi">Nagvanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Viper_pepper" title="Naga Viper pepper">Naga Viper pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Lak Phra Lam">Phra Lak Phra Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Festival" title="Rocket Festival">Rocket Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">Serpent (symbolism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">Snake worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathiragesu Indrapala writes that "In the traditions preserved in the early Sri Lankan chronicles as well as in the early Tamil literary works the Nagas appear as a distinct group".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005173_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005173-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further writes that "the adoption of the Tamil language was helping the Nagas in the Tamil chiefdoms to be assimilated into the major ethnic group there".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005174_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005174-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Mahavamsa as indeed in the ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature in general, the Nagas are never represented as human beings, but as a class of superhuman beings, who inhabited a subterranean world.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdictionary.com/?iencoding=iast&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80&lang=sans&action=Search">"Lord Shiva"</a>. <i>Sanskrit Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224131424/http://sanskritdictionary.com/?iencoding=iast&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80&lang=sans&action=Search">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Lord+Shiva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdictionary.com%2F%3Fiencoding%3Diast%26q%3D%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2580%26lang%3Dsans%26action%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Nāgas". <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-5019_beh_com_000337">10.1163/2212-5019_beh_com_000337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=N%C4%81gas&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism+Online&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-5019_beh_com_000337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgood2000" class="citation book cs1">Elgood, Heather (2000). <i>Hinduism and the Religious Arts</i>. London: Cassell. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-70739-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-70739-2"><bdi>0-304-70739-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Religious+Arts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-304-70739-2&rft.aulast=Elgood&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apte-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apte_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1997" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Vaman Shivram (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studentsenglishs00apte_271"><i>The student's English-Sanskrit dictionary</i></a> (3rd rev. & enl. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0299-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0299-3"><bdi>81-208-0299-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+student%27s+English-Sanskrit+dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=3rd+rev.+%26+enl.&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-208-0299-3&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+Shivram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudentsenglishs00apte_271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 423. The first definition of <i>nāgaḥ</i> given reads "A snake in general, particularly the cobra." p.539</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: *snēk-a- m., *snak-an- m., *snak-ō f.; *snak-a- vb.: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpiet&text_number=2649&root=config">"Indo-European etymology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010746/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpiet&text_number=2649&root=config">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+etymology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresponse.cgi%3Fsingle%3D1%26basename%3D%252Fdata%252Fie%252Fpiet%26text_number%3D2649%26root%3Dconfig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayrhofer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayrhofer_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrhofer1996" class="citation book cs1">Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996). <i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen</i>. Vol. 2. Heidelberg: Winter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Altindoarischen&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Winter&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mayrhofer&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, Gerrit (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080454">"Cobra Deities and Divine Cobras: The Ambiguous Animality of Nāgas"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>10</b> (8): 454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080454">10.3390/rel10080454</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Cobra+Deities+and+Divine+Cobras%3A+The+Ambiguous+Animality+of+N%C4%81gas&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=454&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10080454&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10080454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeg2016" class="citation book cs1">Deeg, Max (2016). <i>Miscellanae Nepalica. The Foundation Legend of Nepal in Its Trans-Himalayan Context</i>. Lumbini: LIRI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miscellanae+Nepalica.+The+Foundation+Legend+of+Nepal+in+Its+Trans-Himalayan+Context&rft.place=Lumbini&rft.pub=LIRI&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Deeg&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/naga-Hindu-mythology">"Naga | Hindu mythology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904152421/https://www.britannica.com/topic/naga-Hindu-mythology">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naga+%7C+Hindu+mythology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fnaga-Hindu-mythology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/15105/why-was-vasuki-used-in-samudra-manthan-great-ocean-churning">"Why was vasuki used in Samudra Manthan great ocean Churning"</a>. <i>Hinduism Stack Exchange</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511220024/https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/15105/why-was-vasuki-used-in-samudra-manthan-great-ocean-churning">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hinduism+Stack+Exchange&rft.atitle=Why+was+vasuki+used+in+Samudra+Manthan+great+ocean+Churning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhinduism.