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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Imperial management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperial_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imperial management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imperial_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luso-African_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luso-African_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Luso-African relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luso-African_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luso-Asian_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luso-Asian_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Luso-Asian relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luso-Asian_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Portuguese America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_dynastic_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_dynastic_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and dynastic issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_dynastic_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John III of Portugal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جواو الثالث ملك البرتغال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جواو الثالث ملك البرتغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Juan" title="III Juan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Juan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="اۆچونجو ژان (پورتوقال) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو ژان (پورتوقال)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_III" title="Жуан III – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жуан III" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%83_III" title="Жуау III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жуау III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III_Portugal" title="João III Portugal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="João III Portugal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_III_de_Portugal" title="Joan III de Portugal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan III de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_III._Portugalsk%C3%BD" title="Jan III. Portugalský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan III. Portugalský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghjuvanni_III_di_Portugallu" title="Ghjuvanni III di Portugallu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ghjuvanni III di Portugallu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_3._af_Portugal" title="Johan 3. af Portugal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johan 3. af Portugal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_III._(Portugal)" title="Johann III. (Portugal) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johann III. (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιωάννης Γ΄ της Πορτογαλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωάννης Γ΄ της Πορτογαλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_III_de_Portugal" title="Juan III de Portugal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan III de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_la_3-a_(Portugalio)" title="Johano la 3-a (Portugalio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano la 3-a (Portugalio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_III.a_Portugalgoa" title="Joan III.a Portugalgoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joan III.a Portugalgoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="ژوآئو سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوآئو سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_III_(roi_de_Portugal)" title="Jean III (roi de Portugal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean III (roi de Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo%C3%A1n_III_de_Portugal" title="Xoán III de Portugal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xoán III de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%95%99_3%EC%84%B8" title="주앙 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주앙 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_la_3ma_di_Portugal" title="João la 3ma di Portugal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="João la 3ma di Portugal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III" title="João III – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="João III" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_III_del_Portogallo" title="Giovanni III del Portogallo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni III del Portogallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C" title="ז'ואאו השלישי, מלך פורטוגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ואאו השלישי, מלך פורטוגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_III_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ჟუან III (პორტუგალია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟუან III (პორტუგალია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_III_(rex_Portugalliae)" title="Ioannes III (rex Portugalliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes III (rex Portugalliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._J%C3%A1nos_portug%C3%A1l_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. János portugál király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. János portugál király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5" title="पोर्तुगालचा तिसरा होआव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोर्तुगालचा तिसरा होआव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جواو التالت ملك الپورتوجال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جواو التالت ملك الپورتوجال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_III_de_Pertual" title="Juan III de Pertual – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Juan III de Pertual" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_III_van_Portugal" title="Johan III van Portugal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johan III van Portugal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B33%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジョアン3世 (ポルトガル王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョアン3世 (ポルトガル王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_III_av_Portugal" title="Johan III av Portugal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johan III av Portugal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_III_Aviz" title="Jan III Aviz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan III Aviz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III_de_Portugal" title="João III de Portugal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="João III de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_al_III-lea_al_Portugaliei" title="Ioan al III-lea al Portugaliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ioan al III-lea al Portugaliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_III" title="Жуан III – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жуан III" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_III._(Portugalsko)" title="Ján III. (Portugalsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ján III. (Portugalsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BE_III_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Жоао III од Португалије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жоао III од Португалије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III_od_Portugala" title="João III od Portugala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="João III od Portugala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhana_III_(Portugali)" title="Juhana III (Portugali) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juhana III (Portugali)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_III_av_Portugal" title="Johan III av Portugal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johan III av Portugal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="போர்த்துகலின் மூன்றாம் யோவான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்த்துகலின் மூன்றாம் யோவான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าฌูเอาที่ 3 แห่งโปรตุเกส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าฌูเอาที่ 3 แห่งโปรตุเกส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Jo%C3%A3o" title="III. João – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. João" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_III" title="Жуан III – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жуан III" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III_c%E1%BB%A7a_B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="João III của Bồ Đào Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="João III của Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="若昂三世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="若昂三世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E7%BF%B0%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="若翰三世 (葡萄牙) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="若翰三世 (葡萄牙)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="若昂三世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="若昂三世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Portugal from 1521 to 1557</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">John III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes_(attrib).