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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="عصر النهضة التيموري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر النهضة التيموري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="তিমুরিদ রেনেসাঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিমুরিদ রেনেসাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento_tim%C3%BArida" title="Renacimiento timúrida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renacimiento timúrida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رنسانس تیموری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنسانس تیموری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_timouride" title="Renaissance timouride – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renaissance timouride" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%AC%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%83%81%EC%8A%A4" title="티무르 르네상스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티무르 르네상스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaisans_Timuriyah" title="Renaisans Timuriyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Renaisans Timuriyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimento_timuride" title="Rinascimento timuride – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinascimento timuride" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტიმურიდების რენესანსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიმურიდების რენესანსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuriylar_renessansi" title="Temuriylar renessansi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temuriylar renessansi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="تيموري رنسانس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تيموري رنسانس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascimento_Tim%C3%BArida" title="Renascimento Timúrida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renascimento Timúrida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena%C8%99terea_timurid%C4%83" title="Renașterea timuridă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Renașterea timuridă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Тимуридский Ренессанс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тимуридский Ренессанс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timuridska_renesansa" title="Timuridska renesansa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Timuridska renesansa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurlu_R%C3%B6nesans%C4%B1" title="Timurlu Rönesansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Timurlu Rönesansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%83_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="تیموری نشاۃ ثانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیموری نشاۃ ثانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%92%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="帖木兒文藝復興 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帖木兒文藝復興" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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/></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/196px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/294px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/392px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="1803" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akhangan.jpg/71px-Akhangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akhangan.jpg/107px-Akhangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akhangan.jpg/142px-Akhangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top to bottom and left to right: Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Herat" title="Great Mosque of Herat">Great Mosque of Herat</a>, Interior of <a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a>, Sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Begh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Begh">Ulugh Begh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kashi">Al-Kashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a> and some other scientists, <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_chess" title="Tamerlane chess">Tamerlane chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Ulugh Beg Observatory</a>, View of <a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan</a> and its three <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Islamic schools</a>, Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a>, Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad" title="Gawhar Shad">Queen Gawhar Shad</a>'s sister Gowhar-Taj from the <a href="/wiki/Shah-i-Zinda" title="Shah-i-Zinda">Timurid Necropolis</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Timurid Renaissance</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a> - <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> (Central Asia and Persia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder Empires">Gunpowder Empires</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-:a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-:a_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Timurid Renaissance</b> was a historical period in <a href="/wiki/Asian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian history">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a> spanning the late 14th, the 15th, and the early 16th centuries. Following the gradual downturn of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a>, witnessed the revival of <a href="/wiki/Timurid_art" title="Timurid art">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>. Its movement spread across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal1988_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French word <i>renaissance</i> means "rebirth", and defines a period as one of cultural revival. The use of the term for the description of this period has raised reservations among scholars, some of whom see it as a <a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">swan song</a> of Timurid culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal1988_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Companion_to_the_Worlds_of_the_Renaissance_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Companion_to_the_Worlds_of_the_Renaissance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Timurid Renaissance was marked slightly earlier than the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have described it as equal in glory to the <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Italian Quattrocento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Companion_to_the_Worlds_of_the_Renaissance_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Companion_to_the_Worlds_of_the_Renaissance-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Timurid Renaissance reached its peak in the 15th century, after the end of the period of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a>. </p><p>Based on Islamic ideals,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the foundations of the Timurid Renaissance include the rebuilding of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane Chess">Tamerlane Chess</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh" title="Shah Rukh">Shah Rukh</a> and his consort <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad" title="Gawhar Shad">Gawhar Shad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> (a