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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endemic_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endemic_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Endemic species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endemic_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Land ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Munnar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مونار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مونار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মুন্নার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুন্নার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar_(lungsod_sa_Indiya)" title="Munnar (lungsod sa Indiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Munnar (lungsod sa Indiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Munnar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Munnar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Munnar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="મુનાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મુનાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मुन्नार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुन्नार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Munnar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מונאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮುನ್ನಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುನ್ನಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="മൂന്നാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൂന്നാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मुन्नार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुन्नार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D9%89)" title="مونار (بلده فى ادوكى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مونار (بلده فى ادوكى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Munnar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ମୁନ୍ନାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମୁନ୍ନାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੁਨਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਨਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Munnar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Муннар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Муннар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D" title="मुन्नार् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मुन्नार्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Munnar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar_(ort_i_Indien)" title="Munnar (ort i Indien) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Munnar (ort i Indien)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மூணார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூணார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మున్నార్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మున్నార్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مونار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مونار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94" title="慕那尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="慕那尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1025124#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Munnar&params=10_05_21_N_77_03_35_E_type:city(32029)_region:IN-KL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°05′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°03′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.08917°N 77.05972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.08917; 77.05972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Kerala, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2009 film, see <a href="/wiki/Munnar_(film)" title="Munnar (film)">Munnar (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hill station in Kerala, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Munnar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">Hill station</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Munnar_hill_station_.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Munnar"><img alt="A view of Munnar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Munnar_hill_station_.JPG/250px-Munnar_hill_station_.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Munnar_hill_station_.JPG/375px-Munnar_hill_station_.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Munnar_hill_station_.JPG/500px-Munnar_hill_station_.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1060" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">A view of Munnar</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Kashmir of South India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Kerala_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Munnar is located in Kerala"><img alt="Munnar is located in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/250px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/375px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/500px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.217%;left:73.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Munnar"><img alt="Munnar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Munnar</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kerala</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Munnar is located in India"><img alt="Munnar is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/250px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/375px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/500px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.341%;left:31.437%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Munnar"><img alt="Munnar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Munnar</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Munnar&params=10_05_21_N_77_03_35_E_type:city(32029)_region:IN-KL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°05′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°03′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.08917°N 77.05972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.08917; 77.05972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idukki_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki District">Idukki</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Talukas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Talukas of Kerala">Taluk</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devikulam_taluk" title="Devikulam taluk">Devikulam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tea plantations, cool climate</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gram_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram Panchayat">Grama Panchayat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Munnar grama panchayath</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">187 km<sup>2</sup> (72 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,532 m (5,026 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">32,029</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">170/km<sup>2</sup> (440/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Regional</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-languages_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">685612</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telephone code</th><td class="infobox-data">04865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_RTO_districts_in_India#KL—Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RTO districts in India">KL</a>-68, <a href="/wiki/List_of_RTO_districts_in_India#KL—Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RTO districts in India">KL</a>-06</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">84.