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes_%28attrib%29.png/220px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes_%28attrib%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes_%28attrib%29.png/330px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes_%28attrib%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes_%28attrib%29.png/440px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes_%28attrib%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1736" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of John attributed to <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes" title="Cristóvão Lopes">Cristóvão Lopes</a>, copy of a 1552 original by <a href="/wiki/Anthonis_Mor" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthonis Mor">Anthonis Mor</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1521 – <span class="nowrap">11 June 1557</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Acclamation</th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1521</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1502<br /><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_Castle" title="São Jorge Castle">Alcáçova Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1557<span style="display:none">(1557-06-11)</span> (aged 55)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Palace" title="Ribeira Palace">Ribeira Palace</a>, Lisbon, Portugal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine of Austria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1525)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Death_and_dynastic_issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1526)" title="Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1526)">Afonso, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Asturias">Maria Manuela, Princess of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1531%E2%80%931537)" title="Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1531–1537)">Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Prince_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip, Prince of Portugal">Philip, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">Aviz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal" title="Catholic Church in Portugal">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assinatura_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John III's signature"><img alt="John III's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Assinatura_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.svg/125px-Assinatura_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Assinatura_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.svg/188px-Assinatura_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Assinatura_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.svg/250px-Assinatura_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John III</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">João III</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ʒuˈɐ̃w]</a></span>; 6 June 1502 – 11 June 1557),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereiraRodrigues19041043_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereiraRodrigues19041043-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nicknamed <b>The Pious</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>o Piedoso</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Algarve" title="Kingdom of the Algarve">the Algarve</a> from 1521 until he died in 1557. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon_(1482%E2%80%931517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Aragon (1482–1517)">Maria of Aragon</a>, the third daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>. John succeeded his father in 1521 at the age of nineteen. </p><p>During his rule, Portuguese possessions were extended <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_presence_in_Asia" title="Portuguese presence in Asia">in Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Americas</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese colonization of Brazil</a>. John III's policy of reinforcing Portugal's bases in India, such as <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, secured Portugal's monopoly over the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>. On the eve of his death in 1557, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> had a global dimension and spanned almost 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles). </p><p>During his reign, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to contact <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi Japan</a>. He abandoned Muslim territories in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in favor of trade with India and investments in Brazil. In Europe, he improved relations with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, hoping that this would bolster Portuguese trade. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_Pr%C3%ADncipe_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/O_Pr%C3%ADncipe_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.jpg/220px-O_Pr%C3%ADncipe_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/O_Pr%C3%ADncipe_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.jpg/330px-O_Pr%C3%ADncipe_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/O_Pr%C3%ADncipe_D._Jo%C3%A3o_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Prince John from the <i>Triptych of the Infantes</i>; <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Lourinh%C3%A3" title="Master of Lourinhã">Master of Lourinhã</a>, 1516</figcaption></figure> <p>John, the eldest son of King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> born from his second wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 6 June 1502.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereiraRodrigues19041043_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereiraRodrigues19041043-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMurdo1889113_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMurdo1889113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanceau197050_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanceau197050-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was marked by the presentation of <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a>'s <i>Visitation Play or the Monologue of the Cowherd</i> (<i>Auto da Visitação ou Monólogo do Vaqueiro</i>) in the queen's chamber. </p><p>The young prince was sworn heir to the throne in 1503, the year his youngest sister, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>, Empress Consort of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> between 1527 and 1538, was born. </p><p>John was educated by notable scholars of the time, including the <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torres" title="Tomás de Torres">Tomás de Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._Diogo_Ortiz_de_Villegas" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Diogo Ortiz de Villegas">Diogo de Ortiz, Bishop of Viseu</a>, and Luís Teixeira Lobo, one of the first Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanists">Renaissance humanists</a>, rector of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Siena" title="University of Siena">University of Siena</a> (1476) and Professor of Law at Ferrara (1502).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He studied Latin, Greek, mathematics, and cosmography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanceau1970143_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanceau1970143-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John's <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicler">chronicler</a> António de Castilho said that, "Dom João III faced problems easily, complementing his lack of culture with a practice formation that he always showed during his reign" (<i>Elogio d'el rei D. João de Portugal, terceiro, do nome</i>). In 1514 he was given his own house, and a few years later began to help his father in administrative duties. </p><p>At the age of sixteen John was chosen to marry his first cousin, the 20-year-old <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a>, the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a> of Austria-Burgundy and Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a>, but instead she married his widowed father Manuel. John took deep offence at this: his chroniclers say he became melancholic and was never quite the same. Some historians also argue this was one of the main reasons that John later became fervently religious, giving him the name of <i>the Pious</i> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>o Piedoso</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_reign">Initial reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 December 1521 John was crowned king in the Church of São Domingos in Lisbon, beginning a thirty-six-year reign characterized by extensive activity in internal and overseas politics, especially in relations with other major European states. John III continued the <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> politics of his predecessors. He called the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a> only three times and at great intervals: 1525 in <a href="/wiki/Torres_Novas" title="Torres Novas">Torres Novas</a>, 1535 in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a> and 1544 in <a href="/wiki/Almeirim" title="Almeirim">Almeirim</a>. During the early part of his reign, he also tried to restructure administrative and judicial life in his realm. </p><p>The marriage of John's sister <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a> to Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, enabled the Portuguese king to forge a stronger alliance with Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. To strengthen his ties with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> he married his maternal first cousin <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine of Austria</a>, younger sister of Charles V and his erstwhile fiancée Eleanor, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Crato,_Portugal" title="Crato, Portugal">Crato</a>. John III had nine children from that marriage, but most of them died at young age. By the time of John's death, only his grandson <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian</a> was alive to inherit the crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy">Policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joao_iii_REI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/220px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/330px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>King John III portrayed as the patron of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The large and far-flung <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> was difficult and expensive to administer and was burdened with huge <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficits</a>. Portugal's <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> interests grew increasingly chaotic under the poor administration of ambitious governors. John III responded with new appointments that proved troubled and short-lived: in some cases, the new governors even had to fight their predecessors to take up their appointments. The resulting failures in administration brought on a gradual decline of the Portuguese trade monopoly. Considering the challenging military situation Portuguese forces faced worldwide, on 7 August 1549, John III declared every male subject between 20 and 65 years old recruitable for military service. </p><p>Among John III's many colonial governors in Asia were <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio" title="Lopo Vaz de Sampaio">Lopo Vaz de Sampaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuno_da_Cunha" title="Nuno da Cunha">Nuno da Cunha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estêvão da Gama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro" title="João de Castro">João de Castro</a> and Henrique de Meneses. Overseas, the Empire was threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in both the Indian Ocean and North Africa, causing Portugal to increase spending on defense and fortifications. In the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, where Portuguese ships already had to withstand constant attacks of <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>, an attempted expansion of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a>, created