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<div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakgrund,_tidig_utveckling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrund,_tidig_utveckling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bakgrund, tidig utveckling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrund,_tidig_utveckling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Från_1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Från_1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Från 1800</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Från_1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_och_ordförråd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_och_ordförråd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Struktur och ordförråd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_och_ordförråd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Urdu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 192 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">192 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Urdu" title="Bahsa Urdu – acehnesiska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerdoe" title="Oerdoe – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oerdoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B1" title="ኡርዱ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡርዱ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdusc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Urdusc sprǣc – fornengelska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Urdusc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornengelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأردية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأردية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urd%C3%BA" title="Idioma urdú – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma urdú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%98" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܪܕܘ – arameiska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܪܕܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_urdu" title="Limba urdu – arumänska" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba urdu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উৰ্দু ভাষা – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উৰ্দু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urd%C3%BA" title="Idioma urdú – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma urdú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Urdu ñe'ẽ – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urdu ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_aru" title="Urdu aru – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Urdu aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اوردو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوردو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উর্দু ভাষা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উর্দু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-g%C3%AD" title="Urdu-gí – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Urdu-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Урду теле – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урду теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourdoueg" title="Ourdoueg – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ourdoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Урду хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урду хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C3%BA" title="Urdú – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urdú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Urdu" title="Pinulongang Urdu – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Urdu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C5%A1tina" title="Urdština – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urdština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrdw" title="Wrdw – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wrdw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ؤردو – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤردو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdugiella" title="Urdugiella – nordsamiska" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Urdugiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%AB" title="އުރުދޫ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުރުދޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Urdušćina – lågsorbiska" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Urdušćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lågsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_keel" title="Urdu keel – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Urdu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γλώσσα Ούρντου – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Ούρντου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduo" title="Urduo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urduo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urdu" title="Idioma urdu – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Idioma urdu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="زبان اردو – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اردو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourdou" title="Ourdou – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ourdou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerd%C3%BB" title="Oerdû – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oerdû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Urd%C3%BAis" title="An Urdúis – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Urdúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oordooish" title="Oordooish – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oordooish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – gagauziska" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – skotsk gaeliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gaeliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua urdú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – ingusjiska" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingusjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉર્દૂ ભાષા – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉર્દૂ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाशा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उर्दू भाशा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-ng%C3%AE" title="Urdu-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Urdu-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%91%90%EC%96%B4" title="우르두어 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우르두어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Urdu" title="ʻŌlelo Urdu – hawaiiska" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Urdu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ուրդու – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրդու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Urdušćina – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Urdušćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdski_jezik" title="Urdski jezik – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-linguo" title="Urdu-linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urdu-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="উর্দু ঠার – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="উর্দু ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi-Urdu" title="Isi-Urdu – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ard%C3%BA" title="Úrdú – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úrdú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urdu" title="Lingua