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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_and_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Meaning and variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_and_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Epithets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_festivals_in_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_festivals_in_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Worship and festivals in Greece </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_and_festivals_in_Greece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship and festivals in Greece subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_festivals_in_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dionysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dionysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dionysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dionysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthesteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthesteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Anthesteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthesteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacchic_Mysteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacchic_Mysteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Bacchic Mysteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacchic_Mysteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleusinian_Mysteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleusinian_Mysteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Eleusinian Mysteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleusinian_Mysteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Orphism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_festivals_in_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_festivals_in_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Worship and festivals in Rome </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_and_festivals_in_Rome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship and festivals in Rome subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_festivals_in_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liber_and_importation_to_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liber_and_importation_to_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Liber and importation to Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liber_and_importation_to_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacchanalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacchanalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bacchanalia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacchanalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-classical worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-classical_worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-classical worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Late Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Worship from the Middle Ages to the Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_with_other_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_with_other_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Identification with other gods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identification_with_other_gods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identification with other gods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identification_with_other_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osiris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osiris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Osiris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osiris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Hades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sabazios_and_Yahweh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabazios_and_Yahweh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sabazios and Yahweh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabazios_and_Yahweh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Mythology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mythology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 First birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Second birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Infancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_and_invention_of_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_and_invention_of_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Travels and invention of wine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_and_invention_of_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Return to Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captivity_and_escape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captivity_and_escape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Captivity and escape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captivity_and_escape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descent_to_the_underworld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descent_to_the_underworld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Descent to the underworld </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descent_to_the_underworld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Secondary myths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Midas'_golden_touch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midas'_golden_touch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.1 Midas' golden touch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midas'_golden_touch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Love_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Love_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.2 Love affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Love_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.3 Other myths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Iconography and depictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography_and_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Iconography and depictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Classical art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Early modern art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_literature_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_literature_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Modern literature and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_literature_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_film_and_performance_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_film_and_performance_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Modern film and performance art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_film_and_performance_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallels_with_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallels_with_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Parallels with Christianity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parallels_with_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Parallels with Christianity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Parallels_with_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_and_resurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_resurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Death and resurrection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_resurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_parallels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Other parallels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Genealogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dionysus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" > 