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keralatourism.org/destination">keralatourism<wbr />.org<wbr />/destination</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Munnar</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ml-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[muːn̪ːɐːr]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a> of the southwestern <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Munnar is situated at around 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> mountain range. Munnar is also called the "<a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir</a> of South India" and is a popular <a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">honeymoon</a> destination. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name Munnar is a combination of the words "Munnu" and "Aaru" in the local languages of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> meaning "three rivers",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to its location at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Muthirapuzha_River" title="Muthirapuzha River">Muthirapuzha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nallathanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nallathanni (page does not exist)">Nallathanni</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundali_River,_Kerala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundali River, Kerala (page does not exist)">Kundali</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_at_Munnar,Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sunrise_at_Munnar%2CKerala.jpg/220px-Sunrise_at_Munnar%2CKerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sunrise_at_Munnar%2CKerala.jpg/330px-Sunrise_at_Munnar%2CKerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sunrise_at_Munnar%2CKerala.jpg/440px-Sunrise_at_Munnar%2CKerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Sunrise at Munnar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munnar_Top_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Munnar_Top_station.jpg/220px-Munnar_Top_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Munnar_Top_station.jpg/330px-Munnar_Top_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Munnar_Top_station.jpg/440px-Munnar_Top_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> plantation at Munnar</figcaption></figure> <p>The region has been inhabited by hunter-gatherer tribals like the <a href="/wiki/Malayarayan" title="Malayarayan">Malayarayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muthuvan" title="Muthuvan">Muthuvan</a> for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early days, only <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> and few <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a> lived there. They were brought as workers in the tea plantations. Tradition states that Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>, later the Duke of Wellington, was the first British person to pass through Munnar during <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>'s campaign in <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, but this is unsubstantiated. The first survey of the terrain was undertaken by Benjamin Swayne Ward in 1816–1817, who followed Periyar into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and established a camp at the confluence of three rivers, from which the name of Munnar is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was to be nearly 50 years later that <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet">Sir Charles Trevelyan</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, instructed Col. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hamilton" title="Douglas Hamilton">Douglas Hamilton</a> to explore the hill country in the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, requesting special advice on the feasibility of establishing sanatoria for the British in the South and of developing revenue- earning projects without endangering the environment, as had happened in <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> where coffee had destroyed not only the rain forest but also paddy cultivation in the north-central rice bowl of ancient Ceylon. Hamilton climbed throughout the Ghats in Munnar region. 15 years later, John Daniel Munro noted that much of Munnar's land was suitable for coffee plantations. Munro, Henry Turn, and his half-brother AW Turner obtained ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a> from the Raja of Travancore and began clearing forest around <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a> in 1879. Soon many other Europeans began establishing tea plantations in the area throughout the 1880s. Early plantations had few facilities and were mainly huts of straw. </p><p>Eventually roads were opened to the lowlands and in <a href="/wiki/Bodinayakanur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodinayakanur">Bodinayakanur</a> in western Madras Presidency, planters got provisions from a local headman - Suppan Chetty. He and his son, Alaganan Chetty (later an <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a>) would continue providing supplies to the tea estates in the region. By 1894, 26 estates were established in the hills, but all were facing losses. In 1897, a separate company, <a href="/wiki/Kannan_Devan_Hills" title="Kannan Devan Hills">Kannan Devan Hills</a> Corporation (KDHC) was registered to operate the tea estates which was later taken over by the American Direct Tea Trading Company Ltd., who owned 26 estates, most with coffee and some with <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">cinchona</a>, almost all in the area except for a few in the lower areas. </p><p>In 1900, a ropeway was built and eventually monorails were installed for easier transport of goods to the plains. In 1901, P. R. Buchanan took over as General Manager and began the most extensive clearing of jungles for plantations. In 1908, construction started on a new railway which opened in 1909. By 1911, around 16,000 acres of the region was under cultivation. </p><p>In 1924, a flood swept through Munnar, damaged the road and destroyed the rail track. In its place it was decided to create a ropeway to transport tea. In 1930, this in turn was replaced by a modern road that made transport much easier. By 1952, almost 28,000 acres of land was under cultivation. After <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">Independence</a>, Indian planters took over. In 1964, the KDHC which owned most tea estates was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata</a> and Finlay who started the first instant tea factory in the country. In 1971, the Kerala government wanted to reforest all land in the hills not used for plantations. However, negotiations that followed resulted in Tata keeping most of the land, leaving it with 57,000 acres. </p><p>To this day, most tea estate labourers are landless. In the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> outfit from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, started demanding land for the labourers, started making inroads into Kerala. