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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dating and historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_and_historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Recensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shukla_Yajurveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shukla_Yajurveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Shukla Yajurveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shukla_Yajurveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krishna_Yajurveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishna_Yajurveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Krishna Yajurveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishna_Yajurveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samhitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samhitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Samhitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samhitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satapatha_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satapatha_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Satapatha Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satapatha_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isha_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isha_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Isha Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isha_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taittiriya_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taittiriya_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Taittiriya Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taittiriya_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katha_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katha_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Katha Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katha_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shvetashvatara_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Shvetashvatara Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shvetashvatara_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maitrayaniya_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Maitrayaniya Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maitrayaniya_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Srautasutras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Srautasutras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Srautasutras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Srautasutras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manuscripts and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manuscripts and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ezourvedam_forgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezourvedam_forgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ezourvedam forgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezourvedam_forgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yajurveda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ياجورفيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ياجورفيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="যজুৰ্বেদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যজুৰ্বেদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurw%C3%A9da" title="Yajurwéda – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yajurwéda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="যজুর্বেদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যজুর্বেদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Яджур-Веда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яджур-Веда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="यजुर्वेद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यजुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="མཆོད་སྦྱིན་གྱི་རིག་བྱེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཆོད་སྦྱིན་གྱི་རིག་བྱེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad%C5%BEurveeda" title="Jadžurveeda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jadžurveeda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajurvedo" title="Jajurvedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jajurvedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="یاجورودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاجورودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajur-V%C3%A9da" title="Yajur-Véda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yajur-Véda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A6" title="યજુર્વેદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યજુર્વેદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4" title="야주르베다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야주르베다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="यजुर्वेद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यजुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurweda" title="Yajurweda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yajurweda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurw%C3%A9da" title="Yajurwéda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yajurwéda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6" title="ಯಜುರ್ವೇದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಜುರ್ವೇದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad%C5%BEurveda" title="Jadžurveda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jadžurveda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadzsurv%C3%A9da" title="Jadzsurvéda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jadzsurvéda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="यजुर्वेद – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="यजुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="യജുർ‌വേദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യജുർ‌വേദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="यजुर्वेद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यजुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="یاجور ودا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یاجور ودا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajur_Veda" title="Yajur Veda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yajur Veda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94_%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯌꯖꯨꯔ ꯚꯦꯗꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯖꯨꯔ ꯚꯦꯗꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajoerveda" title="Yajoerveda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yajoerveda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="यजुर्वेद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="यजुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="यजुर्वेद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="यजुर्वेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="ヤジュル・ヴェーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤジュル・ヴェーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6" title="ਯਜੁਰਵੇਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਜੁਰਵੇਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="یجروید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یجروید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad%C5%BAurweda" title="Jadźurweda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jadźurweda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iajurveda" title="Iajurveda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iajurveda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Яджурведа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яджурведа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="यजुर्वेदः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यजुर्वेदः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaxhurveda" title="Jaxhurveda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jaxhurveda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF" title="යජුර්වේද – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යජුර්වේද" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="يجرويد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يجرويد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad%C5%BEurv%C3%A9da" title="Jadžurvéda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jadžurvéda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad%C5%BEurveda" title="Jadžurveda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jadžurveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யசுர் வேதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யசுர் வேதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Яджурведа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яджурведа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="యజుర్వేదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యజుర్వేదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97" title="ยชุรเวท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยชุรเวท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8A" title="ಯಜುರ್ವೇದೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯಜುರ್ವೇದೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yajurveda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Яджур-веда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яджур-веда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="یجر وید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یجر وید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad%C5%BEiorv%C4%97da" title="Jadžiorvėda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jadžiorvėda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E6%9F%94%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="夜柔吠陀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夜柔吠陀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47142#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a