CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>National Academy of Sciences - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6732989f-80d1-4347-8d48-e5b0cc5bcefe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"National_Academy_of_Sciences","wgTitle":"National Academy of Sciences","wgCurRevisionId":1257115258,"wgRevisionId":1257115258,"wgArticleId":46510,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2022","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","United States National Academy of Sciences", "Scientific organizations based in the United States","United States National Academies","National academies of sciences","Library of Congress","Members of the International Council for Science","Scientific organizations established in 1863","1863 establishments in Washington, D.C.","Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress","Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.","Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.","Members of the International Science Council"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"National_Academy_of_Sciences","wgRelevantArticleId":46510,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q270794","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg/1200px-National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="996"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg/800px-National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="664"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg/640px-National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="531"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="National Academy of Sciences - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-National_Academy_of_Sciences rootpage-National_Academy_of_Sciences skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=National+Academy+of+Sciences" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=National+Academy+of+Sciences" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=National+Academy+of+Sciences" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=National+Academy+of+Sciences" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_Declaration_on_Global_Warming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Declaration_on_Global_Warming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Joint Declaration on Global Warming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Declaration_on_Global_Warming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Academy of Sciences</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencies_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencies d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Academia Nacional de Ciencies d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_Milli_Elml%C9%99r_Akademiyas%C4%B1" title="ABŞ Milli Elmlər Akademiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Milli Elmlər Akademiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Нацыянальная акадэмія навук ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальная акадэмія навук ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Нацыянальная акадэмія навук ЗША – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянальная акадэмія навук ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Национална академия на науките на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национална академия на науките на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%A8ncies_dels_Estats_Units" title="Acadèmia Nacional de Ciències dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acadèmia Nacional de Ciències dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_akademie_v%C4%9Bd_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Národní akademie věd Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní akademie věd Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvuslik_Teaduste_Akadeemia" title="Rahvuslik Teaduste Akadeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvuslik Teaduste Akadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD_(%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91)" title="Εθνική Ακαδημία Επιστημών (ΗΠΑ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική Ακαδημία Επιστημών (ΗΠΑ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Nacia_Akademio_de_Sciencoj" title="Usona Nacia Akademio de Sciencoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Nacia Akademio de Sciencoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Zientzien_Akademia_Nazionala" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Zientzien Akademia Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Zientzien Akademia Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="آکادمی ملی علوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکادمی ملی علوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_nationale_des_sciences" title="Académie nationale des sciences – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Académie nationale des sciences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadamh_N%C3%A0iseanta_nan_Saidheans" title="Acadamh Nàiseanta nan Saidheans – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Acadamh Nàiseanta nan Saidheans" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9B%90" title="미국국립과학원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국국립과학원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="ԱՄՆ գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_akademija_znanosti" title="Nacionalna akademija znanosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalna akademija znanosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Nasional_Amerika_Serikat" title="Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Accademia nazionale delle scienze (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accademia nazionale delle scienze (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="האקדמיה הלאומית למדעים (ארצות הברית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האקדמיה הלאומית למדעים (ארצות הברית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="АҚШ Ұлттық ғылым академиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ Ұлттық ғылым академиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nationalis_Scientiarum_Civitatum_Foederatarum" title="Academia Nationalis Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Academia Nationalis Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="നാഷണൽ അക്കാഡമി ഓഫ് സയൻസസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാഷണൽ അക്കാഡമി ഓഫ് സയൻസസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მენცარობეფიშ ერუანული აკადემია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მენცარობეფიშ ერუანული აკადემია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="الاكاديميه الوطنيه للعلوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاكاديميه الوطنيه للعلوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Kebangsaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akademi Sains Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="АНУ-ын Үндэсний Шинжлэх ухааны академи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Үндэсний Шинжлэх ухааны академи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="米国科学アカデミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="米国科学アカデミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qo%CA%BBshma_Shtatlari_Milliy_fanlar_akademiyasi" title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Milliy fanlar akademiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Milliy fanlar akademiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%AAncias_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Национальная академия наук США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная академия наук США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="United States National Academy of Sciences – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="United States National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_akademija_znanosti_(ZDA)" title="Nacionalna akademija znanosti (ZDA) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nacionalna akademija znanosti (ZDA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_kansallinen_tiedeakatemia" title="Yhdysvaltain kansallinen tiedeakatemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain kansallinen tiedeakatemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="The National Academy of Sciences – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="The National Academy of Sciences" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletler_Ulusal_Bilimler_Akademisi" title="Birleşik Devletler Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşik Devletler Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Національна академія наук США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна академія наук США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_H%C3%A0n_l%C3%A2m_Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Quốc gia Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Quốc gia Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国国家科学院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国国家科学院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q270794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:National_Academy_of_Sciences" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/National_Academy_of_Sciences" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&oldid=1257115258" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=National_Academy_of_Sciences&id=1257115258&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNational_Academy_of_Sciences"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNational_Academy_of_Sciences"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q270794" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Science branch of the United States National Academies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="National Academy of Sciences (disambiguation)">National Academy of Sciences (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Academy of Sciences</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg/220px-National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg/330px-National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg/440px-National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NationalAcademySciences_07110011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NationalAcademySciences_07110011.jpg/220px-NationalAcademySciences_07110011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NationalAcademySciences_07110011.jpg/330px-NationalAcademySciences_07110011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NationalAcademySciences_07110011.jpg/440px-NationalAcademySciences_07110011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1551" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_building" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Sciences building">National Academy of Sciences building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 2000</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">March 3, 1863<span class="noprint">; 161 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1863-03-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Dallas Bache</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data">2101 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a>, NW, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S. 20418</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">NGO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Academy_of_Sciences&params=38.89598_N_77.03658_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°02′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.89598°N 77.03658°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.89598; -77.03658</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$553.9 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasonline.org/">nasonline<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Academy of Sciences</b> (<b>NAS</b>) is a United States nonprofit, <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">non-governmental organization</a>. NAS is part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (NAE) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> (NAM). </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">national academy</a>, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field. <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Members of the National Academy of Sciences</a> serve <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a></i> as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_charter" title="Congressional charter">congressional charter</a> under <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 of the United States Code</a>. </p><p>Congress legislated, and President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> signed, a 1863 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> establishing the National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted government institution created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology [and] to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an objective that promulgated the academy with the broad and enduring purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of the federal government—rather than as a tool of one branch, or executive agencies, which adds a risk or propensity of becoming the tool of one part of the government. The goal was somewhat unusual at the time, and also different than other knowledge based entities serving a branch of government, such as the Library of Congress. The academy receives no compensation from the government for its services.