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/V._S._Achuthanandan" title="V. S. Achuthanandan">VS Achuthanandan</a> promised his support for providing land to the mainly Tamil Dalit estate labourers. However, the process became very slow and as of 2018, most families still hand no land.<sup id="cite_ref-Vignessh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vignessh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former Kunda Valley Railway in Munnar was destroyed by a flood in 1924, but tourism officials are considering reconstructing the railway line to attract tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>The region in and around Munnar varies in height from 1,450 meters (4,760 ft) to 2,695 meters (8,842 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a>. The temperature ranges between 5 °C (41 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in winter and 15 °C (59 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures as low as −4 °C (25 °F) have been recorded in the Sevenmallay region of Munnar.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2013)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2013)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen-Geiger climate classification system</a> classifies it as <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">subtropical highland</a> (Cwb).<sup id="cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Munnar </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #38FF38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129<br />(5.1) </td> <td style="background: #00E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189<br />(7.4) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">420<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">583<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">364<br />(14.3) </td> <td style="background: #00BA00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">210<br />(8.3) </td> <td style="background: #008400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">253<br />(10.0) </td> <td style="background: #02FF02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164<br />(6.5) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #00C500; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,470<br />(97.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217 </td> <td style="background: #B8B855; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120 </td> <td style="background: #B8B855; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124 </td> <td style="background: #B8B855; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,255 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <i>Climate-Data.org</i>, altitude: 1461m<sup id="cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <i>Weather2Travel</i> for sunshine and rainy days<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hills_around_the_tea_plantations,_Munnar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hills_around_the_tea_plantations%2C_Munnar.JPG/220px-Hills_around_the_tea_plantations%2C_Munnar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hills_around_the_tea_plantations%2C_Munnar.JPG/330px-Hills_around_the_tea_plantations%2C_Munnar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hills_around_the_tea_plantations%2C_Munnar.JPG/440px-Hills_around_the_tea_plantations%2C_Munnar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Hills around the tea plantations, Munnar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munnar_K.S.R.T.C_Stand_-_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Munnar_K.S.R.T.C_Stand_-_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_02.JPG/220px-Munnar_K.S.R.T.C_Stand_-_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Munnar_K.S.R.T.C_Stand_-_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_02.JPG/330px-Munnar_K.S.R.T.C_Stand_-_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Munnar_K.S.R.T.C_Stand_-_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_02.JPG/440px-Munnar_K.S.R.T.C_Stand_-_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Munnar KSRTC bus stand</figcaption></figure> <p>Munnar is well connected by both National highways, state highways and rural roads. The town lies in the <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Dhanushkodi" title="Dhanushkodi">Dhanushkodi</a> National highway (N.H 49), about 130 km (81 mi) from Cochin, 31 km (19 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a>, 85 km (53 mi) from Udumalpettu in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and 60 km (37 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Neriyamangalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Neriyamangalam">Neriyamangalam</a>. </p><p>Distance from major cities & tourist destinations. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a> - 109 km</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a> - 245 km</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Trivandrum</a> - 280 km</li> <li>from Kochi - Ernakulam - 150 km</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3></div> <p>The nearest railway station is <a href="/wiki/Bodinayakkanur" title="Bodinayakkanur">Bodinayakkanur</a> (68 km) in Tamil Nadu and nearest major railway stations in Kerala are at <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a> (126 km) and <a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a> (110 km). </p><p>Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (<a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">KSRTC</a>) bus stand is in walking distance from <a href="/wiki/Aluva_railway_station" title="Aluva railway station">Aluva Railway Station</a>, and buses are available for Munnar every hour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3></div> <p>The nearest airport is <a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a>, which is 110 kilometres (68 mi) away. The <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> airports are <span class="nowrap">165 kilometres (103 mi)</span> from Munnar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <p>The Panchayat of Munnar formed on January 24, 1961, is divided into 21 wards for administrative convenience. <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> district lies to the north, <a href="/wiki/Pallivasal" title="Pallivasal">Pallivasal</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayoor">Marayoor</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Mankulam_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankulam (Kerala)">Mankulam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuttampuzha" title="Kuttampuzha">Kuttampuzha</a> Panchayats to the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 Census</a>, Munnar Grama Panchayat had a total population of 32,039. 16,061 were males and 15,968 were females, with 7,968 families total residing therein. Children represented in the age group of 0-6 were 2,916 (9.1% of the total population), which constitutes 1,478 males and 1,438 females. Munnar Panchayat had an overall literacy rate of 84.85%, substantially lower than the Kerala state average of 94.00%. Male literacy stands at 91.05% and female literacy at 78.64%.