scripture of Hinduism. For the field of traditional Indian medicine, see <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Yajurveda</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1200-1000_BCE,_Vajasneyi_samhita_sample_i,_Shukla_Yajurveda,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four Vedas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1200-1000_BCE%2C_Vajasneyi_samhita_sample_i%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/220px-1200-1000_BCE%2C_Vajasneyi_samhita_sample_i%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1200-1000_BCE%2C_Vajasneyi_samhita_sample_i%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/330px-1200-1000_BCE%2C_Vajasneyi_samhita_sample_i%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1200-1000_BCE%2C_Vajasneyi_samhita_sample_i%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/440px-1200-1000_BCE%2C_Vajasneyi_samhita_sample_i%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1422" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A page from the <i>Vajasneyi samhita</i> found in the Shukla Yajurveda (Sanskrit, Devanagari script). This version of the manuscript opens with salutations to Ganesha and Sadashiva (<a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200–800</span> BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">40 adhyayas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">1,975 mantras<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Yajurveda</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:यजुर्वेद">यजुर्वेद</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yajurveda</i></span></i>, from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:यजुस्">यजुस्</a>, "worship",<sup id="cite_ref-HolmBowker1994_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HolmBowker1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/,%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:,वेद">वेद</a>, "knowledge") is the Veda primarily of prose mantras for worship rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-mwitzel76_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwitzel76-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, it is a compilation of ritual-offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> fire.<sup id="cite_ref-mwitzel76_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwitzel76-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yajurveda is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and one of the scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The exact century of Yajurveda's composition is unknown, and estimated by Witzel to be between 1200 and 800 BCE, contemporaneous with <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>. </p><p>The Yajurveda is broadly grouped into two – the "black" or "dark" (<i>Krishna</i>) Yajurveda and the "white" or "bright" (<i>Shukla</i>) Yajurveda. The term "black" implies "the un-arranged, unclear, motley collection" of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" which implies the "well arranged, clear" Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black Yajurveda has survived in four recensions, while two recensions of white Yajurveda have survived into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-prabhakar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabhakar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhita</a> includes about 1,875 verses, that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle layer includes the <a href="/wiki/Satapatha_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satapatha Brahmana">Satapatha Brahmana</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> texts in the Vedic collection.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The youngest layer of Yajurveda text includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maitri_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitri Upanishad">Maitri Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Philosophy_of_the_Upanishads_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Philosophy_of_the_Upanishads-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_1998_pages_1-17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_1998_pages_1-17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the oldest surviving manuscript copies of the <i>Shukla Yajurveda</i> sections have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and Western <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and these are dated to the 12th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yajna1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yajna1.jpg/220px-Yajna1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yajna1.jpg/330px-Yajna1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yajna1.jpg/440px-Yajna1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Yajurveda text describes formula and mantras to be uttered during sacrificial fire (yajna) rituals, shown. Offerings are typically <i>ghee</i> (clarified butter), grains, aromatic seeds, and cow milk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yajurveda is a compound Sanskrit word, composed of <i>yajus</i> (यजुस्) and <i>Veda</i> (वेद). Monier-Williams translates <i>yajus</i> as "religious reverence, veneration, worship, sacrifice, a sacrificial prayer, formula, particularly mantras uttered in a peculiar manner at a sacrifice".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Veda</i> means "knowledge". Johnson states <i>yajus</i> means "(mostly) prose formulae or mantras, contained in the Yajur Veda, which are muttered".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Witzel interprets Yajurveda to mean a "knowledge text of prose mantras" used in Vedic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-mwitzel76_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwitzel76-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralph Griffith interprets the name to mean "knowledge of sacrifice or sacrificial texts and formulas".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Olson states that Yajurveda is a text of "mantras (sacred formulas) that are repeated and used in rituals".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_historical_context">Dating and historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating and historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core text of the Yajurveda falls within the classical Mantra period of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE – younger than the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and roughly contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, the Rigvedic <a href="/wiki/Khilani" title="Khilani">Khilani</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāmaveda</i></span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholarly consensus dates the bulk of the Yajurveda and Atharvaveda <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India#History" title="Music of India">hymns</a> to the early Indian <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, after c. 1200 and before 800 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recensions">Recensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yajurveda text includes Shukla Yajurveda of which about 16 recensions (known as <i>Shaakhaa</i>s) are known, while the Krishna Yajurveda may have had as many as 86 recensions.<sup id="cite_ref-prabhakar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabhakar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda have survived, Madhyandina and Kanva, and others are known by name only because they are mentioned in other texts. These two recensions are nearly the same, except for a few differences.<sup id="cite_ref-prabhakar_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabhakar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Shukla Yajurveda, the four surviving recensions of Krishna Yajurveda are very different versions.