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id="toc-Gaelic_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ard_Rí_co_Fresabra:_High_Kings_with_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ard_Rí_co_Fresabra:_High_Kings_with_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Ard Rí co Fresabra</i>: High Kings with opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ard_Rí_co_Fresabra:_High_Kings_with_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_Kings_of_Ireland,_800–1198" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Kings_of_Ireland,_800–1198"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>High Kings of Ireland, 800–1198</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Kings_of_Ireland,_800–1198-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruaidrí,_King_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruaidrí,_King_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Ruaidrí, King of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruaidrí,_King_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lordship_of_Ireland:_1171–1542" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lordship_of_Ireland:_1171–1542"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lordship of Ireland: 1171–1542</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lordship_of_Ireland:_1171–1542-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lordship of Ireland: 1171–1542 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lordship_of_Ireland:_1171–1542-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lords_of_Ireland,_1177–1542" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lords_of_Ireland,_1177–1542"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lords of Ireland, 1177–1542</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lords_of_Ireland,_1177–1542-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Ireland,_1542–1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Ireland,_1542–1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kingdom of Ireland, 1542–1800</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdom_of_Ireland,_1542–1800-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdom of Ireland, 1542–1800 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Ireland,_1542–1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Re-creation_of_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-creation_of_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Re-creation of title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-creation_of_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_Great_Britain,_1707–1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Great_Britain,_1707–1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Union with Great Britain, 1707–1922</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Great_Britain,_1707–1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition:_Irish_Free_State_and_Northern_Ireland,_1922–1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition:_Irish_Free_State_and_Northern_Ireland,_1922–1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Partition: Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, 1922–1936</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition:_Irish_Free_State_and_Northern_Ireland,_1922–1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication_crisis,_President_of_Ireland_and_Republic_of_Ireland_Act,_1936–1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_crisis,_President_of_Ireland_and_Republic_of_Ireland_Act,_1936–1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Abdication crisis, President of Ireland and Republic of Ireland Act, 1936–1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_crisis,_President_of_Ireland_and_Republic_of_Ireland_Act,_1936–1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_monarchs_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_monarchs_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>List of monarchs of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_monarchs_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarchs_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Monarchs of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchs_of_the_Irish_Free_State_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs_of_the_Irish_Free_State_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Monarchs of the Irish Free State and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs_of_the_Irish_Free_State_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King's_title,_George_V_–_George_VI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King's_title,_George_V_–_George_VI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>King's title, George V – George VI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King's_title,_George_V_–_George_VI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_Irish_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_Irish_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proposed Irish monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_Irish_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchy of Ireland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الملكية في أيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملكية في أيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_d%27Irlanda" title="Monarquía d'Irlanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monarquía d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Крал на Ирландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крал на Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_d%27Irlanda" title="Monarquia d'Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monarquia d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirimaa_monarhia" title="Iirimaa monarhia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iirimaa monarhia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_de_Irlanda" title="Monarquía de Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monarquía de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roi_d%27Irlande" title="Roi d'Irlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roi d'Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcachas_in_%C3%89irinn" title="Monarcachas in Éirinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Monarcachas in Éirinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="아일랜드의 군주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드의 군주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_Irlandia" title="Monarki Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monarki Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArijas_kara%C4%BCu_uzskait%C4%ABjums" title="Īrijas karaļu uzskaitījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īrijas karaļu uzskaitījums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Airijos_karaliai" title="Sąrašas:Airijos karaliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Airijos karaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ireland" title="Raja Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Raja Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angielscy_w%C5%82adcy_Irlandii" title="Angielscy władcy Irlandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Angielscy władcy Irlandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monarchy of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhija_u_Irskoj" title="Monarhija u Irskoj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monarhija u Irskoj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชาธิปไตยของไอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชาธิปไตยของไอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Монархи Ірландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монархи Ірландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="آئرلینڈ کی فرماں روائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئرلینڈ کی فرماں روائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical method of government in Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Monarchy of Ireland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monarchy+of+Ireland%22">"Monarchy of Ireland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monarchy+of+Ireland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monarchy+of+Ireland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monarchy+of+Ireland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monarchy+of+Ireland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monarchy+of+Ireland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Harp_Badge_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Royal_Harp_Badge_of_Ireland.svg/220px-Royal_Harp_Badge_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Royal_Harp_Badge_of_Ireland.svg/330px-Royal_Harp_Badge_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Royal_Harp_Badge_of_Ireland.svg/440px-Royal_Harp_Badge_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Badge of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Monarchical systems of government have existed in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> from ancient times. This continued in all of Ireland until 1949, when <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">the Republic of Ireland Act</a> removed most of Ireland's residual ties to the British monarch. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, remains under a monarchical system of government. </p><p>The office of <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a> effectively ended with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a> (1169–1171) in which the island was declared a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> under the Lordship of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>. In practice, conquered territory was divided amongst various Anglo-Norman noble families who assumed title over both the land and the people with the prior Irish inhabitants being either displaced or subjugated under the previously alien system of serfdom. Though the revolutionary change in the status quo was undeniable, the Anglo-Norman invaders would fail to conquer many of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_kingdoms_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland">Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland</a>, which continued to exist, often expanding for centuries after, however none could make any viable claims of High Kingship. This lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> conferred the crown of Ireland upon King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. Henry initiated the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a> which ended Gaelic political independence from the English monarch who now held the crowns of England and Ireland in a personal union. