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It reveals a greater degree of continuity between the two than scholars have" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uio.academia.edu/mikaelmales" /> <meta name="description" content="This article explores Old Norse metrical developments in the ninth century, focusing on the only securely datable evidence we have: the Rök stanza and Bragi’s poetry. It reveals a greater degree of continuity between the two than scholars have" /> <title>(PDF) THE EARLIEST OLD NORSE METRICS | mikael males - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/110739501/THE_EARLIEST_OLD_NORSE_METRICS" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9387f500ddcbb8d05c67bef28a2fe0334f1aafb8'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733030180000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733030180000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article explores Old Norse metrical developments in the ninth century, focusing on the only securely datable evidence we have: the Rök stanza and Bragi’s poetry. It reveals a greater degree of continuity between the two than scholars have previously assumed, and it clarifies fundamental dynamics in the emergence of dróttkvætt that have hitherto been obscured by an unwarranted analytical dichotomy. It also presents the first detailed metrical analysis of the Rök stanza, specifying how far its form has proceeded from the shared Germanic one towards later, specifically Old Norse forms. While Bragi’s metrical practices are usually grouped together with those of other early poets, this article also clarifies how he differs from these in ways that are most plaus\u0002ibly explained by the fact that he represents the earliest attested stage of dróttkvætt poetry.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"mikael males"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-12-06","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2023-01-01","headline":"THE EARLIEST OLD NORSE METRICS","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Old Norse Literature","Verse Form \u0026 Metre"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Filologia germanica 15","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/110739501/THE_EARLIEST_OLD_NORSE_METRICS","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uio"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F110739501%2FTHE_EARLIEST_OLD_NORSE_METRICS%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":108463494,"identifier":"Attachment_108463494","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":110739501,"created_at":"2023-12-06T10:41:10.030-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-12-06T20:13:06.437-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This article explores Old Norse metrical developments in the ninth century, focusing on the only securely datable evidence we have: the Rök stanza and Bragi’s poetry. It reveals a greater degree of continuity between the two than scholars have previously assumed, and it clarifies fundamental dynamics in the emergence of dróttkvætt that have hitherto been obscured by an unwarranted analytical dichotomy. It also presents the first detailed metrical analysis of the Rök stanza, specifying how far its form has \nproceeded from the shared Germanic one towards later, specifically Old Norse forms. \nWhile Bragi’s metrical practices are usually grouped together with those of other early poets, this article also clarifies how he differs from these in ways that are most plaus\u0002ibly explained by the fact that he represents the earliest attested stage of dróttkvætt poetry.","publication_date":"2023,,","publication_name":"Filologia germanica 15"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"THE EARLIEST OLD NORSE METRICS","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [9002422]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":108463494,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “THE EARLIEST OLD NORSE METRICS”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/108463494/mini_magick20231206-1-w25pmc.png?1701888106" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">THE EARLIEST OLD NORSE METRICS</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9002422" href="https://uio.academia.edu/mikaelmales"><img alt="Profile image of mikael males" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/9002422/12764115/14193957/s65_mikael.males.png" />mikael males</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Filologia germanica 15</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article explores Old Norse metrical developments in the ninth century, focusing on the only securely datable evidence we have: the Rök stanza and Bragi’s poetry. It reveals a greater degree of continuity between the two than scholars have previously assumed, and it clarifies fundamental dynamics in the emergence of dróttkvætt that have hitherto been obscured by an unwarranted analytical dichotomy. It also presents the first detailed metrical analysis of the Rök stanza, specifying how far its form has proceeded from the shared Germanic one towards later, specifically Old Norse forms. While Bragi’s metrical practices are usually grouped together with those of other early poets, this article also clarifies how he differs from these in ways that are most plausibly explained by the fact that he represents the earliest attested stage of dróttkvætt poetry.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":108463494,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/110739501/THE_EARLIEST_OLD_NORSE_METRICS"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":108463494,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/110739501/THE_EARLIEST_OLD_NORSE_METRICS"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="108463494" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/110739501/THE_EARLIEST_OLD_NORSE_METRICS" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="85439942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85439942/Review_Poetic_Style_and_Innovation_in_Old_English_Old_Norse_and_Old_Saxon_Megan_E_Hartman_">Review: Poetic Style and Innovation in Old English, Old Norse, and Old Saxon (Megan E. 