<sup id="cite_ref-NASmission_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASmission-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the National Academy of Sciences includes 2,687 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">NAS members</a> and 531 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Associate_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences">international members</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutnas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutnas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It employed about 1,100 staff in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasoverview_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasoverview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 190 members have won a Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutnas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutnas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By its own admission in 1989, the addition of women to the academy "continues at a dismal trickle"; at that time there were 1,516 male members and 57 female members.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Academy of Sciences is one of the 135 member organizations of the <a href="/wiki/International_Science_Council" title="International Science Council">International Science Council</a> (ISC). Although there is no formal relationship with state and local academies of science, there often is informal dialogue. The National Academy is governed by a 17-member Council, made up of five officers (president, vice president, home secretary, international secretary, and treasurer) and 12 Councilors, all of whom are elected from among the academy membership.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agencies of the United States government fund about 85 percent of the academy's activities. Further funding comes from state governments, private foundations, and industrial organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council has the ability ad-hoc to delegate certain tasks to committees. For example, the Committee on Animal Nutrition has produced a series of <i>Nutrient requirements of domestic animals</i> reports since at least 1944, each one being initiated by a different sub-committee of experts in the field for example on <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The National Academy of Sciences meets annually in Washington, D.C., which is documented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i> (PNAS), its scholarly journal. The <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a> is the publisher for the National Academies and makes more than 5,000 publications freely available on its website.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2004 to 2017, the National Academy of Sciences administered the <a href="/wiki/Marian_Koshland_Science_Museum" title="Marian Koshland Science Museum">Marian Koshland Science Museum</a> to provide public exhibits and programming related to its policy work. The museum's exhibits focused on <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a>. In 2017, the museum closed and made way for a new science outreach program called LabX.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keck_Center_of_the_National_Academies.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Keck_Center_of_the_National_Academies.JPG/220px-Keck_Center_of_the_National_Academies.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Keck_Center_of_the_National_Academies.JPG/330px-Keck_Center_of_the_National_Academies.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Keck_Center_of_the_National_Academies.JPG/440px-Keck_Center_of_the_National_Academies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3258" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>The Keck Center of the National Academies in Washington, D.C., one of several facilities where the National Academy of Sciences maintains offices</figcaption></figure> <p>The Act of Incorporation, signed by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> on March 3, 1863, created the National Academy of Sciences and named 50 charter members. Many of the original <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">NAS members</a> came from the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_Lazzaroni" title="Scientific Lazzaroni">Scientific Lazzaroni</a>", an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863, the organizers enlisted the support of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Dallas Bache</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Davis" title="Charles Henry Davis">Charles Henry Davis</a>, a professional <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> who had been recently recalled from the Navy to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to head the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Navigation_(United_States_Navy)" title="Bureau of Navigation (United States Navy)">Bureau of Navigation</a>. They also elicited support from Swiss-American geologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> and American mathematician <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peirce" title="Benjamin Peirce">Peirce</a>, who together planned the steps whereby the National Academy of Sciences was to be established. Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agassiz was to come to Washington, D.C., at the government's expense to plan the organization with the others. This bypassed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, who was reluctant to have a bill for such an academy presented to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. This was in the belief that such a resolution would be "opposed as something at variance with our democratic institutions". Nevertheless, Henry soon became the second President of NAS. Agassiz, Davis, Peirce, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gould" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Gould">Benjamin Gould</a> and Senator Wilson met at Bache's house and "hurriedly wrote the bill incorporating the Academy, including in it the name of fifty incorporators".<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last hours of the session, when the Senate was immersed in the rush of last-minute business before its adjournment, Senator Wilson introduced the bill. Without examining it or debating its provisions, both the Senate and House approved it, and President Lincoln signed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although hailed as a great step forward in government recognition of the role of science in American society, at the time, the National Academy of Sciences created enormous ill-feelings among scientists,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether or not they were named as incorporators. </p><p> The act states:</p><blockquote><p>[T]he Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> as the Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until the establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Stankus_p._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stankus_p.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a> was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address#Legacy" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing the National Academy of Sciences in that same year, which had the long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish from this Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academy currently (as of late-2024) has 6892 members, including international ones, both past and present. 3218 of them are living. Existing members elect new members for life. Up to 120 members are elected every year while up to 30 foreign citizens may be elected as international members annually. The election process begins with a formal nomination, followed by a vetting period, and culminates in a final ballot at the academy's annual meeting in April each year. Members are affiliated with a specific scientific field in one of six so-called "classes", which include: Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Biological Sciences; Engineering and Applied Sciences; Biomedical Sciences; Behavioral and Social Sciences; and Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-nasoverview_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasoverview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the entire history of the NAS, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> is associated with the most members (331) overall, while the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> is associated with the most members (255) without including the medical school. E.g. of the topmost schools, UC Berkeley/MIT/Princeton/Caltech do not have medical schools, while Harvard/Stanford do. The top ten institutions, two of which are from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California System</a> and another four of which are in the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a>, account for nearly 28% of all members ever elected. Those ten are also precisely the only institutions in the entire history of the NAS to have had 100 or more members overall. </p><p>On the list for living members, only 14 institutions have 50 or more members overall, including the medical school (where it applies). They represent 32% of all living members of the NAS. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Top 14 Primary Institutions (50 and more Living Members) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Living Members (Including Medical School) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Living Members (Excluding Medical School) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>** </td> <td align="center">183<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">115<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>** </td> <td align="center">175<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">146<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> </td> <td align="center">138<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">138<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td align="center">121<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">121<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> </td> <td align="center">92<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">92<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>** </td> <td align="center">75<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">66<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td align="center">69<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">69<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>** </td> <td align="center">67<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">49<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>** </td> <td align="center">60<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">60<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>** </td> <td align="center">54<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">51<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Institutes (Germany)</a> </td> <td align="center">52<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">52<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California Los Angeles</a>** </td> <td align="center">51<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">43<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>** </td> <td align="center">50<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">45<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> </td> <td align="center">50<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">50<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Top 10 Primary Institutions (All-time Members) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">All-time Members (1863–2024) (Excluding Medical School) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">All-time Members (1863–2024) (Including Medical School) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> </td> <td align="center">255<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">255<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>** </td> <td align="center">235<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">331<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>** </td> <td align="center">234<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">274<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td align="center">219<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">219<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> </td> <td align="center">133<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">133<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td align="center">132<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">132<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>** </td> <td align="center">129<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">130<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>** </td> <td align="center">124<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">136<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>** </td> <td align="center">116<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">122<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>** </td> <td align="center">103<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">137<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beckman_Conference_Center,_National_Academies_(USA).