city which rivaled <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> as the center of a cultural rebirth),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the period of the astronomer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Begh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Begh">Ulugh Begh</a> (along with notable <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymaths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholar">Islamic scholars</a>), and the construction of additional learning centers by the art patron <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Bayqara" title="Sultan Husayn Bayqara">Sultan Husayn Bayqara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Timur reign experienced revived interest in classical <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a>. Large-scale building projects were undertaken, creating <a href="/wiki/Mausoleums" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleums">mausoleums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a>, and <i>kitabhane</i> - medieval Islamic book workshops. Mathematical and astronomical studies were reinvigorated, and at the beginning of the 16th century, mastering <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> was achieved. </p><p>Major commissions from the Timur's lifetime were the Summer Palace in <a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibi-Khanym_Mosque" title="Bibi-Khanym Mosque">Bibi-Khanym Mosque</a>, and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheMet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheMet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Herat became an important center of intellectual and artistic life in the Muslim world during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-TheMet_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheMet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, a center of scholarly study which was previously destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia">Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia</a>, became the center of the Renaissance and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic civilization</a> in general due to the reconstruction during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Timurids_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timurids-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Timurid Renaissance differed from previous <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">cultural and artistic developments</a> in that it was not a direct revival of classical models, but rather a broadening of their cultural appeal by including more <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> styles in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>. The Timurid Renaissance was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal India</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had significant influence on the other states of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Islamic_Gunpowders" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Islamic Gunpowders">Age of the Islamic Gunpowders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkey">Ottoman Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg/220px-Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg/330px-Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg/440px-Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jāmī's</a> <i>Rose Garden of the Pious</i>, dated 1553.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Timurid Empire was founded by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Amir Tamerlane</a> in 1370 after the conquest of several <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> successor states. After conquering a city, the Timurids commonly spared the lives of the local artisans and deported them to the Timurid capital of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. </p><p>After the Timurids conquered <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in the early 15th century, many Islamic artistic traits became interwoven with existing <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian art">Mongol art</a>. Timur's establishment of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> later in life made Samarkand one of the centers of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marozzi-2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marozzi-2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid 15th century the empire moved its capital to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, which became a focal point for Timurid art. As with Samarkand, artisans and intellectuals of various ethnic backgrounds soon established Herat as a center for arts and culture. Soon, many of the Timurid cultural expressions became mixed with those of other traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timurid_art" title="Timurid art">Timurid art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara_at_the_age_of_about_50_years._1500%E2%80%9325_copy_from_Behz%C4%81d%27s_original_of_about_1490.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Portrait_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara_at_the_age_of_about_50_years._1500%E2%80%9325_copy_from_Behz%C4%81d%27s_original_of_about_1490.jpg/250px-Portrait_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara_at_the_age_of_about_50_years._1500%E2%80%9325_copy_from_Behz%C4%81d%27s_original_of_about_1490.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Portrait_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara_at_the_age_of_about_50_years._1500%E2%80%9325_copy_from_Behz%C4%81d%27s_original_of_about_1490.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara_at_the_age_of_about_50_years._1500%E2%80%9325_copy_from_Behz%C4%81d%27s_original_of_about_1490.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Portrait_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara_at_the_age_of_about_50_years._1500%E2%80%9325_copy_from_Behz%C4%81d%27s_original_of_about_1490.jpg/500px-Portrait_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara_at_the_age_of_about_50_years._1500%E2%80%9325_copy_from_Behz%C4%81d%27s_original_of_about_1490.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Bayqara" title="Sultan Husayn Bayqara">Sultan Husayn Bayqara</a>, a patron of art, constructed multiple centers of learning.</figcaption></figure> <p>Timurid art absorbed and improved upon the traditional Persian concept of the "Arts of the Book". The new, Timurid-inflected works of art saw illustrated <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>) manuscripts produced by the empire's artists. These illustrations were notable for their rich colors and elaborate designs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the quality of the miniature paintings found in these manuscripts, archaeologist and art historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzan_Yalman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzan Yalman (page does not exist)">Suzan Yalman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noted that "the Herat school [of manuscript painting] is often regarded as the apogee of Persian painting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timurid silver-<a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlaid</a> steel is often cited as being of particularly high quality. Painting was not limited to manuscripts. Many Timurid artists also created intricate <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">wall paintings</a>. Many of these wall paintings depicted landscapes derived from both Persian and Chinese artistic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the subject matter of these paintings was borrowed from other cultures, Timurid wall paintings were eventually refined into their own, unique style.