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F15105%2Fwhy-was-vasuki-used-in-samudra-manthan-great-ocean-churning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Garuda">"Garuḍa | Hindu mythology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511221815/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Garuda">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Garu%E1%B8%8Da+%7C+Hindu+mythology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGaruda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the story of wrapping <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vāsuki</i></span> around the neck and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śeṣa</i></span> around the belly and for the name in his sahasranama as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sarpagraiveyakāṅgādaḥ</i></span> ("Who has a serpent around his neck"), which refers to this standard iconographic element, see: Krishan, Yuvraj (1999), Gaņeśa: Unravelling An Enigma, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1413-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1413-4">81-208-1413-4</a>, pp=51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For text of a stone inscription dated 1470 identifying Ganesha's sacred thread as the serpent <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śeṣa</i></span>, see: Martin-Dubost, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of snake images in Ganesha iconography, see: Martin-Dubost, Paul (1997). Gaņeśa: The Enchanter of the Three Worlds. Mumbai: Project for Indian Cultural Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900184-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-900184-3-4">81-900184-3-4</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0"><bdi>0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span>; p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">König, Ditte (1984). Das Tor zur Unterwelt. Mythologie und Kult des Termitenhügels in der schriftlichen und mündlichen Tradition Indiens. Heidelberg: Franz Steiner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alloco, Amy (2013). Fear, Reverence and Ambivalence. Divine Snakes in Contemporary South India. Religions of South Asia 7: 230–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alloco, Amy. 2014. Snakes in the Dark Age. Human Action, Karmic Retribution, and the Possibilities for Hindu Animal Ethics. In Asian Perspectives on Animal Ethics. Rethinking the Nonhuman. Edited by Neil Dalal and <a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Taylor" title="Chloë Taylor">Chloë Taylor</a>. London and New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, Gerrit (2017). "Western Himalayan Nāgs as Guardians of Water Resources". <i>Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature & Culture</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 361–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjsrnc.33600">10.1558/jsrnc.33600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+Nature+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Western+Himalayan+N%C4%81gs+as+Guardians+of+Water+Resources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-378&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fjsrnc.33600&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2024" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Gerrit (2024). "Chapter 7: Creating a Landscape through Myths. The Journey of Naiṇī or Nāginā Devī, a Nine-fold Western Himalayan Hindu Goddess". In Hegewald, Julia; Gymnich, Marion (eds.). <i>Images and Stories of the Origin(s) of the World and Humankind</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 178–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-162737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-162737-8"><bdi>978-3-16-162737-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Creating+a+Landscape+through+Myths.+The+Journey+of+Nai%E1%B9%87%C4%AB+or+N%C4%81gin%C4%81+Dev%C4%AB%2C+a+Nine-fold+Western+Himalayan+Hindu+Goddess&rft.btitle=Images+and+Stories+of+the+Origin%28s%29+of+the+World+and+Humankind&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=178-204&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-16-162737-8&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, Gerrit (26 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080454">"Cobra Deities and Divine Cobras: The Ambiguous Animality of Nāgas"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>10</b> (8): 454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10080454">10.3390/rel10080454</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Cobra+Deities+and+Divine+Cobras%3A+The+Ambiguous+Animality+of+N%C4%81gas&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=454&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10080454&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10080454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2018" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (17 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-purana-english/d/doc216089.html">"The Magnitude of Netherworlds [Chapter 19]"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155846/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-purana-english/d/doc216089.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=The+Magnitude+of+Netherworlds+%5BChapter+19%5D&rft.date=2018-03-17&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Fbrahma-purana-english%2Fd%2Fdoc216089.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2019" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (28 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242049.html">"Story of Vāsuki"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155806/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242049.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Story+of+V%C4%81suki&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fcompilation%2Fpuranic-encyclopaedia%2Fd%2Fdoc242049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2013" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57360.html">"On Manasā's story [Chapter 47]"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155806/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57360.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=On+Manas%C4%81%27s+story+%5BChapter+47%5D&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Fdevi-bhagavata-purana%2Fd%2Fdoc57360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbesHenleyIngersollHenley" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew; Henley, Daniel; Ingersoll, Ernest; Henley, David. "Indian Nagas and Draconic Prototypes". <i>The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore</i>. Cognoscenti Books. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00D959PJ0">B00D959PJ0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Nagas+and+Draconic+Prototypes&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Book+of+Dragons+and+Dragon+Lore&rft.pub=Cognoscenti+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00D959PJ0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Henley%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Henley%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahmavamso" class="citation web cs1">Brahmavamso, Ajahn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut020.htm">"VINAYA The Ordination Ceremony of a Monk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116153725/http://budsas.org/ebud/ebsut020.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VINAYA+The+Ordination+Ceremony+of+a+Monk&rft.aulast=Brahmavamso&rft.aufirst=Ajahn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.budsas.org%2Febud%2Febsut020.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 72 <i>How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings</i> By Richard Francis Gombrich</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéer199971-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéer199971_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBéer1999">Béer 1999</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Tibetan Book of the Dead</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. 2005. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-85886-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-85886-2"><bdi>0-670-85886-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Book+of+the+Dead&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-670-85886-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 74 <i>How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings</i> By Richard Francis Gombrich</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuster1981-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuster1981_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuster1981_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster1981" class="citation journal cs1">Schuster, Nancy (30 June 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8533">"Changing the Female Body: Wise Women and the Bodhisattva Career in Some Mahāratnakūṭasūtras"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 24–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200905171603/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8533">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Changing+the+Female+Body%3A+Wise+Women+and+the+Bodhisattva+Career+in+Some+Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADas%C5%ABtras&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-69&rft.date=1981-06-30&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubo Tsugunari, Yuyama Akira (tr.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521183528/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0262_LotusSutra_2007.pdf">The Lotus Sutra</a>. Revised 2nd ed. Berkeley, Calif. : Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-39-9">978-1-886439-39-9</a>, pp. 191-192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, "Devadatta Chapter"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeach2002" class="citation journal cs1">Peach, Lucinda Joy (2002). "Social Responsibility, Sex Change, and Salvation: Gender Justice in the <i>Lotus Sūtra</i>". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 50–74. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.820.9411">10.1.1.820.9411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0003">10.1353/pew.2002.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400133">1400133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146337273">146337273</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/216882403">216882403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Social+Responsibility%2C+Sex+Change%2C+and+Salvation%3A+Gender+Justice+in+the+Lotus+S%C5%ABtra&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-74&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.820.9411%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146337273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1400133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0003&rft.aulast=Peach&rft.aufirst=Lucinda+Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donaldson2001-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donaldson2001_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_E._Donaldson2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas E. Donaldson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA276"><i>Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-406-6"><bdi>978-81-7017-406-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145841/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+the+Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Orissa%3A+Text&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-406-6&rft.au=Thomas+E.+Donaldson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbxE8zOuRbUC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Jo-nang-pa)1990-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(Jo-nang-pa)1990_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTāranātha_(Jo-nang-pa)1990" class="citation book cs1">Tāranātha (Jo-nang-pa) (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yXn-lVdqGgC&pg=PA384"><i>Taranatha's History of Buddhism in India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0696-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0696-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145847/https://books.google.com/books?id=4yXn-lVdqGgC&pg=PA384">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taranatha%27s+History+of+Buddhism+in+India&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0696-2&rft.au=T%C4%81ran%C4%81tha+%28Jo-nang-pa%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yXn-lVdqGgC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntirapālā2005" class="citation book cs1">Intirapālā, Kārttikēcu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE</i></a>. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. pp. 172–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-42546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-42546-7"><bdi>978-0-646-42546-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145849/https://books.google.com/books?id=SkFuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+an+ethnic+identity%3A+the+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka+c.+300+BCE+to+c.