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Beckman_Conference_Center%2C_National_Academies_%28USA%29.JPG/220px-Beckman_Conference_Center%2C_National_Academies_%28USA%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Beckman_Conference_Center%2C_National_Academies_%28USA%29.JPG/330px-Beckman_Conference_Center%2C_National_Academies_%28USA%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Beckman_Conference_Center%2C_National_Academies_%28USA%29.JPG/440px-Beckman_Conference_Center%2C_National_Academies_%28USA%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The National Academies' Beckman Conference Center in <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The National Academy of Sciences maintains multiple buildings around the United States. The <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_Building" title="National Academy of Sciences Building">National Academy of Sciences Building</a> is located at 2101 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a>, in northwest <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; it sits on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Marriner_S._Eccles_Federal_Reserve_Board_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building">Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building</a> and in front of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">headquarters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a>. The building has a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> architectural style and was built by architect <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Grosvenor_Goodhue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue">Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue</a>. The building was dedicated in 1924<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. Goodhue engaged a team of artists and architectural sculptors including <a href="/wiki/Albert_Herter" title="Albert Herter">Albert Herter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Lawrie" title="Lee Lawrie">Lee Lawrie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hildreth_Mei%C3%A8re" title="Hildreth Meière">Hildreth Meière</a> to design interior embellishments celebrating the history and significance of science.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is used for lectures, symposia, exhibitions, and concerts, in addition to annual meetings of the NAS, NAE, and NAM. Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences hosts exhibitions exploring intersections of art, science, and culture such as <a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2012 Presidential Award for Math and Science Teaching ceremony was held here on March 5, 2014. Approximately 150 staff members work at the NAS Building. In June 2012, it reopened to visitors after a major two-year restoration project which restored and improved the building's historic spaces, increased accessibility, and brought the building's aging infrastructure and facilities up to date.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 1,000 National Academies staff members work at The Keck Center of the National Academies at 500 Fifth Street in northwest Washington, D.C. The Keck Center provides meeting space and houses the National Academies Press Bookstore.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbuildings_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbuildings-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marian_Koshland_Science_Museum" title="Marian Koshland Science Museum">Marian Koshland Science Museum</a> of the National Academy of Sciences – formerly located at 525 E St., N.W. – hosted visits from the public, school field trips, and permanent science exhibits.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NAS also maintains conference centers in California and Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbuildings_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbuildings-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center is located on 100 Academy Drive in <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a>, near the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a>; it offers a conference center and houses several NAS programs. The J. Erik Jonsson Conference Center, located at 314 Quissett Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts" title="Woods Hole, Massachusetts">Woods Hole, Massachusetts</a>, is an NAS conference facility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president is the head of the academy, elected by a majority vote of the membership to serve in this position for a term to be determined by the governing Council, not to exceed six years, and may be re-elected for a second term. The academy has had 22 presidents since its foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current president is <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcia_McNutt" title="Marcia McNutt">Marcia K. McNutt</a>, the first woman to hold this position. Her term expires on June 30, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-naspresidents_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naspresidents-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>1863–1867 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Dallas Bache</a></li> <li>1868–1878 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li>1879–1882 <a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a></li> <li>1883–1895 <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a></li> <li>1895–1900 <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Gibbs" title="Oliver Wolcott Gibbs">Wolcott Gibbs</a></li> <li>1901–1907 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agassiz" title="Alexander Agassiz">Alexander Agassiz</a></li> <li>1907–1913 <a href="/wiki/Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a></li> <li>1913–1917 <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Welch">William Henry Welch</a></li> <li>1917–1923 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a></li> <li>1923–1927 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></li> <li>1927–1931 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a></li> <li>1931–1935 <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a></li> <li>1935–1939 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rattray_Lillie" title="Frank Rattray Lillie">Frank Rattray Lillie</a></li> <li>1939–1947 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1947–1950 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Newton_Richards" title="Alfred Newton Richards">Alfred Newton Richards</a></li> <li>1950–1962 <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Wulf_Bronk" class="mw-redirect" title="Detlev Wulf Bronk">Detlev Wulf Bronk</a></li> <li>1962–1969 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></li> <li>1969–1981 <a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></li> <li>1981–1993 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></li> <li>1993–2005 <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Michael Alberts</a></li> <li>2005–2016 <a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph J. Cicerone">Ralph J. Cicerone</a></li> <li>2016–<i>present</i> <a href="/wiki/Marcia_McNutt" title="Marcia McNutt">Marcia McNutt</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academy gives a number of different awards: </p> <ul><li><b>General</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Membership of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (including international members)<sup id="cite_ref-AlbertsFulton2005_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlbertsFulton2005-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker_Award_for_Initiatives_in_Research" title="William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research">William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research</a>, formerly NAS Award for Initiatives in Research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_for_Scientific_Reviewing" title="NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing">NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing</a></li> <li>NAS Award for Scientific Discovery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Medal" title="Public Welfare Medal">Public Welfare Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_and_Beverly_Sackler_Prize_in_Convergence_Research" title="Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research">Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Communication_Award" title="National Academies Communication Award">National Academies Communication Award</a>, with other national academies</li></ul></li> <li><b>Astronomy/Astrophysics</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawrence_Smith_Medal" title="J. Lawrence Smith Medal">J. Lawrence Smith Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_Watson_Medal" title="James Craig Watson Medal">James Craig Watson Medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Behavioral/Social Sciences</b> <ul><li>Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_and_Katherine_Estes_Award" title="William and Katherine Estes Award">William and Katherine Estes Award</a>, formerly the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troland_Research_Awards" title="Troland Research Awards">Troland Research Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Biology and Medicine</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hollaender_Award_in_Biophysics" title="Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics">Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Stevenson_Kovalenko_Medal" title="Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal">Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lounsbery_Award" title="Richard Lounsbery Award">Richard Lounsbery Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Morgan_Smith_Medal" title="Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal">Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Molecular_Biology" title="NAS Award in Molecular Biology">NAS Award in Molecular Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_the_Neurosciences" title="NAS Award in the Neurosciences">NAS Award in the Neurosciences</a></li> <li>Pradel Research Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selman_A._Waksman_Award_in_Microbiology" title="Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology">Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Chemistry</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Chemical_Sciences" title="NAS Award in Chemical Sciences">NAS Award in Chemical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_for_Chemistry_in_Service_to_Society" title="NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society">NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Earth and Environmental Sciences</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agassiz_Medal" title="Alexander Agassiz Medal">Alexander Agassiz Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Day_Prize_and_Lectureship" title="Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship">Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Giraud_Elliot_Medal" title="Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal">Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clark_Thompson_Medal" title="Mary Clark Thompson Medal">Mary Clark Thompson Medal</a></li> <li>NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott_Medal" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal">Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal</a>, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Miller_Medal" title="Stanley Miller Medal">Stanley Miller Medal</a>, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Warren_Prize" title="G. K. Warren Prize">G. K. Warren Prize</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Engineering and Applied Sciences</b> <ul><li>J.C. Hunsaker Award – <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineering">aeronautical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Brothers_Medal" title="Gibbs Brothers Medal">Gibbs Brothers Medal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">naval architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_department_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine department (ship)">marine engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_for_the_Industrial_Application_of_Science" title="NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science">NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science</a></li> <li>NAS Prize in Food and Agriculture Science</li></ul></li> <li><b>Mathematics and Computer Science</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Award in Mathematics">NAS Award in Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Physics</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctowski_Medal" title="Arctowski Medal">Arctowski Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_Prize_in_Physics" title="Comstock Prize in Physics">Comstock Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hollaender_Award_in_Biophysics" title="Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics">Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joint_Declaration_on_Global_Warming">Joint Declaration on Global Warming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Joint Declaration on Global Warming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the national science academies of the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> forum (including the National Academy of Sciences) and science academies of Brazil, China, and India (three of the largest emitters of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the developing world) signed a statement on the global response to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change had become sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 7, 2010, a letter signed by 255 Academy members was published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)"><i>Science</i> magazine</a>, decrying "political assaults" against climate change scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in response to a <a href="/wiki/Civil_investigative_demand" title="Civil investigative demand">civil investigative demand</a> on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> (UVA) by Virginia Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ken_Cuccinelli" title="Ken Cuccinelli">Ken Cuccinelli</a>, seeking a broad range of documents from <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Mann" title="Michael E. Mann">Michael E. Mann</a>, a former UVA professor from 1999 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp592010_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp592010-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann, who currently works at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, is a climate change researcher, and Cuccinelli alleges that Mann may have defrauded Virginia taxpayers in the course of his environmental research. Investigations had cleared Mann of charges that he falsified or suppressed data.