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> in 1603 expanded the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> to include <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. The personal union between England and Scotland became a political union with the enactments of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. The crowns of Great Britain and Ireland remained in personal union until it was also ended by the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, which united Ireland and Great Britain into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> in January 1801. </p><p>In December 1922, most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>; at the same time, the newly created <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which covered most of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, remained part of the United Kingdom. As a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the Free State legally retained the same person as monarch as the United Kingdom—which in 1927 changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>. In 1937, the Free State adopted a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">new constitution</a> that removed all mention of the monarchy. In April 1949, the former Free State, which covered most of Ireland, declared <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">itself a republic</a>, and withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>; this left Northern Ireland as the only part of the island that retained a monarchical system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaelic_kingdoms">Gaelic kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gaelic kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaelic Ireland consisted of as few as five and as many as nine Primary kingdoms (Cúicide/Cóicide 'fifths') which were often subdivided into many minor smaller kingdoms (Tuatha, 'folkdoms'). The primary kingdoms were <a href="/wiki/Ailech" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailech">Ailech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mide">Mide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osraige" title="Osraige">Osraige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Thomond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. Until the end of Gaelic Ireland they continued to fluctuate, expand and contract in size, as well as dissolving entirely or being amalgamated into new entities. The role of <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a> was primarily titular and rarely (if ever) absolute. Gaelic Ireland was not ruled as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ireland900.png/220px-Ireland900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ireland900.png/330px-Ireland900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ireland900.png/440px-Ireland900.png 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="2630" /></a><figcaption>Map of Ireland (900 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>The names of Connacht, Ulster, Leinster and Munster are still in use, now applied to the four modern provinces of Ireland. The following is a list of the main Irish kingdoms and their kings: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Ailech" title="Kings of Ailech">Kings of Ailech</a> (5th century to 1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Airg%C3%ADalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Airgíalla">Kings of Airgíalla</a> (?-1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Connacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Connacht">Kings of Connacht</a> (406–1474)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Leinster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Leinster">Kings of Leinster</a> (634 to 1603 or 1632 (de facto))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Mide" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Mide">Kings of Mide</a> (8th–12th centuries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Osraige" title="Kings of Osraige">Kings of Osraige</a> (to 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Munster">Kings of Munster</a> (4th century to 1138 or 1194 (claimant))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Thomond" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Thomond">Kings of Thomond</a> (1118–1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Ulster">Kings of Ulster</a> (5th–12th centuries)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ard_Rí_co_Fresabra:_High_Kings_with_opposition"><span id="Ard_R.C3.AD_co_Fresabra:_High_Kings_with_opposition"></span><i>Ard Rí co Fresabra</i>: High Kings with opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ard Rí co Fresabra: High Kings with opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Herbert" title="Máire Herbert">Máire Herbert</a> has noted that "Annal evidence from the late eighth century in Ireland suggests that the larger provincial kingships were already accruing power at the expense of smaller political units. Leading kings appear in public roles at church-state proclamations ... and at royal conferences with their peers." (2000, p. 62). Responding to the assumption of the title <i>ri hErenn uile</i> ("king of all Ireland") by Mael Sechlainn I in 862, she furthermore states that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the ninth-century assumption of the title of "ri Erenn" was a first step towards the definition of a national kingship and a territorially-based Irish realm. Yet change only gained ground after the stranglehold of Uí Néill power-structures was broken in the eleventh century. ... The renaming of a kingship ... engendered a new self-perception which shaped the future definition of a kingdom and of its subjects.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herbert, 2000, p. 72</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Nevertheless, the achievements of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_M%C3%A1ele_Ruanaid" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid">Máel Sechlainn I</a> and his successors were purely personal, and open to destruction upon their deaths. Between 846 and 1022, and again from 1042 to 1166, kings from the leading Irish kingdoms made greater attempts to compel the rest of the island's populace to their rule, with varying degrees of success, until the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Ruaidri_Ua_Conchobair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruaidri Ua Conchobair">Ruaidri Ua Conchobair</a> (Rory O'Connor) in 1166, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_Kings_of_Ireland,_800–1198"><span id="High_Kings_of_Ireland.2C_800.E2.80.931198"></span>High Kings of Ireland, 800–1198</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: High Kings of Ireland, 800–1198"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_M%C3%A1ele_Ruanaid" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid">Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid</a>, 846–860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Findliath" title="Áed Findliath">Áed Findliath</a>, 861–876</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann_Sinna" title="Flann Sinna">Flann Sinna</a>, 877–914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Gl%C3%BAndub" title="Niall Glúndub">Niall Glúndub</a>, 915–917</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchad_Donn" title="Donnchad Donn">Donnchad Donn</a>, 918–942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congalach_Cnogba" title="Congalach Cnogba">Congalach Cnogba</a>, 943–954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_ua_N%C3%A9ill" title="Domnall ua Néill">Domnall ua Néill</a>, 955–978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_Domnaill" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill">Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill</a>, 979–1002 and 1014–1022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Boru</a>, 1002–1014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchad_mac_Briain" title="Donnchad mac Briain">Donnchad mac Briain</a>, died 1064</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_M%C3%A1el_na_mB%C3%B3" title="Diarmait mac Máel na mBó">Diarmait mac Máel na mBó</a>, died 1072</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain" title="Toirdelbach Ua Briain">Toirdelbach Ua Briain</a>, died 1086</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Ua_Briain" title="Muirchertach Ua Briain">Muirchertach Ua Briain</a>, died 1119</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn" title="Domnall Ua Lochlainn">Domnall Ua Lochlainn</a>, died 1121</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Conchobair" class="mw-redirect" title="Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair">Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair</a>, c.1119–1156</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Mac_Lochlainn" title="Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn">Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn</a>, c.1156–1166</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a>, 1166–1198</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ruaidrí,_King_of_Ireland"><span id="Ruaidr.C3.AD.2C_King_of_Ireland"></span>Ruaidrí, King of Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ruaidrí, King of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rory_O%27Connor_Stone_Carving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rory_O%27Connor_Stone_Carving.jpg/220px-Rory_O%27Connor_Stone_Carving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rory_O%27Connor_Stone_Carving.jpg/330px-Rory_O%27Connor_Stone_Carving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rory_O%27Connor_Stone_Carving.jpg/440px-Rory_O%27Connor_Stone_Carving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Mac_Lochlainn" title="Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn">Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn</a> in early 1166, Ruaidrí, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Connacht" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Connacht">King of Connacht</a>, proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> where he was inaugurated <i>King of Ireland</i> without opposition. He was arguably the first undisputed full king of Ireland. He was also the last Gaelic one, as the events of the Norman invasion of 1169–1171 brought about the destruction of the high-kingship, and the direct involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of England">Kings