urdu – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua urdu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="אורדו – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Urdu" title="Basa Urdu – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduu_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Urduu kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Urduu kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82" title="ಉರ್ದೂ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉರ್ದೂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ურდუ ენა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურდუ ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%97_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اُردوٗ زَبان – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اُردوٗ زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyeyurudu" title="Inyeyurudu – kinjarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyeyurudu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinjarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiurdu" title="Kiurdu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiurdu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – kome" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="kome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_urd%C3%BB" title="Zimanê urdû – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê urdû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Урдуча – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Урдуча" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B9" title="ພາສາອູດູ – laotiska" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອູດູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Urdu" title="Lingua Urdu – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_urdu" title="Lengua urdu – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua urdu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduos" title="Urduos – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="Urduos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_urdu" title="Lengua urdu – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua urdu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_nyelv" title="Urdu nyelv – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Urdu nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दु भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="उर्दु भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ord%C3%B2" title="Fiteny ordò – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ordò" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81" title="ഉർദു – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉർദു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Urdu" title="Lingwa Urdu – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C5%AAru" title="Reo Ūru – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Ūru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ურდუ ნინა – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურდუ ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اوردو – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوردو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯎꯔꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯔꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Urdu" title="Bahaso Urdu – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Urdu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Urdu-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Urdu-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Урдү хэл – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Урдү хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दु भाषा – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उर्दु भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ウルドゥー語 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルドゥー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo" title="Ordo – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ordo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ ଭାଷା – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82" title="ਉਰਦੂ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਰਦੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اردو ژبه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اردو ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC" title="ភាសាអ៊ូរឌូ – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអ៊ូរឌូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_urdu" title="Lenga urdu – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga urdu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_urdu" title="Język urdu – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język urdu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_urdu" title="Língua urdu – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua urdu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_tili" title="Urdu tili – karakalpakiska" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Urdu tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_tili" title="Urdu tili – krimtatariska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Urdu tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_urdu" title="Limba urdu – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba urdu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthu_simi" title="Urthu simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urthu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Urdu" title="Gagana Urdu – samoanska" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Urdu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – saterfrisiska" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-Urdu" title="Se-Urdu – nordsotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Se-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="nordsotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_urdu" title="Gjuha urdu – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha urdu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94" title="උර්දු – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උර්දු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_ulimi" title="Urdu ulimi – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Urdu ulimi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C4%8Dina" title="Urdčina – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urdčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Urdujščina – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urdujščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Fdka_Urdu" title="Gŏdka Urdu – silesiska" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gŏdka Urdu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88" title="زمانی ئوردوو – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئوردوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Урду (језик) – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Урду (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdski_jezik" title="Urdski jezik – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Urdu" title="Wikang Urdu – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Urdu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="உருது – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_turdut" title="Tutlayt turdut – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt turdut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="ఉర్దూ భాష – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉర్దూ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9" title="ภาษาอูรดู – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอูรดู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Забони урду – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони урду" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಉರ್ದು ಬಾಸೆ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಉರ್ದು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduca" title="Urduca – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Urduca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – udmurtiska" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urdu" title="Lingua urdu – buginesiska" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Lingua urdu" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئوردو تىلى – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوردو تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Urdu" title="Vah Urdu – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Urdu" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Urdu" title="Tiếng Urdu – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Urdu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurduv" title="Lurduv – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lurduv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="אורדו – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אורדו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Urdu" title="Èdè Urdu – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Urdu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%96%87" title="烏都文 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏都文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduki" title="Urduki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Urduki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C5%AB" title="Urdū – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Urdū" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Urdu" title="Saro Urdu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Urdu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Urdu" title="Basa Urdu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_zyvon" title="Urdu zyvon – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urdu zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ – marockansk standard-tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="marockansk standard-tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1617#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Urdu" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> 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td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-size:130%;background:#c9ffd9;">Urdu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;background:#c9ffd9;">اردو</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Talas i</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> och andra länder</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Region</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sydasien" title="Sydasien">Sydasien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Antal talare</th><td class="" style="">67 miljoner</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkfamilj</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiska språk">indoeuropeiska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariska språk">indoariska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">hindustani</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Urdu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Officiell status</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Officiellt språk i</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkmyndighet</th><td class="" style="">National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Språkkoder</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐1</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ur">ur</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐2</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=475">urd</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐3</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/urd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:urd">urd</a></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a></th><td class="" style="">URD</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Urdu</b> (uttal: ʊrd̪u) är ett <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiska språk">indoeuropeiskt språk</a>. Det är ett av <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indiens</a> 22 <a href="/wiki/Officiellt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Officiellt språk">officiella språk</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och det officiella språket i <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det ingår i den <a href="/wiki/Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariska språk">indoariska språkgruppen</a> men har lånat både <a href="/wiki/Urdualfabetet" title="Urdualfabetet">alfabet</a> och mycket av <a href="/wiki/Ordf%C3%B6rr%C3%A5d" title="Ordförråd">ordförrådet</a> från <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det räknas allmänt som del av <a href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">hindustani</a> och som systerspråk till <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det talas som modersmål av minst 46 miljoner indier och 8 miljoner pakistanier.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spridning_och_omfattning">Spridning och omfattning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Spridning och omfattning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Spridning och omfattning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I Pakistan hade språket år 1996 cirka 8 miljoner modersmålstalare och i Indien cirka 46 miljoner.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I Nepal fanns år 2014 cirka 700 000 personer med urdu som modersmål.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Större grupper urdutalare finns också i den tidigare kolonialmakten <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt i <a href="/wiki/Gulfstaternas_samarbetsr%C3%A5d" title="Gulfstaternas samarbetsråd">länder kring Persiska viken</a> med många sydasiatiska arbetskraftsinvandrare.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, som år 1948–1971 var en del av Pakistan, förekommer en variant som kallas för dhakaiya-urdu (av <i>Dhakaiyas</i>). Denna skiljer sig från standardurdu, då ordförrådet delvis kommer från <a href="/wiki/Bengaliska" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengaliska">bengaliska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1930-talets <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> var urdu det vanligaste främmande språket. Det användes för politiska och ekonomiska kontakter med Indien och i kulturella sammanhang, och har påverkat både den afghanska persiskan (dari) och pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urdu och hindi har gemensamma rötter och är i sin talade form så lika att de ofta betraktas som ett och samma språk – <i>hindi-urdu</i> eller <a href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">hindustani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vad gäller litteraturspråket finns större skillnader, och där urdu har påverkats mer av <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a> och hindi av <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>. De skrivs också med olika alfabet, urdu med en variant av det <a href="/wiki/Persiska#Det_persisk-arabiska_alfabetet" title="Persiska">persisk-arabiska alfabetet</a> och hindi med <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī">devanāgarī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På grund av den stora andelen persiska ord i avancerad urdu finns det språkvetare som menar att urdu bör kategoriseras som ett <a href="/wiki/Iranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iranska språk">iranskt språk</a> med nära släktskap till <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">dari</a>/<a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta motsägs dock av allmänt erkända översikter över iranska språk.