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_slopes_of_nature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_slopes_of_nature.jpg/220px-The_slopes_of_nature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_slopes_of_nature.jpg/330px-The_slopes_of_nature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_slopes_of_nature.jpg/440px-The_slopes_of_nature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tea plantations at Munnar</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the native flora and fauna of Munnar have disappeared due to severe <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> resulting from creation of the plantations. However, some species continue to survive and thrive in several <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">protected areas</a> nearby, including the new <a href="/wiki/Kurinjimala_Sanctuary" title="Kurinjimala Sanctuary">Kurinjimala Sanctuary</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary">Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjampatti_Valley" title="Manjampatti Valley">Manjampatti Valley</a> and the Amaravati reserve forest of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi National Park">Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary</a> to the north east, the <a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anamudi_Shola_National_Park" title="Anamudi Shola National Park">Anamudi Shola National Park</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Pampadum_Shola_National_Park" title="Pampadum Shola National Park">Pampadum Shola National Park</a> to the south and the proposed <a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Palani Hills National Park">Palani Hills National Park</a> to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endemic_species">Endemic species</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varayadu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Varayadu.JPG/220px-Varayadu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Varayadu.JPG/330px-Varayadu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Varayadu.JPG/440px-Varayadu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a> at Rajamalai near Munnar</figcaption></figure> <p>These protected areas are especially known for several <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species including <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Thar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Thar">Nilgiri Thar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grizzled_giant_squirrel" title="Grizzled giant squirrel">grizzled giant squirrel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_wood-pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri wood-pigeon">Nilgiri wood-pigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">elephant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(deer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambar (deer)">sambar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Neelakurinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelakurinji">Neelakurinji</a> (that blossoms only once in twelve years).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_ownership">Land ownership</h2></div> <p>There has been action to address the problems of property takeovers by the <a href="/wiki/Land_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Land mafia">land mafia</a> that have, according to successive governments, plagued the area. In 2011, the government estimated that 20,000 hectares of land had been illegally appropriated and launched a campaign of evictions that had first been mooted in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisonvalley" title="Bisonvalley">Bisonvalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolukkumalai" title="Kolukkumalai">Kolukkumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunchithanny" title="Kunchithanny">Kunchithanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattupetty_Dam" title="Mattupetty Dam">Mattupetty Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar_Tea_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Munnar Tea Museum">Munnar Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Munnar_Plantation_strike" title="2015 Munnar Plantation strike">2015 Munnar Plantation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallivasal" title="Pallivasal">Pallivasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Munnar.html">Munnar - Fallingrain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf">"The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munnar+-+the+Hill+Station+of+Kerala+in+Idukki+%7C+Kerala+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fdestination%2Fdestination.php%3Fid%3D306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munnarweb.com/munnar-history.html">Munnar History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205234035/http://www.munnarweb.com/munnar-history.html">Archived</a> 5 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118183559/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=306">"Munnar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=306">the original</a> on 18 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fdestination%2Fdestination.php%3Fid%3D306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onmanorama.com/districts/idukki/2018/02/28/original-inhabitants-idukki-displaced-deceived-tribals.html">"How the original inhabitants of Idukki were systematically displaced and deceived"</a>. <i>OnManorama</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Management+Plan&rft.pub=Eravikulam+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feravikulam.org%2Fmanagementplan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040313020140/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/17/stories/2003121707061600.htm">"Frost hits plantations in Munnar"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 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Climate-Data.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate%3A+Munnar+%E2%80%94+Climate+graph%2C+Temperature+graph%2C+Climate+table&rft.pub=Climate-Data.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.climate-data.org%2Flocation%2F34154%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/kerala/munnar.php">"Munnar Climate and Weather Averages, Kerala"</a>. Weather2Travel<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. p. 92,93<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Census+Handbook%2C+Idukki&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pages=92%2C93&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.aulast=Kerala&rft.aufirst=Directorate+of+Census+Operations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230112312/http://kurinji.in/sro.html">"Government of Kerala, Forest and Wildlife Department, Notification No. 36/2006 F&WLD"</a>. <i>Kerala Gazette</i>. 6 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurinji.in/sro.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kerala+Gazette&rft.atitle=Government+of+Kerala%2C+Forest+and+Wildlife+Department%2C+Notification+No.+36%2F2006+F%26WLD&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurinji.in%2Fsro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2006" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Mathew (25 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045106/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm">"Proposal for Kurinjimala sanctuary awaits Cabinet nod"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+Kurinjimala+sanctuary+awaits+Cabinet+nod&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F09%2F25%2Fstories%2F2006092510910400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob2011" class="citation news cs1">Jacob, Jeemon (12 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120827093815/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=WS120711kerala.asp">"Kerala government launches eviction drive in Munnar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=WS120711kerala.asp">the original</a> on 27 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kerala+government+launches+eviction+drive+in+Munnar&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Jeemon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehelka.com%2Fstory_main50.asp%3Ffilename%3DWS120711kerala.