yet another front. The French allied with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous peoples of South America</a> against the Portuguese, and military and political interventions were used. Eventually, the French were forced out, but not until 1565. </p><p>In the first years of John III's reign, explorations in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> continued, and the Portuguese reached China and Japan; however, these accomplishments were offset by pressure from a strengthening <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, and especially in India, where attacks became more frequent. The expense of defending Indian interests was huge. To pay for it, John III abandoned several strongholds in North Africa: <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azemmour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Ksar es-Seghir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila</a>. </p><p>John III achieved a crucial political victory in securing the control of the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, the "Spice Islands" claimed by Spain since the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a>. After almost a decade of skirmishes in Southeast Asia, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a> with Emperor Charles V on 22 April 1529. It defined the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia and established the anti-meridian to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reign of John III was marked by active diplomacy. With Spain, he made alliances through marriage that ensured peace in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> for years. He married <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine of Austria</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a>, the king of Castile and the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>. His sister, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. His daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Maria Manuela</a> married King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> – and there were others. However, the intermarriage of these closely related royal families may have contributed to the poor health of John's children and future King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a>. </p><p>John III remained neutral during the war between France and Spain but stood firm in fighting the attacks of French privateers. </p><p>He strengthened relations with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> in 1536, as well as the adhesion of the Portuguese clergy to the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. This relationship with the Catholic Church made it possible for John to name whoever he desired for important religious positions in Portugal: his brothers <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Afonso_of_Portugal" title="Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal">Afonso</a> were made <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a> and his biological son, Duartem was made <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Braga" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga">archbishop of Braga</a>. </p><p>Commercial relations were intensified with England, the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> during John III's reign. Meanwhile, on the opposite side of the world, Portugal was the first European nation to contact Japan. In China, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> was offered to the Portuguese, and soon, Portugal controlled significant trade routes in the area. In South Asia, the Portuguese continued their hostile stance against Muslim rivals and insurgent Indian leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Cristovao_Lopes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Cristovao_Lopes.jpg/220px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Cristovao_Lopes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Cristovao_Lopes.jpg/330px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Cristovao_Lopes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_-_Cristovao_Lopes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of the King D. João III of Portugal</i>; <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Lopes" title="Cristóvão Lopes">Cristóvão Lopes</a>, 1552</figcaption></figure> <p>John III's support for the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist cause</a> was significant. He patronized various writers, including <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1_de_Miranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sá de Miranda">Sá de Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardim_Ribeiro" title="Bernardim Ribeiro">Bernardim Ribeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>. He also supported the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nunes" title="Pedro Nunes">Pedro Nunes</a> and the physician <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Orta" title="Garcia de Orta">Garcia de Orta</a>. Through his links to Portuguese humanists such as Luís Teixeira Lobo, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> dedicated his <i>Chrysostomi Lucubrationes</i> to John III of Portugal in 1527.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a> and Spanish academic <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a> also dedicated works to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976200_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976200-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John awarded many scholarships to universities abroad, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, where fifty Portuguese students were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Barbe" title="Collège Sainte-Barbe">Collège Sainte-Barbe</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Gouveia" title="Diogo de Gouveia">Diogo de Gouveia</a>. He definitively transferred the Portuguese university from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">Coimbra</a> in 1537. </p><p>In 1547 John established in Coimbra a College of Arts and Humanities (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">Liberal arts</a>) and invited <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Gouveia" title="André de Gouveia">André de Gouveia</a>, principal of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Guienne" title="College of Guienne">College of Guienne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, to head the college and organize faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199430_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199430-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lach_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> André de Gouveia assembled a group of Scottish, French, and Portuguese scholars who had been educated in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976195_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those included <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Teive_(humanist)" title="Diogo de Teive (humanist)">Diogo de Teive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Os%C3%B3rio" title="Jerónimo Osório">Jerónimo Osório</a>, Nicolas de Grouchy, Guillaume Guérante and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Vinet" title="Élie Vinet">Élie Vinet</a>, who were decisive for the dissemination of the contemporary research of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nunes" title="Pedro Nunes">Pedro Nunes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rivalry between the orthodox views of the "Parisians" group headed by Diogo de Gouveia and the more secular views of the "Bordeaux" school headed by his nephew André de Gouveia led to accusations of heterodoxy and Protestant sympathies, resulting in all foreign professors leaving by 1551.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199431_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199431-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society of Jesus took over administration of the college in 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199432_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199432-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another noteworthy aspect of John III's rule was the support he gave to <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, Asia and Africa. In 1540, after successive appeals to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> asking for missionaries for the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> under the "<a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a>" agreement, John III appointed <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> to take charge as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio">Apostolic Nuncio</a>. He had been enthusiastically endorsed by Diogo de Gouveia, his teacher at the Collège Sainte-Barbe, and advised the king to draw the youngsters of the newly formed Society of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuits were particularly important for mediating Portuguese relations with native peoples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inquisition">Inquisition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inquisicao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Inquisicao.jpg/300px-Inquisicao.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Inquisicao.jpg/450px-Inquisicao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Inquisicao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><i>An <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a> of the Portuguese Inquisition, in the <a href="/wiki/Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Terreiro do Paço">Terreiro do Paço</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Palace" title="Ribeira Palace">Ribeira Palace</a> in Lisbon.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>John III was persuaded to establish the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in Portugal by pressure from neighboring Castile and reports that <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> had failed to properly renounce <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009181_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDisney2009181-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following ten years of negotiations with Rome, a Portuguese Inquisition received papal dispensation in 1536.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009181_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDisney2009181-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976206–207_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976206–207-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Grand Inquisitor was <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Cardinal Henry</a>, the king's brother (who would later himself become king).