CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kingdom of Bavaria - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7515dff1-e0f2-4094-9e40-df538d0806b1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kingdom_of_Bavaria","wgTitle":"Kingdom of Bavaria","wgCurRevisionId":1256020421,"wgRevisionId":1256020421,"wgArticleId":3043377,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles containing German-language text","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2023","Articles containing Bavarian-language text","Pages with German IPA","Pages with Bavarian IPA", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017","Commons category link from Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Kingdom of Bavaria","History of Bavaria","Former kingdoms","States of the German Empire","States of the German Confederation","States of the Confederation of the Rhine","1806 establishments in Bavaria","1918 disestablishments in Germany","States and territories established in 1806","States and territories disestablished in 1918","1806 establishments in Europe","1918 disestablishments in Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kingdom_of_Bavaria","wgRelevantArticleId":3043377,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":48.1333,"lon":11.5667},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q154195","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="720"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/800px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/640px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="384"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kingdom of Bavaria - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kingdom_of_Bavaria rootpage-Kingdom_of_Bavaria skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kingdom+of+Bavaria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kingdom+of+Bavaria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kingdom+of+Bavaria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kingdom+of+Bavaria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_expansion_under_Maximilian_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_expansion_under_Maximilian_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_expansion_under_Maximilian_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ludwig_I,_Maximilian_II_and_the_Revolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ludwig_I,_Maximilian_II_and_the_Revolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ludwig I, Maximilian II and the Revolutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ludwig_I,_Maximilian_II_and_the_Revolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austro-Prussian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austro-Prussian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Austro-Prussian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austro-Prussian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ludwig_II_and_the_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ludwig_II_and_the_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ludwig II and the German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ludwig_II_and_the_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency_and_institutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency_and_institutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Regency and institutional reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency_and_institutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Military autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_end_of_the_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_end_of_the_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>World War I and the end of the kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_end_of_the_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography,_administrative_regions_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography,_administrative_regions_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography, administrative regions and population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography,_administrative_regions_and_population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography, administrative regions and population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography,_administrative_regions_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Bavaria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة بافاريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة بافاريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Bavera" title="Reino de Bavera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Bavera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Baviera" title="Reinu de Baviera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bavariya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bavariya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="باواریا شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باواریا شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Bayern Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bayern Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Каралеўства Баварыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Баварыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Бавария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Бавария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinereich_Bayern" title="Kinereich Bayern – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinereich Bayern" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Bavaria" title="Rouantelezh Bavaria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Baviera" title="Regne de Baviera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavorsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Bavorské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bavorské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Bayern" title="Kongeriget Bayern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Bayern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Bayern" title="Königreich Bayern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Bayern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baieri_kuningriik" title="Baieri kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baieri kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Βαυαρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Βαυαρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Baviera" title="Reino de Baviera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Bavario" title="Reĝlando Bavario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Bavario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariako_Erresuma" title="Bavariako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bavariako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="پادشاهی بایرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی بایرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Bavi%C3%A8re" title="Royaume de Bavière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Bavière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACoghachd_Bayern" title="Rìoghachd Bayern – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìoghachd Bayern" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Baviera" title="Reino de Baviera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Baviera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="바이에른 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이에른 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բավարիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բավարիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Bavarska" title="Kraljevina Bavarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Bavarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Bavaria" title="Kerajaan Bavaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Baviera" title="Regno di Baviera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Baviera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת בוואריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת בוואריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Bavyeray%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Bavyerayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Bavyerayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bav%C4%81rejis_Kara%C4%BCiste" title="Bavārejis Karaļiste – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Bavārejis Karaļiste" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Bavariae" title="Regnum Bavariae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Bavariae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bav%C4%81rijas_Karaliste" title="Bavārijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bavārijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajor_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Bajor Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bajor Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Баварија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Баварија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Beraja_Bavaria" title="Kerajaan Beraja Bavaria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Beraja Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Баварийн хаант улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баварийн хаант улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Beieren" title="Koninkrijk Beieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Beieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="バイエルン王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイエルン王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_Bayern" title="Kongeriket Bayern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket Bayern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Bayern" title="Kongedømet Bayern – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Bayern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Bawarii" title="Królestwo Bawarii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Bawarii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Baviera" title="Reino