<sup id="cite_ref-PSU_Findings_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSU_Findings-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Digital_Library_Program" title="National Digital Library Program">National Digital Library Program</a> (NDLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="List of members of the National Academy of Sciences">List of members of the National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Digital_Information_Infrastructure_and_Preservation_Program" title="National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program">National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program</a> (NDIIPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_National_Academy_of_Sciences%27_Board_on_Science,_Technology,_and_Economic_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy">National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_Biographical_Memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs">National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics_Decadal_Survey" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey">Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_appointments">Notable appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1873, <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward C. Pickering">Edward C. Pickering</a> (1846–1919) was the youngest scientist elected<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1924, <a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence R. Sabin</a> (1871–1953) was the first lifetime woman member to be elected<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965, <a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a> (1919–2010) was the first African-American elected<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Barres" title="Ben Barres">Ben Barres</a> (1954–2017) was the first openly <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> scientist elected<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of June 30, 2020. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx">U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20</a> (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and <a href="/wiki/TIAA" title="TIAA">TIAA</a>. February 19, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221003510/https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=U.S.+and+Canadian+Institutions+Listed+by+Fiscal+Year+2020+Endowment+Market+Value+and+Change+in+Endowment+Market+Value+from+FY19+to+FY20&rft.pub=National+Association+of+College+and+University+Business+Officers+and+TIAA&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacubo.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FDocuments%2FResearch%2F2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/#:~:text=The%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20(NAS)%20is%20a%20private%2C,related%20to%20science%20and%20technology.">"Mission"</a>. <i>National Academy of Sciences</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020022809/https://nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/#:~:text=The%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20(NAS)%20is%20a%20private%2C,related%20to%20science%20and%20technology.">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fmission%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520National%2520Academy%2520of%2520Sciences%2520%28NAS%29%2520is%2520a%2520private%252C%2Crelated%2520to%2520science%2520and%2520technology.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASmission-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASmission_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/">"Overview: NAS Mission"</a>. National Academies of Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020022809/https://nasonline.org/about-nas/mission/">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview%3A+NAS+Mission&rft.pub=National+Academies+of+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fmission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutnas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aboutnas_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aboutnas_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/membership/">"About NAS: Membership"</a>. National Academy of Sciences. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320221546/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/membership/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+NAS%3A+Membership&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fmembership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2005" class="citation web cs1">Alberts, Bruce (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/site/DocServer/speech2005.pdf?docID=741">"Summing Up: Creating a Scientific Temper for the World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Academy of Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629015209/http://www.nasonline.org/site/DocServer/speech2005.pdf?docID=741">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summing+Up%3A+Creating+a+Scientific+Temper+for+the+World&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FDocServer%2Fspeech2005.pdf%3FdocID%3D741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasoverview-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasoverview_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasoverview_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/membership/">"Overview: Membership"</a>. <i>nasonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320221546/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/membership/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+Membership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fmembership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28046754/news_of_the_week_from_the_science_world/">"News of the week from the science world"</a>. Journals. <i>San Francisco Examiner</i>. May 20, 1989. p. D-2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2022</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=News+of+the+week+from+the+science+world&rft.pages=D-2&rft.date=1989-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F28046754%2Fnews_of_the_week_from_the_science_world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/governing-documents/constitution.html">"Constitution"</a>. National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fleadership%2Fgoverning-documents%2Fconstitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.nationalacademies.org/deps/deps_037300">"Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences FAQ"</a>. <i>The National Academies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413202117/http://sites.nationalacademies.org/deps/deps_037300">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Academies&rft.atitle=Division+on+Engineering+and+Physical+Sciences+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.nationalacademies.org%2Fdeps%2Fdeps_037300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=06022011">"Newsroom"</a>. National-Academies.org. June 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsroom&rft.pub=National-Academies.org&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.nationalacademies.org%2Fonpinews%2Fnewsitem.aspx%3FRecordID%3D06022011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webassets.nationalacademies.org/LabX/audience-research/">"Science Out of the Box: Exploring Pathways to Relevance for the Millennial Generation"</a>. <i>webassets.nationalacademies.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webassets.nationalacademies.org&rft.atitle=Science+Out+of+the+Box%3A+Exploring+Pathways+to+Relevance+for+the+Millennial+Generation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebassets.nationalacademies.org%2FLabX%2Faudience-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.informalscience.org/science-out-box-exploring-pathways-relevance-millennial-generation">"Science Out of the Box: Exploring Pathways to Relevance for the Millennial Generation"</a>. <i>informalscience.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=informalscience.org&rft.atitle=Science+Out+of+the+Box%3A+Exploring+Pathways+to+Relevance+for+the+Millennial+Generation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.informalscience.org%2Fscience-out-box-exploring-pathways-relevance-millennial-generation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFITS" class="citation web cs1">ITS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203154802/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html">"Founding of the National Academy of Sciences"</a>. .nationalacademies.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html">the original</a> on February 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founding+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pub=.nationalacademies.org&rft.au=ITS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww7.nationalacademies.org%2Farchives%2Fnasfounding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an analysis of the motives by Alexander Dallas Bache for founding the NAS, see Jansen, Axel (2011). <i>Alexander Dallas Bache: Building the American Nation through Science and Education in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Campus. p. 285-314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerVossHussey1972" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Lillian; Voss, Frederick; Hussey, Jeannette (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070525215629/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=76824285"><i>The Lazzaroni: science and scientists in mid-nineteenth-century America</i></a>. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 121. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=76824285">the original</a> on May 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lazzaroni%3A+science+and+scientists+in+mid-nineteenth-century+America&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Voss%2C+Frederick&rft.au=Hussey%2C+Jeannette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D76824285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOCGA" class="citation web cs1">OCGA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417074050/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ocga/Other/Act_to_incorporate.asp">"An Act to Incorporate the National Academy of Sciences"</a>. .nationalacademies.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ocga/Other/Act_to_incorporate.asp">the original</a> on April 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+to+Incorporate+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pub=.nationalacademies.org&rft.au=OCGA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww7.nationalacademies.org%2Focga%2FOther%2FAct_to_incorporate.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stankus_p.-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stankus_p._17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankus2019" class="citation book cs1">Stankus, Tony (December 6, 2019). Stankus, Tony (ed.). <i>Scientific Journals</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003002222">10.4324/9781003002222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-00222-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-00222-2"><bdi>978-1-003-00222-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34142177">34142177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Journals&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34142177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003002222&rft.isbn=978-1-003-00222-2&rft.aulast=Stankus&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PiYrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7"><i>A Chronicle of Public Laws Calling for Action by the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, [and] National Research Council</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Academies. 1985. p. 5. NAP:11820<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronicle+of+Public+Laws+Calling+for+Action+by+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+National+Academy+of+Engineering%2C+Institute+of+Medicine%2C+%26%2391%3Band%26%2393%3B+National+Research+Council&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPiYrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span> [16 Stat. 277 and 36 U.S.C. § 252], Accessed at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq3UlgKjbZ8">"Neil deGrasse Tyson's Gettysburg Reply – "The Seedbed"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Neil+deGrasse+Tyson%27s+Gettysburg+Reply+%E2%80%93+%22The+Seedbed%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDq3UlgKjbZ8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6dbdc32a52b4b3a38e14f8665eba1bd6,dana-farber-harvard-cancer-center,harvard-medical-school,harvard-t.h.