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976288_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976288-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009182_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDisney2009182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The activities of the Inquisition extended from book censorship, repression and trial for <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>, as well as the prosecution of sexual crimes, especially <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976287_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976287-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Protestants and Jews did not have a significant presence in Portugal, the Inquisition instead targeted New Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976287_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976287-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Inquisition in Portugal gradually became a remarkably powerful entity with its own extensive bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976288_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976288-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were inquisitorial courts in Lisbon, Coimbra, Évora and Goa that each featured a central office and employed dozens of officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976289_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976289-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inquisition's procedures were severe and irregular, accepting any denunciation as evidence, denying prisoners the right to choose their defenders, and allowing no appeal outside the Inquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punishments ranged from fines and imprisonment to property confiscation and banishment, with executions for heresy carried out by Crown justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009183_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDisney2009183-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1543 and 1684, at least 1,379 people were burned at the stake, and a minimum of 19,247 were condemned, with many dying in prison without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_management">Imperial management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperial management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg/350px-Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg/525px-Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg/700px-Portuguese_Empire_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal and its colonial empire</a> alongside its military and trade outposts, at the height of the reign of King John III of Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luso-African_relations">Luso-African relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Luso-African relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In John III's time, trade between the Portuguese and Africans was extremely intense in <i><a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">feitorias</a></i> such <a href="/wiki/Arguim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arguim">Arguim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Mina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under John III, several expeditions started in coastal Africa and advanced to the interior of the continent. These expeditions were formed by groups of <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, adventurers and <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>. Missions in Africa were established by the College of Arts of Coimbra. The objective was to increase the king's <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>, develop peaceful relations and to <a href="/wiki/Christianize" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianize">Christianize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>. Relations with local rulers were often complicated by trade in <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, as shown by John's correspondence with them.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John III refused to abandon all of the Portuguese North African strongholds, but he had to make choices based on the economic or strategic value of each possession. John III decided to leave <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azamor" class="mw-redirect" title="Azamor">Azamor</a> in 1541, followed by <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1cer_Ceguer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcácer Ceguer">Alcácer Ceguer</a> in 1549. The fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan">Mazagan</a> were strengthened "to face the new military techniques, imposed by the generalization of heavy artillery, combined with light fire weapons and blades".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattoso1993_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattoso1993-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John III's <a href="/wiki/Court_jester" class="mw-redirect" title="Court jester">court jester</a> was <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A1_Panasco" title="João de Sá Panasco">João de Sá Panasco</a>, a black African, who was eventually admitted to the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" title="Military Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Saint James</a> based on his service in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis (1535)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin1955_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin1955-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luso-Asian_relations">Luso-Asian relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Luso-Asian relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_(1635)_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/250px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/375px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/500px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> asking King John III for the Evangelization of Asia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Avelar_Rebelo" title="José de Avelar Rebelo">Avelar Rebelo</a>, 1635.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the reign of John III, the Portuguese had already reached <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a> (1511), the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> (1512), the Chinese littoral (1513), <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> (1517) and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> (1515). During John's rule the Portuguese reached Japan, and at the end of John's reign <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> was offered to Portugal by China. From India, John III imported an amazing variety of spices, herbs, minerals, and fabrics; from Malacca, exotic woods and spice; from Bengala, fabrics and exotic foodstuffs; from Alexandria and Cairo, exotic woods, metals, minerals, fabrics, and boullion; and from China, musk, rhubarb and silk in exchange for gromwells, pearls, horses from Arabia and Persia, non-worked silk, silk embroidery threads, fruits of the date palm, raisins, salt, sulphur and many other goods.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Muslims and other peoples constantly attacked Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleets</a> in India, and because it was so far away from mainland Portugal, it was extremely difficult for John III to secure Portuguese dominion in this area. A <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> (or Governor-General with extensive powers) was nominated, but it was not enough to defend the Portuguese possessions in India. The Portuguese started by creating <i>feitorias</i> – commercial strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Kochi,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi, India">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Coulão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranganore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore">Cranganore</a> and Tanor – with the initial objective of establishing just a commercial dominion in the region. </p><p>The hostility of many Indian kingdoms and alliances between <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamorins" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorins">zamorins</a> with the intent of expelling the Portuguese made it necessary for the Europeans to establish a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> state. Portugal thus militarily occupied some key cities on the Indian coast and Goa became the headquarters of the Portuguese Empire in the East as of 1512. Goa became a starting point for the introduction of European cultural and religious values in India, and churches, schools and hospitals were built. Goa remained an overseas possession of Portugal until <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India reclaimed it in 1961</a>. </p><p>The Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543. Japan had been known in Portugal since the time of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who called it "Cipango". Whether Portuguese nationals were the first Europeans to arrive in Japan is debated. Some say the first Portuguese arrival was the writer <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a>, while others say it was the navigators António Peixoto, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mota" title="António Mota">António Mota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Zeimoto" title="Francisco Zeimoto">Francisco Zeimoto</a>. </p><p>Portuguese traders started negotiating with Japan as early as of 1550 and established a base there in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. By then, trade with Japan was a Portuguese monopoly under the rule of a <a href="/wiki/Donatary_captain" title="Donatary captain">captain</a>. Because the Portuguese established themselves in Macau, Chinese commercial relations and the silver trade with Japan were improved under John III's rule. </p><p>After the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> claimed the recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>. In 1524, a conference of experts (<a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographer">cosmographers</a>, pilots, etc.) was held to solve the dispute caused by the difficulty of determining the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> agreed to in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>. The Portuguese delegation sent by John III included names such as António de Azevedo Coutinho, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Homem" title="Lopo Homem">Lopo Homem</a> and Simão Fernandes. The dispute was settled in 1529 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a>, signed by John III and Charles I of Spain. The Portuguese paid 350,000 gold <i><a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducados</a></i> to Spain and secured their presence in the islands, which was not actually necessary, since Portugal was actually entitled to the islands according to the Treaty of Tordesillas. </p><p>In 1553, Leonel de Sousa obtained authorization for the Portuguese to establish themselves in Canton and Macau. Macau was later offered to John III as a reward for Portuguese assistance against <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">maritime piracy</a> in the period between 1557 and 1564. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_America">Portuguese America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portuguese America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitanias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/220px-Capitanias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/330px-Capitanias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/440px-Capitanias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="4154" /></a><figcaption>Captaincies of the Governorate General of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of King John III the Portuguese Empire established itself in South America with the foundation of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a> (from 1534 onwards). Each with its own <a href="/wiki/Donatary" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatary">donatary</a> captain, the twelve colonies worked independently. In 1549, John III established the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Governorate General of Brazil</a>, and the twelve captaincy colonies became subordinate to it. The first Governor-General appointed by John III, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a>, founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a> (São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos) in 1549. For his role in the colonization of South America, John III has been referred to as The Colonizer (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: "o Colonizador").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately following the discovery of Brazil in 1500, the Portuguese imported <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">brazilwood</a>, Indian slaves and exotic birds from there. Brazilian wood was a very appreciated product in Europe because it could be used to produce a type of red dye. During John III's rule, after the initial <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">colonization</a>, Portuguese explorers intensified the search for brazilwood and began the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, which was well suited to the climate of Brazil and especially around <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>. </p><p>In the final years of John's reign Portugal's colony of Brazil was just beginning its rapid development as a producer of sugar that compensated for the gradual decline of revenues from Asia, a development that would continue during the reign of his grandson and successor, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian</a> (1557–1578). Since Brazil lacked a large native population and the ones who lived there weren't adapted to the strenuous work required in the plantation fields, the Portuguese colonists began importing African slaves to strengthen the workforce present in the territory. The first slaves, from the region of <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, arrived in Brazil in 1539. Most of them worked in the sugarcane fields or served as house servants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_dynastic_issue">Death and dynastic issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and dynastic issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1539, the heir to the throne was <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. The sole son of John III to survive childhood, Prince John, was sick and died at young age (of juvenile <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>), eighteen days before his wife gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian I of Portugal">Prince Sebastian</a> on 20 January 1554. When John III died of <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a> in 1557, his only heir was his three-year-old grandson, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian</a>. John III's body rests in the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery,_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon">Monastery of Jerónimos</a> in Lisbon. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>By <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine of Austria</a></b> (married 10 February 1525) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_of_Portugal_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso, Prince of Portugal (1526)">Prince Afonso</a></td> <td>24 February 1526</td> <td>12 April 1526</td> <td>Prince of Portugal (1526). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Princess Maria Manuela</a></td> <td>15 October 1527</td> <td>12 July 1545</td> <td>Princess of Portugal (1527–1531). Princess consort of Asturias by marriage to King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, then Prince of Asturias. She had one deformed child, <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Prince Carlos</a>, and she died a few days after his birth. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infanta Isabel</td> <td>28 April 1529</td> <td>22 May 1530</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infanta Beatriz (Beatrice)</td> <td>15 February 1530</td> <td>16 March 1530</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal_(1531%E2%80%931537)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel, Prince of Portugal (1531–1537)">Prince Manuel</a></td> <td>1 November 1531</td> <td>14 April 1537</td> <td>Prince of Portugal (1531–1537). Declared heir in 1535. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Prince_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip, Prince of Portugal">Prince Filipe</a> (Philip)</td> <td>25 March 1533</td> <td>29 April 1539</td> <td>Prince of Portugal (1537–1539). Declared heir in 1537. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infante Dinis (Denis)</td> <td>26 April 1535</td> <td>1 January 1537</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">Prince João Manuel</a></td> <td>3 June 1537</td> <td>2 January 1554</td> <td>Prince of Portugal (1537–1554). Declared heir in 1539. Married <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of Spain">Joan of Spain</a>. Their son became King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infante António (Anthony)</td> <td>9 March 1539</td> <td>20 January 1540</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>By Isabel Moniz</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Duarte, Archbishop of Braga</td> <td>1529</td> <td>11 November 1543</td> <td>Natural son. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like his predecessors John III used the style "<i>El-rei</i>" (the king) followed by "<i>Dom</i>" (abbreviated to <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">D.</a>), a mark of high esteem for a distinguished Christian <a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">nobleman</a>. </p><p>The official style was the same used by his father Manuel I: "Dom João, by the grace of God, King of Portugal, of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Algarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Algarves">Algarves</a>, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, & of the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a>, & Commerce of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Persia</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">India</a>" (<i>Dom João, por graça de Deus, Rei de Portugal, e dos Algarves, d'aquém e d'além mar em África, Senhor da Guiné, e da Conquista, Navegação, & Comércio da Etiópia, Arábia, Pérsia, & Índia</i>). This style would only change in the 19th century when Brazil became a Vice-Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of John III of Portugal</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">Edward I of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu">Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Emanuel_I_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Emanuel_I-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Eleanor of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/John,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="John, Constable of Portugal">John, Constable of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liss_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Beatriz,_Duchess_of_Viseu" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu">Beatrice of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Emanuel_I_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Emanuel_I-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Barcelos" title="Isabel of Barcelos">Isabel of Barcelos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liss_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>John III of Portugal</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon_and_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="John II of Aragon and Navarre">John II of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Ferdinand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liss_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez" title="Juana Enríquez">Juana Enríquez</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Ferdinand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica295037_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica295037-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liss_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile">Isabella of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica295037_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica295037-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John III of Portugal figures in <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a>'s 2008 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elephant%27s_Journey" title="The Elephant's Journey">The Elephant's Journey</a></i>. </p><p>John III features in <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Binet" title="Laurent Binet">Laurent Binet</a>'s 2021 novel <i>Civilizations</i>. </p><p>John III was mentioned in the historical Thai film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Suriyothai" title="The Legend of Suriyothai">The Legend of Suriyothai</a></i> in 2001, but his role was cut when it was released.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John III (referred to as João III) leads the Portuguese civilization in the 2016 4X video game Civilization VI, being released in the Portugal Pack on 25 March 2021, as part of the "New Frontier Pass" DLC. His ability and civilization focuses on maritime trade.