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Pascual</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In an attempt to refute the traditional notion that portions of Widsið were composed before the adventus Saxonum, Eric Weiskott recently resurrected a dating method employed by early twentieth-century literary historians, which consists of checking the forms that the half-lines of a poetic text would have had in prehistoric Old English against the well-known four-position rule of historical verse construction in order to establish a terminus a quo for its composition. This method is thus predicated on the assumption that the four-position principle obtained before the occurrence of certain prehistoric sound changes. The present essay advances a series of arguments that demonstrate that the four-position rule is the result of the evolution of the Old English language, and that it is therefore wrong to assume that it was already operative in the prehistory of Old English.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Old English Metrical History and the Composition of Widsið","attachmentId":43721851,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17472553/Old_English_Metrical_History_and_the_Composition_of_Widsi%C3%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17472553/Old_English_Metrical_History_and_the_Composition_of_Widsi%C3%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="123367029" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123367029/Rhyme_in_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_from_Old_Germanic_Inheritance_to_Contemporary_Poetic_Ecology_III_The_Old_Norse_Poetic_Ecology">Rhyme in dróttkvætt, from Old Germanic Inheritance to Contemporary Poetic Ecology III: The Old Norse Poetic Ecology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Metrica et Poetica 11(1): 7–43, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper is the third in a three-part series that develops a model for the background of rhyme in Old Norse dróttkvætt poetry as a formalization of the same form of rhyme found across Old Germanic poetries. The first paper in this series outlined the argument and its background. The second paper explored rhyme in Old Germanic poetries outside of Old Norse. The present paper introduces rhyme in Old Norse eddic poetries in relation to what was found in other Old Germanic traditions. It then turns to dróttkvætt, discussed in relation to the broader poetic ecology in which it emerged and developed, and considers how dróttkvætt impacted that ecology and uses of rhyme in eddic poetry. Although the ultimate origin of dróttkvætt remains obscure, the discussion of rhyme in dróttkvætt requires a discussion of the history of the meter, here situated in relation to other developments in the poetic ecology that point to greater attention to cadence and rhyme under conditions conducive to formalizing a stanzaic structure. However, this exploration of the history of the poetic form highlights that rhyme may have been a secondary development of the basic meter, formalizing what began as an optional added feature that may have had only a marginal metrical role.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rhyme in dróttkvætt, from Old Germanic Inheritance to Contemporary Poetic Ecology III: The Old Norse Poetic Ecology","attachmentId":117814865,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123367029/Rhyme_in_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_from_Old_Germanic_Inheritance_to_Contemporary_Poetic_Ecology_III_The_Old_Norse_Poetic_Ecology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123367029/Rhyme_in_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_from_Old_Germanic_Inheritance_to_Contemporary_Poetic_Ecology_III_The_Old_Norse_Poetic_Ecology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="19946605" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19946605/Metrical_Systems_of_Celtic_Traditions">Metrical Systems of Celtic Traditions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40808855" href="https://nuim.academia.edu/DavidStifter">David Stifter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">in: Grammarians, Skalds and Rune Carvers – Interfaces and Interrelations. Edited by Michael Schulte and Robert Nedoma [= NOWELE 69], Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metrical Systems of Celtic Traditions","attachmentId":52900813,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19946605/Metrical_Systems_of_Celtic_Traditions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19946605/Metrical_Systems_of_Celtic_Traditions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="14333546" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14333546/Mythological_Names_and_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Formulae_III_From_Metric_Structural_Type_to_Compositional_System">Mythological Names and dróttkvætt Formulae III: From Metric-Structural Type to Compositional System</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Metrica et Poetica 2(1), 2015: 7–33., 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article explores patterns of language use in oral poetry within a variety of semantic formula. Such a formula may vary its surface texture in relation to phonic demands of the metrical environment in which it is realised. This is the third part of a four-part series based on metrically entangled kennings in Old Norse dróttkvætt poetry as primary material. Old Norse kennings present a semantic formula of a particular type which is valuable as an example owing to the extremes of textural variation that it enables. The study concentrates on two-element kennings meaning ‘battle’. The first part in this series introduced the approach to kennings as semantic formulae and illustrated their formulaicity through evidence of the preferred lexical choices with which they were realised. The second part presented a case study illustrating that preferred word choices could extend beyond the kenning to additional elements in the line like rhyme words. The third case study presented here concentrates on the potential for a formula of this type to develop a general preference for elements of the kenning to come from one semantic category rather than another without such choices being metrically motivated per se.