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Thiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks Pioneering Advances in Photocatalysis and Organic Electronics – Catalysis
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<main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-114" class="post-114 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-photocatalysis tag-charge-transport tag-covalent-organic-frameworks tag-environmental-remediation tag-light-absorption tag-materials-science tag-ofets tag-oleds tag-organic-electronics tag-organic-photovoltaics tag-photocatalysis tag-thiophene-based-cofs" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://catalysis.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/catalysis-min-scaled-e1728284105665.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Thiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks Pioneering Advances in Photocatalysis and Organic Electronics</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-07T12:25:17+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 7, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://catalysis.blog/archive/author/catalysis/" title="View all posts by catalysis" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">catalysis</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In recent years, advanced material development for sustainable and efficient technologies has gained more importance in the scientific community. In this line, the development of covalent organic frameworks in recent years has formed a new landscape due to their immense application in advanced materials that are noted for their high porosity, large surface area, and tunability at the molecular level of structures. Thiophene-based COFs are of particular interest due to their unique photophysical properties, most potentially relevant in applications such as photocatalysis and organic electronics. By combining the robust and versatile chemistry of derivatized thiophenes with the COF structure, a prospect of furthering innovations for energy conversion, storage, and electronic devices emerged. The present article discusses pioneering advances in thiophene-based COFs regarding synthesis, properties, and applications in photocatalysis and organic electronics.</span></p> <h3><b>The Rise of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Covalent organic frameworks are crystalline and porous polymers. They are constructed with strong covalent bonds and provide high stability and robustness. The structure of all these different classes of the vast majority of COF materials can be designed with atomic-level precision, which makes possible novel frameworks that are both structurally and functionally ideal for different applications. The modular nature of COFs means that using the right choice of building blocks, such as thiophene derivatives, makes possible the engineering of materials with targeted properties, like improved electrical conductivity, optical activity, or chemical stability.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Thiophenes containing sulfur heterocycles are of enormous interest to COFs due to their exceptional electronic properties. Already, it has found great application within the field of organic electronics in terms of organic photovoltaics, OLEDs, and OFETs. Thiophene use within the framework of the COF extends these electronic characteristics, while design potential arises due to the built-in porosity and rigidity of the 3D COF framework.</span></p> <h3><b>Synthesis of Thiophene-Based COFs</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">General synthetic strategies for thiophene-based COFs involve the controlled in situ confacial polymerization of bridged bithiophene monomers. In such a condition, it becomes a challenge to choose the right thiophene derivatives that can provide a stable framework and at the same time show the intrinsic properties that normally the thiophene units have. Major attempts in this regard have been made using another type of linker and reaction conditions that can favor the highly ordered structures.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the important features in thiophene-based COFs is design tunability. The electronic, optical, and chemical properties of the arising COFs can be fine-tuned by varying either the monomeric units or the linkers used. Incorporation of thiophene into COFs will enhance the light absorption and charge transport properties of the COFs, hence they are strong in photocatalytic applications.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://catalysis.blog/publication-trends/index/photocatalysis" target="_blank" title="photocatalysis - yearwise publication trends">photocatalysis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 'NA' : count; tableHTML += ` <tr> <td>${year}</td> <td>${displayCount}</td> </tr> `; }); tableHTML += '</table></div>'; resultsContainer.innerHTML = tableHTML; } function displayLineChart(statistics) { var years = Object.keys(statistics); var counts = Object.values(statistics); var ctx = document.getElementById('publicationChart').getContext('2d'); // Destroy existing chart instance if it exists if (chart !== null) { chart.destroy(); } // Create a new chart instance chart = new Chart(ctx, { type: 'line', data: { labels: years, datasets: [{ label: 'Publication Counts', data: counts, fill: false, borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)', tension: 0.1 }] }, options: { scales: { y: { beginAtZero: true } }, plugins: { legend: { display: true, position: 'top' } } } }); } function displayKeywordStats(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-stats'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://catalysis.blog/publication-trends/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - yearwise publication trends">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var statistics = { "2014": 468, "2015": 518, "2016": 659, "2017": 577, "2018": 706, "2019": 942, "2020": 1147, "2021": 1376, "2022": 1843, "2023": 3201, "2024": 1683 }; var keywordsArray = ["Thiophene-based COFs","covalent organic frameworks","photocatalysis","organic electronics","charge transport","light absorption","environmental remediation","organic photovoltaics","OLEDs","OFETs","materials science"]; displayResults(statistics); displayLineChart(statistics); displayKeywordStats(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h3><b>Harvesting Light with Thiophene-Based COFs in Photocatalysis</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Photocatalysis can be defined as a light-triggered accelerating process of a chemical reaction and is often oriented to environmental applications like water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, and pollutant degradation. This newly opened door shows the excellent charge transport properties and the increased light absorption that incorporate thiophene into the COF framework.