-chan-school-of-public-health,harvard-university&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">"Member Directory - NAS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Directory+-+NAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmembership%2Fmember-directory%2F%3F_primary_institution%3D6dbdc32a52b4b3a38e14f8665eba1bd6%2Cdana-farber-harvard-cancer-center%2Charvard-medical-school%2Charvard-t.h.-chan-school-of-public-health%2Charvard-university%26_livingdeceased%3Dliving%26_member_directory_sort%3Dlast_name_asc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university%2Cstanford-university-school-of-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university%2Cstanford-university-school-of-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Ccolumbia-university-medical-center%2Ccolumbia-university-vagelos-college-of-physicians-%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Ccolumbia-university-medical-center%2Ccolumbia-university-vagelos-college-of-physicians-%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-school-of-medicine%2Cyale-school-of-public-health%2Cyale-university&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-school-of-medicine%2Cyale-school-of-public-health%2Cyale-university&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-university&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-university&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-medical-center&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-medical-center&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26%2Cc822815cbb3d7e0b2186e1f61eaf1d7a&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26%2Cc822815cbb3d7e0b2186e1f61eaf1d7a&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=max-planck-institute-for-astrophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biogeochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-cybernetics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-intelligence%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biophysical-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-brain-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-ecology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-physics-of-solid%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-developmental-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-evolutionary-anthropology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-extraterrestrial-physics%2C7c9fa03883ba16a469a1dcfbe013dce4%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-informatics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-mathematics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-multidisciplinary-science%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-plant-breeding-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-psycholinguistics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solar-system-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solid-state-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-terrestrial-microbiology%2C4daf24dd9a0c41f23be8350d9bb6f8f5%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-microstructure-physics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-cell-biology-and%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-plant-physiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-neurobiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-society-for-the-advancement-of-science%2Cmax-planck-unit-for-the-science-of-pathogens%2Cmax-delbruck-center-for-molecular-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=max-planck-institute-for-astrophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biogeochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-cybernetics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-intelligence%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biophysical-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-brain-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-ecology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-physics-of-solid%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-developmental-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-evolutionary-anthropology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-extraterrestrial-physics%2C7c9fa03883ba16a469a1dcfbe013dce4%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-informatics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-mathematics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-multidisciplinary-science%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-plant-breeding-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-psycholinguistics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solar-system-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solid-state-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-terrestrial-microbiology%2C4daf24dd9a0c41f23be8350d9bb6f8f5%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-microstructure-physics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-cell-biology-and%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-plant-physiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-neurobiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-society-for-the-advancement-of-science%2Cmax-planck-unit-for-the-science-of-pathogens%2Cmax-delbruck-center-for-molecular-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=max-planck-institute-for-astrophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biogeochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-cybernetics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-intelligence%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biophysical-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-brain-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-ecology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-physics-of-solid%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-developmental-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-evolutionary-anthropology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-extraterrestrial-physics%2C7c9fa03883ba16a469a1dcfbe013dce4%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-informatics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-mathematics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-multidisciplinary-science%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-plant-breeding-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-psycholinguistics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solar-system-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solid-state-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-terrestrial-microbiology%2C4daf24dd9a0c41f23be8350d9bb6f8f5%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-microstructure-physics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-cell-biology-and%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-plant-physiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-neurobiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-society-for-the-advancement-of-science%2Cmax-planck-unit-for-the-science-of-pathogens%2Cmax-delbruck-center-for-molecular-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=max-planck-institute-for-astrophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biogeochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-cybernetics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biological-intelligence%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-biophysical-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-brain-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-ecology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemical-physics-of-solid%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-chemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-developmental-biology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-evolutionary-anthropology%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-extraterrestrial-physics%2C7c9fa03883ba16a469a1dcfbe013dce4%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-informatics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-mathematics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-multidisciplinary-science%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-plant-breeding-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-psycholinguistics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solar-system-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-solid-state-research%2Cmax-planck-institute-for-terrestrial-microbiology%2C4daf24dd9a0c41f23be8350d9bb6f8f5%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biochemistry%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-biophysics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-microstructure-physics%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-cell-biology-and%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-molecular-plant-physiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-neurobiology%2Cmax-planck-institute-of-quantum-optics%2Cmax-planck-society-for-the-advancement-of-science%2Cmax-planck-unit-for-the-science-of-pathogens%2Cmax-delbruck-center-for-molecular-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=david-geffen-school-of-medicine-at-ucla%2Cinstitute-of-pure-and-applied-mathematics%2Cf270c395b36957cccf34862290942b7f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=david-geffen-school-of-medicine-at-ucla%2Cinstitute-of-pure-and-applied-mathematics%2Cf270c395b36957cccf34862290942b7f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=institute-of-pure-and-applied-mathematics%2Cf270c395b36957cccf34862290942b7f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=institute-of-pure-and-applied-mathematics%2Cf270c395b36957cccf34862290942b7f&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=university-of-washington%2Cuniversity-of-washington-school-of-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=university-of-washington%2Cuniversity-of-washington-school-of-medicine&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=university-of-washington&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=university-of-washington&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=national-cancer-institute%2Cebb7864cca87c958bd55ec8a9fa919ef%2Cnational-human-genome-research-institute%2Cnational-institute-of-environmental-health-science%2Cnational-institutes-of-health&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=national-cancer-institute%2Cebb7864cca87c958bd55ec8a9fa919ef%2Cnational-human-genome-research-institute%2Cnational-institute-of-environmental-health-science%2Cnational-institutes-of-health&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=national-cancer-institute%2Cebb7864cca87c958bd55ec8a9fa919ef%2Cnational-human-genome-research-institute%2Cnational-institute-of-environmental-health-science%2Cnational-institutes-of-health&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=national-cancer-institute%2Cebb7864cca87c958bd55ec8a9fa919ef%2Cnational-human-genome-research-institute%2Cnational-institute-of-environmental-health-science%2Cnational-institutes-of-health&_livingdeceased=living&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6cde08dc58cc50cef02f9b4808ee3a0f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6dbdc32a52b4b3a38e14f8665eba1bd6%2Charvard-university%2Charvard-smithsonian-center-for-astrophysics&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6dbdc32a52b4b3a38e14f8665eba1bd6%2Charvard-university%2Charvard-smithsonian-center-for-astrophysics&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6dbdc32a52b4b3a38e14f8665eba1bd6%2Cdana-farber-harvard-cancer-center%2Charvard-medical-school%2Charvard-school-of-public-health%2Charvard-t.h.-chan-school-of-public-health%2Charvard-university%2Charvard-smithsonian-center-for-astrophysics&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=6dbdc32a52b4b3a38e14f8665eba1bd6%2Cdana-farber-harvard-cancer-center%2Charvard-medical-school%2Charvard-school-of-public-health%2Charvard-t.h.-chan-school-of-public-health%2Charvard-university%2Charvard-smithsonian-center-for-astrophysics&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university%2Cstanford-university-medical-center%2Cstanford-university-school-of-medicine&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=slac-national-accelerator-laboratory%2Cstanford-university%2Cstanford-university-medical-center%2Cstanford-university-school-of-medicine&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=massachusetts-institute-of-technology&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory%2Cprinceton-university%2Cprinceton-university-observatory&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=california-institute-of-technology%2Cb1fe0f1fe70a71519129b4dbdc79bc5f&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-medical-center&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=the-university-of-chicago%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-booth-school-of-business%2Cthe-university-of-chicago-medical-center&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Ccolumbia-university-college-of-physicians-and-surg%2Ccolumbia-university-medical-center%2Ccolumbia-university-vagelos-college-of-physicians-%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=columbia-university%2Ccolumbia-university-college-of-physicians-and-surg%2Ccolumbia-university-medical-center%2Ccolumbia-university-vagelos-college-of-physicians-%2Clamont-doherty-earth-observatory-of-columbia-unive&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26%2Cc822815cbb3d7e0b2186e1f61eaf1d7a&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=scripps-institution-of-oceanography%2Cbf7ffba481d94865ea4c0d70066c0e26%2Cc822815cbb3d7e0b2186e1f61eaf1d7a&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-university&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-university&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-school-of-medicine%2Cyale-school-of-public-health%2Cyale-university&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc">https://www.nasonline.org/membership/member-directory/?