of England</a> in Irish politics. </p><p>One of Ruaidrí's first acts as king was the subduing of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, which resulted in the exile of its king, <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Diarmait Mac Murchada</a>. Ruaidrí then obtained terms and hostages from all the notable kings and lords. He then celebrated the <i>Oenach Tailteann</i>, a recognised prerogative of the High Kings, and made a number of notable charitable gifts and donations. However, his <i><a href="/wiki/Caput" class="mw-redirect" title="Caput">caput</a></i> remained in his home territory in central Connacht (<a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>). Ireland's recognised capital, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ascall_mac_Ragnaill" title="Ascall mac Ragnaill">Ascall mac Ragnaill</a>, who had submitted to Ruaidri. </p><p>Only with the arrival of MacMurrough's <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> benefactors in May 1169 did Ruaidrí's position begin to weaken. A series of disastrous defeats and ill-judged treaties lost him much of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, and encouraged uprisings by rebel lords. By the time of the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> in 1171, Ruaidrí's position as king of Ireland was increasingly untenable. </p><p>Ruaidrí at first remained aloof from engagement with King Henry, though many of the lesser kings and lords welcomed his arrival as they wished to see him curb the territorial gains made by his vassals. Through the intercession of <a href="/wiki/Lorc%C3%A1n_Ua_Tuathail" title="Lorcán Ua Tuathail">Lorcán Ua Tuathail</a> (Laurence O'Toole), the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin" title="Archbishop of Dublin">Archbishop of Dublin</a>, Ruaidrí and Henry came to terms with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_1175" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Windsor 1175">Treaty of Windsor</a> in 1175. Ruaidrí agreed to recognise Henry as his lord; in return, Ruaidrí was allowed to keep all Ireland as his personal kingdom outside the petty kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a> (Leinster) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mide" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mide">Mide</a> as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>. </p><p>Henry was unwilling or unable to enforce the terms of the treaty on his barons in Ireland, who continued to gain territory in Ireland. A low point came in 1177 with a successful raid into the heart of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> by a party of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a>, led by one of Ruaidrí's sons, Prince Muirchertach. They were expelled, Ruaidhrí ordering the blinding of Muirchertach, but over the next six years his rule was increasingly diminished by internal dynastic conflict and external attacks. Finally, in 1183, he abdicated. </p><p>He was twice briefly returned to power in 1185 and 1189, but even within his home kingdom of Connacht he had become politically marginalized. He lived quietly on his estates, died at the <a href="/wiki/Cong_Abbey" title="Cong Abbey">monastery of Cong</a> in 1198 and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a>. With the possible exception of the short reign of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Ua_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Ua Néill">Brian Ua Néill</a> (Brian O'Neill) in 1258–1260, no other <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic people">Gaelic</a> king was ever again recognised as king or high king of Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lordship_of_Ireland:_1171–1542"><span id="Lordship_of_Ireland:_1171.E2.80.931542"></span>Lordship of Ireland: 1171–1542</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lordship of Ireland: 1171–1542"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></div> <p>By the time of Ruaidrí's reign in 1171, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> had <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">invaded Ireland</a> and given the part of it he controlled to his son <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> as a Lordship when John was just ten years old in 1177. When John succeeded to the English throne in 1199, he remained Lord of Ireland thereby bringing the kingdom of England and the lordship of Ireland into <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. By the mid-13th century, while the island was nominally ruled by the king of England, from c.1260 the effective area of control began to recede. As various <a href="/wiki/Cambro-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambro-Norman">Cambro-Norman</a> noble families died out in the male line, the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility</a> began to reclaim lost territory. Successive English kings did little to stem the tide, instead using Ireland to draw upon men and supplies in the wars in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and France. </p><p>By the 1390s the Lordship had effectively shrunk to <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a> (a fortified area around the city of Dublin) with the rest of the island under the control of independent Gaelic-Irish or rebel Cambro-Norman noble families. King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> made two journeys to Ireland during his reign to rectify the situation; as a direct result of his second visit in 1399 he lost his throne to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bolingbroke">Henry Bolingbroke</a>. This was the last time that a medieval king of England visited Ireland. </p><p>For the duration of the 15th century, royal power in Ireland was weak, the country being dominated by the various clans and dynasties of Gaelic (<a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty" title="O'Brien dynasty">O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_dynasty" title="MacCarthy dynasty">MacCarthy</a>) or Cambro-Norman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Burke" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Burke">Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty" title="FitzGerald dynasty">FitzGerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butler_dynasty" title="Butler dynasty">Butler</a>) origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lords_of_Ireland,_1177–1542"><span id="Lords_of_Ireland.2C_1177.E2.80.931542"></span>Lords of Ireland, 1177–1542</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lords of Ireland, 1177–1542"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">List of English monarchs</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> (1177–1216) <ul><li>First man to be made <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> and established the precedent that that Lord would also be <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> (1216–1272) <ul><li>Henry III granted Ireland to his son, Edward I, in 1254 on condition that it would never be separated from the Crown.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ua_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Ua Néill">Brian Ua Néill</a> claimed the title of <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a> from 1258 to 1260, until his defeat and death in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Druim_Dearg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Druim Dearg">Battle of Druim Dearg</a> (also known as the Battle of Down).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (1272–1307)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> (1307–1327) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bruce" title="Edward Bruce">Edward Bruce</a>, Earl of Carrick and brother of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scotland</a>, declared himself <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a> during a failed rebellion of 1315–1318, which formed part of the larger <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">war between England and Scotland</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> (1327–1377)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> (1377–1399) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_Duke_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland">Robert de Vere</a> was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ireland" title="Duke of Ireland">Duke of Ireland</a> in 1386, but forfeited his titles in 1388.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> (1399–1413)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> (1413–1422)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> (1422–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> (1461–1470)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> (1470–1471)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> (1471–1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V</a> (1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> (1483–1485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> (1485–1509) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Simnel" title="Lambert Simnel">Lambert Simnel</a> claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick</a>, and was crowned "King Edward VI" in <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin</a> on 24 May 1487. His claim ended with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Battle of Stoke Field</a>, 16 June 1487.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York</a> ("Richard IV") and gained some Irish support before a failed invasion of England in 1495.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (1509–1542)</li></ul> <p>The title of Lord of Ireland was abolished by Henry VIII, who was made <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Ireland,_1542–1800"><span id="Kingdom_of_Ireland.2C_1542.E2.80.931800"></span>Kingdom of Ireland, 1542–1800</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Ireland, 1542–1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-creation_of_title">Re-creation of title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Re-creation of title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein,_the_Younger,_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="4203" /></a><figcaption>Henry VIII claimed the title "King of Ireland" in 1542.