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(PDF) Breaking Out of the Octopus Trap of Modernity: Japanese Modernity and Its Discontents II | Takeshi Morisato - Academia.edu
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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/49359814/Breaking_Out_of_the_Octopus_Trap_of_Modernity_Japanese_Modernity_and_Its_Discontents_II" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="49273391" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49273391/Japan_and_the_Octopus_Trap_of_Modernity_Japanese_Modernity_and_Its_Discontents_Part_I">Japan and the Octopus Trap of Modernity: Japanese Modernity and Its Discontents Part I</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2910329" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/TakeshiMorisato">Takeshi Morisato</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Genealogies of Modernity , 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article introduces the distinction between "to be" and "to do" in Maruyama Masao's essay published in the 1950s.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japan and the Octopus Trap of Modernity: Japanese Modernity and Its Discontents Part I","attachmentId":67657071,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49273391/Japan_and_the_Octopus_Trap_of_Modernity_Japanese_Modernity_and_Its_Discontents_Part_I","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49273391/Japan_and_the_Octopus_Trap_of_Modernity_Japanese_Modernity_and_Its_Discontents_Part_I"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="1146875" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1146875/Driving_the_Modern_Dream_Contemporary_Japanese_Modernity_in_Theoretical_Perspective">Driving the Modern Dream: Contemporary Japanese Modernity in Theoretical Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="289301" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/PeterMatanle">Peter Matanle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Modernity is as much a state of mind as it is a material condition. As such its quality can most clearly be described as a transformative ethic that has as its engine pushing it forwards and outwards the positivistic and economistic rationalism that is capitalism. That is to say, with capitalism as its mechanism and its fuel, modernity seeks a progressive and linear transformation of the human experience into a rationally and reflexively ordered lifescape that can be pro-actively controlled and manipulated for the purposes of providing an ever more comfortable, fulfilling, liberating, challenging, and complex life for its human architects. Mediating the mental and the material aspects of modernity are the institutions and organisations which individuals and groups construct in order that they might express their consciousness through the process of creative adaptation. In other words, institutions and organisations are the social mechanisms by which people not only create their environment out of the mental images they have developed but also are the method by which people accommodate themselves to the circumstances of their lives. For at the heart of modernity is the individual's moral responsibility to discover his or her authentic inner consciousness and substantiate it in lived experience.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Driving the Modern Dream: Contemporary Japanese Modernity in Theoretical Perspective","attachmentId":32737908,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1146875/Driving_the_Modern_Dream_Contemporary_Japanese_Modernity_in_Theoretical_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1146875/Driving_the_Modern_Dream_Contemporary_Japanese_Modernity_in_Theoretical_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="9540254" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9540254/Alternative_Modernity_Playing_the_Japanese_Game_of_Culture"> Alternative Modernity? Playing the Japanese Game of Culture </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10589775" href="https://sfu.academia.edu/Feenberg">Andrew Feenberg</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":" Alternative Modernity? Playing the Japanese Game of Culture ","attachmentId":35761451,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9540254/Alternative_Modernity_Playing_the_Japanese_Game_of_Culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9540254/Alternative_Modernity_Playing_the_Japanese_Game_of_Culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="74889144" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74889144/Overcoming_Modernity_Overcoming_What_Modernity_in_Wartime_Japan_and_its_Implication">'Overcoming Modernity' , Overcoming What?: 'Modernity' in Wartime Japan and its Implication</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="926875" href="https://kingston.academia.edu/AtsukoIchijo">Atsuko Ichijo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Social Imaginaries, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Overcoming Modernity symposium that took place in wartime Japan (in summer 1942) has gained notoriety in the postwar period, as a centrepiece of wartime propaganda justifying and legitimising Japanese military actions across Asia. While the published proceedings of the symposium were not as widely read as its postwar notoriety suggests, the phrase ‘overcoming modernity’ certainly captured the zeitgeist of the time in which ‘modernity’ was questioned, debated and contested. The efforts to examine ‘modernity’ in the first half of the twentieth century in Japan were led by a group of philosophers and intellectuals often referred to as the Kyoto School of philosophy because the school mainly drew its members from the Philosophy Department of the Imperial University of Kyoto, but their efforts were not made in isolation. Questioning of modernity in the form of western civilisation had been gathering pace in the West since the end of the nineteenth century, which the members of the Kyoto School were all well aware of. This naturally leads to a few questions: What did the Kyoto School mean by ‘modernity’ in this intellectual climate? Does their ‘modernity’ justify their claim to have overcome modernity? The paper explores what the wartime Japanese intellectuals including the members of the Kyoto School understood as modernity and what they suggested as a way of overcoming it by examining two sets of symposia that took place between 1941 and 1942: the Overcoming Modernity symposium (1942) and the Chūōkōron symposia (1941–42). This examination has implications for theoretical debates on modernity, in particular, on the strengths of the multiple modernities thesis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'Overcoming Modernity' , Overcoming What?: 'Modernity' in Wartime Japan and its Implication","attachmentId":82879903,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74889144/Overcoming_Modernity_Overcoming_What_Modernity_in_Wartime_Japan_and_its_Implication","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74889144/Overcoming_Modernity_Overcoming_What_Modernity_in_Wartime_Japan_and_its_Implication"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="10034651" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10034651/The_Cage_of_Nature_Modernitys_History_in_Japan">The Cage of Nature: Modernity's History in Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24437738" href="https://nd.academia.edu/JuliaAdeneyThomas">Julia Adeney Thomas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">History and Theory, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">During the same year that German refugees Horkheimer and Adorno produced DIALECTIC OF ENLIGHTENMENT criticizing the Western rationality for overcoming of nature, Japanese political theorist Maruyama Masao wrote his famous critique of Tokugawa thought, blaming it for not overcoming nature. Exploring these simultaneous critiques reveals the awkward alliances and dissonance among modernity, nature, and freedom, both East and West.