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Thiophene-based COFs have already been successful in some photocatalytic processes. The design of their porous architecture enables the diffusion of reactants and products, with effective light harvesting and charge separation ensured by thiophene units. Moreover, COF structure is tunable in electronic and other parameters to enhance photocatalytic efficiency in different chemical transformations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the important applications of thiophene-based COFs in photocatalysis is the degradation of various organic pollutants. Strong visible light absorption by thiophene units, together with the relatively high surface area of COFs, leads to the degradation of complex organic molecules into non-toxic by-products. This makes them a potentially strong candidate for the development of next-generation photocatalysts for environmental remediation.</span></p> <h3><b>Improving Performance Beyond Thiophene-Based COFs in Organic Electronics</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Interest has therefore been directed toward organic electronic functionalities in devices because of their flexible, lightweight, and possibly low-cost production qualities, which include those for organic </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">photovoltaics (</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">OPVs) such as organic light-emitting diodes and organic field-effect transistors. In this respect, thiophene-based materials come to the fore since they are the best at showing excellent electronic properties, high charge mobility, and tunable band gaps.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The introduction of thiophene into a COF offers a renewed promise for advances in organic electronics since ordered COF structures can obtain better charge transport and stability, which constitute the life of devices in organic electronics. In addition, the development of COFs with a pre-designed pore size and functional group has endowed their use in highly integrated architectures of sophisticated devices with much better performance.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, among organic photovoltaic materials, optimization of light absorption and charge transport properties of thiophene-based COFs would be targeted in designing for improved efficiencies in solar cells. In the organic light-emitting diode (OLED), the same material should enhance the charge injection and transport layers, giving displays that are both brighter and more efficient. The modularity of COFs also makes it possible to include additional functional groups that could enhance the performance of these devices through the introduction of new electronic states or by making the material more stable under operating conditions.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://catalysis.blog/recent-publications/index/photocatalysis" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="photocatalysis - yearwise publication list">photocatalysis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; 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publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://catalysis.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Synthesis of 3D SbO-based heterojunction reinforced by SPR effect and photo-Fenton mechanism for upgraded oxidation of metronidazole in water environments.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38838534", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Switchable and conspicuous retroreflective sensors inspired by the wing scale of an emerald swallowtail.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38843771", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Engineering the physical properties and photocatalytic activities of a \u03b2-ketoenamine COF using continuous flow synthesis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38844103", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Differences of microplastics and nanoplastics in urban waters: Environmental behaviors, hazards, and removal.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38875856", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comprehensive spectroscopy and photocatalytic activity analysis of TiO-Pt systems under LED irradiation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38879712", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Directional regulation of reactive oxygen species in titanium dioxide boosting the photocatalytic degradation performance of azo dyes.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38875793", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Anchoring ZnInS nanosheets on cross-like FeSe to construct photothermal-enhanced S-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic H evolution.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38878380", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The influence of crystal facet on the catalytic performance of MOFs-derived NiO with different morphologies for the total oxidation of propane: The defect engineering dominated by solvent regulation effect.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38889472", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Investigation of TiO\/PPy nanocomposite for photocatalytic applications; synthesis, characterization, and combination with various substrates: a review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38878243", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Unraveling the pyridinic nitrogen vacancy in carbon nitride for photo-self Fenton-like purification of organic contaminants.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38879989", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Efficient removal of methyl orange and ciprofloxacin by reusable Eu-TiO\/PVDF membranes with adsorption and photocatalysis methods.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38860257", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "CdS-based Schottky junctions for efficient visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38870663", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A Facile Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Canthium Parviflorum Extract Sustainable and Energy Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants for Environmental Remediation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38914256", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "In-situ and wavelength-dependent photocatalytic strain evolution of a single Au nanoparticle on a TiO film.