+1200+CE&rft.pages=172-174&rft.pub=M.V.+Publications+for+the+South+Asian+Studies+Centre%2C+Sydney&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-646-42546-7&rft.aulast=Intirap%C4%81l%C4%81&rft.aufirst=K%C4%81rttik%C4%93cu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005172,174-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005172,174_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndrapala2005">Indrapala 2005</a>, p. 172,174.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005173-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005173_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndrapala2005">Indrapala 2005</a>, p. 173.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005174-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2005174_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndrapala2005">Indrapala 2005</a>, p. 174.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanakasabhai1904" class="citation book cs1">Kanakasabhai, V. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VuvshP5_hg8C"><i>The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0150-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0150-5"><bdi>978-81-206-0150-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145841/https://books.google.com/books?id=VuvshP5_hg8C">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tamils+Eighteen+Hundred+Years+Ago&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0150-5&rft.aulast=Kanakasabhai&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVuvshP5_hg8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenarath_Paranavitana1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Senarath_Paranavitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarath Paranavitana">Senarath Paranavitana</a> (1961). <i>Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society# The Arya Kingdom in North Ceylon</i>. Vol. VII, part II. Colombo apothecaries Co. Ltd. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Ceylon+branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+society%23+The+Arya+Kingdom+in+North+Ceylon&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Colombo+apothecaries+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Senarath+Paranavitana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChad2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chad, Raymond (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub">"Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities"</a>. <i>Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers</i>: 137. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070652/http://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=fac_staff_pub">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salve+Regina+University%2C+Faculty+and+Staff%3A+Articles+and+Papers&rft.atitle=Regional+Geographic+Influence+on+Two+Khmer+Polities&rft.pages=137&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Chad&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.salve.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1015%26context%3Dfac_staff_pub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Asia-Pacific World <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cambridge.edu.au/education/resource/pageproofs_7_684119.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2016" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Sanjeev (10 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&q=the+ocean+of+churn&pg=PP1"><i>The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. 82–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86057-61-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86057-61-7"><bdi>978-93-86057-61-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145849/https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&q=the+ocean+of+churn&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ocean+of+Churn%3A+How+the+Indian+Ocean+Shaped+Human+History&rft.pages=82-84&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft.isbn=978-93-86057-61-7&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoNekDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bocean%2Bof%2Bchurn%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/inscriptions/campa/inscriptions/C0087.html">"C. 87 Stela from Mỹ Sơn B6"</a>. <i>isaw.nyu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512165240/https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/inscriptions/campa/inscriptions/C0087.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isaw.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=C.+87+Stela+from+M%E1%BB%B9+S%C6%A1n+B6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisaw.nyu.edu%2Fpublications%2Finscriptions%2Fcampa%2Finscriptions%2FC0087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angkorphotographytours.com/blog/cambodia-religion/">"Monk traditional ceremony Cambodia"</a>. 15 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145916/https://www.angkorphotographytours.com/blog/cambodia-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monk+traditional+ceremony+Cambodia&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angkorphotographytours.com%2Fblog%2Fcambodia-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renown-travel.com/cambodia/angkor/neak-pean.html">"Neak Pean temple Angkor - "The entwined snakes"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.renown-travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024232753/https://www.renown-travel.com/cambodia/angkor/neak-pean.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.renown-travel.com&rft.atitle=Neak+Pean+temple+Angkor+-+%22The+entwined+snakes%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renown-travel.com%2Fcambodia%2Fangkor%2Fneak-pean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambodiasite.nl/nagaeng.htm">"Nagas"</a>. <i>www.cambodiasite.