_primary_institution=yale-school-of-medicine%2Cyale-school-of-public-health%2Cyale-university&_member_directory_sort=last_name_asc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Sciences" class="citation web cs1">National Academy of Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229155642/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ABOUT_building">"The NAS Building ... a Temple of Science"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ABOUT_building">the original</a> on December 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+NAS+Building+...+a+Temple+of+Science&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3DABOUT_building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/visiting-nas/nas-building/a-home-for-science-in-america.html">"A Home for Science in America"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150719171247/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/visiting-nas/nas-building/a-home-for-science-in-america.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=A+Home+for+Science+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fvisiting-nas%2Fnas-building%2Fa-home-for-science-in-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520185810/http://www.cpnas.org/press/mathemalchemy_announcement.pdf">Mathemalchemy to Open at NAS</a> Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences, January 12, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpnas.org/visit/nas-building-restoration.html">"Restoration of Historic National Academy of Sciences Building"</a>. <i>CPNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CPNAS&rft.atitle=Restoration+of+Historic+National+Academy+of+Sciences+Building&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpnas.org%2Fvisit%2Fnas-building-restoration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASbuildings-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASbuildings_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbuildings_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Sciences" class="citation web cs1">National Academy of Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalacademies.org/about/contact">"Visiting Our Buildings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423085509/http://www.nationalacademies.org/about/contact/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visiting+Our+Buildings&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalacademies.org%2Fabout%2Fcontact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koshland-science-museum.org">"Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marian+Koshland+Science+Museum+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koshland-science-museum.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz" class="citation web cs1">Seitz, Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/highlights/">"A Selection of Highlights from the History of the National Academy of Sciences, 1863-2005"</a>. <i>NAS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123024513/https://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/highlights/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAS&rft.atitle=A+Selection+of+Highlights+from+the+History+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+1863-2005&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fhistory%2Fhighlights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naspresidents-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naspresidents_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/">"Leadership and Governance"</a>. National Academy of Sciences. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406221037/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leadership+and+Governance&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fleadership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlbertsFulton2005-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlbertsFulton2005_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsFulton2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Alberts, Bruce</a>; Fulton, Kenneth R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1140467">"Editorial: Election to the National Academy of Sciences: Pathways to membership"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>102</b> (21): 7405–7406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102.7405A">2005PNAS..102.7405A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0503457102">10.1073/pnas.0503457102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1140467">1140467</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16586925">16586925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Election+to+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences%3A+Pathways+to+membership&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=7405-7406&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1140467%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..102.7405A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16586925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0503457102&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Fulton%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1140467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/publications/2005/global-response-climate-change/">"Statement on Global Response to Climate Change"</a>. The Royal Society. June 7, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Global+Response+to+Climate+Change&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Ftopics-policy%2Fpublications%2F2005%2Fglobal-response-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelderman2010" class="citation news cs1">Helderman, Rosalind (May 9, 2010). "U-Va. urged to fight Cuccinelli subpoena in probe of scientist". <i>Washington Post</i>. p. C5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U-Va.+urged+to+fight+Cuccinelli+subpoena+in+probe+of+scientist&rft.pages=C5&rft.date=2010-05-09&rft.aulast=Helderman&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/06/climate-science-open-letter">"Open letter: Climate change and the integrity of science"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. May 6, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005040201/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/06/climate-science-open-letter">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Open+letter%3A+Climate+change+and+the+integrity+of+science&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fmay%2F06%2Fclimate-science-open-letter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/about/cv.php">"Curriculum Vitae: Michael E. Mann"</a>. <i>psu dot edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101115/http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/about/cv.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psu+dot+edu&rft.atitle=Curriculum+Vitae%3A+Michael+E.+Mann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo.psu.edu%2Fholocene%2Fpublic_html%2FMann%2Fabout%2Fcv.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp592010-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wp592010_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelderman2010" class="citation news cs1">Helderman, Rosalind (May 9, 2010). "U-Va. urged to fight Cuccinelli subpoena in probe of scientist". <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. p. C5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U-Va.+urged+to+fight+Cuccinelli+subpoena+in+probe+of+scientist&rft.pages=C5&rft.date=2010-05-09&rft.aulast=Helderman&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSU_Findings-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSU_Findings_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoleyAlan_W._ScaroniCandice_A._Yekel2010" class="citation web cs1">Foley, Henry C.; Alan W. Scaroni; Candice A. Yekel (February 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215071321/http://www.research.psu.edu/orp/Findings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf">"RA-10 Inquiry Report: Concerning the Allegations of Research Misconduct Against Dr. Michael E. Mann, Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pennsylvania State University">The Pennsylvania State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.psu.edu/orp/Findings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RA-10+Inquiry+Report%3A+Concerning+the+Allegations+of+Research+Misconduct+Against+Dr.+Michael+E.+Mann%2C+Department+of+Meteorology%2C+College+of+Earth+and+Mineral+Sciences%2C+The+Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft.au=Alan+W.+Scaroni&rft.au=Candice+A.+Yekel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.psu.edu%2Forp%2FFindings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAQ-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalacademies.org/memarea/memfaq/index.html">"Membership FAQ"</a>. NAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305122612/http://nationalacademies.org/memarea/memfaq/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+FAQ&rft.pub=NAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalacademies.org%2Fmemarea%2Fmemfaq%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017124202/http://transnews.org/2013/05/11/first-transgender-scientist-selected-for-national-academy-of-science-membership/">"Neurobiologist Becomes First Transgender Scientist Selected For U.S. National Academy of Science Membership"</a>. <i>Trans News</i>. May 11, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transnews.org/2013/05/11/first-transgender-scientist-selected-for-national-academy-of-science-membership/">the original</a> on October 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trans+News&rft.atitle=Neurobiologist+Becomes+First+Transgender+Scientist+Selected+For+U.S.+National+Academy+of+Science+Membership&rft.date=2013-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransnews.org%2F2013%2F05%2F11%2Ffirst-transgender-scientist-selected-for-national-academy-of-science-membership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNader1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader, Ralph</a> (1975). Introduction. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brainbankofameri0000boff"><i>The brain bank of America: An inquiry into the politics of science</i></a></span>. By Boffey, Philip. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070063686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0070063686"><bdi>978-0070063686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+brain+bank+of+America%3A+An+inquiry+into+the+politics+of+science&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0070063686&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrainbankofameri0000boff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilgartner2000" class="citation book cs1">Hilgartner, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=634"><i>Science on Stage: Expert Advice as Public Drama</i></a>. Writing science. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804736466" title="Special:BookSources/9780804736466"><bdi>9780804736466</bdi></a>. 634.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+on+Stage%3A+Expert+Advice+as+Public+Drama&rft.series=Writing+science&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780804736466&rft.aulast=Hilgartner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270794#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpnas.org/">Office of Cultural Programs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labx.org/">LabX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandentertainmentexchange.org/">The Science & Entertainment Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/books/0309071445/html/">LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the LOC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/library/libarch-digital.html">Digital Collections and Programs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/">Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Science_Trust" title="Vega Science Trust">Vega Science Trust</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/">Video programmes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/119"><i>Sherwood Rowland, NL, discusses Climate Change</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. 2006. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherwood+Rowland%2C+NL%2C+discusses+Climate+Change&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vega.org.