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38937506", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Biodegradation of Photocatalytic Degradation Products of Sulfonamides: Kinetics and Identification of Intermediates.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38928394", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Wavelength-Dependent Activity of Oxygen Species in Propane Conversion on Rutile TiO(110).", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38940377", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Interlayer Interactions and Macroscopic Property Calculations of Squaric-Acid-Linked Zwitterionic Covalent Organic Frameworks: Structures, Photocatalytic Carrier Transport, and a DFT Study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38930807", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Water Pollutant Removal: A Review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39126097", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Electrostatic Self-Assembly of CdS Quantum Dots with CoS Hollow Nanotubes for Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic H Production.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39124934", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Efficient removal of Cr (VI) by Bifunction zinc porphyrin COF: Coupling adsorption with Photocatalysis, performance Evaluation, and mechanism analysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39096703", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Thiophene-based COFs","covalent organic frameworks","photocatalysis","organic electronics","charge transport","light absorption","environmental remediation","organic photovoltaics","OLEDs","OFETs","materials science"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Challenges and Future Directions</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite the huge advances in thiophene-based COFs, some challenges still seem to be persistent. Synthesis of highly crystalline and faultless COFs is still a complex process and involves masterly control of the reaction conditions and optimization of monomer purity. Furthermore, even if thiophene-based COFs have demonstrated giant potential in the fields, it is unlikely that this is the case for numerous others. For instance, very promising materials are still in the early stages regarding the large-scale production and industrial integration of such materials into commercial devices.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Addressing these challenges in future research will focus on developing new synthetic methodologies to enable the preparation of high-quality COFs on large scales. Investigation of the structure-property relationships of thiophene-based COFs may further lead to the discovery of newer materials possessing even more advanced functionalities. Computational modeling in combination with machine learning techniques can further provide an essential platform for speed-up discovery and studies on these materials.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Thiophene-based COFs are, therefore, extraordinarily balanced in structural and electronic properties, hence making essential contributions in the area of material science developments. Their possible application in photocatalysis and in organic electronics is vast and might have the potential of changing most of the industries from environmental cleanliness to consumer electronics.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Caballero, R., Cohen, B. and Gutiérrez, M., 2021. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/24/7666">Thiophene-based covalent organic frameworks: Synthesis, photophysics and light-driven applications.</a> <i>Molecules</i>, <i>26</i>(24), p.7666.</li> <li>Tilby, M.J. and Willis, M.C., 2021. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17460441.2021.1948008">How do we address neglected sulfur pharmacophores in drug discovery?.</a> <i>Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery</i>, <i>16</i>(11), pp.1227-1231.</li> <li>Chang, J.L., Xu, H.Z., Zhou, J., Zhou, M., Zhang, X., Guo, Y. and Ruan, H.L., 2020. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00758">Antimicrobial furancarboxylic acids from a Penicillium sp.</a> <i>Journal of Natural Products</i>, <i>83</i>(12), pp.3606-3613.</li> <li>Bhilare, N.V., Auti, P.B., Marulkar, V.S. and Pise, V.J., 2021. <a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/mrmc/2021/00000021/00000002/art00009">Diverse thiophenes as scaffolds in anti-cancer drug development: A concise review.</a> <i>Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry</i>, <i>21</i>(2), pp.217-232.</li> <li>Francioso, A., Baseggio Conrado, A., Mosca, L. and Fontana, M., 2020. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2020/8294158">Chemistry and biochemistry of sulfur natural compounds: Key intermediates of metabolism and redox biology.</a> <i>Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity</i>, <i>2020</i>(1), p.8294158.</li> <li>Yu, S.J., Zhang, J.S., He, H., Yu, J.H., Bao, J. and Zhang, H., 2021. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10286020.2020.1769610">Thiophene enantiomers from the aerial parts of Eclipta prostrata.</a> <i>Journal of Asian Natural Products Research</i>, <i>23</i>(8), pp.745-753.</li> <li>Wu, H.B., Wu, H.B., Kuang, M.S., Lan, H.P., Wen, Y.X. and Liu, T.T., 2020. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00169">Novel bithiophene dimers from Echinops latifolius as potential antifungal and nematicidal agents.</a> <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>, <i>68</i>(43), pp.11939-11945.</li> <li>Yang, S.Q., Ye, Q., Ding, J.J., Ming‐Zhu Yin, Lu, A.P., Chen, X., Hou, T.J. and Cao, D.S., 2021. <a href="https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcms.1504">Current advances in ligand‐based target prediction.</a> <i>Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science</i>, <i>11</i>(3), p.e1504.</li> <li>Sun, H., Liu, Z., Zhao, H. and Ang, E.L., 2015. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/DDDT.S63023">Recent advances in combinatorial biosynthesis for drug discovery.</a> <i>Drug Design, Development and Therapy</i>, pp.823-833.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">photocatalysis</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://catalysis.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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