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakgrund,_tidig_utveckling"><span id="Bakgrund.2C_tidig_utveckling"></span>Bakgrund, tidig utveckling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bakgrund, tidig utveckling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bakgrund, tidig utveckling"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ursprunget till urdu finns i den tidiga hindi-dialekten <i>khari boli</i>, som talades i området kring <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Mogulriket" title="Mogulriket">mogullimperiets</a> tid (15-1700-talet) tillkom en stor mängd lånord från <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a> och språket blev till rikets sammanhållande språk (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Språket kom att kallas <i>Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla</i>, senare urdu. Språket växte när persisk- och turkisktalande soldater beblandades med ursprungsbefolkningen.<sup id="cite_ref-Urdu-Persian-Hindi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urdu-Persian-Hindi-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utvecklingen av en egen poesi och annan litteratur tog fart under 1300- och 1400-talen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utvecklingen av ordförråd i urdu har i stor utsträckning kommit via den iranska/muslimska kultursfären. Detta inkluderar via namn som <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-din_Rumi" title="Jalal al-din Rumi">Jalal al-din Rumi</a> (Jalal al-din Balkhi),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> (Khwāja Shams-ud-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amir Khusro,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Iqbal" title="Mohammad Iqbal">Mohammad Iqbal</a> (Allama Iqbal),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghalib" title="Mirza Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khwaja Muhammad Hafiz Shirazi, Mir Taqi Mir,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och Dr. Rais Numani.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I och med persiskans minskade betydelse uppstod 1590–1730 en blomstrande urdupoesi i delar av Sydindien. Under 1700-talet verkade i Delhi en kvartett diktare, ”De fyra pelarna”, bland vilka särskilt Hwaga Mir Dard utmärkte sig. Under trycket av politisk instabilitet förlade många författare och intellektuella sin verksamhet till <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, 1775–1856 huvudstad i kungariket <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>. Här utvecklades en extravagant livsstil som återspeglas i litteraturen, med spektakulära dramatiseringar av de i islam populära martyrskapen, av en äventyrsbetonad romankonst och med en stark betoning på sinnlighet. Bland de mer seriösa författarna bör nämnas Dabir och Anis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Från_1800"><span id="Fr.C3.A5n_1800"></span>Från 1800</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Från 1800" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Från 1800"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Namnet urdu är den persiska formen av ett turkiskt ord (betydelse: '<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ger" title="Läger">läger</a>' eller '<a href="/wiki/Basar" title="Basar">basar</a>'), vilket började användas om språket omkring år 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Språket har en nära koppling till den <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamska</a> kultursfären och betraktas norra Indien ibland som islams <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna litteratur har rötter i den för hindi och urdu gemensamma islamiska litteraturen som skrevs på tidigare varianter av hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persiska talades i nuvarande Pakistan i flera sekler och hade hög status. Det var ett erkänt officiellt språk både innan och efter att Islam nådde landet. När Pakistan bildades 1947 gavs urdu (jämte engelska) status som officiellt språk,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trots att bara cirka 7 procent av landets befolkning hade urdu som modersmål.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:UAE_signboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UAE_signboard.jpg/190px-UAE_signboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UAE_signboard.jpg/285px-UAE_signboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UAE_signboard.jpg/380px-UAE_signboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Trespråkig skylt i <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Khayma" title="Ras al-Khayma">Ras al-Khayma</a>, med text på urdu, engelska och arabiska.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under 1800-talet verkade urdulitteraturens yppersta författare Mirza Ghalib, som blev en nyskapare inom urdupoesin och med sina brev gjorde banbrytande insatser för urduprosan. Modernismens inträde i urdulitteraturen började vid universitetet i Aligaṛh, grundat 1877. Genom böcker och tidskrifter verkade den för islams anpassning till ett västerländskt teknologiskt samhälle. Den litterära scenen under 1900-talets första decennier dominerades av Muḥammad Iqbal, diktare, filosof och politiker. Genom sina verk bidrog han till den islamiska väckelsen och kom att bli Pakistans andlige fader. Den senare urdulitteraturen utmärks främst av en högtstående novellkonst som ofta hämtar sina motiv från livets skuggsidor. </p><p>Under 1900-talet har urdu kommit att spridas långt utanför Sydasien. Detta inkluderar <a href="/wiki/Emigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigration">utvandrare</a> till <a href="/wiki/Mellan%C3%B6stern" title="Mellanöstern">Mellanöstern</a> och andra områden runt <a href="/wiki/Indiska_oceanen" title="Indiska oceanen">Indiska oceanen</a> eller andra delar av det tidigare <a href="/wiki/Brittiska_imperiet" title="Brittiska imperiet">Brittiska imperiet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur_och_ordförråd"><span id="Struktur_och_ordf.C3.B6rr.C3.A5d"></span>Struktur och ordförråd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Struktur och ordförråd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Struktur och ordförråd"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urdu är i sin <a href="/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik">språkstruktur</a> ett indoariskt språk.