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal">Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereiraRodrigues19041043-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereiraRodrigues19041043_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereiraRodrigues19041043_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPereiraRodrigues1904">Pereira & Rodrigues 1904</a>, p. 1043.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaes2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paes, Maria Paula Dias Couto (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-87752007000200015">"De Romatinas a Christianitas: o Humanismo à portuguesa e as visões sobre o reinado de Dom João III, O Piedoso"</a>. <i>Varia Historia</i> (in Portuguese). <b>23</b> (38): <span class="nowrap">500–</span>514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-87752007000200015">10.1590/S0104-87752007000200015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0104-8775">0104-8775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Varia+Historia&rft.atitle=De+Romatinas+a+Christianitas%3A+o+Humanismo+%C3%A0+portuguesa+e+as+vis%C3%B5es+sobre+o+reinado+de+Dom+Jo%C3%A3o+III%2C+O+Piedoso&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E500-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0104-87752007000200015&rft.issn=0104-8775&rft.aulast=Paes&rft.aufirst=Maria+Paula+Dias+Couto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0104-87752007000200015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMurdo1889113-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMurdo1889113_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMurdo1889">McMurdo 1889</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanceau197050-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanceau197050_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanceau1970">Sanceau 1970</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanceau1970143-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanceau1970143_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanceau1970">Sanceau 1970</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElton1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph, ed. (1990). <i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i>. Vol. II, The Reformation, <span class="nowrap">1520–</span>1559. Cambridge University Press. p. 632. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34536-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34536-7"><bdi>0-521-34536-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=632&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-34536-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Olin, Desiderius Erasmus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRL7031O-tIC&q=king+John+III&pg=PA47">"Six essays on Erasmus and a translation of Erasmus' letter to Carondelet, 1523"</a>, p. 47 Fordham Univ Press, 1979 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-1024-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8232-1024-3">0-8232-1024-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcel Bataillon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70SxXHhPalgC&q=Luis+Teixeira+Lobo&pg=PA73">"Études sur le Portugal au temps de l'humanisme"</a>, pp.73–77 UC Biblioteca Geral 1, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976200-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976200_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques1976">Marques 1976</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199430-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199430_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLach1994">Lach 1994</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lach_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLach1994" class="citation book cs1">Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhE3sPY78s0C&q=Andre+de+Gouveia&pg=PA12"><i>Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines</i></a> (University of Chicago Press, 1994 ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46733-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46733-3"><bdi>0-226-46733-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+making+of+Europe%3A+A+century+of+wonder.+The+literary+arts.+The+scholarly+disciplines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.edition=University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+1994&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-46733-3&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhE3sPY78s0C%26q%3DAndre%2Bde%2BGouveia%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976195-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976195_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques1976">Marques 1976</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooykaas1979" class="citation book cs1">Hooykaas, Reijer (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZCk7NfA-aQC&q=Andre+de+Gouveia&pg=PA26"><i>The Erasmian influence on D. João de Castro</i></a> (1st, UC Biblioteca Geral 1, 1979 ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Erasmian+influence+on+D.+Jo%C3%A3o+de+Castro&rft.edition=1st%2C+UC+Biblioteca+Geral+1%2C+1979&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hooykaas&rft.aufirst=Reijer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZCk7NfA-aQC%26q%3DAndre%2Bde%2BGouveia%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199431-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199431_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLach1994">Lach 1994</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELach199432-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach199432_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLach1994">Lach 1994</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDisney2009181-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009181_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009181_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009">Disney 2009</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976206–207-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976206–207_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques1976">Marques 1976</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976288-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976288_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976288_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques1976">Marques 1976</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDisney2009182-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009182_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009">Disney 2009</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976287-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976287_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976287_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques1976">Marques 1976</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976289-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976289_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques1976">Marques 1976</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarques1976292_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarques1976">Marques 1976</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDisney2009183-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDisney2009183_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009">Disney 2009</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Common products were salt, wheat, horses, carpets, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a>, Irish and English clothing, <a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">blades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> for African natives' coins, copper or tin vases, <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> that Ethiopians carry on their necks as an amulet against lightning, yellow and green beads from <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manillas">brass armlets</a>" (Basílio Vasconcelos, "Itinerário" de Jerónimo Münzer, 1932), in exchange for gold, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and bush redpepper brought by the Portuguese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Here is a passage from a letter to <a href="/wiki/Manikongo" title="Manikongo">Manikongo</a>, the King of the Congo: "Now, I say, like you said that there was no capture of slaves in your Kingdom, I just want to provide you with flour and wine for your Eucharistic rites, and for that it would only be needed a caravel each year; if it seems right to you, in exchange for 10,000 slaves and 10,000 armlets and 10,000 ivory tooth, that, it is said, in the Congo there is not much, not even a ship per year; so, this and more shall be as you want."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattoso1993-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattoso1993_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMattoso1993">Mattoso 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin1955-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin1955_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1955" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Stefan (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUA5AAAAQBAJ"><i>Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739129944" title="Special:BookSources/9780739129944"><bdi>9780739129944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+Europe%3A+Antiquity+into+the+Age+of+Global+Exploration&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780739129944&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQUA5AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutra2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dutra, Francis A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1413-77042011000100005">"Ser mulato em Portugal nos primórdios da época moderna"</a>. <i>Tempo</i>. <b>16</b> (30): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1413-77042011000100005">10.1590/S1413-77042011000100005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1413-7704">1413-7704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Ser+mulato+em+Portugal+nos+prim%C3%B3rdios+da+%C3%A9poca+moderna&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1413-77042011000100005&rft.issn=1413-7704&rft.aulast=Dutra&rft.aufirst=Francis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS1413-77042011000100005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Lopes_de_Castanheda" title="Fernão Lopes de Castanheda">Fernão Lopes de Castanheda</a>, História do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia pelos Portugueses, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoutinho2018" class="citation book cs1">Coutinho, Eduardo F. (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reJDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT351"><i>Brazilian Literature as World