95 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionusos" title="Dionusos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dionusos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AE%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B6%E1%88%B5" title="ዲዮኒሶስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲዮኒሶስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ديونيسوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديونيسوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%ADs" title="Dionís – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dionís" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ডাইঅ'নিছাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডাইঅ'নিছাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionis" title="Dionis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dionis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C" title="دیونیسوس‌ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیونیسوس‌" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8" title="দিয়োনুসোস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দিয়োনুসোস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dionysus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Дыяніс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяніс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дионис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дионис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionis" title="Dionis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dionis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%ADs" title="Dionís – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dionís" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дионис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дионис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%BDsos" title="Dionýsos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dionýsos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dionysus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διόνυσος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διόνυσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionizo" title="Dionizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dionizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="دیونیزوس (باکوس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیونیزوس (باکوس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dionysus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%ADsias" title="Dinísias – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dinísias" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="디오니소스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디오니소스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Դիոնիսոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիոնիսոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8" title="डायोनाइसस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डायोनाइसस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniz" title="Dioniz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dioniz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisos" title="Dionisos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dionisos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADon%C3%BDsos" title="Díonýsos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Díonýsos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1" title="דיוניסוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיוניסוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94" title="დიონისე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიონისე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дионис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дионис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%AEsos" title="Dionîsos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dionîsos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C4%ABss" title="Dionīss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dionīss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisas" title="Dionisas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dionisas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%BCszosz" title="Dionüszosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dionüszosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дионис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дионис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B4nis%C3%B4sy" title="Diônisôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Diônisôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡൈനീഷ്യസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡൈനീഷ്യസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ديونيسوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديونيسوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%81" title="ꯗꯥꯌꯣꯅꯤꯁꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗꯥꯌꯣꯅꯤꯁꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဒိုင်ယာနိုက်ဆပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒိုင်ယာနိုက်ဆပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos_(mythologie)" title="Dionysos (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dionysos (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B9" title="ディオニューソス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディオニューソス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%ADs" title="Dionís – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dionís" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionis" title="Dionis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dionis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B8" title="ਡੀਓਨਾਇਸਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀਓਨਾਇਸਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="دیانوسس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیانوسس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ډيونيسوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډيونيسوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionizos" title="Dionizos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dionizos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniso" title="Dioniso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dioniso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionis" title="Dionis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dionis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дионис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дионис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dionysus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisi" title="Dionisi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dionisi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisu" title="Dionisu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dionisu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dionysus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion%C3%BDzos" title="Dionýzos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dionýzos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniz" title="Dioniz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dioniz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дионис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дионис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioniz" title="Dioniz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dioniz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dionysus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="டயோனிசசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டயோனிசசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionis" title="Dionis – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Dionis" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ไดอะไนซัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไดอะไนซัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisos" title="Dionisos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dionisos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Діоніс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діоніс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="دیانوسس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیانوسس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionis" title="Dionis – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Dionis" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysos" title="Dionysos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dionysos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinixh" title="Dinixh – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dinixh" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysos&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek god of winemaking and wine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dionysius" title="Dionysius">Dionysius</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dionysos_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dionysos (disambiguation)">Dionysos (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bacchus (disambiguation)">Bacchus (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bachus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bachus (disambiguation)">Bachus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #CEF2E0;">Dionysus<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Bacchus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of wine, vegetation, fertility, festivity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg/220px-Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="434" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg/330px-Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg/440px-Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="3350" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman sculpture">Second-century Roman statue</a> of Dionysus, after a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#Sculpture" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic model</a> (ex-coll. <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animals</th><td class="infobox-data">Bull, <a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">panther</a>, tiger or lion, goat, snake, leopard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">Thyrsus</a>, grapevine, ivy, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_and_tragedy_masks" title="Comedy and tragedy masks">theatrical masks</a>, phallus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</a> (Roman), <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> (Orphic)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a> (foster parent)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zeus#Offspring" title="Zeus">Several paternal half-siblings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Lemnos)" title="Thoas (king of Lemnos)">Thoas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staphylus" title="Staphylus">Staphylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oenopion" title="Oenopion">Oenopion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Graces" class="mw-redirect" title="Graces">Graces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deianira" title="Deianira">Deianira</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data">Bacchus, <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">myth</a>, Dionysus (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/daɪ.əˈnaɪsəs/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Διόνυσος">Διόνυσος</a> Dionysos) is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, <a href="/wiki/Festivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivity">festivity</a>, insanity, ritual madness, <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious ecstasy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He was also known as Bacchus (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbækəs/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɑːkəs/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Βάκχος">Βάκχος</a> Bacchos) by the Greeks (a name later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>) for a frenzy he is said to induce called baccheia.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As Dionysus Eleutherius ("the liberator"), his wine, music, and ecstatic dance free his followers from self-conscious fear and care, and subvert the oppressive restraints of the powerful.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">thyrsus</a>, a fennel-stem sceptre, sometimes wound with ivy and dripping with honey, is both a beneficent wand and a weapon used to destroy those who oppose his <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">cult</a> and the freedoms he represents.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Those who partake of his mysteries are believed to become possessed and empowered by the god himself.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> His origins are uncertain, and his cults took many forms; some are described by ancient sources as <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a>, others as Greek.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a>, he was variously a son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> or underworld aspect of Zeus; or the twice-born son of Zeus and the mortal <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a> identify him with <a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a>, the son or husband of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>. Most accounts say he was born in Thrace, traveled abroad, and arrived in Greece as a foreigner. His attribute of "foreignness" as an arriving outsider-god may be inherent and essential to his cults, as he is a god of <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">epiphany</a>, sometimes called "the god who comes".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Wine was a religious focus in the cult of Dionysus and was his earthly incarnation.<a href="#cite_note-julian-13">[13]</a> Wine could ease suffering, bring joy, and inspire divine madness.<a href="#cite_note-iconography-14">[14]</a> Festivals of Dionysus included the performance of sacred dramas enacting his myths, the initial driving force behind the <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">development of theatre in Western culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brockett-15">[15]</a> The cult of Dionysus is also a "cult of the souls"; his <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a> feed the dead through blood-offerings, and he acts as a divine communicant between the living and the dead.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He is sometimes categorised as a <a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">dying-and-rising god</a>.<a href="#cite_note-corrente2012-17">[17]</a> Romans identified Bacchus with their own Liber Pater, the "Free Father" of the <a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a> festival, patron of viniculture, wine and male fertility, and guardian of the traditions, rituals and freedoms attached to coming of age and citizenship, but the Roman state treated independent, popular festivals of Bacchus (<a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</a>) as subversive, partly because their free mixing of classes and genders transgressed traditional social and moral constraints. Celebration of the Bacchanalia was made a capital offence, except in the toned-down forms and greatly diminished congregations approved and supervised by the State. Festivals of Bacchus were merged with those of Liber and Dionysus. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg/220px-Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg/330px-Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg/440px-Dionysos_kantharos_BM_B589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus extending a drinking cup (<a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a>) (late sixth century BC)</figcaption></figure> The dio- prefix in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Διόνυσος">Διόνυσος</a> (Diónūsos; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[di.