</figcaption></figure> <p>The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> in 1541, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>, which had existed since 1171, with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset" title="Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset">The 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset</a>, Henry VIII's illegitimate son and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, had been considered for elevation as the newly created King of Ireland. However, Henry VIII's counsellors feared that creating a separate Kingdom of Ireland, with a ruler other than that of England, would create another threat like the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Richmond died in 1536. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> between the English and Irish crowns, providing that whoever was King of England was to be King of Ireland as well, and so its first holder was King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England. Henry's sixth and last wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Katherine Parr</a>, was the first Queen consort of Ireland following her marriage to King Henry in 1543.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title of King of Ireland was created after Henry VIII had been excommunicated in 1538, so it was not recognised by European Catholic monarchs. Following the accession of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> in 1553 and her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, in 1554, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> "<a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_bulls" title="List of papal bulls">Ilius</a>" in 1555, recognising them as Queen and King of Ireland together with her heirs and successors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a brief period in the 17th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> from the impeachment and execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> in 1649 to the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Ireland)" title="Restoration (Ireland)">Irish Restoration</a> in May 1660, there was no 'King of Ireland'. After the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a>, organised in <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Ireland</a>, still recognised Charles I, and later <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, as legitimate monarchs, in opposition to the claims of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English Parliament</a>, and signed a formal treaty with Charles I in 1648. However, in 1649, the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a>, victorious in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, executed Charles I, and made England a republic, or "<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>". The Parliamentarian general <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> came across the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to crush the Irish royalists, temporarily uniting England, Scotland, and Ireland under one government, and styling himself "<a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a>" of the three kingdoms (<i>see also <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a></i>). After Cromwell's death in 1658, his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard</a> emerged as the leader of this pan-<a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> republic, but he was not competent to maintain it. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> voted to restore the monarchy, and in 1660 King Charles II returned from exile in France to become King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_with_Great_Britain,_1707–1922"><span id="Union_with_Great_Britain.2C_1707.E2.80.931922"></span>Union with Great Britain, 1707–1922</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Union with Great Britain, 1707–1922"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> merged the kingdoms of England and Scotland into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, under the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>. The effect was to create a personal union between the Crown of Ireland and the British Crown, instead of the English Crown. Later, from 1 January 1801, an additional merger took place between the two Kingdoms. By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain, thus creating the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Following the separation of most of Ireland from that kingdom in 1922, the remaining constituent parts were renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927, five years after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_School,_Roman,_18th_century_-_Henry_Benedict_Stuart_(1725-1807),_Cardinal_York_-_RCIN_401252_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Italian_School%2C_Roman%2C_18th_century_-_Henry_Benedict_Stuart_%281725-1807%29%2C_Cardinal_York_-_RCIN_401252_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Italian_School%2C_Roman%2C_18th_century_-_Henry_Benedict_Stuart_%281725-1807%29%2C_Cardinal_York_-_RCIN_401252_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Italian_School%2C_Roman%2C_18th_century_-_Henry_Benedict_Stuart_%281725-1807%29%2C_Cardinal_York_-_RCIN_401252_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Italian_School%2C_Roman%2C_18th_century_-_Henry_Benedict_Stuart_%281725-1807%29%2C_Cardinal_York_-_RCIN_401252_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Italian_School%2C_Roman%2C_18th_century_-_Henry_Benedict_Stuart_%281725-1807%29%2C_Cardinal_York_-_RCIN_401252_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Italian_School%2C_Roman%2C_18th_century_-_Henry_Benedict_Stuart_%281725-1807%29%2C_Cardinal_York_-_RCIN_401252_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Jacobite pretender, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> suggested to United Irishmen making him King of the Irish in 1798 but were rebuffed. Many Irishmen were Jacobites in the early 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 18th century, a significant number of Irishmen who had fled Ireland in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a> continued to remain loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> pretenders as Kings of Ireland (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a> military diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(France)" title="Irish Brigade (France)">France's Irish Brigade</a>), contrary to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>. However, Ireland was host to a <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">large military establishment</a> and thus, unlike Scotland, was not the ground for legitimist-royalist risings in the 18th century, turning instead, mostly to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> as dissention with the ascent of the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>. However, despite their general anti-clericalism and republicanism, the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> did suggest to the United Irishmen in 1798 restoring the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> Pretender, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart</a>, as Henry IX, King of the Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2006210_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2006210-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAston2002222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was on account of General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Amable_Humbert" title="Jean Joseph Amable Humbert">Jean Joseph Amable Humbert</a> landing a force in <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> and realising the local population were devoutly Catholic (a significant number of Irish priests supported the Rising and had met with Humbert, although Humbert's Army had been veterans of the anti-clerical campaign in Italy).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAston2002222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Directory hoped this option would allow the creation of a stable French client state in Ireland, however, <a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone" title="Wolfe Tone">Wolfe Tone</a>, the Protestant republican leader, scoffed at the suggestion and it was quashed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAston2002222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition:_Irish_Free_State_and_Northern_Ireland,_1922–1936"><span id="Partition:_Irish_Free_State_and_Northern_Ireland.2C_1922.E2.80.931936"></span>Partition: Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, 1922–1936</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Partition: Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, 1922–1936"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in the Irish Free State">Monarchy in the Irish Free State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg/220px-Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg/330px-Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg/440px-Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a>, Dublin, decorated for the visit of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a> in 1911.<br />Within a decade it was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Oireachtas of the Irish Free State">Oireachtas of the Irish Free State</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early December 1922, most of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (twenty-six of the country's thirty-two <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties</a>) left the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. These '<a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-Six Counties">Twenty-Six Counties</a>' now became the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Six of Ireland's north-eastern counties, all within the nine-county <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, remained within the United Kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. As a Dominion, the Free State was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with the British monarch as its <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The monarch was officially represented in the new Free State by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General of the Irish Free State</a>. </p><p>The King's title in the Irish Free State was exactly the same as it was elsewhere in the British Empire, being from 1922 to 1927: "<a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a>, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, <a href="/wiki/Fidei_defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei defensor">Defender of the Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>" and, from 1927 to 1937: "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India". The change in the King's title was effected under an Act of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act,_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927</a>, intended to update the name of the United Kingdom as well as the King's title to reflect the fact that most of the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Ireland">island of Ireland</a> had left the United Kingdom. The Act therefore provided that "Parliament shall hereafter be known as and styled the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [instead of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]" and "In every Act passed and public document issued after the passing of this Act the expression 'United Kingdom' shall, unless the context otherwise requires, mean Great Britain and Northern Ireland."