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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theoretical computer scientist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about computer scientist. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sanjeev_Arora_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sanjeev Arora (disambiguation)">Sanjeev Arora (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sanjeev Arora</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanjeev_Arora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sanjeev_Arora.jpg/220px-Sanjeev_Arora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Sanjeev_Arora.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Arora at <a href="/wiki/Oberwolfach" title="Oberwolfach">Oberwolfach</a>, 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1968<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1968-01</span>)</span> (age <span class="currentage"></span>56)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur,_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur, Rajasthan">Jodhpur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-princeton.edu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princeton.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-princeton.edu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princeton.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">SB</a>: <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Probabilistically_checkable_proof" title="Probabilistically checkable proof">Probabilistically checkable proofs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/PCP_theorem" title="PCP theorem">PCP theorem</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~arora/pubs/thesis.pdf">Probabilistic checking of proofs and the hardness of approximation problems.</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1994)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umesh_Vazirani" title="Umesh Vazirani">Umesh Vazirani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Khot" title="Subhash Khot">Subhash Khot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elad_Hazan" title="Elad Hazan">Elad Hazan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rong_Ge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rong Ge (page does not exist)">Rong Ge</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sanjeev Arora</b> (born January 1968) is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical computer scientist">theoretical computer scientist</a> who works in AI and Machine learning. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjeev_Arora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanjeev scored the IIT JEE number 1 rank in 1986 </p><p>He was a visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in 2002–03.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 he was inducted as a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 he was awarded the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/news/featured/acm-infosys-award-2011">ACM Infosys Foundation Award</a> (now renamed <a href="/wiki/ACM_Prize_in_Computing" title="ACM Prize in Computing">ACM Prize in Computing</a>), given to mid-career researchers in Computer Science. He is a two time recipient of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_Prize" title="Gödel Prize">Gödel Prize</a> (2001 & 2010). Arora has been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Fulkerson_Prize" title="Fulkerson Prize">Fulkerson Prize</a> for 2012 for his work on improving the <a href="/wiki/Approximation_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximation ratio">approximation ratio</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vertex_separator" title="Vertex separator">graph separators</a> and related problems from <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(\log n)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(\log n)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aae0f22048ba6b7c05dbae17b056bfa16e21807d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.336ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(\log n)}"></span> to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O({\sqrt {\log n}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>n</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O({\sqrt {\log n}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/58b1d20a1b443edfa6026d56d2bc324dc29158e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:10.66ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O({\sqrt {\log n}})}"></span> (jointly with <a href="/wiki/Satish_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Satish Rao">Satish Rao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umesh_Vazirani" title="Umesh Vazirani">Umesh Vazirani</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 he became a <a href="/wiki/Simons_Investigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Simons Investigator">Simons Investigator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arora was elected in 2015 to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> and in 2018 to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Plenary_speaker_at_the_International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenary speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians">plenary speaker</a> at the 2018 <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" title="International Congress of Mathematicians">International Congress of Mathematicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is a coauthor (with <a href="/wiki/Boaz_Barak" title="Boaz Barak">Boaz Barak</a>) of the book <i>Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach.</i> He was a founder of Princeton's Center for <a href="/wiki/Computational_intractability" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational intractability">Computational Intractability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his coauthors have argued that certain <a href="/wiki/Financial_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial products">financial products</a> are associated with computational <a href="/wiki/Asymmetry" title="Asymmetry">asymmetry</a>, which under certain conditions may lead to <a href="/wiki/Market_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Market instability">market instability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since September 2023, he is the founding Director of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pli.princeton.edu/">Princeton Language and Intelligence</a>, a new unit at Princeton University devoted to study of large AI models and their applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjeev_Arora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAroraBarak2009" class="citation book cs1">Arora, Sanjeev; Barak, Boaz (2009). <i>Computational complexity: a modern approach</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42426-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42426-4"><bdi>978-0-521-42426-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/286431654">286431654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+complexity%3A+a+modern+approach&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F286431654&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42426-4&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft.au=Barak%2C+Boaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanjeev+Arora" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjeev_Arora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-princeton.edu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-princeton.edu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-princeton.edu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~arora/bio.html">"Sanjeev Arora"</a>. <i>www.cs.princeton.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Sanjeev+Arora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2F~arora%2Fbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanjeev+Arora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/frontpage?page=5">Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106144349/http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/frontpage?page=5">Archived</a> 2013-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=N027029&srt=all">ACM: Fellows Award / Sanjeev Arora</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823060626/http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=N027029&srt=all">Archived</a> 2011-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAroraRaoVazirani2009" class="citation journal cs1">Arora, Sanjeev; Rao, Satish; Vazirani, Umesh (2009). "Expander flows, geometric embeddings and graph partitioning". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_ACM" title="Journal of the ACM">Journal of the ACM</a></i>. <b>56</b> (2): 1–37. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.310.2258">10.1.1.310.2258</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1502793.1502794">10.1145/1502793.1502794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Expander+flows%2C+geometric+embeddings+and+graph+partitioning&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.310.2258%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1502793.1502794&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft.au=Rao%2C+Satish&rft.au=Vazirani%2C+Umesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanjeev+Arora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simonsfoundation.org/mathematics-physical-sciences/simons-investigators/simons-investigators-awardees/">Simons Investigators Awardees</a>, The Simons Foundation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/news/professor-sanjeev-arora-elected-national-academy-sciences">"Professor Sanjeev Arora Elected to the National Academy of Sciences - Computer Science Department at Princeton University"</a>. <i>www.cs.princeton.