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trots detta kommer en stor mängd av ordförrådet i språket via lån från persiska/dari,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arabiska eller turkiska. Det finns också spår av franska, portugisiska och nederländska i urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-urdu1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdu1-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lånord har även kommit från <a href="/wiki/Tadzjikiska" title="Tadzjikiska">tadzjikiska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameiska" title="Arameiska">arameiska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchiska" title="Baluchiska">baluchiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdiska" title="Kurdiska">kurdiska</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Armeniska" title="Armeniska">armeniska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det finns också en hel del lånord från <a href="/wiki/Tjagataiska" title="Tjagataiska">tjagataiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugisiska" title="Portugisiska">portugisiska</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a> och på senare tid <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">engelska</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grekiskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Grekiskan">Grekiskan</a> influerade många språk i området under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_store" title="Alexander den store">Alexander den stores</a> tid, inklusive föregångarna till urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution">”Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution”</a>. Government of India<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution">https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 oktober 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Languages+Included+in+the+Eighth+Schedule+of+the+Indian+Constitution&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajbhasha.gov.in%2Fen%2Flanguages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGroff2017">Groff, Cynthia (2017-10-27) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills</a></i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-137-51961-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-137-51961-0">ISBN 978-1-137-51961-0</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 oktober 2021</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Language+in+Multilingual+India%3A+Voices+of+Women+and+Educators+in+the+Himalayan+Foothills&rft.aulast=Groff&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Groff%2C+Cynthia&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51961-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLc7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGazzola2016">Gazzola, Michele (2016-09-30) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Economics of Language Policy</a></i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-262-03470-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-262-03470-8">ISBN 978-0-262-03470-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 oktober 2021</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Language+Policy&rft.aulast=Gazzola&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Gazzola%2C+Michele&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03470-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4snDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA469%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34215293">”Uncommon tongue: Pakistan's confusing move to Urdu”</a>. BBC. 12 september 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34215293">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34215293</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 oktober 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Uncommon+tongue%3A+Pakistan%27s+confusing+move+to+Urdu&rft.atitle=&rft.date=12+september+2016&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34215293&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><small>f</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/urdu">”urdu - Uppslagsverk - NE.se”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/urdu">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/urdu</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 november 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=urdu+-+Uppslagsverk+-+NE.se&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Furdu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language">”Urdu language | History, Origin, Script, Words, & Facts | Britannica”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>www.britannica.com</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language">https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 november 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Urdu+language+%7C+History%2C+Origin%2C+Script%2C+Words%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.atitle=www.britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUrdu-language&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd">”Urdu”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Ethnologue</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd">https://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 november 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Urdu&rft.atitle=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Furd&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE-8">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-NE_8-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_8-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGren-Eklund1996">Gren-Eklund, Gunilla (1996). Engström Christer, Marklund Kari. red. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/lang/urdu">Urdu</a></i>. Nationalencyklopedin: ett uppslagsverk på vetenskaplig grund utarbetat på initiativ av Statens kulturråd. "Bd 19, [Uge-Vitru]". Höganäs: Bra böcker. sid. 101. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/8211203">8211203</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ne.se/lang/urdu">http://www.ne.se/lang/urdu</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2012</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu&rft.aulast=Gren-Eklund&rft.aufirst=Gunilla&rft.au=Gren-Eklund%2C+Gunilla&rft.date=1996&rft.series=Nationalencyklopedin%3A+ett+uppslagsverk+p%C3%A5+vetenskaplig+grund+utarbetat+p%C3%A5+initiativ+av+Statens+kulturr%C3%A5d&rft.volume=Bd+19%2C+%5BUge-Vitru%5D&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B101&rft.place=H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft.pub=Bra+b%C3%B6cker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Flang%2Furdu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf">”Population Monograph of Nepal Volume II”</a>. Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics. 2014. sid. 57<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf">https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Population+Monograph+of+Nepal+Volume+II&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B57&rft.pub=Nepal+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepal.unfpa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpub-pdf%2FPopulation%2520Monograph%2520V02.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016010/98-200-x2016010-eng.cfm">”Linguistic diversity and multilingualism in Canadian homes”</a>. Statistics Canada. 31 augusti 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016010/98-200-x2016010-eng.cfm">https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016010/98-200-x2016010-eng.cfm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Linguistic+diversity+and+multilingualism+in+Canadian+homes&rft.atitle=&rft.date=31+augusti+2017&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fas-sa%2F98-200-x%2F2016010%2F98-200-x2016010-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/uae.htm">http://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/uae.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mapsofworld.com/country-profile/qatar.html">http://www.mapsofworld.com/country-profile/qatar.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526070314/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/bahrain-country-profile.html">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/bahrain-country-profile.html">originalet</a> den 26 maj 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526070314/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/bahrain-country-profile.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20110526070314/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/bahrain-country-profile.