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220148/https://www.cambodiasite.nl/nagaeng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cambodiasite.nl&rft.atitle=Nagas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodiasite.nl%2Fnagaeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen_2009-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_2009_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_2009_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2009" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Brenda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mI0vKhZXJqwC&q=naga+in+angkor+wat+cambodia&pg=PA94"><i>The Mythical Creatures Bible: The Definitive Guide to Legendary Beings</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6536-0"><bdi>978-1-4027-6536-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145842/https://books.google.com/books?id=mI0vKhZXJqwC&q=naga+in+angkor+wat+cambodia&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythical+Creatures+Bible%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Legendary+Beings&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6536-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmI0vKhZXJqwC%26q%3Dnaga%2Bin%2Bangkor%2Bwat%2Bcambodia%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksic2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John</a> (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwzQAgAAQBAJ&q=naga+java&pg=PA57"><i>Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0910-0"><bdi>978-1-4629-0910-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145934/https://books.google.com/books?id=jwzQAgAAQBAJ&q=naga+java&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borobudur%3A+Golden+Tales+of+the+Buddhas&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0910-0&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwzQAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnaga%2Bjava%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinneyKlokkeKieven2003" class="citation book cs1">Kinney, Ann R.; Klokke, Marijke J.; Kieven, Lydia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC&q=candi+naga+panataran&pg=PA179"><i>Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-2779-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145914/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC&q=candi+naga+panataran&pg=PA179">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worshiping+Siva+and+Buddha%3A+The+Temple+Art+of+East+Java&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2779-3&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Ann+R.&rft.au=Klokke%2C+Marijke+J.&rft.au=Kieven%2C+Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsfa2FiIERLYC%26q%3Dcandi%2Bnaga%2Bpanataran%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodemeier1993" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodemeier, Susanne (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-uni-passau/frontdoor/index/index/docId/72"><i>Lego-lego-Platz und Naga-Darstellung . Jenseitige Kräfte im Zentrum einer Quellenstudie über die ostindonesische Insel Alor</i></a> [<i>Lego-lego Place and Naga-Image; Ideas of Supernatural Power as far as Known from Publications Concerning the Eastern Indonesia Island Alor</i>] (Thesis) (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628091835/https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-uni-passau/frontdoor/index/index/docId/72">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Lego-lego-Platz+und+Naga-Darstellung+.+Jenseitige+Kr%C3%A4fte+im+Zentrum+einer+Quellenstudie+%C3%BCber+die+ostindonesische+Insel+Alor&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Rodemeier&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus4.kobv.de%2Fopus4-uni-passau%2Ffrontdoor%2Findex%2Findex%2FdocId%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Zimmer: <i>Indische Mythen und Symbole</i>. Diederichs, Düsseldorf 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-424-00693-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-424-00693-9">3-424-00693-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgaosīvatPheuiphanh_Ngaosyvathn1998" class="citation book cs1">Ngaosīvat, Mayurī; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100616420"><i>Paths to conflagration: fifty years of diplomacy and warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, 1778-1828</i></a>. Studies on Southeast Asia. Vol. 24. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87727-723-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87727-723-0"><bdi>0-87727-723-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38909607">38909607</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527111154/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100616420">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+to+conflagration%3A+fifty+years+of+diplomacy+and+warfare+in+Laos%2C+Thailand%2C+and+Vietnam%2C+1778-1828&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Studies+on+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Southeast+Asia+Program+Publications%2C+Cornell+University&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38909607&rft.isbn=0-87727-723-0&rft.aulast=Ngaos%C4%ABvat&rft.aufirst=Mayur%C4%AB&rft.au=Pheuiphanh+Ngaosyvathn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F%3FGCOI%3D80140100616420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFสุจิตต์_วงษ์เทศ2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ (2 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_39705">"ตำนานกำเนิด โขง-ชี-มูล-หนองหาน สายน้ำแห่งชีวิตของคนอีสาน"</a> (in Thai). ศิลปวัฒนธรรม. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609073949/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_39705">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94+%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99&rft.pub=%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.au=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silpa-mag.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle_39705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ปริ-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ปริ_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ปริ_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manager.co.th/Travel/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9480000132441">"ปริศนา?? บั้งไฟพญานาค: ต่างมุมต่างความคิด"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ASTV_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTV Manager">ASTV Manager</a></i> (in Thai). 27 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084346/http://www.manager.co.th/Travel/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9480000132441">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASTV+Manager&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%3F%3F+%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%3A+%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manager.co.th%2FTravel%2FViewNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D9480000132441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thethaiger.com/th/news/697894/"><i>รัฐบาลกำหนด 'นาค' เป็นเอกลักษณ์ประจำชาติไทย ต่อยอดซอฟต์พาวเวอร์</i></a> [<i>The government has designated 'Nak' as the national symbol of Thailand, expanding on soft power</i>], Thethaiger, 2 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94+%27%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%27+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.pub=Thethaiger&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthethaiger.com%2Fth%2Fnews%2F697894%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/61119"><i>รัฐบาลกำหนดให้ "นาค" เป็นเอกลักษณ์ประจำชาติไทย ประเภทสัตว์ในตำนาน ต่อยอด Soft Power ขับเคลื่อนเศรษฐกิจสร้างสรรค์</i></a> [<i>The government has designated "Nak" as the national symbol of Thailand. It is a legendary creature type, which expands on soft power to drive the creative economy.