<sup id="cite_ref-prabhakar_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabhakar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shukla_Yajurveda">Shukla Yajurveda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shukla Yajurveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The samhita in the Shukla Yajurveda is called the <i>Vajasaneyi Samhita</i>. The name <i>Vajasaneyi</i> is derived from Vajasaneya, the patronymic of <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a>, and the founder of the Vajasaneyi branch. There are two (nearly identical) surviving recensions of the Vajasaneyi Samhita (VS): <i>Vajasaneyi Madhyandina</i> and <i>Vajasaneyi Kanva</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-prabhakar_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabhakar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lost recensions of the White Yajurveda, mentioned in other texts of ancient India, include <i>Jabala</i>, <i>Baudhya</i>, <i>Sapeyi</i>, <i>Tapaniya</i>, <i>Kapola</i>, <i>Paundravatsa</i>, <i>Avati</i>, <i>Paramavatika</i>, <i>Parasara</i>, <i>Vaineya</i>, <i>Vaidheya</i>, <i>Katyayana</i> and <i>Vaijyavapa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gsrai11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Recensions of the White Yajurveda<sup id="cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgriffithwycontents-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px" style="background: #ffad66;">Recension Name </td> <td width="40px">Adhyayas </td> <td width="40px">Anuvakas </td> <td width="40px">No. of Verses </td> <td width="200px">Regional presence </td> <td width="60px">Reference </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px">Madhyandina </td> <td width="40px">40 </td> <td width="40px">303 </td> <td width="40px">1975 </td> <td width="200px">Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, North India </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px">Kanva </td> <td width="40px">40 </td> <td width="40px">328 </td> <td width="40px">2086 </td> <td width="200px">Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Shukla Yajurveda Shaakhaas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Shakha </th> <th>Samhita </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Aranyaka </th> <th>Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Madhyandina (VSM)</i> </td> <td>Vajasneyi Samhita <p>(Madhyandin) </p> </td> <td>Madhyandina Shatapatha (SBM) </td> <td>survives as Shatapatha XIV.1–8, with accents. </td> <td>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kanva (VSK)</i> </td> <td>Vajasneyi Samhita <p>(Kanva) </p> </td> <td>Kanva Shatapatha (SBK) <p>(different from madhyandina) </p> </td> <td>survives as book XVII of SBK </td> <td>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad <p>(different from above) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krishna_Yajurveda">Krishna Yajurveda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Krishna Yajurveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four surviving recensions of the Krishna Yajurveda – <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Taittirīya saṃhitā</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maitrayani saṃhitā</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaṭha saṃhitā</i></span> and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kapiṣṭhala saṃhitā</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of eighty six recensions are mentioned to exist in Vayu Purana, however vast majority of them are believed to be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Katha school is referred to as a sub-school of <i>Carakas</i> (wanderers) in some ancient texts of India, because they did their scholarship as they wandered from place to place.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the Shukla Yajurveda, the saṃhitās of the Krishna Yajurveda contained both mantras and explanatory prose (which would usually belong to the brāhmaṇas).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975324_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975324-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Recensions of the Black Yajurveda<sup id="cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgriffithwycontents-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px" style="background: #ffad66;">Recension Name </td> <td width="50px">No. of Sub-recensions<sup id="cite_ref-gsrai238_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai238-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="40px">Kanda </td> <td width="40px">Prapathaka </td> <td width="40px">No. of Mantras </td> <td width="200px">Regional presence </td> <td width="60px">Reference </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px">Taittiriya </td> <td width="50px">2 </td> <td width="40px">7 </td> <td width="40px">42 </td> <td width="40px"> </td> <td width="200px">South India </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px">Maitrayani </td> <td width="50px">6 </td> <td width="40px">4 </td> <td width="40px">54 </td> <td width="40px"> </td> <td width="200px">Western India </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px">Kāṭhaka (Caraka) </td> <td width="50px">12 </td> <td width="40px">5 </td> <td width="40px">40 </td> <td width="40px">3093 </td> <td width="200px">Kashmir, North India, East India </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-gsrai238_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai238-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px">Kapiṣṭhala </td> <td width="50px">5 </td> <td width="40px">6 </td> <td width="40px">48 </td> <td width="40px"> </td> <td width="200px">Extinct </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Krishna Yajurveda Shaakhaas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Shakha </th> <th>Samhita </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Aranyaka </th> <th>Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Taittiriya</i> </td> <td>Taittiriya Samhita </td> <td>Taittiriya Brahmana and Vadhula Brahmana <p>(part of Vadhula Srautrasutra) </p> </td> <td>Taittiriya Aranyaka </td> <td>Taittiriya Upanishad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maitrayani</i> </td> <td>Maitrayani Samhita </td> <td>Not Available </td> <td>virtually same as the Upanishad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Caraka-Katha</i> </td> <td>Katha Samhita </td> <td>Śatādhyāya Brāhmaṇa (only exists in fragments)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Katha Aranyaka (almost the entire text from a solitary manuscript) </td> <td>Kathaka Upanishad, <p>Katha-Shiksha Upanishad </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most modern recensions is the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Taittirīya saṃhitā</i></span></i>. Some attribute it to Tittiri, a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yaska</a> and mentioned by <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dowson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is associated with the <i>Taittiriya</i> school of the Yajurveda, and attributed to the pupils of sage Tittiri (literally, <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridge</a> birds).<sup id="cite_ref-aweber_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aweber-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maitrayani saṃhitā</i></span></i> is the oldest Yajurveda Samhita that has survived, and it differs largely in content from the Taittiriyas, as well as in some different arrangement of chapters, but is much more detailed.<sup id="cite_ref-gsrai235_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai235-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāṭhaka saṃhitā</i></span></i> or the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraka-Kaṭha saṃhitā</i></span></i>, according to tradition was compiled by Katha, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Vaisampayana" title="Vaisampayana">Vaisampayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gsrai235_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai235-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Maitrayani Samhita, it offers much more detailed discussion of some rituals than the younger <i>Taittiriya samhita</i> that frequently summarizes such accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-gsrai235_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai235-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kapiṣṭhala saṃhitā</i></span></i> or the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kapiṣṭhala-Kaṭha saṃhitā</i></span></i>, named after the sage Kapisthala is extant only in some large fragments and edited without accent marks.<sup id="cite_ref-gsrai235_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai235-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text is practically a variant of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāṭhaka saṃhitā</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each regional edition (recension) of Yajurveda had <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> as part of the text, with <a href="/wiki/Shrautasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrautasutra">Shrautasutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grhyasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Grhyasutra">Grhyasutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratishakhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratishakhya">Pratishakhya</a> attached to the text. In Shukla Yajurveda, the text organization is same for both Madhayndina and Kanva shakhas.<sup id="cite_ref-prabhakar_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabhakar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gsrai11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texts attached to Shukla Yajurveda include the <i>Katyayana Shrautasutra</i>, <i>Paraskara Grhyasutra</i> and <i>Shukla Yajurveda Pratishakhya</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Krishna Yajurveda, each of the recensions has or had their Brahmana text mixed into the Samhita text, thus creating a motley of the prose and verses, and making it unclear, disorganized.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gsrai235_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsrai235-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samhitas">Samhitas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Samhitas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Vajasaneyi Samhita</i> has forty chapters or <i>adhyayas</i>, containing the formulas used with the following rituals:<sup id="cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgriffithwycontents-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Chapters of the White Yajurveda<sup id="cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgriffithwycontents-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="50px">Chapter No. </td> <td width="80px" style="background: #ffad66;">Ritual Name </td> <td width="40px">Time </td> <td width="340px" style="background: #ffad66;">Nature of Ritual </td> <td width="60px">Reference </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">1–2 </td> <td width="80px">Darṣapūrṇamāsa (Full and new moon rituals) </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center">2 days </td> <td width="340px">Offer cow milk to fire. Separate calves from the cows. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">3 </td> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a> <p>and Cāturmāsya </p> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center">1 day, 4 months </td> <td width="340px">The former is the daily oblation of milk into the fire, and the latter is the seasonal sacrifices at the beginning of the three seasons. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">4–8 </td> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Somayajna" title="Somayajna">Soma sacrifice</a> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">Bathe in river. Offer milk and soma to fire. Offerings to deities of thought, speech. Prayer to <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> to harm no crop, guard the cattle, expel demons. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">9–10 </td> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Vajapeya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajapeya">Vājapeya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasuya" title="Rajasuya">Rājasūya</a> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">The former is a variant of the soma sacrifice which involves a chariot race, and the latter is a variant of the soma sacrifice in which a king is consecrated. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">11–18 </td> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center">360 </td> <td width="340px">Formulas and rituals for building altars and hearths for Agni <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a>, with largest in the shape of outspread eagle or falcon. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">19–21 </td> <td width="80px">Sautrāmaṇī </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">Ritual that deals with the overindulgence of soma, and to assure victory and success. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">22–25 </td> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Aśvamedha</a> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center">180 or 360 </td> <td width="340px">Horse sacrifice ritual conducted by kings. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">26–29 </td> <td width="80px"> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">Supplementary formulas for above sacrifices </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">30–31 </td> <td width="80px">Puruṣamedha </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">Symbolic sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a> (Cosmic Man). Nominal victim played the part, but released uninjured after the ceremony, according to <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A substitute for <i>Ashvamedha</i> (horse sacrifice). The ritual plays out the cosmic creation. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">32–34 </td> <td width="80px">Sarvamedha </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center">10 </td> <td width="340px">Stated to be more important than <i>Purushamedha</i> above. This ritual is a sacrifice for Universal Success and Prosperity. Ritual for one to be wished well, or someone leaving the home, particularly for solitude and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, who is offered "curd and ghee (clarified butter)". </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">35 </td> <td width="80px">Pitriyajna </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">Ritual funeral-related formulas for <a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">cremation</a>. Sacrifice to the Fathers and Ancestors. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">36–39 </td> <td width="80px"><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">According to Griffith, the ritual is for long life, unimpaired faculties, health, strength, prosperity, security, tranquility and contentment. Offerings of cow milk and grains to yajna fire. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="50px" width="120px" style="text-align: center">40 </td> <td width="80px"> </td> <td width="40px" style="text-align: center"> </td> <td width="340px">This chapter is not an external sacrifice ritual-related. It is <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a>, a philosophical treatise about inner Self (<a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>, Soul). The verse 40.6 states, "The man who in his Self beholds all creatures and all things that be, And in all beings sees his Self, then he doubts no longer, ponders not. </td> <td width="60px"><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Structure of the mantras</dt></dl> <p>The various ritual <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> in the Yajurveda Samhitas are typically set in a meter, and call on Vedic deities such as the <a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savita</a> (Sun), Indra, Agni, Prajapati, Rudra and others. The Taittiriya Samhita in Book 4, for example, includes the following verses for the Agnicayana ritual recitation (abridged),<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal127_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal127-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>First harnessing the mind, Savita; creating thoughts and perceiving light, brought Agni from the earth.<br /> Harnessing the gods with mind; they who go with thought to the sky, to heaven, Savita instigates those who will make great light.<br /> With the mind harnessed, we are instigated by god Savita, for strength to go to heaven.<br /> <br /> Whose journey the other gods follow, praising the power of the god, who measured the radiant regions of the earth, he is the great god Savita.<br /> God Savita, impel the ritual, impel for good fortune the lord of ritual !<br /> Divine Gandharva, purifier of thought, purify our thoughts ! May the lord of speech make our words sweet !<br /> <br /> God Savita, impel for us this ritual,<br /> Honoring the gods, gaining friends, always victorious, winning wealth, winning heaven ! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittiriya Samhita 4.1.1, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Frits_Staal" title="Frits Staal">Frits Staal</a><sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal127_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal127-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satapatha_Brahmana">Satapatha Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Satapatha Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satapatha_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satapatha Brahmana">Satapatha Brahmana</a></div> <p>The title <i>Satapatha Brahmana</i> means "Brahmana of the Hundred Paths".<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> text that has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes, states Staal, a "veritable encyclopedia of meandering opinions on ritual and other matters".<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Satapatha Brahmana was translated by Eggeling in late 19th-century, reprinted often and has been well read because of the translation. However, it has been misinterpreted and misused, states Staal, because "it contains enough material to support <i>any</i> theory".<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggeling, the first translator of Satapatha Brahmana called it "flimsy symbolism rather than serious reasoning", similar to "speculative vaporings" found in the Christian and non-Christian variety of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eggeling_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eggeling-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yajurveda has six primary Upanishads embedded within it.<sup id="cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_1998_pages_1-17_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_1998_pages_1-17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> is found in the White Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Mukhya Upanishads</a>, and among the largest and oldest as well (~700 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Philosophy_of_the_Upanishads_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Philosophy_of_the_Upanishads-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a key scripture of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> that has influenced all schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>. The text is a treatise on <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> (Soul, Self), with passages on metaphysics, ethics and a yearning for knowledge that influenced various <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, ancient and medieval scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is among the earliest extensive discussions of the Hindu concept of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation from sorrow, freedom, emancipation, self-realization). Paul Deussen calls it, "unique in its richness and warmth of presentation", with profoundness that retains its full worth in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Max Muller illustrated its style as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>But when he [Self] fancies that he is, as it were, a god,<br /> or that he is, as it were, a king,<br /> or "I am this altogether," that is his highest world,<br /> This indeed is his (true) form, free from desires, free from evil, free from fear.