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprogramme%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAS_presidents" title="Template:NAS presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:NAS_presidents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:NAS presidents (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAS_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAS presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Academy of Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache</a> (1863–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (1868–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Rogers</a> (1879–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Marsh</a> (1883–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Gibbs" title="Oliver Wolcott Gibbs">Wolcott Gibbs</a> (1895–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agassiz" title="Alexander Agassiz">Alexander Agassiz</a> (1901–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a> (1907–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Welch" title="William H. Welch">William H. Welch</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Walcott</a> (1917–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a> (1927–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Campbell</a> (1931–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rattray_Lillie" title="Frank Rattray Lillie">Frank Lillie</a> (1935–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Jewett" title="Frank B. Jewett">Frank B. Jewett</a> (1939–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Newton_Richards" title="Alfred Newton Richards">Alfred Richards</a> (1947–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a> (1950–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> (1962–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a> (1969–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a> (1981–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a> (1993–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph J. Cicerone">Ralph J. Cicerone</a> (2005–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_McNutt" title="Marcia McNutt">Marcia McNutt</a> (2016–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Science_Council_(ISC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Science_Council" title="Template:International Science Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Science_Council" title="Template talk:International Science Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Science_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Science Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Science_Council_(ISC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Science_Council" title="International Science Council">International Science Council (ISC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania" title="Academy of Sciences of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_of_Science_and_Development_(Angola)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation of Science and Development (Angola) (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Council" title="National Scientific and Technical Research Council">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bangladesh Academy of Sciences">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus" title="National Academy of Sciences of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences,_Arts_and_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_de_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia & Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_the_Republika_Srpska" title="Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Infrastructure_Science_and_Technology_(Botswana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Infrastructure Science and Technology (Botswana) (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Brazilian Academy of Sciences">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_Nacional_de_Pos-Graduacao_e_Pesquisa_em_Ciencias_Sociais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Ciencias Sociais (page does not exist)">ANPOCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique_et_Technologique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Cameroon Academy of Sciences">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council">SSHRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Chilena_de_Ciencias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Chilena de Ciencias (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Science_and_Technology" title="China Association for Science and Technology">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">CASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Colombiana_de_Ciencias_Exactas,_Fisicas_y_Naturales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_(Costa_Rica)" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences,_des_arts,_des_cultures_d%27Afrique_et_des_diasporas_africaines" title="Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Cuban Academy of Sciences">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Czech Academy of Sciences">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Sciences of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Scientific_Research_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceministerio_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_de_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viceministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Estonian Academy of Sciences">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_(Eswatini)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council (Eswatini) (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Science_and_Technology_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethiopian Science and Technology Agency (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Finnish_Academies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Finnish Academies (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Georgian National Academy of Sciences">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Research_Foundation" title="German Research Foundation">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_Ciencias_M%C3%A9dicas_Fisicas_y_Naturales_de_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Ciencias Médicas Fisicas y Naturales de Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Academy of Sciences of Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research" title="Indian Council of Social Science Research">ICSSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (Iraq) (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Italy)" title="National Research Council (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Research Council (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Council_of_Japan" title="Science Council of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scientific_Society" title="Royal Scientific Society">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Kenya National Academy of Sciences">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Social_Science_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Social Science Research Council (page does not exist)">KSSRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Korean Academy of Science and Technology">KAST</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_National_Science_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lao National Science Council (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Latvian Academy of Sciences">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_Scientific_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for Scientific Research (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Lesotho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Science and Technology (Lesotho) (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lithuanian Academy of Sciences">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_National_Research_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxembourg National Research Fund (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27Enseignement_Sup%C3%A9rieur_et_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Commission for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_Malaysia" title="Academy of Sciences Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritius_Academy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritius Academy of Science (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Mexican Academy of Sciences">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consejo_Mexicano_de_Ciencias_Sociales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consejo Mexicano de Ciencias Sociales (page does not exist)">COMECSO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Scientifique_de_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre Scientifique de Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Mongolian Academy of Sciences">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_II_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan II Academy for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Research_Association_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Research Association of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_on_Research,_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Nepal Academy of Science and Technology">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Te_Ap%C4%81rangi" title="Royal Society Te Apārangi">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science" title="Nigerian Academy of Science">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">UB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Council_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Council of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Panama" title="University of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Nacional_de_Ciencias_(Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Peru) (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Social_Science_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Social Science Council (page does not exist)">PSSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lisbon Academy of Sciences">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Science_and_Technology_(Rwanda)" title="College of Science and Technology (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegal Academy of Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seychelles_National_Parks_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seychelles National Parks Authority (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Academy_of_Science" title="Singapore National Academy of Science">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Slovak Academy of Sciences">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_(South_Africa)" title="National Research Foundation (South Africa)">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Sciences_Research_Council_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa (page does not exist)">HSRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Science (Spain)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Research_(Sudan)" title="National Centre for Research (Sudan)">Sudan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Sudanese National Academy of Sciences">SNAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Academy_of_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Tajik Academy of Sciences">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Commission_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Council_of_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Council of Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellerie_des_Universit%C3%A9s_du_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chancellerie des Universités du Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis_El_Manar_University" title="Tunis El Manar University">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Turkish Academy of Sciences">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Science_Academy_Society_of_Turkey" title="The Science Academy Society of Turkey">Science Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey" title="Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey">TÜBİTAK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uganda_National_Council_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">ESRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comisi%C3%B3n_Consejo_Nacional_de_Innovacion_Ciencia_y_Tecnologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comisión Consejo Nacional de Innovacion Ciencia y Tecnologia (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondo_Nacional_de_Ciencia,_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_e_Innovaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Union_of_Science_and_Technology_Associations" title="Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Zambia Academy of Sciences">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences">Zimbabwe</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Council_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Council of Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">RCZ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Council_for_the_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Council for the Social Sciences (page does not exist)">ACSS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Asian_Social_Science_Research_Councils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (page does not exist)">AASSREC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caribbean Academy of Sciences (page does not exist)">CASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consejo_Latinoamericano_de_Ciencias_Sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales">CLACSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_Social_Science_Research_in_Africa" title="Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa">CODESRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Faculty_of_Social_Sciences" title="Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences">FLACSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Acad%C3%A9mique_Internationale" title="Union Académique Internationale">UAI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_for_Social_Science_Research_in_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (page does not exist)">OSSREA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">USP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions and<br />associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Social_Studies_of_Science" title="Society for Social Studies of Science">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_of_Legal_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association of Legal Science (page does not exist)">IALS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Arctic_Social_Sciences_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Arctic Social Sciences Association (page does not exist)">IASSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association" title="International Cartographic Association">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Economic_Association" title="International Economic Association">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Societies_for_Microscopy" title="International Federation of Societies for Microscopy">IFSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Geographical_Union" title="International Geographical Union">IGU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union" title="International Mathematical Union">IMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research" title="International Union for Quaternary Research">INQUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Research_Association" title="International Peace Research Association">IPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Political_Science_Association" title="International Political Science Association">IPSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sociological_Association" title="International Sociological Association">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Ecological_Economics" title="International Society for Ecological Economics">ISEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing" title="International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing">ISPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology" title="International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology">IUBMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Biological_Sciences" title="International Union of Biological Sciences">IUBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography" title="International Union of Crystallography">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Food_Science_and_Technology" title="International Union of Food Science and Technology">IUFoST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Forest_Research_Organizations" title="International Union of Forest Research Organizations">IUFRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geodesy_and_Geophysics" title="International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics">IUGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">IUGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_History_and_Philosophy_of_Science" title="International Union of History and Philosophy of Science">IUHPST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Immunological_Societies" title="International Union of Immunological Societies">IUIS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Materials_Research_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Materials Research Society (page does not exist)">IUMRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Microbiological_Societies" title="International Union of Microbiological Societies">IUMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Nutritional_Sciences" title="International Union of Nutritional Sciences">IUNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Pure_and_Applied_Biophysics" title="International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics">IUPAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">IUPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Physical_and_Engineering_Sciences_in_Medicine" title="International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine">IUPESM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Basic_and_Clinical_Pharmacology" title="International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology">IUPHAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Physiological_Sciences" title="International Union of Physiological Sciences">IUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Psychological_Science" title="International Union of Psychological Science">IUPsyS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Soil_Sciences" title="International Union of Soil Sciences">IUSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Population" title="International Union for the Scientific Study of Population">IUSSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Theoretical_and_Applied_Mechanics" title="International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics">IUTAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Toxicology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Toxicology (page does not exist)">IUTOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Radio_Science" title="International Union of Radio Science">URSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="World Association for Public Opinion Research">WAPOR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Anthropological_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Anthropological Union (page does not exist)">WAU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Academy_of_Sciences" title="African Academy of Sciences">AAS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Academies_and_Societies_of_Sciences_in_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Academies and Societies of Sciences in Asia (page does not exist)">AASSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Academy of Social Sciences">ACSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Science-Technology_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Science-Technology Centers">ASTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Association_of_Development_and_Training_Institutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Association of Development and Training Institutes (page does not exist)">EADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Consortium_for_Political_Research" title="European Consortium for Political Research">ECPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_G%C3%A9om%C3%A8tres" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale des Géomètres">FIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Academy" title="Global Young Academy">GYA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Applied_Psychology" title="International Association of Applied Psychology">IAAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Hydro-Environment_Engineering_and_Research" title="International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research">IAHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Arctic_Science_Committee" title="International Arctic Science Committee">IASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Acoustics" title="International Commission for Acoustics">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">ICIAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Council_for_Laboratory_Animal_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (page does not exist)">ICLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Optics" title="International Commission for Optics">ICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="International Council for Scientific and Technical Information">ICSTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Data_Organizations_for_Social_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation of Data Organizations for Social Science (page does not exist)">IFDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">IFIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">IFLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="International Foundation for Science">IFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Applied_Systems_Analysis" title="International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis">IIASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Association" title="International Studies Association">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Digital_Earth" title="International Society for Digital Earth">ISDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Vacuum_Science,_Technique_and_Applications" title="International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications">IUVSTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Water_Association" title="International Water Association">IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Science_Association" title="Pacific Science Association">PSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Council" title="Social Science Research Council">SSRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Institute" title="Transnational Institute">TNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Academy_of_Sciences" title="The World Academy of Sciences">TWAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Speleology" title="International Union of Speleology">UIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270794#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121551387">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167624331">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1001101-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056514">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119945393">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119945393">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00276322">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35974726">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National Academy of Sciences (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003164288&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX147579">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/532711">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90944820">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000175510&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000560067&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=123920">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201913919">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/11651">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265844605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01063720?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028027175">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69d0r9w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&oldid=1257115258">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&oldid=1257115258</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Scientific organizations based in the United States">Scientific organizations based in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_National_Academies" title="Category:United States National Academies">United States National Academies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_academies_of_sciences" title="Category:National academies of sciences">National academies of sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_of_Congress" title="Category:Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_International_Council_for_Science" title="Category:Members of the International Council for Science">Members of the International Council for Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_organizations_established_in_1863" title="Category:Scientific organizations established in 1863">Scientific organizations established in 1863</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1863_establishments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:1863 establishments in Washington, D.C.">1863 establishments in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Patriotic_and_national_organizations_chartered_by_the_United_States_Congress" title="Category:Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress">Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.">Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neoclassical_architecture_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.">Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_International_Science_Council" title="Category:Members of the International Science Council">Members of the International Science Council</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2022">Use mdy dates from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 09:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szq4t","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.902","walltime":"1.122","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5346,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":148504,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5408,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":202863,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 928.943 1 -total"," 32.30% 300.087 3 Template:Reflist"," 12.65% 117.555 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 11.78% 109.430 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.68% 99.183 25 Template:Cite_web"," 10.29% 95.563 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.93% 92.214 1 Template:Cite_report"," 9.59% 89.061 1 Template:NAS_presidents"," 8.32% 77.253 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.07% 74.995 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.486","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7784242,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-czj6x","timestamp":"20241123113500","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Academy_of_Sciences","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q270794","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q270794","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-29T08:33:40Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T09:10:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/80\/National_Academy_of_Sciences_logo.svg","headline":"science branch of the United States National Academies"}</script> </body> </html>