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunnar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Tourism Development Corporation">Kerala Tourism Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Kerala)" title="Department of Tourism (Kerala)">Department of Tourism (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Seva_Sadan" title="Gandhi Seva Sadan">Gandhi Seva Sadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Informative articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fishing_nets" title="Chinese fishing nets">Chinese fishing nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country" title="God's Own Country">God's Own Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundan_Vallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chundan Vallam">Chundan Vallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu_Earth%27s_Center_Nature_Park" title="Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park">Jatayu Earth’s Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Festivals_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Festivals of Kerala">Temple Festivals of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_Resorts_(Kerala)" title="Tourist Resorts (Kerala)">Tourist Resorts (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_International_Airport" title="Kannur International Airport">Kannur International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Aerodrome" title="Quilon Aerodrome">Kollam Airport</a><small>(Defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum International Airport">Trivandrum International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amusement parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasy Park (page does not exist)">Fantasy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Flora Fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkunnu" title="Kottakkunnu">Kottakkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vismaya" title="Vismaya">Vismaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderla" title="Wonderla">Wonderla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyannur_Umbrellas" title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraman_Parambu" title="Cheraman Parambu">Cheraman Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur" title="Kadavallur">Kadavallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandanissery" title="Kandanissery">Kandanissery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattanam" title="Pattanam">Pattanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a></li> <li>Thovarimala Ezhuthupara</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_Beach" title="Alappuzha Beach">Alappuzha Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azheekal_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Azheekal beach">Azheekal beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad_Beach" title="Chavakkad Beach">Chavakkad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherai_Beach" title="Cherai Beach">Cherai Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kochi beach">Fort Kochi beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappil,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram">Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappkadavu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappkadavu">Kappkadavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Beach" title="Kollam Beach">Kollam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Beach" title="Kozhikode Beach">Kozhikode Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Mappila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marari_Beach" title="Marari Beach">Marari Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenkunnu_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenkunnu Beach">Meenkunnu Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munakkal_Beach" title="Munakkal Beach">Munakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakkal_Beach" title="Mundakkal Beach">Mundakkal Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris_beach" title="Muziris beach">Muziris beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Padinjarekkara beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Paravanna beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyambalam_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyambalam Beach">Payyambalam Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankumugham_Beach" title="Shankumugham Beach">Shankumugham Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snehatheeram_Beach" title="Snehatheeram Beach">Snehatheeram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekkumbhagam" title="Thekkumbhagam">Paravur Thekkumbhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullavaram_Beach" title="Thirumullavaram Beach">Thirumullavaram Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thottada_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Thottada Beach">Thottada Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara"> Vadakara Sandbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Kadalundi Nagaram beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala_Beach" title="Varkala Beach">Varkala Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boat races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Boat_Race" title="Aranmula Boat Race">Aranmula Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Biyyam Kayal Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champakulam_Moolam_Boat_Race" title="Champakulam Moolam Boat Race">Champakulam Moolam Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Boat_Race" title="Indira Gandhi Boat Race">Indira Gandhi Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallada_Boat_Race" title="Kallada Boat Race">Kallada Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandassankadavu_Boat_Race" title="Kandassankadavu Boat Race">Kandassankadavu Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="Nehru Trophy Boat Race">Nehru Trophy Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payippadu_Vallam_Kali" title="Payippadu Vallam Kali">Payippadu Vallam Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Trophy_Boat_Race" title="President's Trophy Boat Race">President's Trophy Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Jayanthi_Boat_Race" title="Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race">Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprayar_Boat_Race" title="Triprayar Boat Race">Triprayar Boat Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottukal_cave_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottukal cave temple">Kottukal cave temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumala_caves,_Piralimattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedumala caves, Piralimattam">Nedumala caves, Piralimattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_rock_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhinjam rock caves">Vizhinjam rock caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banasura_Sagar_Dam" title="Banasura Sagar Dam">Banasura