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times,_4_March_1927_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times,_4_March_1927-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, the "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a> proposed that, as a result of the establishment of the Irish Free State, the title of the king should be changed to 'George V, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond the seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.'"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times,_4_March_1927_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times,_4_March_1927-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change did not mean that the king had now assumed different <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_Sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the British Sovereign">styles</a> in the different parts of his Empire. That development did not formally occur until 1953, four years after the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> had left the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>Despite a lack of change in his title, George V's position as king of that country became separated from his place as King of the United Kingdom (as occurred with all the other British Dominions at the time). The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Irish Free State">Government of the Irish Free State</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government_in_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State">His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was confident that the relationship of these independent countries under the Crown would function as a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication_crisis,_President_of_Ireland_and_Republic_of_Ireland_Act,_1936–1949"><span id="Abdication_crisis.2C_President_of_Ireland_and_Republic_of_Ireland_Act.2C_1936.E2.80.931949"></span>Abdication crisis, President of Ireland and Republic of Ireland Act, 1936–1949</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abdication crisis, President of Ireland and Republic of Ireland Act, 1936–1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949</a></div> <p>The constitutional crisis resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">abdication of King Edward VIII</a> in December 1936 was used by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>'s government as a catalyst to amend the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a> by eliminating all but one of the King's official duties. This was achieved with the enactment on 11 December of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._27)_Act_1936" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936">Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act</a>, which removed the monarch from the constitution and, on 12 December, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">External Relations Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provided that the monarch recognised by Britain and the rest of the Commonwealth could represent the Irish Free State "for the purposes of the appointment of diplomatic and consular representatives and the conclusion of international agreements" when authorised to do so by the Irish government. The following year, a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">constitution</a> was ratified, changing the name of the Free State to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a>, or "Ireland" in the English language, and establishing the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>. The King's role in Ireland was ambiguous. Whether the <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">Irish head of state</a> was <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, or the President, was left unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ambiguity was eliminated with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>, which came into force in April 1949 and declared the state to be a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The External Relations Act was repealed, removing the remaining duties of the monarch, and Ireland formally withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the king in the Irish state was finally and formally ended by the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> with the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_(Pre-Union_Irish_Statutes)_Act_1962" title="Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962">Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962</a>. </p><p>According to Desmond Oulton (owner of <a href="/wiki/Clontarf_Castle" title="Clontarf Castle">Clontarf Castle</a>), his father John George Oulton had suggested to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, that Ireland should have its own king again, as it was in the times of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ok_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ok-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested to him, a member of the <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_Clan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brien Clan">O'Brien Clan</a>, descended in the paternal line from <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Boru</a>, a previous <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>: the most senior representative at the time was <a href="/wiki/Donough_O%27Brien,_16th_Baron_Inchiquin" title="Donough O'Brien, 16th Baron Inchiquin">Donough O'Brien, 16th Baron Inchiquin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ok_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ok-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oulton said that Donough's nephew <a href="/wiki/Conor_O%27Brien,_18th_Baron_Inchiquin" title="Conor O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin">Conor O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin</a>, confirmed that De Valera did offer Donough O'Brien the title of Prince-President of the Irish Republic, but this was turned down and so a President of Ireland was instituted instead.<sup id="cite_ref-ok_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ok-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchy</a>, specifically, continued and continues in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which remains a part of the sovereign state that is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. From 1921 until 1973, the British monarch was officially represented in Northern Ireland by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Governor of Northern Ireland">Governor of Northern Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_monarchs_of_Ireland">List of monarchs of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of monarchs of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Queen of Ireland" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Queen of Ireland (disambiguation)">Queen of Ireland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monarchs_of_Ireland">Monarchs of Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monarchs of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British monarchs: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg/220px-Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Philip_%26_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>An Irish <a href="/wiki/Groat_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groat (coin)">groat</a> depicting Philip and Mary</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (1542–1547); Lord of Ireland, 1509–1542; made king by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> (1547–1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> (1553; disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> (1553–1558) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip (of Spain)</a> (1554–1558) <i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i>; the Spanish king (Mary's husband)'s title as King of Ireland was reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1554" title="Treason Act 1554">Treason Act 1554</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> (1603–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> (1625–1649)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> (incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a>) took place between 1639 and 1653. Charles I was executed in 1649 and his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was recognised by some Irish lords as King of Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> began with England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales ruled by the <a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> (1649–1658) and his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> (1658–1659). The <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Ireland)" title="Restoration (Ireland)">Restoration in Ireland</a> was effected in 1660 without major opposition, Charles II being declared king on 14 May 1660 by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Convention_(1660)" title="Irish Convention (1660)">Irish Convention</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> (1660–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> (1685–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> (1689–1702) and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> (1689–1694)</li></ul> <p>The position of King of Ireland was contested by William III and James II between 1689 and 1691, after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688. The <a href="/wiki/Crown_and_Parliament_Recognition_Act_1689" title="Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689">Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689</a> made William King of Ireland, and this was reinforced by his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a>). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> (1702–1714) <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> remained a separate state.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> (1714–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> (1727–1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> (1760–1801)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Came_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Came into force">came into force</a> on 1 January 1801, was instituted in response to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> (1801–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> (1820–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> (1830–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> (1837–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> (1901–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> (1910–1922)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monarchs_of_the_Irish_Free_State_and_Ireland">Monarchs of the Irish Free State and Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Monarchs of the Irish Free State and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Royal_arms_of_Ireland.svg/170px-Royal_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Royal_arms_of_Ireland.svg/255px-Royal_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Royal_arms_of_Ireland.svg/340px-Royal_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>The royal arms of Ireland – Badge of Ireland, used during the period of the Kingdom of Ireland on coins, etc.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> (1922–1936) (The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> became a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and subsequently, in 1931, a legislatively independent country.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> (1936)</li> <li>Arguably <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (1936–1949), whose status was diminished <i>(see <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949</a>)</i>.</li></ul> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949" title="Ireland Act 1949">Ireland Act 1949</a>, only the part of Ireland known as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> remained part of a monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King's_title,_George_V_–_George_VI"><span id="King.27s_title.2C_George_V_.E2.80.93_George_VI"></span>King's title, George V – George VI</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: King's title, George V – George VI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The king's title in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, when it became a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and its constitutional successor from December 1936 to April 1949, was the same as elsewhere in the British Commonwealth,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was unclear whether the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> or the king was <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">head of state</a>. </p><p>The changes in the <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_Sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the British Sovereign">royal style</a> in the 20th century took into account the emergence of independence for the dominions from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Parliament of the United Kingdom">Imperial Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. The kings successively and their advisers and governments in the United Kingdom were fully aware that the republican intent of the representatives of the Irish Free State was in marked contrast to the intent of the governments of certain other dominions, such as Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and such differences were manifested in this period in the design and use of flags and other national symbols for the Irish Free State and other dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_Irish_monarchy">Proposed Irish monarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Proposed Irish monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, writing in the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/An_Claidheamh_Soluis" title="An Claidheamh Soluis">An Claidheamh Soluis</a></i>, envisioned the Ireland of 2006 as an independent Irish-speaking kingdom with an "Ard Rí" or "High King" as head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in 1916, some <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republican</a> leaders, including Pearse and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a>, contemplated giving the throne of an independent <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Joachim_of_Prussia" title="Prince Joachim of Prussia">Prince Joachim of Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While they were not in favour of a monarchy in itself, Pearse and Plunkett thought that if the uprising were successful and Germany won the First World War, they would insist on an independent Ireland being a monarchy with a German prince as king, in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that Joachim did not speak <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> was also considered an advantage, as he might be more disposed to learning and promoting the use of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_FitzGerald_(politician)" title="Desmond FitzGerald (politician)">Desmond FitzGerald</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That would have certain advantages for us. It would mean that a movement for <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism#Response" title="Linguistic imperialism">de-anglicisation</a> would flow from the head of the state downwards, for what was English would be foreign to the head of the state. He would naturally turn to those who were more Irish and Gaelic, as to his friends, for the non-nationalist element in our country had shown themselves to be so bitterly anti-German ... For the first generation or so it would be an advantage, in view of our natural weakness, to have a ruler who linked us with a dominant European power, and thereafter, when we were better prepared to stand alone, or when it might be undesirable that our ruler should turn by personal choice to one power rather than be guided by what was most natural and beneficial for our country, the ruler of that time would have become completely Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Ernest Blythe</a> recalls that in January 1915 he heard Plunkett and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a> express support for the idea at an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> meeting. No objections were made by anyone and <a href="/wiki/Bulmer_Hobson" title="Bulmer Hobson">Bulmer Hobson</a> was among the attendees. Blythe himself said he found the idea "immensely attractive".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> was established in 1905 by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a> as a monarchist party inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a> which sought to create an Anglo-Irish <a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">dual monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the party's 1917 Ard Fheis, disputes between monarchists and republicans resulted in an agreement that the question of a republic versus a monarchy would be settled by public referendum after independence was achieved provided that no member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a> could become king.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> had no head of state during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> negotiations when <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> raised his status to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Irish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Irish Republic">President of the Irish Republic</a> in order to grant himself equal status to George V.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, an organisation known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Monarchist_Society" title="Irish Monarchist Society">Irish Monarchist Society</a>, whose members included <a href="/wiki/Francis_Stuart" title="Francis Stuart">Francis Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Osmond_Esmonde,_12th_Baronet" title="Sir Osmond Esmonde, 12th Baronet">Osmonde Esmonde</a>, plotted to overthrow the Irish Free State and establish an independent Irish Catholic monarchy under a member of the <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neill dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hugo_O%27Donnell,_7th_Duke_of_Tetuan" title="Hugo O'Donnell, 7th Duke of Tetuan">Hugo O'Donnell, 7th Duke of Tetuan</a>, de Valera raised the idea of an Irish monarchy with his great-grandfather Juan O'Donnell.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moulton_O%27Brien" title="Raymond Moulton O'Brien">Raymond Moulton O'Brien</a>, the self-styled "Prince of Thomond", and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Christian_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Christian Nationalist Party (page does not exist)">United Christian Nationalist Party</a>, of which O'Brien was the leader, wanted to reestablish the monarchy with O'Brien as king.