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 29 maj 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110526070314%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwintessential.co.uk%2Fresources%2Fglobal-etiquette%2Fbahrain-country-profile.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032251/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture#">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture#">originalet</a> den 7 januari 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032251/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture#">https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032251/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/oman/history-language-culture#</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 14 januari 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150107032251%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Foman%2Fhistory-language-culture%23&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b2b90c32.pdf">”Urdu in Bangladesh”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b2b90c32.pdf">https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b2b90c32.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Urdu+in+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F4b2b90c32.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRahi">Rahi, Arwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/article/97514/when-urdu-was-the-dominant-language-in-afghanistan?amp=1">”When Urdu was the dominant language in Afghanistan”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tribune.com.pk/article/97514/when-urdu-was-the-dominant-language-in-afghanistan?amp=1">https://tribune.com.pk/article/97514/when-urdu-was-the-dominant-language-in-afghanistan?amp=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 oktober 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=When+Urdu+was+the+dominant+language+in+Afghanistan&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Rahi&rft.aufirst=Arwin&rft.au=Rahi%2C+Arwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Farticle%2F97514%2Fwhen-urdu-was-the-dominant-language-in-afghanistan%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFTrask2000">Trask, R.L. (2000). ”Hindi-urdu”. <i><span>Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics</span></i>. Edinburgh University press. sid. 149-150.  ”Hindi-Urdu The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level Hindi and Urdu are the same language (called Hindustani before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies”</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hindi-urdu&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rft.au=Trask%2C+R.L.&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B149-150&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/urdu/language.html">”ATLAS - Urdu: Urdu Language”</a>. <i><span>www.ucl.ac.uk</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/urdu/language.html">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/urdu/language.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 november 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ATLAS+-+Urdu%3A+Urdu+Language&rft.atitle=www.ucl.ac.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fatlas%2Furdu%2Flanguage.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/language_of_armies.php">”Language of the armies, Urdu: A Derivative of Persian and Avestan”</a>. <i><span>www.iranchamber.com</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/language_of_armies.php">https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/language_of_armies.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 oktober 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+armies%2C+Urdu%3A+A+Derivative+of+Persian+and+Avestan&rft.atitle=www.iranchamber.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fliterature%2Farticles%2Flanguage_of_armies.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Indo-European-languages#ref487256">”India: Lingua Francas”</a>. Britannica<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Indo-European-languages#ref487256">https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Indo-European-languages#ref487256</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 november 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=India%3A+Lingua+Francas&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndia%2FIndo-European-languages%23ref487256&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urdu-Persian-Hindi-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Urdu-Persian-Hindi_21-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFKachru">Kachru, Yamuna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&source=bl&ots=dG3qgmaV95&sig=WivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0&hl=en&ei=9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=urdu%20heavy%20persian&f=false">”Urdu-Persian”</a>. <i><span>Hindi</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&source=bl&ots=dG3qgmaV95&sig=WivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0&hl=en&ei=9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=urdu%20heavy%20persian&f=false">https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&source=bl&ots=dG3qgmaV95&sig=WivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0&hl=en&ei=9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=urdu%20heavy%20persian&f=false</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Urdu-Persian&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rft.au=Kachru%2C+Yamuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooH5VfLTQEQC%26pg%3DPA2%26lpg%3DPA2%26dq%3Durdu%2Bheavy%2Bpersian%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DdG3qgmaV95%26sig%3DWivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D9%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Durdu%2520heavy%2520persian%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/jalal-al-din-rumi">http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/jalal-al-din-rumi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fundamentalbelief.blogspot.se/2011/11/khwaja-shamsuddin-muhammad-hafez.html">http://fundamentalbelief.blogspot.se/2011/11/khwaja-shamsuddin-muhammad-hafez.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://allpoetry.com/Amir-Khusro">http://allpoetry.com/Amir-Khusro</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/apr79/2.htm">http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/apr79/2.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223122954/http://www.scribd.com/doc/30458478/Kulliat-e-Mirza-Ghalib-Nazme-Farsi">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/30458478/Kulliat-e-Mirza-Ghalib-Nazme-Farsi">originalet</a> den 23 februari 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223122954/http://www.scribd.com/doc/30458478/Kulliat-e-Mirza-Ghalib-Nazme-Farsi">https://web.archive.org/web/20140223122954/http://www.scribd.com/doc/30458478/Kulliat-e-Mirza-Ghalib-Nazme-Farsi</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 14 januari 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140223122954%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F30458478%2FKulliat-e-Mirza-Ghalib-Nazme-Farsi&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uramamurthy.com/mir.html">http://www.uramamurthy.com/mir.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130629093036/http://www.mintocircle.com/index.php/staff-directory/teaching-staff/41-teachers/5-dr-rais-ahmad-nomani.html">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mintocircle.com/index.php/staff-directory/teaching-staff/41-teachers/5-dr-rais-ahmad-nomani.html">originalet</a> den 29 juni 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.is/20130629093036/http://www.mintocircle.com/index.php/staff-directory/teaching-staff/41-teachers/5-dr-rais-ahmad-nomani.html">https://archive.is/20130629093036/http://www.mintocircle.com/index.php/staff-directory/teaching-staff/41-teachers/5-dr-rais-ahmad-nomani.