<br /> <br /> Now as a man, when embraced by a beloved wife,<br /> knows nothing that is without, nothing that is within,<br /> thus this person, when embraced by the <i>Prajna</i> (conscious, aware) Self,<br /> knows nothing that is without, nothing that is within.<br /> This indeed is his (true) form, in which his wishes are fulfilled,<br /> in which the Self only is his wish, in which no other wish is left,<br /> he is free from any sorrow. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 4, Brahmanam 3, Hymns 20–32, Translated by Max Muller<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerc4b3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerc4b3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isha_Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Isha Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a> is found in the White Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the shortest <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, embedded as the final chapter of the Shukla Yajurveda. A key scripture of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> sub-schools of Hinduism, its name is derived from "hidden in the Lord (Self)".<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Isha Upanishad discusses the Atman (Soul, Self) theory of Hinduism, and is referenced by both <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> (dualism) and <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> (non-dualism) sub-schools of Vedanta.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as a "poetic Upanishad" along with Kena, Katha, Svetasvatara and Mandukya Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taittiriya_Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Taittiriya Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> is found in the black Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the seventh, eighth and ninth chapters of Taittiriya <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a>, which are also called, respectively, the <i>Siksha Valli</i>, the <i>Ananda Valli</i> and the <i>Bhrigu Valli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taittiriya Upanishad includes verses that are partly prayers and benedictions, partly instruction on phonetics and praxis, partly advice on ethics and morals given to graduating students from ancient Vedic <i>gurukul</i> (schools), partly a treatise on allegory, and partly philosophical instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text offers a view of education system in ancient India. It also includes sections on ethics and invocation for one's personal development. <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> translates the text's tenth anuvaka, for example, as an affirmation of one's Self as a capable, empowered blissful being.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller10_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller10-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenth anuvaka asserts, "I am he who shakes the tree. I am glorious like the top of a mountain. I, whose pure light (of knowledge) has risen, am that which is truly immortal, as it resides in the sun. I (Soul, Self) am the treasure, wise, immortal, imperishable. This is the teaching of the Veda, by sage Trisanku."<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller10_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller10-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katha_Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Katha Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a> is found in the black Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Upanishad is the legendary story of a little boy, <a href="/wiki/Nachiketa" title="Nachiketa">Nachiketa</a> – the son of sage Vajasravasa, who meets <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> – the Indian deity of death. Their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of man, knowledge, Ātman (Soul, Self) and moksha (liberation).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kathaka Upanishad is an important ancient Sanskrit corpus of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> sub-schools. It asserts that "Atman (Soul, Self) exists", teaches the precept "seek Self-knowledge which is Highest Bliss", and expounds on this premise like the other primary Upanishads of Hinduism. The detailed teachings of Katha Upanishad have been variously interpreted, as <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> (dualistic)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dualistic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-shnasr_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnasr-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_1996_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_1996-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Katha Upanishad found in the Yajurveda is among the most widely studied Upanishads. Philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> praised it, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arnold" title="Edwin Arnold">Edwin Arnold</a> rendered it in verse as "The Secret of Death", and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> credited Katha Upanishad for the central story at the end of his essay <i>Immortality</i>, as well as his poem "<i>Brahma</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-shnasr_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnasr-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shvetashvatara_Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shvetashvatara Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> is found in the black Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text opens with metaphysical questions about the primal cause of all existence, its origin, its end, and what role if any did time, nature, necessity, chance, the spirit had as primal cause?<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then develops its answer, concluding that "the Universal Soul exists in every individual, it expresses itself in every creature, everything in the world is a projection of it, and that there is Oneness, a unity of souls in one and only Self".<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerintoxxxii_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerintoxxxii-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shvetashvatara Upanishad is notable for its discussion of the concept of personal god – <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, and suggesting it to be a path to one's own Highest Self.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerintoxxxii_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerintoxxxii-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro301_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro301-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is also notable for its multiple mentions of both <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, along with other Vedic deities, and of crystallization of Shiva as a central theme.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro301_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro301-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maitrayaniya_Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maitrayaniya Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a>, also known as the Maitri Upanishad, is found in the black Yajurveda. It consists of seven <i>Prapathakas</i> (lessons). The first <i>Prapathaka</i> is introductory, the next three are structured in a question-answer style and discuss metaphysical questions relating to <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self, Soul), while the fifth to seventh <i>Prapathaka</i> are supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen327_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen327-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several manuscripts discovered in different parts of India contain lesser number of <i>Prapathakas</i>, with a Telugu-language version showing just four.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerixliii_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerixliii-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common kernel of the Maitri Upanishad across different recensions, states <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, is a reverence for soul, that can be summarized in a few words as, "(Man) is the Self – the immortal, the fearless, the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerixliii_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerixliii-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maitrayaniya Upanishad is notable for its references to theories also found in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, elements of the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a> schools of Hinduism, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Srautasutras">Srautasutras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Srautasutras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yajurveda had <a href="/wiki/Shrautasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrautasutra">Shrautasutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grhyasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Grhyasutra">Grhyasutras</a> attached to it, from fifteen schools: <a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a>, Agastya, Agniveshyaka, <a href="/wiki/Baudhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudhayana">Baudhayana</a>, Bharadvaja, Hiranyakeshi, Kaundinya, Kusidaka, Katyayana, Lokaksita, Madhyamdina, Panca-Kathaka, Satyasadha, Sakala, Sandilya, <a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a>, and Vadula.