da Baviera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Baviera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Bavariei" title="Regatul Bavariei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Bavariei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевство Бавария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Бавария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Bavarie" title="Kinrick o Bavarie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Bavarie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Bavarska" title="Kraljevina Bavarska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljevina Bavarska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Баварска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Баварска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarska_kraljevina" title="Bavarska kraljevina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bavarska kraljevina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijerin_kuningaskunta" title="Baijerin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baijerin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Bayern" title="Kungariket Bayern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Bayern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชอาณาจักรบาวาเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรบาวาเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavyera_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bavyera Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bavyera Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Баварське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баварське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مملکت بویریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت بویریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Bayern" title="Vương quốc Bayern – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Bayern" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="巴伐利亚王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴伐利亚王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴伐利亞王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kingdom_of_Bavaria" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&oldid=1256020421" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&id=1256020421&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKingdom_of_Bavaria"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKingdom_of_Bavaria"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Bavaria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154195" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&params=48.1333_N_11.5667_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°08′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°34′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.1333°N 11.5667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.1333; 11.5667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1806–1918 kingdom in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 19th and early-20th century state. For the medieval state briefly known as the Kingdom of Bavaria, see <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Bavaria</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1806–1825)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Baiern</i></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Kinereich Baiern</i></span></span><hr /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1825–1918)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Bayern</i></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Kinereich Bayern</i></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1806–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bavaria_(striped).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bavaria"><img alt="Flag of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bavaria" title="Flag of Bavaria">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bavaria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Bavaria_1835-1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria" title="Coat of arms of Bavaria"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span><br />("Steadfast in loyalty")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bayernhymne" title="Bayernhymne">Bayerische Königshymne</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"Bavarian Royal Hymn"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="Für_Bayern_(Bayernhymne).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/F%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/F%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg/F%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AF%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AF%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-DR-Bavaria_(blau).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1914, as part of the German Empire"><img alt="The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1914, as part of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg/250px-Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg/375px-Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg/500px-Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="2224" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1914, as part of the German Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />(1806)</li><li>State of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a><br />(1806–1813)</li><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a><br />(1815–1866)</li><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">Federal State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a><br />(1871–1918)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Majority:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Minorities:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bavaria" title="King of Bavaria">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1806–1825 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1825–1848 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848–1864 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian II of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1864–1886 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1886-1913 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otto,_King_of_Bavaria" title="Otto, King of Bavaria">Otto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1913–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">Prince Regent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1886–1912 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria">Luitpold</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912–1913 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Bavaria">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1806–1817 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Montgelas" title="Maximilian von Montgelas">Maximilian von Montgelas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912–1917 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ritter_von_Dandl" title="Otto Ritter von Dandl">Otto Ritter von Dandl</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Upper Chamber</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Bavaria)" title="House of Councillors (Bavaria)">House of Councillors</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Lower Chamber</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Representatives_(Bavaria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Representatives (Bavaria) (page does not exist)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Proclamation of the kingdom </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Treaty of Ried</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 October 1813</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1871</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anif_declaration" title="Anif declaration">Anif declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Bavaria">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1910<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">75,865 km<sup>2</sup> (29,292 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Bavaria">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,524,372</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_gulden" title="Bavarian gulden">Bavarian gulden</a><br />(1806–1873)</li><li><a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">German gold mark</a><br />(1873–1914)</li><li><a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">German Papiermark</a><br />(1914–1918)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/20px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/30px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/40px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/CoA_W%C3%BCrzburg_Diocese.svg/20px-CoA_W%C3%BCrzburg_Diocese.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/CoA_W%C3%BCrzburg_Diocese.svg/30px-CoA_W%C3%BCrzburg_Diocese.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/CoA_W%C3%BCrzburg_Diocese.svg/40px-CoA_W%C3%BCrzburg_Diocese.