</i>] (in Thai), Thaigov, 1 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89+%22%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%22+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94+Soft+Power+%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C&rft.pub=Thaigov&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaigov.go.th%2Fnews%2Fcontents%2Fdetails%2F61119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2427635/naga-named-as-national-symbol">"Naga named as national symbol"</a>, <i>Bangkok Post</i>, Bangkokpost, 2 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Naga+named+as+national+symbol&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F2427635%2Fnaga-named-as-national-symbol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFกิเลน_ประลองเชิง2011" class="citation web cs1">กิเลน ประลองเชิง (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thairath.co.th/content/199928">"นาคให้น้ำ"</a>. ไทยรัฐ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609014442/https://www.thairath.co.th/content/199928">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3&rft.pub=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.au=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thairath.co.th%2Fcontent%2F199928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFมานิต_วัลลิโภดม2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">มานิต วัลลิโภดม (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_2888">"สำรวจความเชื่อ "นาคสร้างเมืองมนุษย์" ที่ภายหลังคือเมือง "เชียงแสน"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Thai). ศิลปวัฒนธรiม. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609215225/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_2888">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD+%22%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%22+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%22%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%22&rft.pub=%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3i%E0%B8%A1&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.au=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silpa-mag.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle_2888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2020" class="citation web cs1">Miles (28 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journeyingtheglobe.com/legends-of-naka-cave-thailand">"Naka Cave, Thailand: The Truth Behind the Legends of Snake Rock"</a>. <i>Journeying The Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410061214/https://www.journeyingtheglobe.com/legends-of-naka-cave-thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journeying+The+Globe&rft.atitle=Naka+Cave%2C+Thailand%3A+The+Truth+Behind+the+Legends+of+Snake+Rock&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft.au=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journeyingtheglobe.com%2Flegends-of-naka-cave-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>For the former logo of Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, see: <a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Med_SWU.gif" title="File:Logo of Med SWU.gif">File:Logo of Med SWU.gif</a>. The fact was mentioned in the official pamphlet (2019, in Thai), and in the official introductory video (2015, in Thai)</li><li>for the seal of the Society of Medical Students of Thailand, see: <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesmst.com/">thesmst<wbr />.com</a></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-พญา-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-พญา_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-พญา_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFก้อง_กังฟู2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ก้อง กังฟู (1 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thairath.co.th/content/426403#cxrecs_s">"ปาฏิหาริย์...พญานาคราช มีปรากฏการณ์..เหนือธรรมชาติ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Thairath" title="Thairath">Thairath</a></i> (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513102606/https://www.thairath.co.th/content/426403#cxrecs_s">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thairath&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C...%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C..%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft.au=%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thairath.co.th%2Fcontent%2F426403%23cxrecs_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmc.tv/pages/scoop/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%20.html">"คำชะโนด เกาะลอยน้ำ เผยตำนานป่าลี้ลับป่าคำชะโนด"</a>. <i>dmc</i> (in Thai). 8 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928234231/https://www.dmc.tv/pages/scoop/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%20.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dmc&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmc.tv%2Fpages%2Fscoop%2F%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B3%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2594%2520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5lrjm5coq0">"พญานาคบึงโขงหลงที่เป็นข่าว.mp4"</a>. <i>Nation TV</i> (in Thai). 18 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/d5lrjm5coq0">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nation+TV&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7.mp4&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dd5lrjm5coq0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903144846/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRswjdebHp4&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1">"พญานาค..วิทยาศาสตร์ กับ ความเชื่อ"</a>. <i>Nation TV</i> (in Thai). 31 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRswjdebHp4">the original</a> on 3 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nation+TV&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84..%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjRswjdebHp4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024202720/http://www.nici.ru.nl/~peterh/srigumum/doc/stories.html">"Legends"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nici.ru.nl/~peterh/srigumum/doc/stories.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nici.ru.nl%2F~peterh%2Fsrigumum%2Fdoc%2Fstories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619082739/http://journeymalaysia.com/ML_chini.htm">"Journey Malaysia » Tasik Chini"</a>. <i>journeymalaysia.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journeymalaysia.com&rft.atitle=Journey+Malaysia+%C2%BB+Tasik+Chini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journeymalaysia.com%2FML_chini.