Sagar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoothathankettu" title="Bhoothathankettu">Bhoothathankettu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruthoni_Dam" title="Cheruthoni Dam">Cheruthoni Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Dam">Chimmony Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idamalayar_Dam" title="Idamalayar Dam">Idamalayar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_Dam" title="Idukki Dam">Idukki Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakki_Reservoir" title="Kakki Reservoir">Kakki Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirapuzha_Dam" title="Kanjirapuzha Dam">Kanjirapuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapuzha_Dam" title="Karapuzha Dam">Karapuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha_Dam" title="Malampuzha Dam">Malampuzha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Dam" title="Malankara Dam">Malankara Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Dam" title="Mangalam Dam">Mangalam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattupetty_Dam" title="Mattupetty Dam">Mattupetty Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollengode,_Palakkad" title="Kollengode, Palakkad">Meenkara Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullaperiyar_Dam" title="Mullaperiyar Dam">Mullaperiyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Dam" title="Neyyar Dam">Neyyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Dam" title="Parambikulam Dam">Parambikulam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Dam" title="Pazhassi Dam">Pazhassi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi_Dam" title="Peechi Dam">Peechi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peringalkuthu_Dam" title="Peringalkuthu Dam">Peringalkuthu Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvaripallam_Dam" title="Peruvaripallam Dam">Peruvaripallam Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi_Dam" title="Ponmudi Dam">Ponmudi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poomala_Dam" title="Poomala Dam">Poomala Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothundi_Dam" title="Pothundi Dam">Pothundi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholayar_Dam" title="Sholayar Dam">Sholayar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Dam" title="Siruvani Dam">Siruvani Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanneermukkom_Bund" title="Thanneermukkom Bund">Thanneermukkom Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala_Dam" title="Thenmala Dam">Thenmala Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunakkadavu_Dam" title="Thunakkadavu Dam">Thunakkadavu Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhani_Dam" title="Vazhani Dam">Vazhani Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayar_Dam" title="Walayar Dam">Walayar Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aanayoottu" title="Aanayoottu">Aanayoottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaraattu" title="Aaraattu">Aaraattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva_Sivarathri_festival" title="Aluva Sivarathri festival">Aluva Sivarathri festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram" title="Arattupuzha Pooram">Arattupuzha Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkunni_Uthram_Vilakku" title="Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku">Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Raphael,_Ollur" title="Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur">Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvanpattu" title="Gandharvanpattu">Gandharvanpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilanjithara_Melam" title="Ilanjithara Melam">Ilanjithara Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_International_Boat_Show&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="India International Boat Show (page does not exist)">India International Boat Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Kerala" title="International Film Festival of Kerala">International Film Festival of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur_Anyonyam" title="Kadavallur Anyonyam">Kadavallur Anyonyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarkali" title="Kanyarkali">Kanyarkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karivela" title="Karivela">Karivela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Adventure_Carnival" title="Kerala Adventure Carnival">Kerala Adventure Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keralotsavam" title="Keralotsavam">Keralotsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_pooram" title="Kottakkal pooram">Kottakkal pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machad_Mamangam" title="Machad Mamangam">Machad Mamangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalukulangara_Pooram" title="Nalukulangara Pooram">Nalukulangara Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Ratholsavam" title="Kalpathi Ratholsavam">Kalpathi Ratholsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenmara_Vallanghy_Vela" title="Nenmara Vallanghy Vela">Nenmara Vallanghy Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onathallu_or_Avittathallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Onathallu or Avittathallu">Onathallu or Avittathallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattamangalam_Kuthira_Vela" title="Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela">Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumandhamkunnu_Pooram" title="Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram">Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthralikavu_Pooram" title="Uthralikavu Pooram">Uthralikavu Pooram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikady_Fort" title="Arikady Fort">Arikady Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu_Fort" title="Anchuthengu Fort">Anchuthengu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal_Fort" title="Bekal Fort">Bekal Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandragiri_Fort,_Kerala" title="Chandragiri Fort, Kerala">Chandragiri Fort, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranganore_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore Fort">Cranganore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Fort" title="East Fort">East Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">Fort Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_Fort" title="Hosdurg Fort">Hosdurg Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumkotta" title="Nedumkotta">Nedumkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbury%27s_Folly" title="Overbury's Folly">Overbury's Folly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Fort" title="Palakkad Fort">Palakkad Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallipuram_Fort" title="Pallipuram Fort">Pallipuram Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort,_Tangasseri" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri">St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellicherry_Fort" title="Tellicherry Fort">Tellicherry Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fort" title="William Fort">William Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadam_Island" title="Dharmadam Island">Dharmadam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhumanthuruthu" title="Ezhumanthuruthu">Ezhumanthuruthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundu_Island" title="Gundu Island">Gundu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavvayi">Kavvayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvadweep" title="Kuruvadweep">Kuruvadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munroe_Island" title="Munroe