ó.nyː.sos]</a>) has been associated since antiquity with Zeus (<a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> Dios), and the variants of the name seem to point to an original *Dios-nysos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337-18">[18]</a> The earliest attestation is the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> form <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style>𐀇𐀺𐀝𐀰 (di-wo-nu-so),<a href="#cite_note-:6-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337-18">[18]</a> featured on two tablets that had been found at <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> and dated to the twelfth or thirteenth century BC. At that time, there could be no certainty on whether this was indeed a <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> but the 1989–90 Greek-Swedish Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Kastelli_Hill" title="Kastelli Hill">Kastelli Hill</a>, Chania, unearthed, inter alia, four artefacts bearing Linear B inscriptions; among them, the inscription on item KH Gq 5 is thought to confirm Dionysus's early worship.<a href="#cite_note-KHGq5-22">[22]</a> In Mycenaean Greek the form of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> is di-wo.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The second element -nūsos is of unknown origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337-18">[18]</a> It is perhaps associated with Mount <a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a>, the birthplace of the god in Greek mythology, where he was nursed by nymphs (the <a href="/wiki/Nysiads" title="Nysiads">Nysiads</a>),<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a> had postulated nũsa as an archaic word for "tree" by the sixth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> On a vase of <a href="/wiki/Sophilos" title="Sophilos">Sophilos</a> the Nysiads are named νύσαι (nusae).<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Nilsson_1967_p.567-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Kretschmer</a> asserted that νύση (nusē) is a <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> word that has the same meaning as νύμφη (nýmphē), a word similar with νυός (nuos) (daughter in law, or bride, I-E *snusós, Sanskr. snusā).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> He suggested that the male form is νῦσος (nūsos) and this would make Dionysus the "son of Zeus".<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Nilsson_1967_p.567-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a> believed that the name Dionysus means "young Zeus".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a> has suggested a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a> origin of the name, since all attempts to find an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> etymology are doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-:6-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_and_variants">Meaning and variants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meaning and variants">edit</a>]</div> Later variants include Dionūsos and Diōnūsos in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>; Dien(n)ūsos in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>; Deonūsos and Deunūsos in <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>; and Dinnūsos in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a>, besides other variants. A Dio- prefix is found in other names, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Dioscures" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscures">Dioscures</a>, and may derive from Dios, the genitive of the name of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Nonnus, in his <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a>, writes that the name Dionysus means "Zeus-limp" and that Hermes named the new born Dionysus this, "because Zeus while he carried his burden lifted one foot with a limp from the weight of his thigh, and nysos in Syracusan language means limping".<a href="#cite_note-9.20–24-31">[31]</a> In his note to these lines, <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">W. H. D. Rouse</a> writes "It need hardly be said that these etymologies are wrong".<a href="#cite_note-9.20–24-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, a Byzantine encyclopedia based on classical sources, states that Dionysus was so named "from accomplishing [διανύειν] for each of those who live the wild life. Or from providing [διανοεῖν] everything for those who live the wild life."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/220px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/330px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/440px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus triumph, a mosaic from the House of Poseidon, <a href="/wiki/Zeugma_Mosaic_Museum" title="Zeugma Mosaic Museum">Zeugma Mosaic Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Academics in the nineteenth century, using study of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative mythology</a>, often regarded Dionysus as a foreign deity who was only reluctantly accepted into the standard Greek pantheon at a relatively late date, based on his myths which often involve this theme—a god who spends much of his time on earth abroad, and struggles for acceptance when he returns to Greece. However, more recent evidence has shown that Dionysus was in fact one of the earliest gods attested in mainland Greek culture.<a href="#cite_note-iconography-14">[14]</a> The earliest written records of Dionysus worship come from <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, specifically in and around the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nestor" title="Palace of Nestor">Palace of Nestor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, dated to around 1300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Kerenyi-33">[33]</a> The details of any religion surrounding Dionysus in this period are scant, and most evidence comes in the form only of his name, written as di-wo-nu-su-jo ("Dionysoio" = 'of Dionysus') in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, preserved on fragments of clay tablets that indicate a connection to offerings or payments of wine, which was described as being "of Dionysus". References have also been uncovered to "women of Oinoa", the "place of wine", who may correspond to the Dionysian women of later periods.<a href="#cite_note-Kerenyi-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0320_-_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens_-_Golden_naiskos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_11_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Golden_naiskos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/220px-0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Golden_naiskos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Golden_naiskos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/330px-0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Golden_naiskos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Golden_naiskos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/440px-0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Golden_naiskos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Golden naiskos with Dionysus, 2nd cent. BC.