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScarisbrick" class="citation book cs1">Scarisbrick, J.J. <i>English Monarchs: Henry VIII</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Monarchs%3A+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Scarisbrick&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Parr" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Parr">Parr, Katherine</a> (2011). "Last Will and Testament of Dowager Queen Katherine Parr". In Mueller, Janel (ed.). <i>Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Last+Will+and+Testament+of+Dowager+Queen+Katherine+Parr&rft.btitle=Katherine+Parr%3A+Complete+Works+and+Correspondence&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#bull1555">"The papal bull "ILIUS" of 1555 conferring the title of King of Ireland upon Philip II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+papal+bull+%22ILIUS%22+of+1555+conferring+the+title+of+King+of+Ireland+upon+Philip+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fnational%2Fireland_docs.htm%23bull1555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittock2006210-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittock2006210_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittock2006">Pittock 2006</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAston2002222-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAston2002222_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAston2002">Aston 2002</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times,_4_March_1927-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times,_4_March_1927_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times,_4_March_1927_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, 4 March 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Irish Law Times and Solicitor's Journal: Public general statutes</i>, J. Falconer, 1929, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeBLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66">66</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html">"Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence"</a>. <i>Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law</i>. <b>9</b> (3). September 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Murdoch+University+Electronic+Journal+of+Law&rft.atitle=Black+v+Chr%C3%A9tien%3A+Suing+a+Minister+of+the+Crown+for+Abuse+of+Power%2C+Misfeasance+in+Public+Office+and+Negligence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.murdoch.edu.au%2Felaw%2Fissues%2Fv9n3%2Fcox93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1936/en/act/pub/0058/sec0003.html#zza58y1936s3"><i>Executive Authority (External Relations) Act, 1936</i></a>. Dublin: Irish Statute Book. 12 December 1936. 3.2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executive+Authority+%28External+Relations%29+Act%2C+1936&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.date=1936-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1936%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0058%2Fsec0003.html%23zza58y1936s3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon1984" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Deirdre (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicansimper0000mcma/page/181"><i>Republicans and Imperialists: Anglo-Irish Relations in the 1930s</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicansimper0000mcma/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300030711" title="Special:BookSources/0300030711"><bdi>0300030711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republicans+and+Imperialists%3A+Anglo-Irish+Relations+in+the+1930s&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0300030711&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicansimper0000mcma%2Fpage%2F181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the words of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_E._Daly2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mary E. Daly (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508399">"The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other Name"?"</a>. <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508399">10.1086/508399</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508399">10.1086/508399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Free+State%2F%C3%89ire%2FRepublic+of+Ireland%2FIreland%3A+%22A+Country+by+Any+Other+Name%22%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F508399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F508399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mary+E.+Daly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F508399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>: "After the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">1936 External Relations Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">1937 Constitution</a>, Ireland's only remaining link with the crown had been the accreditation of diplomats. The president of Ireland was the head of state. When opposition deputies asked de Valera whether Ireland was a republic—a favorite pastime in the mid-1940s—he tended to resort to dictionary definitions showing that Ireland had all the attributes of a republic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1948/en/act/pub/0022/sec0001.html#zza22y1948s2">Section 1</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondō2001" class="citation book cs1">Kondō, Atsushi (2001). <i>Citizenship in a Global World: Comparing Citizenship Rights for Aliens</i>. Hampshire: Palgrave. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-80265-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-80265-9"><bdi>0-333-80265-9</bdi></a>. <q>Ireland reluctantly remained a member of the Commonwealth as Irish citizens remained British Subjects. However, Irish representatives stopped attending Commonwealth meetings in 1937 and Ireland adopted a position of neutrality in World War II. Ireland became a Republic in 1949 and formally left the Commonwealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+a+Global+World%3A+Comparing+Citizenship+Rights+for+Aliens&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-80265-9&rft.aulast=Kond%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Atsushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ok-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ok_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ok_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ok_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Keeffe2013" class="citation cs2">O'Keeffe, Jane (2013), <i>Voices from the Great Houses of Ireland: Life in the Big House: Cork and Kerry</i>, Mercier Press, p. 21, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781171936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781171936"><bdi>978-1781171936</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+Great+Houses+of+Ireland%3A+Life+in+the+Big+House%3A+Cork+and+Kerry&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1781171936&rft.aulast=O%27Keeffe&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proclamation altering the Style and Titles appertaining to the Crown, London, 13 May 1927.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm#1927">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heads of government attending the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a> included W. T. Cosgrave, then serving as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a> (prime minister) from 1922 to 1932. It was recorded that the distinct characteristics and histories of each was recognised by the parties attending the Conference,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Alistair B. Fraser (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Nation/NatSym.html">"The Flags of Canada"</a>. For the chronology of Canadian flags from 1870, at the time of the Irish republican movement, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Appendicies/Chronology.html">Appendix III</a>. For explanation of the distinction between national flags and monarchical badges or blazons of arms see Chapter I: "... a nation needs emblems and symbols to preserve traditions and inspire love of country. Of these symbols, the coat of arms and the flag are the chief." Charles Frederick Hamilton, Assistant Comptroller, R.C.M.P (1921) "The function of a flag is to send the simple message of identity. The function of arms is to dignify an individual, or institution, or country by special identifying symbolism and by appropriate reference to ancestry." John Ross Matheson, <i>Canada's Flag: A Search for a Country</i> (Boston G.K. Hall, 1980), p. 7. "Canada's flag serves to identify something Canadian. More specialized in its use, Canada's arms identify national authority and jurisdiction. Leaving aside strictly decorative uses of either, the flag is used wherever one wishes to make the simple statement: Canada or Canadian; the arms only where the authority of the nation is asserted." Alistair B. Fraser, 1998, op.cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/cnag/docs/1906b/40">In My Garden</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Claidheamh_Soluis" title="An Claidheamh Soluis">An Claidheamh Soluis</a></i>, 4 August 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drb.ie/essays/patrick-pearse-predicts-the-future">Patrick Pearse Predicts the Future</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Review_of_Books" title="Dublin Review of Books">Dublin Review of Books</a></i>, Bryan Fanning, 20 May 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs of Desmond FitzGerald, 1913–1916</i>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_FitzGerald_(politician)" title="Desmond FitzGerald (politician)">Desmond FitzGerald</a>; Routledge & K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Munster+Antiquarian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Principality+of+Thomond+and+His+Royal+Highness+Raymond+Moulton+Se%C3%A1ghan+O%27Brien%2C+1936%E2%80%931963%3B+Ireland%27s+Greatest+Diplomatic+Farce&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Aan+de+Wiel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limerickcity.ie%2Fmedia%2FNMAJ%2520vol%252047%252008%2520The%2520Principality%2520of%2520Thomond%2520and%2520His%2520Royal%2520Highness%2520Raymond%2520Moulton%2520Se%25C3%25A1ghan%2520O%2520Brien%2C%25201936-63%3B%2520Irelands%2520greatest%2520diplomatic%2520farce%2C%2520by%2520Jerome%2520aan%2520de%2520Wiel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston2002" class="citation book cs1">Aston, Nigel (2002). <i>Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1830</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521465922" title="Special:BookSources/9780521465922"><bdi>9780521465922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Revolutionary+Europe%2C+1750%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521465922&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2006" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray GH (2006). <i>Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521030274" title="Special:BookSources/9780521030274"><bdi>9780521030274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+Jacobite+Politics+in+Eighteenth-Century+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521030274&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray+GH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Synchronismen der irischen Konige</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Thurneysen" title="Rudolf Thurneysen">Rudolf Thurneysen</a>, <i>ZCP</i> 19, 1933, pp. 81–99.</li> <li><i>The Uí Brian Kingship in Telach Oc</i>, James Hogan, in <i>Feil-Sgrighinn Eoin Mhic Neill</i>, pp. 406–444, ed. John Ryan, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, 1938.</li> <li><i>Early Irish History and Mythology</i>, T.F. O'Rahilly, 1946.</li> <li><i>The heir-designate in early medieval Ireland</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gear%C3%B3id_Mac_Niocaill" title="Gearóid Mac Niocaill">Gearóid Mac Niocaill</a>, <i>Irish Jurist</i> 3 (1968), pp. 326–29.