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongol artistic traditions were not entirely phased out, as the highly stylized depictions of human figures seen in 15th century Timurid art are derived from this culture.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Bayqara" title="Sultan Husayn Bayqara">Sultan Husayn Bayqara</a>'s reign saw a further rise in the arts. He was renowned as a benefactor and patron of learning in his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Husayn built numerous structures including a famous school. He has been described as "the quintessential Timurid ruler of the later period in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>." His sophisticated court and generous artistic patronage was a source of admiration, particularly from his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timurid_architecture">Timurid architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timurid architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid architecture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid architecture</a> drew on aspects of <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk architecture</a>. Turquoise and blue tiles forming intricate linear and geometric patterns decorated the facades of buildings. Sometimes building interiors were decorated similarly, with painting and <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> further enriching the effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timurid architecture was the pinnacle of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. There were spectacular and stately edifices erected by Tamerlane and his successors in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. These monumental works helped to disseminate the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanid">Ilkhanid</a> school of art as far as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where it gave rise to the celebrated <i>Mughal</i> (or <i>Mongol</i>) <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">school of architecture</a>. </p><p>Timurid architecture started with the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi">sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and culminated in Timur's mausoleum <a href="/wiki/Gur-e_Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gur-e Amir">Gur-e Amir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. Timur's <a href="/wiki/Gur-i_Amir_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gur-i Amir Mausoleum">Gur-I Amir</a>, the 14th-century mausoleum of the conqueror is covered with "turquoise Persian tiles".<sup id="cite_ref-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby, in the center of the ancient town, a "Persian style madrassa" (religious school)<sup id="cite_ref-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a "Persian style mosque"<sup id="cite_ref-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Timurid Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a> is observed. The mausoleums of Timurid princes, with their turquoise and blue-tiled domes, remain among the most refined and exquisite <a href="/wiki/Persian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian architecture">Persian architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Axial_symmetry" title="Axial symmetry">Axial symmetry</a> is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the <a href="/wiki/Shah-i-Zinda" title="Shah-i-Zinda">Shāh-e Zenda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, the <i>Musallah</i> complex in Herat, and the mosque of <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad" title="Gawhar Shad">Gawhar Shad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>. Double <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a> of various shapes abound, perfused on the outside with brilliant colors. Timur's dominance of the region strengthened the influence of his capital and Persian architecture upon the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalwork,_ceramics,_and_carving"><span id="Metalwork.2C_ceramics.2C_and_carving"></span>Metalwork, ceramics, and carving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metalwork, ceramics, and carving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Timurid Empire also produced quality pieces of metalwork. <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> were commonly used as mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timurid silver-<a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlaid</a> steel is often being cited as being of particularly high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the collapse of the Timurid Empire, several Iranian and Mesopotamian cultures co-opted Timurid metalwork.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese-style <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">ceramics</a> were produced by Timurid artisans. <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade carving</a> also had some presence in Timurid art.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirzo_Ulughbek_and_Ali_Kushchi_in_the_observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mirzo_Ulughbek_and_Ali_Kushchi_in_the_observatory.jpg/250px-Mirzo_Ulughbek_and_Ali_Kushchi_in_the_observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mirzo_Ulughbek_and_Ali_Kushchi_in_the_observatory.jpg/330px-Mirzo_Ulughbek_and_Ali_Kushchi_in_the_observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mirzo_Ulughbek_and_Ali_Kushchi_in_the_observatory.jpg/500px-Mirzo_Ulughbek_and_Ali_Kushchi_in_the_observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption>Ulugh Beg and Ali Qushji in the <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">observatory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa_(220363337).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa_%28220363337%29.jpeg/226px-Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa_%28220363337%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa_%28220363337%29.jpeg/339px-Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa_%28220363337%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa_%28220363337%29.jpeg/452px-Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa_%28220363337%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Ulugh Beg Observatory</a> and its Madrasah has been an important centre of astronomical study in Central Asia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resaleye_mohitiye_end.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Resaleye_mohitiye_end.jpg/250px-Resaleye_mohitiye_end.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Resaleye_mohitiye_end.jpg/330px-Resaleye_mohitiye_end.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Resaleye_mohitiye_end.jpg/500px-Resaleye_mohitiye_end.