<sup id="cite_ref-jangondarituals_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondarituals-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these nine have survived, along with portions of Kaundinya.<sup id="cite_ref-jangondarituals_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangondarituals-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_translations">Manuscripts and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most surviving manuscripts and recensions of Yajurveda's Samhitas, Aranyakas and Brahmanas remain untranslated into Western languages. The two reliable translations are from British India colonial era, and have been widely studied.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are AB Keith's translation of Taittiriya Samhita of the Black Yajurveda,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Juliu Eggeling's translation of Satapatha Brahmana of the White Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-eggeling_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eggeling-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ralph Griffith published an early translation of White Yajurveda Samhita.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Frits_Staal" title="Frits Staal">Frits Staal</a> has questioned his translations and considers them "fantasies and best discarded".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devi Chand published a re-interpreted translation of Yajurveda in 1965, reprinted as 3rd edition in 1980, wherein the translation incorporated Dayananda Saraswati's monotheistic interpretations of the Vedic text, and the translation liberally adds "O Lord" and "the Creator" to various verses, unlike other translators.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ezourvedam_forgery">Ezourvedam forgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ezourvedam forgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 18th century, French Jesuits published <a href="/wiki/Ezourvedam" title="Ezourvedam">Ezourvedam</a>, claiming it to be a translation of a recension of the Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ludorocher_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludorocher-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ezourveda was studied by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later declared a forgery, representing Jesuit ideas to Indians as a Vedic school.<sup id="cite_ref-ludorocher_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludorocher-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text is a useful source of information about the agriculture, economic and social life during the Vedic era.<sup id="cite_ref-ralphgriffith163_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ralphgriffith163-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses, for example, list the types of crops considered important in ancient India, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>May my <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> plants and my barley, and my beans and my <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>,<br /> and my kidney-beans and my vetches, and my <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a> and my <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">proso millet</a>,<br /> and my <a href="/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum bicolor">sorghum</a> and my wild rice, and my <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and my <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>,<br /> prosper by sacrifice. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>White Yajurveda 18.12, <sup id="cite_ref-ralphgriffith163_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ralphgriffith163-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa (Vedanga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%ABdhara" title="Mahīdhara">Mahīdhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durwakshat_Mantra" title="Durwakshat Mantra">Durwakshat Mantra</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717035126/https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true">"Construction of the Vedas"</a>. <i>VedicGranth.Org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true">the original</a> on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VedicGranth.Org&rft.atitle=Construction+of+the+Vedas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Fvedicgranth.org%2Fwww%2Fwhat_are_vedic_granth%2Fthe-four-veda%2Finterpretation-and-more%2Fconstruction-of-the-vedas%3Fmobile%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HolmBowker1994-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HolmBowker1994_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_HolmJohn_Bowker1994" class="citation book cs1">Jean Holm; John Bowker (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HqxAwAAQBAJ"><i>Worship</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-26232-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-26232-5"><bdi>978-0-567-26232-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-567-26232-5&rft.au=Jean+Holm&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HqxAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwitzel76-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mwitzel76_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mwitzel76_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mwitzel76_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i> (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631215352" title="Special:BookSources/0-631215352">0-631215352</a>, pages 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen217-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen217_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 217–219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prabhakar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prabhakar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prabhakar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prabhakar_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prabhakar_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prabhakar_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prabhakar_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CL Prabhakar (1972), The Recensions of the Sukla Yajurveda, Archiv Orientální, Volume 40, Issue 1, pages 347–353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595269259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595269259">978-0595269259</a>, pages 273–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Gosse, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xco9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181">Short histories of the literatures of the world</a></i>, p. 181, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, New York: Appleton, page 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 149–153, Quote: "The Satapatha is one of the largest Brahmanas..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Philosophy_of_the_Upanishads-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Philosophy_of_the_Upanishads_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Philosophy_of_the_Upanishads_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophyofupan00deus#page/22/mode/2up">The Philosophy of the Upanishads</a>, Motilal Banarsidass (2011 Edition), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120816206" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120816206">978-8120816206</a>, page 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_1998_pages_1-17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_1998_pages_1-17_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_1998_pages_1-17_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣhads, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282292-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282292-6">0-19-282292-6</a>, pages 1–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_WitzelQinyuan_Wu2019" class="citation book cs1">Michael Witzel; Qinyuan Wu (2019). <i>The Two Oldest Veda Manuscripts: Facsimile Edition of Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā 1–20 (Saṃhitā- and Padapāṭha) from Nepal and Western Tibet (c. 1150 CE)</i>. Harvard University Press (Harvard Oriental Series 92). pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674988262" title="Special:BookSources/9780674988262"><bdi>9780674988262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Oldest+Veda+Manuscripts%3A+Facsimile+Edition+of+V%C4%81jasaneyi+Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81+1%E2%80%9320+%28Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81-+and+Padap%C4%81%E1%B9%ADha%29+from+Nepal+and+Western+Tibet+%28c.