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValiente2015" class="citation news cs1">Valiente, Tito Genova (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2015/01/01/a-serpent-this-earth-and-the-end-of-the-year/">"A serpent, this earth and the end of the year"</a>. <i>BusinessMirror</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1644507809">1644507809</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145850/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2015/01/01/a-serpent-this-earth-and-the-end-of-the-year/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=A+serpent%2C+this+earth+and+the+end+of+the+year&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Tito+Genova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2015%2F01%2F01%2Fa-serpent-this-earth-and-the-end-of-the-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccoy-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mccoy_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1982" class="citation journal cs1">McCoy, Alfred W. (1982). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aswang+Project&rft.atitle=BAKUNAWA%3A+The+Moon+Eating+Dragon+of+Philippine+Mythology&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aswangproject.com%2Fbakunawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.1.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhāgavata Purāṇa 3.26.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movie.sanook.com/21792/">"ละคร ภูตแม่น้ำโขง"</a>. <i>Sanook</i> (in Thai). 13 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171217213718/http://movie.sanook.com/21792/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanook&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%87&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovie.sanook.com%2F21792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dtdTHjA1lg"><bdi lang="th">สีสันบันเทิง 17-12-11#ฟิตติ้ง มณีสวาท</bdi></a> (in Thai). ammy wareerat. 17 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/4dtdTHjA1lg">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87+17-12-11%23%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97&rft.pub=ammy+wareerat&rft.date=2011-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4dtdTHjA1lg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lovefia.com/2016/11/01/nakee-the-serpent-queen/">"Nakee – The Serpent Queen"</a>. <i>lovefia</i>. 1 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145903/https://lovefia.com/2016/11/01/nakee-the-serpent-queen/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lovefia&rft.atitle=Nakee+%E2%80%93+The+Serpent+Queen&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flovefia.com%2F2016%2F11%2F01%2Fnakee-the-serpent-queen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1336704/"><i>"Destination Truth" Haunted Village/Naga (TV Episode 2007)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114508359#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalk2022" class="citation web cs1">Chalk, Andy (5 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcgamer.com/the-naga-are-coming-to-hearthstone-battlegrounds-on-may-10/">"The Naga are coming to Hearthstone Battlegrounds on May 10"</a>. <i>PC Gamer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505205225/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-naga-are-coming-to-hearthstone-battlegrounds-on-may-10/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=The+Naga+are+coming+to+Hearthstone+Battlegrounds+on+May+10&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcgamer.com%2Fthe-naga-are-coming-to-hearthstone-battlegrounds-on-may-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magic.wizards.com/en/articles/archive/planeswalkers-guide-khans-tarkir-part-1-2014-09-03">"Planeswalker's Guide to Khans of Tarkir, Part 1"</a>. <i>MAGIC: THE GATHERING</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150809055117/http://magic.wizards.com/en/articles/archive/planeswalkers-guide-khans-tarkir-part-1-2014-09-03">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAGIC%3A+THE+GATHERING&rft.atitle=Planeswalker%27s+Guide+to+Khans+of+Tarkir%2C+Part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagic.wizards.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Farchive%2Fplaneswalkers-guide-khans-tarkir-part-1-2014-09-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magic.wizards.com/en/articles/archive/uncharted-realms/planeswalkers-guide-fate-reforged-2015-01-07">"Planeswalker's Guide to Fate Reforged"</a>. <i>MAGIC: THE GATHERING</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150720184042/http://magic.wizards.com/en/articles/archive/uncharted-realms/planeswalkers-guide-fate-reforged-2015-01-07">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAGIC%3A+THE+GATHERING&rft.atitle=Planeswalker%27s+Guide+to+Fate+Reforged&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagic.wizards.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Farchive%2Funcharted-realms%2Fplaneswalkers-guide-fate-reforged-2015-01-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magic.wizards.com/en/articles/archive/uncharted-realms/planeswalkers-guide-dragons-tarkir-part-1-2015-03-11">"Planeswalker's Guide to Dragons of Tarkir, Part 1"</a>. <i>MAGIC: THE GATHERING</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728150212/http://magic.wizards.com/en/articles/archive/uncharted-realms/planeswalkers-guide-dragons-tarkir-part-1-2015-03-11">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAGIC%3A+THE+GATHERING&rft.atitle=Planeswalker%27s+Guide+to+Dragons+of+Tarkir%2C+Part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagic.wizards.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Farchive%2Funcharted-realms%2Fplaneswalkers-guide-dragons-tarkir-part-1-2015-03-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéer1999" class="citation cs2">Béer, Robert (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IvrAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:jMCICh42oEAC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs</i></a>, Shambhala, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-416-2"><bdi>978-1-57062-416-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145843/https://books.google.com/books?id=3IvrAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:jMCICh42oEAC">archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Tibetan+Symbols+and+Motifs&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57062-416-2&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9er&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IvrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AjMCICh42oEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-EbelingRätschShahi2002" class="citation