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2237" /></a><figcaption>Theorem of Al-Kashi</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_al-Kashi" title="Jamshid al-Kashi">Jamshid al-Kashi</a> was one of the most influential contributors in the fields of mathematics and astronomy. He got immense support from both Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh" title="Shah Rukh">Shah Rukh</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Goharshad" class="mw-redirect" title="Goharshad">Goharshad</a>, who were very interested in the sciences and encouraged theirs court to study the various fields in great depth. Consequently, the period of their power became one of many scholarly achievements. </p><p>The reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Begh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Begh">Ulugh Begh</a> saw the scientific peak of the empire. During his rule, al-Kashi produced <a href="/wiki/Trigonometric_functions" title="Trigonometric functions">sine</a> tables to four <a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">sexagesimal</a> digits (equivalent to eight <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> places) of accuracy for each degree and includes differences for each minute. He also produced tables dealing with transformations between <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate systems</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, such as the transformation from the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">ecliptic coordinate system</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">equatorial coordinate system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sullam_al-Sama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullam al-Sama">Sullam al-Sama</a> was authored, which provided the resolution of difficulties met by predecessors in the determination of distances and sizes of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">heavenly bodies</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">Stars</a>. The <i>Treatise on Astronomical Observational Instruments</i> was also written which described a variety of different instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">triquetrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoctial</a> armillary and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solsticial</a> armillary of <a href="/wiki/Mo%27ayyeduddin_Urdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi">Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">sine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Versine" title="Versine">versine</a> instrument of Urdi, the <a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextant (astronomical)">sextant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Khujandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khujandi">al-Khujandi</a>, the Fakhri sextant at the <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a> observatory, a double quadrant <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">Azimuth</a>-<a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> instrument he invented, and a small armillary sphere incorporating an <a href="/wiki/Alhidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhidade">alhidade</a> which he invented.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of the Plate of Conjunctions was seen, an <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computing</a> instrument used to determine the time of day at which <a href="/wiki/Planetary_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary conjunction">planetary conjunctions</a> will occur,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for performing <a href="/wiki/Linear_interpolation" title="Linear interpolation">linear interpolation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invented was also a mechanical planetary <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">computer</a> which he called the Plate of Zones, which could graphically solve a number of planetary problems, including the prediction of the true positions in <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbits</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> of the Sun, Moon, and planets; and the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> of the Sun. The instrument also incorporated an <a href="/wiki/Alhidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhidade">alhidade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulugh Begh founded an institute in Samarkand which soon became a prominent university. Students from all over Central Asia, and beyond, flocked to this academy in the capital city of his sultanate. Consequently, Ulugh Beg gathered many great mathematicians and scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a>. Ali made significant development of <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astronomical physics</a> independent from <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, and for providing <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> in his treatise, <i>Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy</i>. In addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work <a href="/wiki/Zij-i-Sultani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zij-i-Sultani">Zij-i-Sultani</a> and to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Sahn-%C4%B1_Seman_Medrese" title="Sahn-ı Seman Medrese">Sahn-ı Seman Medrese</a>, one of the first centers for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences in the Ottoman caliphate, Ali Kuşçu was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-gabor_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabor-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qushji's most important astronomical work is <i>Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy</i>. Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theologians</a> who opposed the interference of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> in astronomy, Qushji rejected <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a> and completely separated <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">Islamic astronomy</a>, allowing astronomy to become a purely <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationary Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead (though <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Savage-Smith" title="Emilie Savage-Smith">Emilie Savage-Smith</a> asserts that no Islamic astronomers proposed a heliocentric universe<sup id="cite_ref-Savage-Smith-2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage-Smith-2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). He also found <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical evidence</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> through his observation on <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> and concluded, on the basis of empirical evidence rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> in the late 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Islamic_Gunpowders" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Islamic Gunpowders">Gunpowder empires</a>, which were the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a> and other empires co-opted Timurid artistic traditions into their own.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_art" title="Timurid art">Timurid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_relations_with_Europe" title="Timurid relations with Europe">Timurid relations with Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Samarkand" title="Timeline of Samarkand">Timeline of Samarkand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timurid_Renaissance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm">"The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507)"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+the+Timurid+Period+%28ca.