Literature</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-2327-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-2327-0"><bdi>978-1-5013-2327-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Literature+as+World+Literature&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-2327-0&rft.aulast=Coutinho&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreJDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Emanuel_I-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Emanuel_I_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Emanuel_I_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Emanuel I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Emanuel_I.">"Emanuel I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emanuel+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=305&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liss-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liss_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiss2015" class="citation book cs1">Liss, Peggy K. (10 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_krkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT11"><i>Isabel the Queen: Life and Times</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812293203" title="Special:BookSources/9780812293203"><bdi>9780812293203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabel+the+Queen%3A+Life+and+Times&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.isbn=9780812293203&rft.aulast=Liss&rft.aufirst=Peggy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_krkCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens1903-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens1903" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139"><i>The Story of Portugal</i></a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722224731" title="Special:BookSources/9780722224731"><bdi>9780722224731</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Portugal&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9780722224731&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwMqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911-Ferdinand-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ferdinand_V._of_Castile_and_Leon_and_II._of_Aragon">"Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+V.+of+Castile+and+Leon+and+II.+of+Aragon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica295037-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica295037_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica295037_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295037">Isabella I, Queen of Spain</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2g.pantip.com/cafe/chalermthai/newmovie/suriyothai/sryt_p.html">"Production Painting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pantip.com" title="Pantip.com">Pantip.com</a></i> (in Thai).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pantip.com&rft.atitle=Production+Painting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2g.pantip.com%2Fcafe%2Fchalermthai%2Fnewmovie%2Fsuriyothai%2Fsryt_p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilization.com/news/entries/civilization-vi-first-look-joao-iii-of-portugal/">"CIVILIZATION VI - FIRST LOOK: JOÃO III OF PORTUGAL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_(series)" title="Civilization (series)">civilization.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civilization.com&rft.atitle=CIVILIZATION+VI+-+FIRST+LOOK%3A+JO%C3%83O+III+OF+PORTUGAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilization.com%2Fnews%2Fentries%2Fcivilization-vi-first-look-joao-iii-of-portugal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_III_of_Portugal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraga2002" class="citation book cs1">Braga, Paulo Drummond (2002). <i>D. João III</i>. Lisbon: Hugin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Jo%C3%A3o+III&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Hugin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Braga&rft.aufirst=Paulo+Drummond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDisney2009" class="citation book cs1">Disney, A. R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryofportugalandtheportugueseempirevol1"><i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire</i></a>. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60397-3"><bdi>978-0-521-60397-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Portugal+and+the+Portuguese+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60397-3&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryofportugalandtheportugueseempirevol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDomingues1962" class="citation book cs1">Domingues, Mário (1962). <i>D. João III O Homem e a Sua Época</i>. Lisboa: Edição Romano Torres.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Jo%C3%A3o+III+O+Homem+e+a+Sua+%C3%89poca&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Romano+Torres&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Domingues&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerculano1879–80" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Herculano, Alexandre (1879–80). <i>História da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal</i>. Lisbon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Origem+e+Estabelecimento+da+Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+em+Portugal&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1879%2F1880&rft.aulast=Herculano&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1995" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Harold (1995). "The Portuguese settlement of Brazil, 1500–1580". In Bethell, Leslie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-latin-america/66978F743A1F7145E4B4BE7A44627914"><i>Cambridge History of Latin America</i></a>. 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(1993). <i>História de Portugal</i>. Vol. III. Círculo de Leitores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Leitores&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mattoso&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+%28dir.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMurdo1889" class="citation book cs1">McMurdo, Edward (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyportugal05mcmugoog"><i>The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III</i></a>. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Portugal%2C+from+the+Commencement+of+the+Monarchy+to+the+Reign+of+Alfonso+III&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle%2C+%26+Rivington&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=McMurdo&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryportugal05mcmugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarques1976" class="citation book cs1">Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofportuga1976marq/page/n309/mode/2up?"><i>History of Portugal</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08353-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08353-X"><bdi>0-231-08353-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Portugal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-231-08353-X&rft.aulast=Marques&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Henrique+R.+de+Oliveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofportuga1976marq%2Fpage%2Fn309%2Fmode%2F2up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPereiraRodrigues1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pereira, Esteves; Rodrigues, Guilherme (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugaldicciona03pere"><i>Portugal: diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico</i></a> (in Portuguese). Vol. III. Lisboa: J. Romano Torres.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal%3A+diccionario+historico%2C+chorographico%2C+heraldico%2C+biographico%2C+bibliographico%2C+numismatico+e+artistico&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pub=J.+Romano+Torres&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Esteves&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Guilherme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugaldicciona03pere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanceau1970" class="citation book cs1">Sanceau, Elaine (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reignoffortunate0000sanc"><i>Reign of the Fortunate King, 1495–1521: Manuel I of Portugal</i></a>. 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Lisboa: Verbo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pub=Verbo&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Serr%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+Ver%C3%ADssimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/John III. of Portugal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/John_III._of_Portugal">"John III. of Portugal" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+III.+of+Portugal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=444&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+III+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>John III of Portugal </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">House of Burgundy</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 6 June 1502</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 11 June 1557</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal</a> </b><br />1521–1557 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal_and_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias">Miguel da Paz</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Portugal">Prince of Portugal</a> </b><br />1502–1521 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_of_Portugal_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso, Prince of Portugal (1526)">Afonso</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Template:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Portugal284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">House of Burgundy</a> (1139–1383)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal" title="Beatrice of Portugal"><i>Beatrice I</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_(1834_to_1910)_-_Lesser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/120px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/180px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/240px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a> (1385–1580)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Prior_of_Crato" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony, Prior of Crato"><i>Anthony I</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Dynasty">House of Habsburg</a> (1581–1640)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> (1640–1910)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">with</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">with</span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Peter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">Luís I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantes_of_Portugal1368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_infantes" title="Template:Portuguese infantes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_infantes" title="Template talk:Portuguese