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 14 januari 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2F20130629093036%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.mintocircle.com%2Findex.php%2Fstaff-directory%2Fteaching-staff%2F41-teachers%2F5-dr-rais-ahmad-nomani.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/paklanguage/opinion.html">”Persian, Urdu, English, or Arabic language in Pakistan?”</a>. <i><span>www.oocities.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oocities.org/paklanguage/opinion.html">http://www.oocities.org/paklanguage/opinion.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 maj 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Persian%2C+Urdu%2C+English%2C+or+Arabic+language+in+Pakistan%3F&rft.atitle=www.oocities.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fpaklanguage%2Fopinion.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFChaudhry1977">Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad (1977). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008014175">Development of Urdu as official language in the Punjab</a></i>. Lahore: Punjab Govt. Record Office, 1977<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008014175">https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008014175</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 maj 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+Urdu+as+official+language+in+the+Punjab&rft.aulast=Chaudhry&rft.aufirst=Nazir+Ahmad&rft.au=Chaudhry%2C+Nazir+Ahmad&rft.date=1977&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Punjab+Govt.+Record+Office%2C+1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F008014175&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162155/http://iranian.com/Opinion/2002/June/Urdu/">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranian.com/Opinion/2002/June/Urdu/">originalet</a> den 2 april 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162155/http://iranian.com/Opinion/2002/June/Urdu/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162155/http://iranian.com/Opinion/2002/June/Urdu/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 mars 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150402162155%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Firanian.com%2FOpinion%2F2002%2FJune%2FUrdu%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urdu1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-urdu1_32-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306230424/http://typesofbeauty.over-blog.com/article-urdu---the-origin-and-history-of-the-language-114546219.html">Urdu - The Origin and History of the Language</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=C7au4-y3Q-AC&pg=PA826&lpg=PA826&dq=urdu+influence+tajiki&source=bl&ots=ZY8at9s-cP&sig=ZdPexP2pnXHlyW1RWMw0-anjJ-I&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=7zm4VMOCFoeAywP2qYHQCQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=urdu%20influence%20tajiki&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=C7au4-y3Q-AC&pg=PA826&lpg=PA826&dq=urdu+influence+tajiki&source=bl&ots=ZY8at9s-cP&sig=ZdPexP2pnXHlyW1RWMw0-anjJ-I&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=7zm4VMOCFoeAywP2qYHQCQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=urdu%20influence%20tajiki&f=false</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=aramaic+words+urdu&source=bl&ots=6Kbu2x_sJm&sig=zXw9qGH-8O_m6hdx5RWFPFqJNME&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=4j64VMD8EIexygOT8ICQCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=aramaic%20words%20urdu&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=aramaic+words+urdu&source=bl&ots=6Kbu2x_sJm&sig=zXw9qGH-8O_m6hdx5RWFPFqJNME&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=4j64VMD8EIexygOT8ICQCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=aramaic%20words%20urdu&f=false</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?91402-Kurdish-Urdu">http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?91402-Kurdish-Urdu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://languagesoftheworld.info/etymology/loanwords-in-armenian.html">http://languagesoftheworld.info/etymology/loanwords-in-armenian.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_loanwords_in_Urdu_37-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFParekh">Parekh, Rauf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130503134654/http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/news-archives/46275">”Portuguese loanwords in Urdu”</a> (på engelska). Pakistan Press Foundation. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/news-archives/46275">originalet</a> den 3 maj 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.is/20130503134654/http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/news-archives/46275">https://archive.is/20130503134654/http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/news-archives/46275</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Portuguese+loanwords+in+Urdu&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Parekh&rft.aufirst=Rauf&rft.au=Parekh%2C+Rauf&rft.pub=Pakistan+Press+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2F20130503134654%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistanpressfoundation.org%2Fnews-archives%2F46275&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Urdu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.academia.edu/1898458/Greek_influence_on_Sanskrit">http://www.academia.edu/1898458/Greek_influence_on_Sanskrit</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dienekes.blogspot.se/2006/10/greek-origins-of-some-pathans-but-not.html">http://dienekes.blogspot.se/2006/10/greek-origins-of-some-pathans-but-not.html</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="floatright metadata"> <table style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: .5em 0 .5em 1em; border-spacing: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 40px; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0.5em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> har en <i><b><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ur:">upplaga på <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">Urdu</span></a></b></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu&oldid=56346428">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu&oldid=56346428</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kategori:Indoariska språk">Indoariska språk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Iranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kategori:Iranska språk">Iranska språk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Pakistan" title="Kategori:Språk i Pakistan">Språk i Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Afghanistan" title="Kategori:Språk i Afghanistan">Språk i Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Iran" title="Kategori:Språk i Iran">Språk i Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Tadzjikistan" title="Kategori:Språk i Tadzjikistan">Språk i Tadzjikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Fiji" title="Kategori:Språk i Fiji">Språk i Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Indien" title="Kategori:Språk i Indien">Språk i Indien</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 28 november 2024 kl. 12.17.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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