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg">Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Grafschaft_Ortenburg_coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Grafschaft_Ortenburg_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Grafschaft_Ortenburg_coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Grafschaft_Ortenburg_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Grafschaft_Ortenburg_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Grafschaft_Ortenburg_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Ortenburg" title="Imperial County of Ortenburg">Imperial County of Ortenburg</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/20px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/30px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/40px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/20px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/30px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/40px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Bavaria</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Königreich Bayern</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbaɪɐn]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>: <i lang="bar">Kinereich Bayern</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɪnəraɪ̯x<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈb̥ajɛɐ̯n]</a></span>; spelled <i>Baiern</i> until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a> in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918. With the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871, the kingdom became a <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a> of the new empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>'s foundation dates back to the ascension of Elector <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian IV Joseph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bavaria" title="King of Bavaria">King of Bavaria</a> in 1806. The crown continued to be held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom came to an end in 1918. Most of the border of modern Germany's <a href="/wiki/Bavaria#Free_State_of_Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a> were established after 1814 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>, in which the Kingdom of Bavaria ceded <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> while receiving <a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a>. </p><p>In 1918, Bavaria became a republic after the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a>, and the kingdom was thus succeeded by the current <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_expansion_under_Maximilian_I">Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bavaria" title="History of Bavaria">History of Bavaria</a></div> <p>On 30 December 1777, the Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a> passed to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria">Charles Theodore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector Palatine">Elector Palatine</a>. After a separation of four and a half centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>, to which the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg" title="Duchy of Berg">Berg</a> had been added, was thus reunited with Bavaria. In 1793, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> overran the Palatinate; in 1795, the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Moreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Victor Moreau">Moreau</a>, invaded Bavaria itself, advanced to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>—where they were received with joy by the long-suppressed Liberals—and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>. Charles Theodore, who had done nothing to prevent the war or to resist the invasion, fled to <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, leaving a regency, the members of which signed a convention with Moreau, by which he granted an armistice in return for a heavy contribution (7 September 1796). Between the French and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrians</a>, Bavaria was now in a bad situation. Before the death of Charles Theodore (16 February 1799), the Austrians had again occupied the country, in preparation for renewing the war with France.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bild-Montgelas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bild-Montgelas.jpg/220px-Bild-Montgelas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bild-Montgelas.jpg/330px-Bild-Montgelas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bild-Montgelas.jpg/440px-Bild-Montgelas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Montgelas" title="Maximilian von Montgelas">Maximilian von Montgelas</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian IV</a> Joseph (of <a href="/wiki/Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken">Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken</a>), the new elector, succeeded to a difficult inheritance. Though his own sympathies, and those of his all-powerful minister, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Montgelas" title="Maximilian von Montgelas">Maximilian von Montgelas</a>, were, if anything, French rather than Austrian, the state of the Bavarian finances, and the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Army" title="Bavarian Army">Bavarian Army</a> was scattered and disorganized, left him helpless in the hands of Austria; on 2 December 1800, the Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Hohenlinden</a>, and Moreau once more occupied Munich. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> (9 February 1801), Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Palatine Zweibrücken">Zweibrücken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a>. In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, Montgelas now believed that the interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on 24 August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1805 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg</a> allowed Maximilian to raise Bavaria to the status of a kingdom. Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January 1806 as Maximilian I. The king still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> on 1 August 1806, joining the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg" title="Duchy of Berg">Duchy of Berg</a> was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806. The new kingdom faced challenges from the outset of its creation, relying on the support of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a>. The kingdom was forced to give Napoleon conscripts for the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">faced war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> in 1809 and from 1810 to 1814 lost territory to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a>. In 1808, all relics of serfdom were abolished. In the same year, Maximilian promulgated Bavaria's first written constitution. Over the next five years, it was amended numerous times in accordance with Paris' wishes. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812 about 30,000 Bavarian soldiers were killed in action. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Treaty of Ried</a> of 8 October 1813 Bavaria left the Confederation of the Rhine and agreed to join the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> against Napoleon in exchange for a guarantee of her continued sovereign and independent status. On 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against Napoleonic France. The treaty was passionately backed by Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig</a> and by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_von_Wrede" title="Karl Philipp von Wrede">Karl Philipp von Wrede</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> in October 1813 ended the <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">German Campaign</a> with the Coalition nations as the victors, in a complete failure for the French, although they achieved a minor victory when a Bavarian army attempted to block the retreat of the French <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a>. </p><p>With the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814, Bavaria lost the territories it had gained from Austria, but was compensated for some of its losses, receiving new territories such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Grand Duchy of Würzburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Grand Duchy of Frankfurt</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine" title="Circle of the Rhine">Rhenish Palatinate</a> was given to Bavaria by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Munich_(1816)" title="Treaty of Munich (1816)">Treaty of Munich</a>. It was the second largest and second most powerful state south of the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>, behind only Austria. In Germany as a whole, it ranked third behind <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and Austria. </p><p>Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister Count Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. On 1 February 1817, Montgelas was dismissed and Bavaria entered a new era of constitutional reform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 May 1818, Bavaria's second constitution was proclaimed. The constitution established a bicameral Parliament (<a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag</a>). The upper house (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Bavaria)" title="House of Councillors (Bavaria)">Kammer der Reichsräte</a>, meaning "House of Councillors") comprised the aristocracy and noblemen, including the royal princes, holders of the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kron%C3%A4mter_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Bayern" class="extiw" title="de:Kronämter des Königreichs Bayern">crown offices</a>, archbishops, members of the <a href="/wiki/Mediatized_Houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediatized Houses">Mediatized Houses</a> in Bavaria and hereditary and lifelong nominees of the crown. The lower house (<a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Representatives_(Bavaria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Representatives (Bavaria) (page does not exist)">Kammer der Abgeordneten</a>, meaning "House of Representatives"), would include representatives of landowners, the three universities, clergy (Catholic and Protestant), the towns and the peasants. Without the consent of both houses, no law could be passed and no tax could be levied. The rights of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> were safeguarded in the constitution with articles supporting the equality of all religions, despite opposition by supporters of the Roman Catholic Church. The initial constitution almost proved disastrous for the monarchy, with controversies such as the army having to swear allegiance to the new constitution. The monarchy appealed to Prussia and the Austria for advice; the two refused to take action on Bavaria's behalf, but the disturbances lessened and the state stabilized with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I</a> to the throne following the death of Maximilian in 1825. </p><p>Within the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Palatinate enjoyed a special legal and administrative position, as the Bavarian government maintained substantial achievements of the French period. The German historian Heiner Haan<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described the special status of the Palatinate within Bavaria as a relation of <i>Hauptstaat</i> (main state, i.e. Bavaria) and <i>Nebenstaat</i> (alongside state, i.e. the Palatinate). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ludwig_I,_Maximilian_II_and_the_Revolutions"><span id="Ludwig_I.2C_Maximilian_II_and_the_Revolutions"></span>Ludwig I, Maximilian II and the Revolutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ludwig I, Maximilian II and the Revolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1825, Ludwig I ascended the throne of Bavaria. Under Ludwig, the arts flourished in Bavaria, and Ludwig personally ordered and financially assisted the creation of many <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> buildings and architecture across Bavaria. Ludwig also increased Bavaria's pace towards industrialization under his reign. In foreign affairs under Ludwig's rule, Bavaria supported the Greeks during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> with his second son, <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto</a> being elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Greece">King of Greece</a> in 1832. As for politics, initial reforms advocated by Ludwig were both liberal and reform-oriented. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a>, Ludwig turned to conservative reaction. The <a href="/wiki/Hambacher_Fest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hambacher Fest">Hambacher Fest</a> in 1832 showed the discontent of the population with high taxes and censorship. Bavaria joined the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> in 1834. In 1835, the first <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Germany" title="History of rail transport in Germany">German railway</a> was constructed in Bavaria, between the cities of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schatzkammer_Residenz_Muenchen_Krone_des_Koenigreichs_Bayern2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Schatzkammer_Residenz_Muenchen_Krone_des_Koenigreichs_Bayern2.jpg/220px-Schatzkammer_Residenz_Muenchen_Krone_des_Koenigreichs_Bayern2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Schatzkammer_Residenz_Muenchen_Krone_des_Koenigreichs_Bayern2.jpg/330px-Schatzkammer_Residenz_Muenchen_Krone_des_Koenigreichs_Bayern2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Schatzkammer_Residenz_Muenchen_Krone_des_Koenigreichs_Bayern2.jpg/440px-Schatzkammer_Residenz_Muenchen_Krone_des_Koenigreichs_Bayern2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Bavaria" title="Crown of Bavaria">Crown of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Residence">Munich Residence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1837, the Roman Catholic-supported clerical movement, the <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanes</a>, came to power in the Bavarian parliament and began a campaign of reform to the constitution, which removed civil rights that had earlier been granted to Protestants, as well as enforcing censorship and forbidding the free discussion of internal politics. This regime was short-lived due to the demand by the Ultramontanes of the naturalization of Ludwig I's Irish mistress, <a href="/wiki/Lola_Montez" title="Lola Montez">Lola Montez</a>, a notorious courtesan and dancer, which was resented by Ludwig, and the Ultramontanes were pushed out. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria.jpg/200px-Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria.jpg/300px-Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria.jpg/400px-Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ludwig I of Bavaria">King Ludwig I of Bavaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, Ludwig abdicated on 20 March 1848 in favour of his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian II of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a>. The revolutions also brought amendments to the constitution, including changes to the lower house of the Landtag with equal suffrage for every male who paid a direct tax. Maximilian II responded to the demands of the people for a united German state by attending the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a>, which intended to create such a state. However, when Maximilian II rejected the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a> in 1849, there was an <a href="/wiki/Palatine_uprising" title="Palatine uprising">uprising in the Bavarian Palatinate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Martin_Reichard" title="Joseph Martin Reichard">Joseph Martin Reichard</a>, which was put down with the support of Prussian forces. However Maximilian II stood alongside Bavaria's ally, the Austrian Empire, in opposition to Austria's enemy, Prussia. This position was resented by many Bavarian citizens, who wanted a united Germany. In the end Prussia declined the crown offered by the Frankfurt Parliament as the proposed constitution of a German state was perceived to be too liberal and not in Prussia's interests. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walhalla_Aerial_View.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Walhalla_Aerial_View.JPG/220px-Walhalla_Aerial_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Walhalla_Aerial_View.JPG/330px-Walhalla_Aerial_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Walhalla_Aerial_View.JPG/440px-Walhalla_Aerial_View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Walhalla_memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhalla memorial">Walhalla memorial</a> of Ludwig I</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, Prussia and Austria continued to debate over which monarchy had the inherent right to rule Germany. A dispute between Austria and the Elector of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a> was used by Austria and its allies (including Bavaria) to promote the isolation of Prussia in German political affairs. This diplomatic insult almost led to war when Austria, Bavaria, and other allies moved troops through Bavaria towards Hesse-Kassel in 1850. However, Prussia backed down to Austria, and accepted its political leadership of Germany. This event was known as the <a href="/wiki/Punctation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz" title="Punctation of Olmütz">Punctation of Olmütz</a> but also known as the "Humiliation of Olmütz" by Prussia. This event solidified the Bavarian kingdom's alliance with Austria against Prussia. When the project to unite the German middle-sized powers under Bavarian leadership against Prussia and Austria (the so-called <i>Trias</i>) failed, Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Baron_Karl_Ludwig_von_der_Pfordten" title="Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten">von der Pfordten</a> resigned in 1859. Attempts by Prussia to reorganize the loose <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> were opposed by Bavaria and Austria, with Bavaria taking part in its own discussions with Austria and other allies in 1863, in Frankfurt, without Prussia attending. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austro-Prussian_War">Austro-Prussian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austro-Prussian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Freiherr_von_der_Pfordten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ludwig_Freiherr_von_der_Pfordten.jpg/140px-Ludwig_Freiherr_von_der_Pfordten.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ludwig_Freiherr_von_der_Pfordten.jpg/210px-Ludwig_Freiherr_von_der_Pfordten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ludwig_Freiherr_von_der_Pfordten.jpg/280px-Ludwig_Freiherr_von_der_Pfordten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="2661" /></a><figcaption>Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Baron_Karl_Ludwig_von_der_Pfordten" title="Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten">Ludwig von der Pfordten</a>, who left office following Bavaria's defeat in the war in 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1864, Maximilian II died early, and his eighteen-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig II">Ludwig II</a>, became King of Bavaria as tensions between Austria and Prussia escalated steadily. Prussian <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister-President</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, recognizing the immediate likelihood of war, tried to keep Bavaria neutral. Ludwig II refused Bismarck's offers and continued Bavaria's alliance with Austria. In 1866, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> began. Bavaria and most of the south German states allied with Austria, but contributed far less to the war against Prussia. </p><p>Prussia quickly defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, then won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a> (3 July 1866) against Austria, which sued for peace shortly afterward. The states of the German Confederation had not agreed on a common strategy in the war. Their separate armies were therefore defeated in succession by Prussia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Army" title="Bavarian Army">Bavarian Army</a> was defeated in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kissingen" title="Battle of Kissingen">Battle of Kissingen</a> (10 July 1866). <a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Theodor_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria">Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria</a> took command, but the Bavarians were decisively beaten