Island">Munroe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizhala" title="Pizhala">Pizhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulinkunnoo" title="Pulinkunnoo">Pulinkunnoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanthuruthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanthuruthu">Ramanthuruthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiyaparamba" title="Valiyaparamba">Valiyaparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallarpadam" title="Vallarpadam">Vallarpadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Balathiruthi Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vypin" title="Vypin">Vypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingdon_Island" title="Willingdon Island">Willingdon Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Biyyam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamakkal_Lake" title="Enamakkal Lake">Enamakkal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananchira" title="Mananchira">Mananchira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranju_Poika" title="Oranju Poika">Oranju Poika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinjarechira" title="Padinjarechira">Padinjarechira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_Lake" title="Paravur Lake">Paravur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pookode_Lake" title="Pookode Lake">Pookode Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranpuzha" title="Veeranpuzha">Veeranpuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Lake" title="Vellayani Lake">Vellayani Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkechira" title="Vadakkechira">Vadakkechira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchikulam" title="Vanchikulam">Vanchikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lighthouses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_Lighthouse" title="Vizhinjam Lighthouse">Vizhinjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri_Lighthouse" title="Tangasseri Lighthouse">Tangasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilthottam_Lighthouse" title="Kovilthottam Lighthouse">Kovilthottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_Lighthouse" title="Alappuzha Lighthouse">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manakkodam_Lighthouse" title="Manakkodam Lighthouse">Manakkodam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vypin_Lighthouse" title="Vypin Lighthouse">Vypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_Lighthouse" title="Azhikode Lighthouse">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetwai_Lighthouse" title="Chetwai Lighthouse">Chetwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_Lighthouse" title="Ponnani Lighthouse">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypore_Lighthouse" title="Beypore Lighthouse">Beypore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikkode_Lighthouse" title="Kozhikkode Lighthouse">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Lighthouse" title="Kannur Lighthouse">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aathanad" title="Aathanad">Aathanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambanad_Hills" title="Ambanad Hills">Ambanad Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambukuthi_mala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambukuthi mala">Ambukuthi mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banasura_Hill" title="Banasura Hill">Banasura Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Chekkunnu Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Cheriyam hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elivai_Malai" class="mw-redirect" title="Elivai Malai">Elivai Malai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaveezha_Poonchira" title="Ilaveezha Poonchira">Ilaveezha Poonchira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illickal_Kallu" title="Illickal Kallu">Illickal Kallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathoor_Padi" title="Kunnathoor Padi">Kunnathoor Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenuliyan_Para" title="Meenuliyan Para">Meenuliyan Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paithalmala" title="Paithalmala">Paithalmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakkayam" title="Anakkayam">Pandallur hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poomala" title="Poomala">Poomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakam_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Urakam Hill">Urakam Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagamon" title="Vagamon">Vagamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagavurrai" title="Vagavurrai">Vagavurrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarimala" title="Vellarimala">Vellarimala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_Point_Art_Cafe" title="8 Point Art Cafe">8 Point Gallery Cafe, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Museum" title="Arakkal Museum">Arakkal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Thrissur" title="Archaeological Museum, Thrissur">Archaeological Museum, Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Business_Museum" title="Indian Business Museum">Indian Business Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_Museum" title="Indo-Portuguese Museum">Indo-Portuguese Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Kerala Science and Technology Museum">Kerala Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soil_Museum" title="Kerala Soil Museum">Kerala Soil Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockhart_Tea_Museum" title="Lockhart Tea Museum">Lockhart Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar_Tea_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Munnar Tea Museum">Munnar Tea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja_Archaeological_Museum" title="Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum">Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Police_Museum" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum, Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak_Museum" title="Teak Museum">Teak Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Heritage_Museum" title="Wayanad Heritage Museum">Wayanad Heritage Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Arakkal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Kottaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranmula Kottaram">Aranmula Kottaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolgatty_Palace" title="Bolgatty Palace">Bolgatty Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_Kottaram" title="Cheena Kottaram">Cheena Kottaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_Castle" title="Halcyon Castle">Halcyon Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Palace,_Tripunithura" title="Hill Palace, Tripunithura">Hill Palace, Tripunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace" title="Kanakakkunnu Palace">Kanakakkunnu Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha,_Palakkad" title="Karimpuzha, Palakkad">Karimpuzha Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor_Palace" title="Kilimanoor Palace">Kilimanoor Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Kovilakam" title="Kodungallur Kovilakam">Kodungallur Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollengode_Palace" title="Kollengode Palace">Kollengode Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyikkal_Palace" title="Koyikkal