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mythological Names and dróttkvætt Formulae III: From Metric-Structural Type to Compositional System","attachmentId":38271923,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14333546/Mythological_Names_and_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Formulae_III_From_Metric_Structural_Type_to_Compositional_System","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14333546/Mythological_Names_and_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Formulae_III_From_Metric_Structural_Type_to_Compositional_System"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="10718891" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10718891/Metrical_positions_and_their_linguistic_realisations_in_Old_Germanic_metres_a_typological_overview">Metrical positions and their linguistic realisations in Old Germanic metres: a typological overview</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26138458" href="https://kansaigaidai.academia.edu/SeiichiSuzuki">Seiichi Suzuki</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Metrica et Poetica 1, 9–38, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metrical positions and their linguistic realisations in Old Germanic metres: a typological overview","attachmentId":36604426,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10718891/Metrical_positions_and_their_linguistic_realisations_in_Old_Germanic_metres_a_typological_overview","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10718891/Metrical_positions_and_their_linguistic_realisations_in_Old_Germanic_metres_a_typological_overview"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="34819372" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34819372/The_constitutive_features_of_the_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_metre">The constitutive features of the dróttkvætt metre</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48350643" href="https://stavanger.academia.edu/KlausJohanMyrvoll">Klaus Johan Myrvoll</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Approaches to Nordic and Germanic Poetry, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines the constitutive features of the Old Norse dróttkvætt metre as it is used in poetry from the 9th to the 13th century by stating some basic rules. The rules – fifteen in all – are arranged both according to the features they address and in accordance with their specificity, beginning with stanzaic and alliterative rules that are valid for most Old Norse metres, before turning to the more specific rules of the dróttkvætt metre: position counting, different stress-patterns, internal rhyme, and finally the rather complicated rules for filling the positions. In an excursus on syllabic quantity it is concluded that bimoraic syllables in Old Norse should be regarded as metrically short.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The constitutive features of the dróttkvætt metre","attachmentId":54678379,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34819372/The_constitutive_features_of_the_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_metre","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34819372/The_constitutive_features_of_the_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_metre"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="10735321" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10735321/Oral_Poetry_as_Language_Practice_A_Perspective_on_Old_Norse_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Composition">Oral Poetry as Language Practice: A Perspective on Old Norse dróttkvætt Composition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In Song and Emergent Poetics – Laulu ja runo – Песня и видоизменяющаяся поэтика. Ed. Pekka Huttu-Hilttunen et al. Runolaulu-Akatemian Julkaisuja 18. Juminkeon Julkaisuja 119. Kuhmo: Juminkeko. Pp. 279–307., 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This is a paper from conference proceedings that offers an overview and introduction to how kennings in Old Norse skaldic poetry can become interfaced with the dróttkvætt meter as semantic formulae, their development of associations with lexical material for completing a line, and considerations of how this was related to social practice and internalizing the tradition.