+1150+CE%29&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+%28Harvard+Oriental+Series+92%29&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674988262&rft.au=Michael+Witzel&rft.au=Qinyuan+Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for Yajus, page 839</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WJ Johnson (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-2769">Yajus</a>, A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198610250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198610250">978-0198610250</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n20/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, page xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism, Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540689">978-0813540689</a>, page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf">The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools</a>, Michael Witzel, Harvard University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsrai11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai11_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai11_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n17/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 1, pages 11–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgriffithwycontents-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgriffithwycontents_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n6/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, page i–xvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n19/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 1, page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n21/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 1, page 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf">Early Sanskritization, Origins and Development of the Kuru State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf">Archived</a> 20 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Harvard University (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n247/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, page 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n249/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 236–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975324-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975324_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonda1975">Gonda 1975</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsrai238-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai238_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai238_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n251/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 238–241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AB Keith, THE VEDA OF THE BLACK YAJUS SCHOOL: Taittiriya Sanhita, Oxford University, pages i–xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n257/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975326–327_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonda1975">Gonda 1975</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n255/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 241–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonWitzel1992" class="citation web cs1">Jamison, Stephanie W.; Witzel, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf">"Vedic Hinduism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedic+Hinduism&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+W.&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fvedica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowson_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowson1984" class="citation book cs1">Dowson, John (1984) [1879]. <i>A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History</i>. Calcutta: Rupa & Co. p. 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Classical+Dictionary+of+Hindu+Mythology%2C+and+Religion%2C+Geography%2C+History&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Dowson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aweber-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aweber_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Weber, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87">History of Indian Literature</a></i>, p. 87, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Trubner & Co, pages 87–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsrai235-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai235_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai235_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai235_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai235_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsrai235_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GS Rai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n247/mode/2up">Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas</a>, Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 235–253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, page 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n24/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 1–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1975328_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonda1975">Gonda 1975</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n40/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 17–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n50/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 26–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n94/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 71–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n110/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 87–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n196/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 172–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n228/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 205–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n258/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 235–254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoU5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA407">The Sacred Books of the East</a></i>, p. 407, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Volume 44, Part 5, Oxford University Press; Also see A Weber's agreement that this was symbolic on page 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman (2006), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415172813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415172813">978-0415172813</a>, page 557, Quote: "It should be mentioned that although provision is made for human sacrifice (purusha-medha) this was purely symbolic and did not involve harm to anyone".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n278/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 255–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n286/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 264–287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n310/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 288–290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n314/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 291–303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n326/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, pages 304–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fritsstaal127-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal127_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal127_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fritsstaal151-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal151_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 151–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eggeling-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eggeling_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eggeling_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Eggeling, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/satapathabrahmana00egge#page/n11/mode/2up">Satapatha Brahmana</a>, Part 1, Book 1 and 2, Max Muller (Editor), Oxford University Press, page ix Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n0/mode/2up">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad with Adi Shankara's commentary</a> S. Madhavananada (Translator)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brihadaranyaka Upanisad with the commentary of Madhvacharya, Translated by Rai Bahadur Sriśa Chandra Vasu (1933), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222634127">222634127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (1998), <i>Upaniṣhads</i>, Oxford University Press, 1998, pages 1–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerc4b3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerc4b3_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe15/sbe15075.htm">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> Max Muller, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 15, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, The Upanishads, The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a>, Part 1, Oxford University Press, Reprinted by Routledge in 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700706006" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700706006">978-0700706006</a>, Vol. 1, pages 311–319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AK Bhattacharyya, Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595384556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595384556">978-0595384556</a>, pages 25–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madhava Acharya, The Commentary of Sri Madhva on Isha and Kena Upanishad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24455623">24455623</a>; also Isavasyopanisad bhasya sangraha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187177210" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187177210">978-8187177210</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81882275">81882275</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deussen, Paul (1908), The philosophy of the Upanishads</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 57–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller10-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller10_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller10_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 15, Oxford University Press, Chapter 3: Taittiriya Upanishad, see Siksha Valli – Tenth Anuvaka</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 269–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ariel Glucklich (2008), The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2">978-0-19-531405-2</a>, page 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shnasr-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shnasr_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shnasr_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">SH Nasr (1989), Knowledge and the Sacred: Revisioning Academic Accountability, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791401767" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791401767">978-0791401767</a>, page 99, Quote: "Emerson was especially inebriated by the message of the Upanishads, whose nondualistic doctrine contained so lucidly in the Katha Upanishad, is reflected in his well known poem Brahma".