at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ro%C3%9Fbrunn" title="Battle of Roßbrunn">Roßbrunn</a> (26 July 1866). </p><p>Austria was defeated, and the German Confederation was dissolved, ending Austria's influence over the lesser German states. Bavaria lost <a href="/wiki/Gersfeld" title="Gersfeld">Gersfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Orb" title="Bad Orb">Bad Orb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaulsdorf_(Saale)" title="Kaulsdorf (Saale)">Kaulsdorf</a> to Prussia; former two became part of the new <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Province of Hesse-Nassau</a> whereas the latter became part of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>. From this time, Bavaria steadily progressed into Prussia's sphere of influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ludwig_II_and_the_German_Empire">Ludwig II and the German Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ludwig II and the German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the northern German states quickly unified into the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>, with the Prussian king leading the state. Bavaria's previous inhibitions towards Prussia changed, along with those of many of the south German states, after French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> began speaking of <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>'s need for "compensation" from its loss in 1814 and included the Bavarian-held <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine" title="Circle of the Rhine">Palatinate</a> as part of its territorial claims. Ludwig II joined an alliance with Prussia in 1870 against France, which was seen by Germans as the greatest enemy to a united Germany. At the same time, Bavaria increased its political, legal, and trade ties with the North German Confederation. In 1870, war erupted between France and Prussia in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Army" title="Bavarian Army">Bavarian Army</a> was sent under the command of the Prussian Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick</a> against the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria.jpg/180px-Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria.jpg/270px-Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">King Ludwig II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With France's defeat and humiliation against the combined German forces, it was Ludwig II who proposed that Prussian King <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I">Wilhelm I</a> be proclaimed German Emperor (<i>Kaiser</i>) of the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Reich">Deutsches Reich</a></i></span>), which occurred in 1871 at the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, France. The territories of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> were declared, which included the states of the North German Confederation and all of the south German states, with the major exception of Austria. The empire also <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> the formerly French territory of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, due in large part to Ludwig's desire to move the French frontier away from the Palatinate. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuschwanstein_Castle_LOC_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Neuschwanstein_Castle_LOC_print.jpg/300px-Neuschwanstein_Castle_LOC_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Neuschwanstein_Castle_LOC_print.jpg/450px-Neuschwanstein_Castle_LOC_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Neuschwanstein_Castle_LOC_print.jpg/600px-Neuschwanstein_Castle_LOC_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3511" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>An 1890s <a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">photochrom</a> print of <a href="/wiki/Neuschwanstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuschwanstein">Castle Neuschwanstein</a>. This castle was designed and constructed during the reign of Ludwig II and remains a major tourist attraction in Bavaria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bavaria's entry into the German Empire changed from jubilation over France's defeat to dismay shortly afterward because of the direction Germany took under the new <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">German Chancellor</a> and Prussian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. The Bavarian delegation under <a href="/wiki/Count_Otto_von_Bray-Steinburg" title="Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg">Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg</a> had secured a privileged status for the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire (<i>Reservatrechte</i>). The Kingdom of Bavaria was even able to retain its own diplomatic body and its own army, which would fall under Prussian command only in times of war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Bavaria's entry into the empire, Ludwig II became increasingly detached from Bavaria's political affairs and spent vast amounts of money on personal projects, such as the construction of a number of fairytale castles and palaces, the most famous being the <a href="/wiki/Wagnerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagnerian">Wagnerian</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Neuschwanstein_Castle" title="Neuschwanstein Castle">Neuschwanstein Castle</a>. Ludwig used his personal wealth to finance these projects, and not state funds, and the construction projects landed him deeply in debt. These debts caused much concern among Bavaria's political elite, who sought to persuade Ludwig to cease his building; he refused, and relations between the government's ministers and the crown deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At last, in 1886, the crisis came to a head. A medical commission appointed by the cabinet declared Ludwig insane and thus incapable of reigning. His uncle, Prince <a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria">Luitpold</a>, was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. A day after Ludwig's deposition, the king died mysteriously after asking the commission's chief psychiatrist to go on a walk with him along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Starnberg" title="Lake Starnberg">Lake Starnberg</a> (then called Lake Würm). Ludwig and the psychiatrist were found dead, floating in the lake. The official autopsy listed cause of death as suicide by drowning, but some sources claim that no water was found in Ludwig's lungs. While these claims could be explained by <a href="/wiki/Dry_drowning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry drowning">dry drowning</a>, they have also led to <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> of political assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency_and_institutional_reform">Regency and institutional reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regency and institutional reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crown passed to Ludwig's brother <a href="/wiki/Otto,_King_of_Bavaria" title="Otto, King of Bavaria">Otto</a>. However, Otto had a long history of mental illness and had been placed under medical supervision three years earlier. The duties of head of state actually rested in the hands of Prince Luitpold, who continued to serve as regent for Otto. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinzregent_Luitpold_im_M%C3%BCnchner_Justizpalast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prinzregent_Luitpold_im_M%C3%BCnchner_Justizpalast.jpg/220px-Prinzregent_Luitpold_im_M%C3%BCnchner_Justizpalast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prinzregent_Luitpold_im_M%C3%BCnchner_Justizpalast.jpg/330px-Prinzregent_Luitpold_im_M%C3%BCnchner_Justizpalast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prinzregent_Luitpold_im_M%C3%BCnchner_Justizpalast.jpg/440px-Prinzregent_Luitpold_im_M%C3%BCnchner_Justizpalast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Prince Regent Luitpold at the <a href="/wiki/Justizpalast_(Munich)" title="Justizpalast (Munich)">Justizpalast</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the regency of Prince-Regent Luitpold, from 1886 to 1912, relations between Bavaria and Prussia remained cold, with Bavarians remembering the anti-Catholic agenda of Bismarck's <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i>, as well as Prussia's strategic dominance over the empire. Bavaria protested Prussian dominance over Germany and snubbed the Prussian-born German Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>, in 1900, by forbidding the flying of any other flag other than the Bavarian flag on public buildings for the emperor's birthday, but this was swiftly modified afterwards, allowing the German imperial flag to be hung beside the Bavarian flag. </p><p>The Catholic, conservative Patriotic Party founded in 1868 became the leading party in the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavarian Landtag</a> (Parliament). In 1887, its name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Bavarian Centre</a>. In 1893, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> were elected to the parliament. From 1903, university education was also possible for <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">female students</a>. Electoral reforms changed the elections of the parliament from <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect</a> to <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct</a> elections in 1906. With the Centre politician <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a> the Prince Regent appointed a government headed by a representative of the Landtag's majority for the first time in 1912. </p><p>Luitpold's years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Bavaria where they are known as the <i>Prinzregentenjahre</i> ("The Prince Regent Years"). In 1912, Luitpold died, and his son, Prince Regent Ludwig, took over as regent. By then, it had long been apparent that Otto would never be