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Professor+Sanjeev+Arora+Elected+to+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+-+Computer+Science+Department+at+Princeton+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fnews%2Fprofessor-sanjeev-arora-elected-national-academy-sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanjeev+Arora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~arora/bio.html">"Sanjeev Arora"</a>. <i>www.cs.princeton.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Sanjeev+Arora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2F~arora%2Fbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanjeev+Arora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intractability.princeton.edu/">"Video Archive"</a>. <i>intractability.princeton.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intractability.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Video+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintractability.princeton.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanjeev+Arora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arora, S, Barak, B, Brunnemeier, M 2011 "Computational Complexity and Information Asymmetry in Financial Products" Communications of the ACM, Issue 5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rongge/derivativeFAQ.html">see FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202200552/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rongge/derivativeFAQ.html">Archived</a> 2012-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjeev_Arora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~arora/">Sanjeev Arora's Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=69543">Sanjeev Arora at the Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G%C3%B6del_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Gödel Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G%C3%B6del_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Gödel Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G%C3%B6del_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gödel Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gödel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_Prize" title="Gödel Prize">Gödel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Babai" title="László Babai">Babai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Micali</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Moran" title="Shlomo Moran">Moran</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rackoff" title="Charles Rackoff">Rackoff</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_H%C3%A5stad" title="Johan Håstad">Håstad</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Immerman" title="Neil Immerman">Immerman</a> / <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_Szelepcs%C3%A9nyi" title="Róbert Szelepcsényi">Szelepcsényi</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jerrum" title="Mark Jerrum">Jerrum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Sinclair" title="Alistair Sinclair">Sinclair</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Halpern" title="Joseph Halpern">Halpern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoram_Moses" title="Yoram Moses">Moses</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinosuke_Toda" title="Seinosuke Toda">Toda</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shor" title="Peter Shor">Shor</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Y._Vardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Y. Vardi">Vardi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Wolper" title="Pierre Wolper">Wolper</a> (2000)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arora</a> / <a href="/wiki/Uriel_Feige" title="Uriel Feige">Feige</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Lund" title="Carsten Lund">Lund</a> / <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz" title="László Lovász">Lovász</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Motwani" title="Rajeev Motwani">Motwani</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Safra" title="Shmuel Safra">Safra</a> / <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Sudan" title="Madhu Sudan">Sudan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Szegedy" title="Mario Szegedy">Szegedy</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9raud_S%C3%A9nizergues" title="Géraud Sénizergues">Sénizergues</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Freund" title="Yoav Freund">Freund</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schapire" title="Robert Schapire">Schapire</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Herlihy" title="Maurice Herlihy">Herlihy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Saks_(mathematician)" title="Michael Saks (mathematician)">Saks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nir_Shavit" title="Nir Shavit">Shavit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fotios_Zaharoglou" title="Fotios Zaharoglou">Zaharoglou</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noga_Alon" title="Noga Alon">Alon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Matias" title="Yossi Matias">Matias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Szegedy" title="Mario Szegedy">Szegedy</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manindra_Agrawal" title="Manindra Agrawal">Agrawal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neeraj_Kayal" title="Neeraj Kayal">Kayal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitin_Saxena" title="Nitin Saxena">Saxena</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Razborov" title="Alexander Razborov">Razborov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rudich" title="Steven Rudich">Rudich</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang-Hua_Teng" title="Shang-Hua Teng">Teng</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Spielman" title="Daniel Spielman">Spielman</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Reingold" title="Omer Reingold">Reingold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salil_Vadhan" title="Salil Vadhan">Vadhan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avi_Wigderson" title="Avi Wigderson">Wigderson</a> (2009)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arora</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._B._Mitchell" title="Joseph S. B. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_H%C3%A5stad" title="Johan Håstad">Håstad</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Koutsoupias" title="Elias Koutsoupias">Koutsoupias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christos_Papadimitriou" title="Christos Papadimitriou">Papadimitriou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Roughgarden" title="Tim Roughgarden">Roughgarden</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C3%89va_Tardos" title="Éva Tardos">É. Tardos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Noam_Nisan" title="Noam Nisan">Nisan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amir_Ronen" title="Amir Ronen">Ronen</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Boneh" title="Dan Boneh">Boneh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Matthew_K._Franklin" title="Matthew K. Franklin">Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Joux" title="Antoine Joux">Joux</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fagin" title="Ronald Fagin">Fagin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnon_Lotem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnon Lotem (page does not exist)">Lotem</a> / <a href="/wiki/Moni_Naor" title="Moni Naor">Naor</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Spielman" title="Daniel Spielman">Spielman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shang-Hua_Teng" title="Shang-Hua Teng">Teng</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Brookes_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Brookes (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Brookes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Hearn" title="Peter O'Hearn">O'Hearn</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork" title="Cynthia Dwork">Dwork</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_McSherry" title="Frank McSherry">McSherry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kobbi_Nissim" title="Kobbi Nissim">Nissim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_D._Smith" title="Adam D. Smith">Smith</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_Regev_(Computer_Scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oded Regev (Computer Scientist)">Regev</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irit_Dinur" title="Irit Dinur">Dinur</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin_Moser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin Moser (page does not exist)">Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Tardos" title="Gábor Tardos">G. Tardos</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_A._Bulatov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei A. Bulatov (page does not exist)">Bulatov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jin-Yi_Cai" title="Jin-Yi Cai">Cai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xi_Chen" title="Xi Chen">Chen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Dyer" title="Martin Dyer">Dyer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Richerby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Richerby (page does not exist)">Richerby</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvika_Brakerski" title="Zvika Brakerski">Brakerski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Gentry_(computer_scientist)" title="Craig Gentry (computer scientist)">Gentry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vinod_Vaikuntanathan" title="Vinod Vaikuntanathan">Vaikuntanathan</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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