+1370%E2%80%931507%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Ftimu%2Fhd_timu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:a_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:a_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dale, Stephen Frederic (24 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/legacy-of-the-timurids/98882C5B0EFED75E5A06D0908E43B9BA">"The Legacy of the Timurids"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300016424">10.1017/S1356186300016424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0591">1474-0591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154120015">154120015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+the+Timurids&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154120015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-0591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186300016424&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Flegacy-of-the-timurids%2F98882C5B0EFED75E5A06D0908E43B9BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal1988-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Journal1988_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journal1988_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny1988" class="citation journal cs1">Subtelny, Maria Eva (November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D">"Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">479–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800053861">10.1017/S0020743800053861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162411014">162411014</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Socioeconomic+Bases+of+Cultural+Patronage+under+the+Later+Timurids&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.date=1988-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800053861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162411014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Maria+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fsocioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids%2F2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimurid+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Companion_to_the_Worlds_of_the_Renaissance-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Companion_to_the_Worlds_of_the_Renaissance_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Companion_to_the_Worlds_of_the_Renaissance_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuggiero2008" class="citation book cs1">Ruggiero, Guido (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052706/https://books.google.com/books?id=fx0Dlwb18WYC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=Timurid+renaissance&source=bl&ots=oRBca6Ril-&sig=91TIV5mBBnYFwGah_7x6b0NP-jA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijusmUk5fQAhVHKsAKHeqdDn8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=Timurid%20renaissance&f=false"><i>A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance, Guido Ruggiero</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470751619" title="Special:BookSources/9780470751619"><bdi>9780470751619</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fx0Dlwb18WYC&q=Timurid+renaissance&pg=PA59">the original</a> on 8 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Encyclopedia of Islam, online edition. "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/timurid.htm">"Iransaga - Persian Art, The Timurids"</a>. <i>www.artarena.force9.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Julius_Norwich_2001._pg_278_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Julius Norwich, <i>Great Architecture of the World</i>, Da Capo Press, 2001. p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Kennedy, <i>The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</i>, Da Capo Press, 2007. p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banister Fletcher, Dan Cruickshan, <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Banister_Fletcher%27s_a_History_of_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture">Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture</a></i>, Architectural Press, 1996. pg 606</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Caspian Sea Journal ISSN: 1578-7899 Volume 10, Issue 1, Supplement 3 (2016) 127-132 The Compilation of One Object of Timurid Metalwork (12th Century) in the National Museum of Iran with Two Objects in National Museum of Yerevan-Armenia. 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(1950), "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's "Tabaq al-Manateq" I. 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href="/wiki/Template:Timurid_Empire" title="Template:Timurid Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timurid_Empire" title="Template talk:Timurid Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timurid_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timurid Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timurid_Empire67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Muhammad_ibn_Jahangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir">Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Sultan" title="Khalil Sultan">Khalil Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh" title="Shah Rukh">Shah Rukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdal-Latif_Mirza" title="Abdal-Latif Mirza">Abdal-Latif Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah Mirza">Abdallah Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Muhammad_bin_Baysonqor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor">Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Qasim_Babur_Mirza" title="Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza">Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza" title="Abu Sa'id Mirza">Abu Sa'id Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mirza" title="Sultan Ahmed Mirza">Sultan Ahmed Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Mirza" title="Sultan Mahmud Mirza">Sultan Mahmud Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Shah_Mahmud" title="Mirza Shah Mahmud">Mirza Shah Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Mirza_bin_Ala-ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah">Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara">Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgar_Muhammad_Mirza" title="Yadgar Muhammad Mirza">Yadgar Muhammad Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badi%27_al-Zaman_Mirza" title="Badi' al-Zaman Mirza">Badi' al-Zaman Mirza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Balkh_(1370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Balkh (1370)">Siege of Balkh (1370)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh%E2%80%93Timur_war" title="Tokhtamysh–Timur war">Tokhtamysh–Timur war</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kondurcha_River" title="Battle of the Kondurcha River"> Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Terek_River" title="Battle of the Terek River"> Battle of the Terek River(1395)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur%27s_invasions_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur's invasions of Georgia">Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara"> Battle