able to reign, and sentiment grew for Ludwig to become king in his own right. On 6 November, a day after the Landtag passed a law allowing him to do so, Ludwig ended the regency, deposed Otto and declared himself King of Bavaria as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig III</a>. </p><p>The <i>Prinzregentenzeit</i> ("prince's regent's time"), as the regency of Luitpold is often called, was an era of the gradual transfer of Bavarian interests behind those of the German Empire. In connection with the unhappy end of the preceding rule of King Ludwig II this break in the Bavarian monarchy looked even stronger. Finally, the constitutional amendment of 1913 brought the determining break in the continuity of the king's rule in the opinion of historians, particularly as this change had been granted by the Landtag as a House of Representatives and meant therefore indirectly the first step toward full parliamentary government. Today the connection of these two developments is regarded as a main cause for the unspectacular end of the Bavarian kingdom without opposition in the course of the November revolution of 1918. However the course of his 26-year regency Luitpold knew to overcome, by modesty, ability and popularity, the initial uneasiness of his subjects. These prince regent's years were transfigured, finally—above all in the retrospect – to a golden age of Bavaria, even if one mourned the "fairy tale king" Ludwig II, which happens in a folkloric-nostalgic manner till this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_autonomy">Military autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Army" title="Bavarian Army">Bavarian Army</a></div> <p>With the establishment of the German Empire, a series of conventions brought the bulk of the various state military forces directly under the administration of the Prussian War Ministry. Bavaria however maintained a degree of autonomy in peacetime, with its own two (later three) army corps remaining outside the Prussian order of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bavarian infantry and cavalry regiments retained their historic light blue and green uniforms, distinctive from the Prussian model adopted throughout most of the army. The individual Bavarian soldier swore an oath of loyalty to King Ludwig, though in wartime this pledge of obedience was extended to Kaiser Wilhelm as supreme commander. In July 1914, the Bavarian Army numbered 92,400 or 11 percent of the total <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_end_of_the_kingdom">World War I and the end of the kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War I and the end of the kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914, a clash of alliances occurred over <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">invasion of Serbia</a> following the assassination of Austrian <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serb">Bosnian Serb</a> militant. Germany went to the side of its former rival-turned-ally, Austria-Hungary, and declared war on <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. Following the German invasion of neutral <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> declared war on Germany. Initially, in Bavaria and all across Germany, many recruits flocked enthusiastically to the Army. At the outbreak of the war, King Ludwig III sent an official dispatch to Berlin, to express Bavaria's solidarity. Later Ludwig even claimed annexations for Bavaria (Alsace<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, to receive access to the sea). His hidden agenda was to maintain the balance of power between Prussia and Bavaria within the German Empire after a victory. Over time, with a stalemated and bloody war on the western front, Bavarians, like many Germans, grew weary of the conflict. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_in_Lemberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ludwig_in_Lemberg.jpg/220px-Ludwig_in_Lemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ludwig_in_Lemberg.jpg/330px-Ludwig_in_Lemberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ludwig_in_Lemberg.jpg/440px-Ludwig_in_Lemberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>King Ludwig III in <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> (Lemberg), 1915 during World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917, the Bavarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a> became German Chancellor and Prime Minister of Prussia; <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ritter_von_Dandl" title="Otto Ritter von Dandl">Otto Ritter von Dandl</a> became the new Prime Minister of Bavaria. Accused of showing blind loyalty to Prussia, Ludwig III became increasingly unpopular during the war. In 1918, the kingdom attempted to negotiate a separate peace with the allies but failed. By 1918, civil unrest was spreading across Bavaria and Germany, Bavarian defiance to Prussian hegemony and Bavarian separatism being key motivators. </p><p>On 7 November 1918, Ludwig fled from the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Residenz" title="Munich Residenz">Munich Residenz</a> with his family due to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918-1919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918-1919">German Revolution</a>. He was the first of the monarchs in the German Empire to be deposed; only days later, the Kaiser abdicated the German throne. Ludwig took up residence in Austria for what was intended to be a temporary stay. On 12 November, he issued the <a href="/wiki/Anif_declaration" title="Anif declaration">Anif declaration</a>, declaring that under the circumstances, he was "in no position to lead the government." Accordingly, he released his soldiers and officials from their oath to him. Although he never formally abdicated, the socialist-led government of <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a> took Ludwig's declaration as such and declared the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a> deposed. With this, the 700-year rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty came to an end, and the former Kingdom of Bavaria became the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">People's State of Bavaria</a>. </p><p>The funeral of Ludwig III in 1921 was feared or hoped to spark a <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">restoration of the monarchy</a>. Despite the abolition of the monarchy, the former king was laid to rest in front of the former royal family, the Bavarian government, military personnel, and an estimated 100,000 spectators, in the style of royal funerals. <a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria</a> did not wish to use the occasion of the passing of his father to attempt to re-establish the monarchy by force, preferring to do so by legal means. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Munich">Archbishop of Munich</a>, in his funeral speech, made a clear commitment to the monarchy while Rupprecht only declared that he had stepped into his birthright.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography,_administrative_regions_and_population"><span id="Geography.2C_administrative_regions_and_population"></span>Geography, administrative regions and population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography, administrative regions and population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eintheilung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Baiern_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Eintheilung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Baiern_1808.jpg/220px-Eintheilung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Baiern_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Eintheilung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Baiern_1808.jpg/330px-Eintheilung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Baiern_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Eintheilung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Baiern_1808.jpg/440px-Eintheilung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Baiern_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="4630" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1808, including Tyrol</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png/220px-Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png/330px-Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>The Electorate (1778) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1815)</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, and Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, its land area doubled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> (1806–1814) and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg" title="Duchy of Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (1810–1816) were temporarily united with Bavaria but then returned (Tyrol) or ceded (Salzburg) to Habsburg/Austrian rule. In return the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatinate region">Rhenish Palatinate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> were annexed to Bavaria in 1815. </p><p>After the founding of the kingdom the state was totally reorganised and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative <a href="/wiki/Government_regions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government regions of Germany">government districts</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span>, singular <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></i></span>) in Bavaria called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreise</i></span> (singular <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreis</i></span>). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers: Altmühl-, Eisack-, Etsch-, Iller-, Inn-, Isar-, Lech-, Main-, Naab-, Oberdonau-, Pegnitz-, Regen-, Rezat-, Salzach- and Unterdonaukreis. Because of the numerous territorial changes in 1810 and 1815, the divisions needed to be adjusted and the number of Kreise was reduced to 8: Isar-, Unterdonau-, Oberdonau-, Regen-, Rezat-, Untermain-, Obermain- and Rheinkreis. </p><p>As of 1838, at the instigation of King Ludwig I, the Kreise were renamed after the former historical tribes and territories of the respective area in: <i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Bavaria" title="Lower Bavaria">Lower Bavaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Swabia_(Bavaria)" title="Swabia (Bavaria)">Swabia and Neuburg</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate and Regensburg</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a></i>. The town names of Neuburg, Regensburg and Aschaffenburg were later dropped. Accordingly, the king changed his royal titles to <i>Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Electoral_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of the Electoral Palatinate">Count Palatine of the Rhine</a></i> and these were retained by his successors. The <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine" title="Circle of the Rhine">Palatinate</a> which Bavaria had acquired was mainly the western part of the former <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>. Ludwig's plan to acquire also the former eastern part could not be realized. The electorate, a former dominion of the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty, had been split up in 1815, the eastern bank of the Rhine with the former capital <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> was given to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>. The western bank was granted to Bavaria as compensation for the loss of Tyrol and Salzburg. </p><p>After the Austro-Prussian War (1866) in which Bavaria had sided with defeated Austria, it had to cede several Lower Franconian districts to Prussia. The Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> was never part of the Kingdom of Bavaria since it was annexed to Bavaria only in 1920. <a href="/wiki/Ostheim" title="Ostheim">Ostheim</a> was added to Bavaria in 1945. </p><p>In the first half of the 20th. century, the initial terminology of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreis</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirk</i></span> gave way to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirk</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landkreis</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1806,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rheinbund_1806%2C_political_map.png/220px-Rheinbund_1806%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rheinbund_1806%2C_political_map.png/330px-Rheinbund_1806%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rheinbund_1806%2C_political_map.png/440px-Rheinbund_1806%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1427" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Bavaria within the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> in 1806, including Tyrol</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1812,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/220px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/330px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/440px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Bavaria within the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> in 1812, including Salzburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Deutscher_Bund.png/220px-Deutscher_Bund.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Deutscher_Bund.png/330px-Deutscher_Bund.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Deutscher_Bund.png/440px-Deutscher_Bund.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Bavaria within the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in 1816, including the Rhenish Palatinate</figcaption></figure> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Area</b>: 75,865 km<sup>2</sup> (1900)</li> <li><b>Population</b>: 3,707,966 (1818) / 4,370,977 (1840) / 6,176,057 (1900) / 6,524,372 (1910)</li> <li><b>Government districts</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreise</i></span>) (1808–1817): <ul><li>Altmühlkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)</li> <li>Eisackkreis (1808–1810 / ceded to Italy)</li> <li>Etschkreis (1808–1810 / ceded to Italy)</li> <li>Illerkreis (1808–1817 / dissolved)</li> <li>Innkreis (1808–1814 / ceded to Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isarkreis" title="Isarkreis">Isarkreis</a> (1808–1838)</li> <li>Lechkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainkreis_(Bavaria)" title="Mainkreis (Bavaria)">Mainkreis</a> (1808–1838)</li> <li>Naabkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberdonaukreis" title="Oberdonaukreis">Oberdonaukreis</a> (1808–1838)</li> <li>Pegnitzkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenkreis" title="Regenkreis">Regenkreis</a> (1808–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezatkreis" title="Rezatkreis">Rezatkreis</a> (1808–1838)</li> <li>Salzachkreis (1810–1816 / ceded to Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterdonaukreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterdonaukreis">Unterdonaukreis</a> (1808–1838)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Government districts</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreise</i></span>) (1816/17–1838) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isarkreis" title="Isarkreis">Isarkreis</a> (transformed into Upper Bavaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainkreis_(Bavaria)" title="Mainkreis (Bavaria)">Obermainkreis</a> (transformed into Upper Franconia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberdonaukreis" title="Oberdonaukreis">Oberdonaukreis</a> (transformed into Swabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenkreis" title="Regenkreis">Regenkreis</a> (transformed into Upper Palatinate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezatkreis" title="Rezatkreis">Rezatkreis</a> (transformed into Middle Franconia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterdonaukreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterdonaukreis">Unterdonaukreis</a> (transformed into Lower Bavaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermainkreis" title="Untermainkreis">Untermainkreis</a> (transformed into Lower Franconia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine" title="Circle of the Rhine">Rheinkreis</a> (transformed into Palatinate)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Government districts</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreise</i></span>) (1838–1918): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberbayern</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberfranken</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Swabia">Swabia</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwaben</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberpfalz</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mittelfranken</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Ansbach" title="Ansbach">Ansbach</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Bavaria" title="Lower Bavaria">Lower Bavaria</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Niederbayern</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unterfranken</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfalz</i></span>) (Capital: <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bavaria" title="King of Bavaria">King of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minister-presidents_of_Bavaria" title="List of minister-presidents of Bavaria">List of minister-presidents of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bavaria" title="History of Bavaria">History of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bayernpartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II_in_Bavaria" title="Aftermath of World War II in Bavaria">Aftermath of World War II in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Army" title="Bavarian Army">Bavarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joost Augusteijn, Storm. H. J., <i>Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building, Regional Identities and Separatism</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cVrs_hXWt0C&pg=PA102">p. 102</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1901" class="citation book cs1">Boehm, König Schwein (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ulbdsp/periodical/pageview/7460682"><i>Die Volkshymnen aller Staaten des deutschen Reiches. Beiträge zu einer Geschichte über ihre Entstehung und Verbreitung</i></a>. Wismar. p. 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Volkshymnen+aller+Staaten+des+deutschen+Reiches.+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zu+einer+Geschichte+%C3%BCber+ihre+Entstehung+und+Verbreitung&rft.place=Wismar&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=K%C3%B6nig+Schwein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Fulbdsp%2Fperiodical%2Fpageview%2F7460682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Heyl, Emma Mages, Max Piendl, August Scherl, Bernhard Zittel (1983). Wilhelm Volkert, ed. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799–1980</i></span> [<i>Guide to the Bavarian Offices, Municipalities and Courts 1799–1980</i>], Munich. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-09669-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-09669-7">3-406-09669-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museum.bayern/en/museum/concept/generations/bavaria-becomes-a-kingdom.html">"Bavaria Becomes a Kingdom"</a>. <i>www.museum.bayern</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museum.bayern&rft.atitle=Bavaria+Becomes+a+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.bayern%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fconcept%2Fgenerations%2Fbavaria-becomes-a-kingdom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bavarikon.de/">"Constitutional monarchy in the Kingdom of Bavaria | bavarikon"</a>. <i>www.bavarikon.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bavarikon.de&rft.atitle=Constitutional+monarchy+in+the+Kingdom+of+Bavaria+%7C+bavarikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bavarikon.