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Cage of Nature: Modernity's History in Japan","attachmentId":36166187,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10034651/The_Cage_of_Nature_Modernitys_History_in_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10034651/The_Cage_of_Nature_Modernitys_History_in_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="118726178" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118726178/Making_and_Un_Making_Modern_Japan">Making and Un-Making Modern Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1700785" href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/RVij">Ritu Vij</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay offers a critical reading of Japan’s attempt to craft a modern identity. Eschewing the conventions of most scholarly writings, however, the essay builds on a personal history of political and intellectual engagement with key figures in post-war Japan to outline a counter-narrative about the ethno-politics of contemporary Japan. In distinction to both Orientalist and Occidentalist versions of Japanese modernity, the essay draws attention to the invidious return of notions of ethnic supremacy in Abe Shinzo’s contemporary state project and the occlusion of a long-standing tradition in Japan of pluralistic co-existence among diverse communities. In drawing attention to the occlusions shaped by the entanglements of Japanese colonialism and state-building with American hegemony, this essay attempts to locate practices of exclusion within Japan (and vis-à-vis its Asian neighbors) in an account of what the essay contends is a civilizational project, best thought of as “Smart Occi...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Making and Un-Making Modern Japan","attachmentId":114285220,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118726178/Making_and_Un_Making_Modern_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118726178/Making_and_Un_Making_Modern_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="65375037" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65375037/Multiple_Modernities_and_Japan">Multiple Modernities and Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="83393701" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YuiKiyomitsu">Yui Kiyomitsu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article aims to explore the analytical framework and its basic premises to consider the situation of current societies as multiple second modernities under glocalization and deals with Japan as its case study. This paper analyses different patterns of relationships among the individual, the intermediate group and the state in each region/local area, and tracks the transformation of those patterns in the contemporary society. Sometimes the structural tension inherent in modern society between traditional and more ‘contractual’ elements after modern, is expressed in the institutional patterns of the relations among the individual, the intermediate group and the state in each area. In current society, which is the age of multiple second modernities, the relational pattern is expressed in the configuration of individuality (not individual), intermediate networks (not intermediate group) and transforming state (not just state). To observe the distinctness of each locality in plurali...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Multiple Modernities and Japan","attachmentId":76999462,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65375037/Multiple_Modernities_and_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65375037/Multiple_Modernities_and_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="102188809" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102188809/Modernity_and_the_Idea_Liberalism_Fascism_Materialism_in_Showa_Japan">Modernity and the Idea: Liberalism, Fascism, Materialism in Showa Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13155352" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/JeremyHurdis">Jeremy Hurdis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">After the Meiji Restoration of 1862, Western philosophy was imported and infused into Japanese culture and its intellectual climate. By the early 20th Century, Kyoto School philosophers and romantic authors sought to reaffirm Japanese culture, believed jeopardised by the hastened development of Western capitalist modernity. This movement became politically charged, and is not without fascist allegations. After the Second World War modernism again became a primary intellectual concern, as modernists and Asianists alike attempted to struggle with the idea of fascism in Japan. Works of Nishida Kitaro (1870-1945) and Watsuji Tetsuro (1889-1960), and the prewar contexts within which they were written, will be compared to the postwar thinkers Maruyama Masao (1914-1996) and Takeuchi Yoshimi (1910-1977). The purpose of this thesis is to examine how Japanese thinkers before and after the Second World War understood and responded to the global process of modernity, and how it relates to such ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modernity and the Idea: Liberalism, Fascism, Materialism in Showa Japan","attachmentId":102518877,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102188809/Modernity_and_the_Idea_Liberalism_Fascism_Materialism_in_Showa_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102188809/Modernity_and_the_Idea_Liberalism_Fascism_Materialism_in_Showa_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="87221926" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87221926/The_Practice_of_Tradition_and_Modernity_In_Contemporary_Japan">The Practice of Tradition and Modernity In Contemporary Japan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="132332850" href="https://ohio.academia.edu/ChristopherThompson">Christopher Thompson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Wearing Cultural Styles in …, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Practice of Tradition and Modernity In Contemporary Japan","attachmentId":91493318,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87221926/The_Practice_of_Tradition_and_Modernity_In_Contemporary_Japan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87221926/The_Practice_of_Tradition_and_Modernity_In_Contemporary_Japan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1014334" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1014334/Before_and_Beyond_the_Modern_Japanese_Society_Culture_and_Design">Before and Beyond the Modern: Japanese Society, Culture, and Design</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="170805" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BirdLawrence">Lawrence Bird</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Conference proceedings, "Why Does Modernism Refuse to Die?", 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Any discussion of the survival and re-birth of Modern architecture begs the question “what is Modernism?”, a question problematic enough in itself. Yet when we consider Modernism’s pervasiveness in non-Western countries the question becomes much more challenging. It demands consideration of its social corollary: the more fundamental query of “what is Modernity?” This paper will attempt to illustrate, with reference to traditional and contemporary Japanese architecture, how a number of qualities of Japanese society and culture problematize our definitions of these terms. A rethinking of our preconceptions of Modernity and Modernism can suggest how it might be that Modernism is still with us when so many of the values on which it is based – values of Modernity – have been called into question.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Before and Beyond the Modern: Japanese Society, Culture, and Design","attachmentId":6547001,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1014334/Before_and_Beyond_the_Modern_Japanese_Society_Culture_and_Design","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1014334/Before_and_Beyond_the_Modern_Japanese_Society_Culture_and_Design"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":67735900,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":67735900,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_67735900" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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