cs2">Müller-Ebeling, Claudia; Rätsch, Christian; Shahi, Surendra Bahadur (2002), <i>Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas</i>, Inner Traditions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-913-3"><bdi>978-0-89281-913-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism+and+Tantra+in+the+Himalayas&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-913-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Ebeling&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=R%C3%A4tsch%2C+Christian&rft.au=Shahi%2C+Surendra+Bahadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaehle2007" class="citation cs2">Maehle, Gregor (2007), <i>Ashtanga Yoga: Practice and Philosophy</i>, New World Library, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-606-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-606-0"><bdi>978-1-57731-606-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashtanga+Yoga%3A+Practice+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57731-606-0&rft.aulast=Maehle&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu1999" class="citation cs2">Norbu, Chögyal Namkhai (1999), <i>The Crystal and The Way of Light: Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen</i>, Snow Lion Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-135-9"><bdi>1-55939-135-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crystal+and+The+Way+of+Light%3A+Sutra%2C+Tantra+and+Dzogchen&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55939-135-9&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Ch%C3%B6gyal+Namkhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHāṇḍā2004" class="citation cs2">Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC"><i>Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya</i></a>, Indus Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-161-0"><bdi>978-81-7387-161-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011145907/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC">archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naga+cults+and+traditions+in+the+western+Himalaya&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-161-0&rft.aulast=H%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Omacanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXd50t19YpJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser1913" class="citation cs2">Visser, Marinus Willem de (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924021444728"><i>The dragon in China and Japan</i></a>, Amsterdam:J. Müller</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+in+China+and+Japan&rft.pub=Amsterdam%3AJ.+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Marinus+Willem+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924021444728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1926" class="citation cs2">Vogel, J. Ph. (1926), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianserpentlor00voge/"><i>Indian serpent-lore; or, The Nāgas in Hindu legend and art</i></a>, London, A. Probsthain, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1071-2"><bdi>978-81-206-1071-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+serpent-lore%3B+or%2C+The+N%C4%81gas+in+Hindu+legend+and+art&rft.pub=London%2C+A.+Probsthain&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1071-2&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=J.+Ph.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianserpentlor00voge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%81ga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81ga&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:N%C4%81ga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nāga">Nāga</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429083303/http://www.nagiana.com/">Nagiana</a> (a site dedicated to Nāga ancestors)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/n/nagaa.htm">nagas in the Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khandro.net/mysterious_naga.htm">nagas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016215005/http://www.btinternet.com/~andy.brouwer/be2.jpg">Image of a Seven-Headed Nāga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template talk:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship in Hinduism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Ārati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and 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href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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1,\n [\"CITEREFMiksic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-EbelingRätschShahi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgaosīvatPheuiphanh_Ngaosyvathn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeach2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodemeier1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanyal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuster1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenarath_Paranavitana1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_E._Donaldson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTāranātha_(Jo-nang-pa)1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValiente2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisser1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFกิเลน_ประลองเชิง2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFก้อง_กังฟู2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFมานิต_วัลลิโภดม2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFสุจิตต์_วงษ์เทศ2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 29,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Naga\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"HinduMythology\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 12,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In popular culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 17,\n [\"Langx\"] = 8,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Rtgs\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsourced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Worship in Hinduism\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gm8xq","timestamp":"20241122140858","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"N\u0101ga","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N%C4%81ga","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q271990","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q271990","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-18T20:05:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T21:57:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Naga182.JPG","headline":"deity or class of entity or being, taking the form of a very great snake"}</script> </body> </html>