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221100401/http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Forschungsbericht/Bericht_7/phil3/prof10.html">"Forschung – Universität Regensburg"</a>. Uni-regensburg.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Forschungsbericht/Bericht_7/phil3/prof10.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forschung+%E2%80%93+Universit%C3%A4t+Regensburg&rft.pub=Uni-regensburg.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-regensburg.de%2FUniversitaet%2FForschungsbericht%2FBericht_7%2Fphil3%2Fprof10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museum.bayern/en/museum/concept/generations/the-royal-drama-of-ludwig-ii.html">"The Royal Drama of Ludwig II"</a>. <i>www.museum.bayern</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museum.bayern&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Drama+of+Ludwig+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.bayern%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fconcept%2Fgenerations%2Fthe-royal-drama-of-ludwig-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/tragic-king-ludwig-ii-facts/setareh-janda">"16 Bizarre Facts About King Ludwig II, The Most Extreme Fanboy of All Time"</a>. <i>Ranker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ranker&rft.atitle=16+Bizarre+Facts+About+King+Ludwig+II%2C+The+Most+Extreme+Fanboy+of+All+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ranker.com%2Flist%2Ftragic-king-ludwig-ii-facts%2Fsetareh-janda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFportiabridget2010" class="citation web cs1">portiabridget (11 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portiabridget.wordpress.com/2010/12/11/be-careful-what-you-wish-for-especially-if-you-wish-you-were-a-king/">"Be careful what you wish for…especially if you wish you were a king"</a>. <i>portable pieces of thoughts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portable+pieces+of+thoughts&rft.atitle=Be+careful+what+you+wish+for%E2%80%A6especially+if+you+wish+you+were+a+king.&rft.date=2010-12-11&rft.au=portiabridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportiabridget.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F12%2F11%2Fbe-careful-what-you-wish-for-especially-if-you-wish-you-were-a-king%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bavarikon.de/">"Foundation of the German Reich in 1871 | bavarikon"</a>. <i>www.bavarikon.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bavarikon.de&rft.atitle=Foundation+of+the+German+Reich+in+1871+%7C+bavarikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bavarikon.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaton1973" class="citation book cs1">Seaton, Albert (15 June 1973). <i>The Army of the German Empire 1870-1888</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 24 & 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-150-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-150-7"><bdi>0-85045-150-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+the+German+Empire+1870-1888&rft.pages=24+%26+26&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1973-06-15&rft.isbn=0-85045-150-7&rft.aulast=Seaton&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (20 August 2003). <i>The German Army in World War I</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-565-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-565-1"><bdi>1-84176-565-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+in+World+War+I&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2003-08-20&rft.isbn=1-84176-565-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_44449">Beisetzung Ludwigs III., München, 5. November 1921</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Historisches Lexikon Bayerns – Funeral of Ludwig III... accessed: 1 July 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Bavaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02353c.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: The Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guide-to-bavaria.com/en/Bavaria-Kingdom-Kings.html">Guide to Bavaria: The Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine_(1806–1813)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template talk:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine_(1806–1813)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rank elevated<br />by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1812,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine"><img alt="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/175px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/263px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/350px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Leyen" title="Principality of Leyen">Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-existing<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Saxon duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Weimar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">Eisenach</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenberg" title="Arenberg">Arenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Isenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Isenburg">Isenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe-Detmold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss (state)">Reuss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Ebersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Lobenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Schleiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salm" title="Principality of Salm">Salm</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> from 1810</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1810</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> until 1809</li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> from 1809</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> until 1811</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154195#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564683005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&params=48.1333_N_11.5667_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°08′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°34′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.1333°N 11.5667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.1333; 11.5667</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&oldid=1256020421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&oldid=1256020421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Category:Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bavaria" title="Category:History of Bavaria">History of Bavaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_kingdoms" title="Category:Former kingdoms">Former kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Category:States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Category:States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Category:States of the Confederation of the Rhine">States of the Confederation of the Rhine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1806_establishments_in_Bavaria" title="Category:1806 establishments in Bavaria">1806 establishments in Bavaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_disestablishments_in_Germany" title="Category:1918 disestablishments in Germany">1918 disestablishments in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1806" title="Category:States and territories established in 1806">States and territories established in 1806</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1918" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918">States and territories disestablished in 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1806_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1806 establishments in Europe">1806 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_disestablishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1918 disestablishments in Europe">1918 disestablishments in Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bavarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bavarian-language text">Articles containing Bavarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Bavarian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Bavarian IPA">Pages with Bavarian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 20:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bavaria&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-j4d7q","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.072","walltime":"1.301","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7055,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":244486,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19333,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":89527,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1036.523 1 -total"," 38.02% 394.117 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 17.84% 184.883 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.17% 157.284 11 Template:Navbox"," 11.08% 114.855 3 Template:Cite_book"," 11.04% 114.453 1 Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine"," 10.88% 112.792 28 Template:Small"," 10.72% 111.086 5 Template:Native_name"," 8.45% 87.558 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.53% 57.368 1 Template:ISO_3166_code"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.607","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22499201,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mkx9z","timestamp":"20241122141558","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kingdom of Bavaria","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Bavaria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q154195","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q154195","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-31T06:58:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T20:37:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg","headline":"kingdom in Central Europe between 1806 and 1918, from January 1871 part of the German Empire"}</script> </body> </html>