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishadsandsr00agoog#page/n12/mode/2up">Kathopanishad</a>, in The Katha and Prasna Upanishads with Sri Shankara's Commentary, Translated by SS Sastri, Harvard College Archives, pages 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrick_Olivelle_1996-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_Olivelle_1996_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, Introduction Chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R White (2010), Schopenhauer and Indian Philosophy, International Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 50, issue 1, pages 57–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 305 with footnote 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerintoxxxii-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerintoxxxii_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerintoxxxii_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xxxii – xlii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenintro301-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro301_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro301_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 301–304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen327-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen327_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 327–386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerixliii-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerixliii_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerixliii_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up">Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad Introduction</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xliii–lii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 328–329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jangondarituals-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jangondarituals_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangondarituals_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda (1977), A History of Indian Literature: The Ritual Sutras, Vol 1, Fasc 2, Otto Harrassowitz, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447018234" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447018234">978-3447018234</a>, page 489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 353, 121–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AB Keith (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vedablackyajuss00keitgoog#page/n10/mode/2up">Taittiriya Sanhita</a>, Harvard University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n4/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus (1899)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, page 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devi Chand (1980), The Yajurveda, 3rd Edition, Munshiram Manoharlal, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121502948" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121502948">978-8121502948</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urs App (2011), The Birth of Orientalism. Chapter 1: Voltaire's Veda, University of Pennsylvania Press, pages 433–435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludorocher-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludorocher_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludorocher_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludo Rocher (1984), Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century, University of Pennsylvania Studies on South Asia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0915027064" title="Special:BookSources/978-0915027064">978-0915027064</a>, pages 61–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moriz Winternitz and V. Srinivasa Sarma (2010), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN, page 11 footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ralphgriffith163-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ralphgriffith163_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ralphgriffith163_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n186/mode/2up">The texts of the white Yajurveda</a> EJ Lazarus, page 163</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1975" class="citation book cs1">Gonda, J. (1975). <i>Vedic literature : (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas)</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-01603-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-01603-5"><bdi>3-447-01603-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+literature+%3A+%28Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81s+and+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87as%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=3-447-01603-5&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf">"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Witzel, Michael (ed.), <i>Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas</i>, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora; vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Vedic+Canon+and+its+Schools%3A+The+Social+and+Political+Milieu&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Texts%2C+Beyond+the+Texts%3A+New+Approaches+to+the+Study+of+the+Vedas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Harvard+Oriental+Series%2C+Opera+Minora%3B+vol.+2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fcanon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2001" class="citation cs2">Witzel, Michael (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf">"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</i>, <b>7</b> (3): 1–115</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Vedic+Studies&rft.atitle=Autochthonous+Aryans%3F+The+Evidence+from+Old+Indian+and+Iranian+Texts&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-115&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2FEJVS-7-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYajurveda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Thomas_Hotchkin_Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith">Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith</a>, <i>The Texts of the White Yajurveda. Translated with a Popular Commentary</i> (1899).</li> <li>Devi Chand, <i>The Yajurveda. Sanskrit text with English translation. Third edition</i> (1980).</li> <li><i>The Sanhitâ of the Black Yajur Veda with the Commentary of Mâdhava 'Achârya</i>, Calcutta (Bibl. Indica, 10 volumes, 1854–1899)</li> <li>Kumar, Pushpendra, <i>Taittiriya Brahmanam (Krsnam Yajurveda)</i>, 3 vols., Delhi (1998).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajurveda&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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text" href="http://www.shuklayajurveda.org/"><i>About Shukla Yajur Veda</i></a> By a group of Shukla Yajur Vedis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/wyv/index.htm"><i>The Texts of the White Yajurveda</i></a> Ralph Griffith Translation (1899)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/index.htm"><i>The Yajur Veda – Taittiriya Sanhita</i></a> AB Keith Translation (1914)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html">A Vedic Concordance (includes Yajur Veda)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123043644/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html">Archived</a> 23 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Updated Edition, Harvard University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Bloomfield's Old Edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63305702">The Taittirīya Sanhitá of the Black Yajur Veda</a>, Rámanáráyana Vidyáratna, Mahesáchandra Nyáyaratna, Satyavrata Sámaśramí</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcd/ind/aind/ved/yvw/vs/vs.htm">TITUS Texts</a> Sanskrit text of Vājasaneyi-Saṃhitā</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/indischestudien09gesegoog"><i>Die Taittirîya-Samhita</i></a> 1871</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskritweb.net/yajurveda">Sanskrit Web</a> Sanskrit texts of Taittiriya-Samhita,Brahmana,Aranyaka, EkagniKanda etc. with English translations of the Taittiriya-Samhita.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a 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