of Ankara (1402)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nakhchivan_(1406)" title="Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)">Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shahrukhiya" title="Siege of Shahrukhiya"> Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarabagh" title="Battle of Qarabagh"> Battle of Qarabagh(1469)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chirciq_River" title="Battle of the Chirciq River"> Battle of the Chirciq River (1488)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1497)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1497)">Siege of Samarkand (1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sar-e-Pul" title="Battle of Sar-e-Pul"> Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1501)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1501)">Siege of Samarkand (1501)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kabul_(1504)" title="Siege of Kabul (1504)">Siege of Kabul (1504)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ab_Darrah_Pass" title="Battle of Ab Darrah Pass"> Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazdewan" title="Battle of Ghazdewan"> Battle of Ghazdewan (1512)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalat-i-Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai"> Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bajaur_(1519)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bajaur (1519)">Battle of Bajaur (1519)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timurid_wars_of_succession" title="Timurid wars of succession">Timurid wars of succession</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Balkh_(1447)" title="Siege of Balkh (1447)">Siege of Balkh (1447)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damghan_(1447)" title="Battle of Damghan (1447)">Battle of Damghan (1447)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nishapur_(1447)" title="Battle of Nishapur (1447)">Battle of Nishapur (1447)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarnab_(1448)" title="Battle of Tarnab (1448)">Battle of Tarnab (1448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Balkh_(1447)" title="Occupation of Balkh (1447)">Occupation of Balkh (1447)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(1448)" title="Siege of Herat (1448)">Siege of Herat (1448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Abdal-Latif_Mirza" title="Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza"> Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Balkh_(1447)" title="Siege of Balkh (1447)">Siege of Balkh (1447)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(1448)" title="Siege of Herat (1448)">Siege of Herat (1448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farhadgerd" title="Battle of Farhadgerd"> Battle of Farhadgerd (1449)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Bazar_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu Bazar Revolt"> Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarakhs_(1459)" title="Battle of Sarakhs (1459)">Battle of Sarakhs (1459)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1494_/_1496)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Samarkand (1494 / 1496)"> Siege of Samarkand (1494)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhsi" title="Battle of Akhsi"> Battle of Akhsi (1502-03)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi-Khanym_Mosque" title="Bibi-Khanym Mosque">Bibi-Khanym Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan of Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakhrisabz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakhrisabz">Shakhrisabz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorut_Tilavat" title="Dorut Tilavat">Dorut Tilavat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa,_Samarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand">Ulugh Beg Madrasa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Ulugh Beg Observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah-i-Zinda" title="Shah-i-Zinda">Shah-i-Zinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Herat Musalla Complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Minarets_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Minarets of Herat">Minarets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Herat" title="Great Mosque of Herat">Great Mosque of Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque" title="Goharshad Mosque">Goharshad Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque_(Mazar-i-Sharif)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)">Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque_(Balkh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Mosque (Balkh)">Green Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahoutdin_Architectural_Complex" title="Bahoutdin Architectural Complex">Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_art" title="Timurid art">Timurid art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timurid Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_relations_with_Europe" title="Timurid relations with Europe">Timurid relations with Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Islam219" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Islam" title="Template:History of Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Islam" title="Template talk:History of Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Islam219" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline of Islamic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography of early Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">600–700 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Islamic civil war (Fitna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Islamic civil war (Fitna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Century" title="Shi'a Century">Shi'a Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Revival" title="Sunni Revival">Sunni Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Early Islamic Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Burji dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation of South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalairid Sultanate">Jalairid Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak" title="Hotak">Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Expansion into Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Gujarat)" title="Muzaffarids (Gujarat)">Muzaffarids (Gujarat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_on_the_Comoros" title="List of sultans on the Comoros">Sultans on the Comoros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Ternate Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angoche_Sultanate" title="Angoche Sultanate">Angoche Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Sultanate of Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Sila" title="Dar Sila">Dar Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak" title="Sultanate of Dahlak">Sultanate of Dahlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Funj Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Sultanate of Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Adal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Adal">Sultanate of Adal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Sultanate of Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" 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