Palace">Koyikkal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnapuram_Palace" title="Krishnapuram Palace">Krishnapuram Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthira_Malika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthira Malika">Kuthira Malika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmipuram_Palace" title="Lakshmipuram Palace">Lakshmipuram Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Maipady Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattancherry_Palace" title="Mattancherry Palace">Mattancherry Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Lodge_Palace" title="Merry Lodge Palace">Merry Lodge Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliath_Achan" title="Paliath Achan">Paliam Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandalam_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandalam Palace">Pandalam Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnathurkotta" title="Punnathurkotta">Punnathurkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthen_Kovilakam" title="Puthen Kovilakam">Puthen Kovilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakthan_Thampuran_Palace" title="Shakthan Thampuran Palace">Shakthan Thampuran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Moolam_Thirunal_Palace" title="Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace">Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thevally_Palace" title="Thevally Palace">Thevally Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Azhvanchery Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olappamanna_Mana" title="Olappamanna Mana">Olappamanna Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keezhattur" title="Keezhattur">Poonthanam Illam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchan_Parambu,_Tirur" title="Thunchan Parambu, Tirur">Thunchan Samarakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varikkasseri_Mana" title="Varikkasseri Mana">Varikkasseri Mana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterfalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyanpara_Falls" title="Adyanpara Falls">Adyanpara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripara_Falls" title="Aripara Falls">Aripara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruvikkuzhi_Waterfalls" title="Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls">Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyapanov_Waterfalls" title="Ayyapanov Waterfalls">Ayyapanov Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charpa_Falls" title="Charpa Falls">Charpa Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheeyappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheeyappara">Cheeyappara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoni,_Palakkad" title="Dhoni, Palakkad">Dhoni Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavanna" title="Edavanna">Kollam Kolli Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkadampoyil" title="Kakkadampoyil">Kozhippara Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudamutti_Falls" title="Kudamutti Falls">Kudamutti Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhavurutty_Waterfalls" title="Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls">Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkom_Water_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakkom Water Falls">Lakkom Water Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manalar_Waterfalls" title="Manalar Waterfalls">Manalar Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmala_waterfall" title="Marmala waterfall">Marmala waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenmutty_Falls,_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram">Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenmutty_Falls,_Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad">Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Meenvallam Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliyarik_Waterfalls" title="Oliyarik Waterfalls">Oliyarik Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaruvi_Falls" title="Palaruvi Falls">Palaruvi Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloor_Kotta_Falls" title="Paloor Kotta Falls">Paloor Kotta Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panieli_Poru_waterfalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Panieli Poru waterfalls">Panieli Poru waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattathippara_Falls" title="Pattathippara Falls">Pattathippara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunthenaruvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Perunthenaruvi">Perunthenaruvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunthenaruvi_Falls" title="Perunthenaruvi Falls">Perunthenaruvi Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvani_Waterfalls" title="Siruvani Waterfalls">Siruvani Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soochipara_Falls" title="Soochipara Falls">Soochipara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thommankuthu" title="Thommankuthu">Thommankuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thusharagiri_Falls" title="Thusharagiri Falls">Thusharagiri Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoovanam_Waterfalls" title="Thoovanam Waterfalls">Thoovanam Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhachal_Falls" title="Vazhachal Falls">Vazhachal Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhvanthol_waterfalls" title="Vazhvanthol waterfalls">Vazhvanthol waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary">Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary">Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarakom_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary">Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurinjimala_Sanctuary" title="Kurinjimala Sanctuary">Kurinjimala Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary">Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalavanam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary">Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary">Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiramanal" title="Pathiramanal">Pathiramanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary">Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi-Vazhani_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary">Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary">Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar Tiger Reserve">Periyar Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shendurney_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary">Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary">Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Rehabilitation_and_Research_Centre" title="Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre">Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parassinikkadavu_Snake_Park" title="Parassinikkadavu Snake Park">Parassinikkadavu Snake Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Zoo" title="Thiruvananthapuram Zoo">Thiruvananthapuram Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Zoo" title="Thrissur Zoo">Thrissur Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrissur_Zoological_Park_Wildlife_Conservation_%26_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conservation & Research Centre (page does not exist)">Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conservation & Research 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