infantes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_infantes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese infantes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantes_of_Portugal1368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infante_of_Portugal" title="Infante of Portugal">Infantes of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I</a>, and continues through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> through <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> through <a href="/wiki/Catarina_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Braganza" title="Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza">Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Urgell" title="Peter I, Count of Urgell">Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Ferdinand, Count of Flanders">Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando,_Lord_of_Serpa" title="Fernando, Lord of Serpa">Infante Fernando, Lord of Serpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Dinis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_of_Portugal,_Lord_of_Portalegre" title="Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Portalegre">Infante Afonso, Lord of Portalegre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_of_Portugal,_Lord_of_Leiria" title="Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Leiria">Infante Afonso, Lord of Leiria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Pedro I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Fernando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John, Duke of Valencia de Campos">Infante João, Duke of Valencia de Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis,_Lord_of_Cifuentes" title="Denis, Lord of Cifuentes">Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">Duarte I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Peter, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="John, Constable of Portugal">Infante João, Constable of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_the_Holy_Prince" title="Ferdinand the Holy Prince">Infante Fernando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu">Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="Peter, Constable of Portugal">Infante Pedro, Constable of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Coimbra,_Prince_of_Antioch" title="John of Coimbra, Prince of Antioch">Infante João, Prince of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_of_Portugal" title="James of Portugal">Cardinal-Infante Jaime of Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="Diogo, Constable of Portugal">Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1451)" title="John, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1451)">João, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">João II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="João, Duke of Viseu">Infante João, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Diogo, Duke of Viseu">Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal">Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">João III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_of_Portugal,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Luís of Portugal, Duke of Beja">Infante Luís, Duke of Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Guarda" title="Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Guarda">Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Afonso_of_Portugal" title="Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal">Cardinal-Infante Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henrique I (The Cardinal-King)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte,_Duke_of_Guimar%C3%A3es_(1515%E2%80%931540)" title="Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)">Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1526)" title="Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1526)">Afonso, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1531%E2%80%931537)" title="Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1531–1537)">Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Philip, Hereditary Prince of Portugal">Filipe, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte,_Duke_of_Guimar%C3%A3es_(1541%E2%80%931576)" title="Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1541–1576)">Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal" title="Sebastian, King of Portugal">Sebastião I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diogo, Prince of Portugal and Asturias</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Filipe II</a>§</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manuel,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal">Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal</a></i>ƒ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Filipe III</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Infante Carlos</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Cardinal-Infante Fernando</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Infante Alonso</a>§</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Portugal and Asturias</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Teodósio, Prince of Brazil">Teodósio, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Pedro II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="João, Prince of Brazil">João, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">João V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja">Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Ant%C3%B3nio_of_Portugal" title="Infante António of Portugal">Infante António</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Manuel,_Count_of_Our%C3%A9m" title="Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém">Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Pedro, Prince of Brazil">Pedro, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">José I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Portugal" title="Infante Carlos of Portugal">Infante Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Pedro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alexandre_of_Portugal" title="Infante Alexandre of Portugal">Infante Alexandre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="José, Prince of Brazil">José, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">João VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prince_of_Beira" title="Francisco António, Prince of Beira">Francisco António, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil & IV of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Pedro_Carlos_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal">Infante Pedro Carlos</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a>‡</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Miguel,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Prince Miguel, Duke of Braganza">Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganza</a></i>ƒ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Sebasti%C3%A3o_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Sebastião of Spain and Portugal">Infante Sebastião</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Pedro V</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">Luís I</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante João, Duke of Beja">Infante João, Duke of Beja</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal" title="Infante Fernando of Portugal">Infante Fernando</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Augusto,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra</a>¶</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Miguel,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu">Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu</a></i>ƒ◙</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Francis_Joseph_of_Braganza" title="Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza">Infante Francisco José</a></i>ƒ◙</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Nuno,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza">Infante Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza</a></i>ƒ◙</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Porto" title="Afonso, Duke of Porto">Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto</a>¶</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Infante Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza</a></i>ƒ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">24th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe, Prince Royal</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a>¶</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_of_Beira" title="Afonso, Prince of Beira">Afonso, Prince of Beira</a></i>ƒ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>§ <i>also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span># <i>also an infante of Spain</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>‡ <i>also an imperial prince of Brazil</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>¶ <i>also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>◙ <i>also a prince of Braganza</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>¤ <i>title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>ƒ <i>claimant infante</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2543" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2543" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216789#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000015362072">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59093168">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/114562/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMdcCpPPt39KvWXVfH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118974173">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="John III, King of Portugal, 1502-1557"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83132129">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Portugal. Sovereign (1521-1557 : John III)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87911476">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120068034">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120068034">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Joâo III <re del Portogallo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CNCV007035">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020117002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071412522">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2005440">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/71247">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007442515205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118974173.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118974173">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028181115">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&oldid=1275828797">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_III_of_Portugal&oldid=1275828797</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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