</li> <li><i>The rise of the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a> and the high-kingship of Ireland</i>, Francis John Byrne, O'Donnell Lecture, 1969; published Dublin, 1970</li> <li><i>Irish regnal succession – a reappraisal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_O_Corrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnchadh O Corrain">Donnchadh O Corrain</a>, <i>Studia Hibernica</i> 11, 1971, pp. 7–39.</li> <li><i>Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nicholls" title="Kenneth Nicholls">Kenneth Nicholls</a>, 1972</li> <li><i>Rí Éirenn, Rí Alban, kingship and identity in the night and tenth centuries</i>, Maire Herbert, in <i>Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland</i>, pp. 62–72, ed. S. Taylor, Dublin, 2000</li> <li><i>Irish Kings and High Kings</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Francis John Byrne</a>, 1973; 3rd reprint, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, 2001</li> <li><i>Dal Cais, church and dynasty</i>, Donnachadh O Corrain, <i>Eiru</i> 24, 1973, pp. 1–69</li> <li><i>Nationality and kingship in pre-Norman Ireland</i>, Donnchadh O Corrain, in <i>Nationality and the pursuit of national independence</i>, pp. 1–35, <i>Historical Studies</i> 11, ed. T.W. Moody, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, 1978</li> <li><i>The Irish royal sites in history and archaeology</i>, B. Wailes, <i>CMCS</i> 3, 1982, pp. 1–29.</li> <li><i>A New History of Ireland vol. ix:maps, genealogies, lists:a companion to Irish history part II.</i>, edited T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin, F.J. Byrne, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, 1984.</li> <li><i>The archaeology of early Irish kingship</i>, Richard B. Warner, in <i>Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland</i>, pp. 47–68, ed. S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, 1988</li> <li><i>From Kings to Warlords:The Changing Political Structure of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle Ages</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharine_Simms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katharine Simms (page does not exist)">Katharine Simms</a>, Dublin, 1987.</li> <li><i>The King as Judge in early Ireland</i>, Marilyn Gerriets, <i>CMCS</i> 13 (1987), pp. 39–72.</li> <li><i>High Kingship and Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus</i>, A.T. Fear, in <i>EtC</i> 30 (1994), pp. 165–68.</li> <li><i>Kingship, society and sacrality:rank, power and ideology in early medieval Ireland</i>, N.B. Aitchison, in <i>Traditio</i> 49 (1994), pp. 45–47.</li> <li><i>Kings and kingship</i> in <i>Early Medieval Ireland</i>, pp. 63–84, <a href="/wiki/Daibhi_O_Croinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Daibhi O Croinin">Daibhi O Croinin</a>, 1995.</li> <li><i>The Kingship of Tara</i> in <i>Early Christian Ireland</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards" title="Thomas Charles-Edwards">Thomas Charles-Edwards</a>, 1995</li> <li><i>Kings over overkings. Propaganda for pre-eminence in early medieval Ireland</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_Jaski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bart Jaski (page does not exist)">Bart Jaski</a>, in <i>The Propagation of Power in the Medieval West</i>, ed. M. Gosman, A. Vanderjagt, J. Veenstra, pp. 163–76, <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>, 1996.</li> <li><i>An inaugural <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a> to Hugh O'Connor (King of Connacht 1293–1309)</i>, Seam Mac Mathuna, <i>ZCP</i> 49–50, 1997, pp. 26–62.</li> <li><i>The inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Tairrdelbach_Ua_Conchobair" title="Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair">Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair</a> at Ath an Termoinn</i>, Elizabeth FitzPatrick, <i>Peritia</i> 12 (1998), pp. 351–358.</li> <li><i>Kings, the kingship of Leinster and the regnal poems of "laidshenchas Laigen:a reflection of dynastic politics in leinster, 650–1150</i>, Edel Bhreathnach, in <i>Seanchas:Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of <a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Francis John Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts_Press" title="Four Courts Press">Four Courts Press</a>, Dublin, 2000.</i></li> <li><i>The Conntinuation of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, s.a. 750; high-kings, kings of <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Tara</a> and Bretwaldas</i>, T.M. Charles-Edwards, pp. 137–145, op.cit.</li> <li><i>Early Irish Kingship and Succession</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_Jaski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bart Jaski (page does not exist)">Bart Jaski</a>, Dublin, 2000.</li> <li><i>Leinster states and kings in Christian times</i> pp. 33–52, <i>The Ua Maelechlainn kings of Meath</i>, pp. 90–107, <i>Christian kings of Connacht</i>, pp. 177–194, Paul Walsh, in <i>Irish Leaders and Learning Through the Ages</i>, ed. Nollaig O Muraile, 2003.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finghin_MacCarthaigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finghin MacCarthaigh (page does not exist)">Finghin MacCarthaigh</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Desmond</a>, and the mystery of the second nunnery at <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a>, Conleth Manning, in </i>Regions and Rulers in Ireland 1100–1650<i>, ed. David Edwards, pp. 20–26, <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts_Press" title="Four Courts Press">Four Courts Press</a>, Dublin, 2004.</i></li> <li><i>Kingship in Early Ireland</i>, Charles Doherty, in <i>The Kingship and Landscape of Tara</i>, pp. 3–31, ed. <a href="/wiki/Edel_Bhreathnach" title="Edel Bhreathnach">Edel Bhreathnach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts_Press" title="Four Courts Press">Four Courts Press</a>, Dublin, 2005</li> <li><i>Kings named in "Baile Chuinn Chechathaig" and the <a href="/wiki/Airgialla" class="mw-redirect" title="Airgialla">Airgialla</a> Charter Poem</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ailbhe_Mac_Shamhrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailbhe Mac Shamhrain">Ailbhe Mac Shamhrain</a> and Paul Byrne, in op.cit., pp. 159–224.</li> <li><i>High-Kings with Opposition</i>, Maire-Therese Flannagan, in <i>A New History of Ireland, Volume One:Pre-Historic and Early Ireland</i>, 2008.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Ireland716" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Ireland716" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Barbadosed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite–Jacobite War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts of <br />Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543" title="Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543">Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556">Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popery_Act" title="Popery Act">Popery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic<br />conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Tuadhmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh" title="Iveagh">Uí Echach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanricarde" title="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1544)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">Uí Díarmata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clann Aodha Buidhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg" title="Kings of Magh Luirg">Magh Luirg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Umhaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1593)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Deasmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1602)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Laigin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">Bréifne Uí Ruairc</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1605)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Cairbrigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1606)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tír Chonaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fear Manach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">Uí Catháin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Court of King's Bench (Ireland)">King's Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Ireland)">Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(Ireland)" title="Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)">Common Pleas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Recusancy_in_Ireland" title="Recusancy in Ireland">Recusancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchs</a><br /> and rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1542–1547)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1547–1553)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553; disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553–1558)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> (1554–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1558–1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603–1625)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1625–1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649–1653)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1653–1658)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><i>Commonwealth</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1659–1660)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660–1685)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1685–1691)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1702)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1694)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1702–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714–1727)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1727–1760)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1760–1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/16px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/24px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa145" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland 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href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of 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title="Kingdom of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" 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