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oral Poetry as Language Practice: A Perspective on Old Norse dróttkvætt Composition","attachmentId":36611407,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10735321/Oral_Poetry_as_Language_Practice_A_Perspective_on_Old_Norse_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Composition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10735321/Oral_Poetry_as_Language_Practice_A_Perspective_on_Old_Norse_dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt_Composition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="47143746" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47143746/Runes_and_Verse_The_Medialities_of_Early_Scandinavian_Poetry">Runes and Verse: The Medialities of Early Scandinavian Poetry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53763" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/JudithJesch">Judith Jesch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Scandinavian Studies</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper discusses a number of versified runic inscriptions, mainly from Scandinavia, and from ca. 400 to 1400 AD, to explore what they reveal about the forms and functions of early Scandinavian poetry outside the manuscript tradition. With a particular focus on ‘authors’ and ‘audiences’, as defined by Bredehoft in his work on Anglo-Saxon inscriptions, the paper elucidates the potential oral contexts of Scandinavian runic verse and concludes that, although runic writing is a form of literacy, the examples show that for most of its history it is associated with various kinds of oral context. Runic verse shows that inscriptions provide one of the best ways into understanding the Scandinavian oral tradition, not only before the arrival of manuscript literacy, but also during its infancy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Runes and Verse: The Medialities of Early Scandinavian Poetry","attachmentId":66392813,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47143746/Runes_and_Verse_The_Medialities_of_Early_Scandinavian_Poetry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47143746/Runes_and_Verse_The_Medialities_of_Early_Scandinavian_Poetry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1825836" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1825836/Poetic_Formulas_in_Late_Medieval_Icelandic_Folk_Poetry_The_Case_of_Vambarlj%C3%B3%C3%B0">Poetic Formulas in Late Medieval Icelandic Folk Poetry: The Case of Vambarljóð</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1683325" href="https://arnastofnun.academia.edu/Haukur%C3%9Eorgeirsson">Haukur Þorgeirsson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">RMN, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Did the tradition of Eddic Poetry survive in oral transmission past the Middle Ages? A group of alliterative poems recorded from oral tradition in late 17th century Iceland share textual similarities or poetic formulas with each other and with older poetry in similar meters, including poems in the Poetic Edda. The present article contains a survey of the poetic formulas in one such poem, Vambarljóð. The article explores the reason why Vambarljóð shares formulas with older poetry and argues in favor of a continuous oral tradition rather than learned borrowings.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Poetic Formulas in Late Medieval Icelandic Folk Poetry: The Case of Vambarljóð","attachmentId":25376763,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1825836/Poetic_Formulas_in_Late_Medieval_Icelandic_Folk_Poetry_The_Case_of_Vambarlj%C3%B3%C3%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1825836/Poetic_Formulas_in_Late_Medieval_Icelandic_Folk_Poetry_The_Case_of_Vambarlj%C3%B3%C3%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":108463494,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":108463494,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_108463494" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="43266260" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43266260/Bibliography_Index_locorum_Index_verborum_Table_of_contents_Book_on_Odin_All_father_and_the_name_of_the_dvergar_dwarves_two_studies_in_Norse_poetics_and_mythology_from_a_linguistic_and_comparative_perspective_">Bibliography. Index locorum. Index verborum. Table of contents. 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class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="114532392" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114532392/Rhyme_in_dr%C3%B3ttkvaett_from_Old_Germanic_Inheritance_to_Contemporary_Poetic_Ecology_II_Rhyme_as_an_Inherited_Device_of_Old_Germanic_Verse">Rhyme in dróttkvaett, from Old Germanic Inheritance to Contemporary Poetic Ecology II: Rhyme as an Inherited Device of Old Germanic Verse</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Metrica et Poetica 10(2): 32–60, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rhyme in dróttkvaett, from Old Germanic Inheritance to Contemporary Poetic Ecology II: Rhyme as an Inherited Device of Old Germanic Verse","attachmentId":111206577,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114532392/Rhyme_in_dr%C3%B3ttkvaett_from_Old_Germanic_Inheritance_to_Contemporary_Poetic_Ecology_II_Rhyme_as_an_Inherited_Device_of_Old_Germanic_Verse","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114532392/Rhyme_in_dr%C3%B3ttkvaett_from_Old_Germanic_Inheritance_to_Contemporary_Poetic_Ecology_II_Rhyme_as_an_Inherited_Device_of_Old_Germanic_Verse"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="39895054" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39895054/Booklet_4th_International_Conference_for_East_Norse_Philology">Booklet 4th International Conference for East Norse Philology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28338545" href="https://uni-koln.academia.edu/AnjaBlode">Anja Ute Blode</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Booklet 4th International Conference for East Norse Philology","attachmentId":60080575,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39895054/Booklet_4th_International_Conference_for_East_Norse_Philology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39895054/Booklet_4th_International_Conference_for_East_Norse_Philology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37994817" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37994817/A_NEW_INTRODUCTION_TO_OLD_NORSE_pdf">A NEW INTRODUCTION TO OLD NORSE.pdf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58610628" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%C3%89gV%C3%ADkingur">Ég Víkingur</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A NEW INTRODUCTION TO OLD 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