</figcaption></figure> Other Mycenaean records from Pylos record the worship of a god named Eleuther, who was the son of Zeus, and to whom oxen were sacrificed. The link to both Zeus and oxen, as well as etymological links between the name Eleuther or Eleutheros with the Latin name <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber Pater</a>, indicates that this may have been another name for Dionysus. According to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Károly Kerényi</a>, these clues suggest that even in the thirteenth century BC, the core religion of Dionysus was in place, as were his important myths. At <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> in Minoan <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, men were often given the name "Pentheus", who is a figure in later Dionysian myth and which also means "suffering". Kerényi argued that to give such a name to one's child implies a strong religious connection, potentially not the separate character of <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a> who suffers at the hands of Dionysus' followers in later myths, but as an epithet of Dionysus himself, whose mythology describes a god who must endure suffering before triumphing over it. According to Kerényi, the title of "man who suffers" likely originally referred to the god himself, only being applied to distinct characters as the myth developed.<a href="#cite_note-Kerenyi-33">[33]</a> The oldest known image of Dionysus, accompanied by his name, is found on a <a href="/wiki/Dinos" title="Dinos">dinos</a> by the Attic potter <a href="/wiki/Sophilos" title="Sophilos">Sophilos</a> around 570 BC and is located in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> By the seventh century, iconography found on pottery shows that Dionysus was already worshiped as more than just a god associated with wine. He was associated with weddings, death, sacrifice, and sexuality, and his retinue of satyrs and dancers was already established. A common theme in these early depictions was the metamorphosis, at the hand of the god, of his followers into hybrid creatures, usually represented by both tame and wild <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a>, representing the transition from civilized life back to nature as a means of escape.<a href="#cite_note-iconography-14">[14]</a> While scholarly references are scarce, there exists a notable overlap between the Greco-Roman Dionysus and the Hindu god Shiva. Shared iconography and background include a crescent or horns on the head, panther or tiger skins, serpents, phallic symbolism (Shiva lingam), association as a wanderer and outcaste and association with ritual ecstasy. Shiva is understood to be one of a triple godhead that includes Vishnu and Brahma. Dionysus is noted in several references with an association with the east and India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A Mycenaean variant of Bacchus was thought to have been "a divine child" abandoned by his mother and eventually raised by "<a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddesses</a>, or even animals."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epithets">Epithets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epithets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bassareus" redirects here. For the genus of beetle, see <a href="/wiki/Bassareus_(beetle)" title="Bassareus (beetle)">Bassareus (beetle)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_satyr_Altemps_Inv8606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dionysos_satyr_Altemps_Inv8606.jpg/220px-Dionysos_satyr_Altemps_Inv8606.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dionysos_satyr_Altemps_Inv8606.jpg/330px-Dionysos_satyr_Altemps_Inv8606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dionysos_satyr_Altemps_Inv8606.jpg/440px-Dionysos_satyr_Altemps_Inv8606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3561" /></a><figcaption>The over-life size second-century AD <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Dionysus" title="Ludovisi Dionysus">Ludovisi Dionysus</a>, with panther, satyr and grapes on a vine, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Altemps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Altemps">Palazzo Altemps</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/220px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/330px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/440px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4847" data-file-height="3633" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_mosaic,_Dion" title="Dionysus mosaic, Dion">Dionysus mosaic</a>, from the Villa of Dionysus (second century AD) in <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Dion, Greece">Dion, Greece</a>, Archeological Museum of Dion.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchus_and_Silenus_BM_1899.2-15.1_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bacchus_and_Silenus_BM_1899.2-15.1_n01.jpg/220px-Bacchus_and_Silenus_BM_1899.2-15.1_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bacchus_and_Silenus_BM_1899.2-15.1_n01.jpg/330px-Bacchus_and_Silenus_BM_1899.2-15.1_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bacchus_and_Silenus_BM_1899.2-15.1_n01.jpg/440px-Bacchus_and_Silenus_BM_1899.2-15.1_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="2831" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman fresco</a> depicting Bacchus, <a href="/wiki/Boscoreale" title="Boscoreale">Boscoreale</a>, c. 30 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crat%C3%A8re_de_Derveni_0031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crat%C3%A8re_de_Derveni_0031.jpg/220px-Crat%C3%A8re_de_Derveni_0031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crat%C3%A8re_de_Derveni_0031.jpg/330px-Crat%C3%A8re_de_Derveni_0031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crat%C3%A8re_de_Derveni_0031.jpg/440px-Crat%C3%A8re_de_Derveni_0031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus on the <a href="/wiki/Derveni_krater" class="mw-redirect" title="Derveni krater">Derveni krater</a>.</figcaption></figure> Dionysus was variably known with the following <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a>: Acratophorus, Ἀκρατοφόρος ("giver of unmixed wine"), at <a href="/wiki/Phigaleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phigaleia">Phigaleia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Acroreites at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Adoneus, a rare archaism in Roman literature, a Latinised form of <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, used as epithet for Bacchus.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Aegobolus Αἰγοβόλος ("goat-shooter") at <a href="/wiki/Potniae" title="Potniae">Potniae</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Aesymnetes" title="Dionysus Aesymnetes">Aesymnetes</a> Αἰσυμνήτης ("ruler" or "lord") at Aroë and <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patrae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>. Agrios Ἄγριος ("wild"), in <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonia</a>. Androgynos Ἀνδρόγυνος (<a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a>, specifically in intercourse) referring to the god taking both an active male and a passive female role. It is subversive for Dionysus to receive anal sex; a high status male was <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">expected</a> to penetrate his youthful lovers.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Anthroporraistes, Ἀνθρωπορραίστης ("man-destroyer"), a title of Dionysus at Tenedos.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Bassareus, Βασσαρεύς a Thracian name for Dionysus, which derives from bassaris or "fox-skin", which item was worn by his cultists in their mysteries.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Bougenes, Βουγενής or Βοηγενής ("borne by a cow"), in the Mysteries of <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met,_roman,_sarcophagus_with_dyonisus_on_a_panther_w._attendants,_four_seasons,_tellus_and_ocean_220-230_ca._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Met%2C_roman%2C_sarcophagus_with_dyonisus_on_a_panther_w._attendants%2C_four_seasons%2C_tellus_and_ocean_220-230_ca._02.JPG/220px-Met%2C_roman%2C_sarcophagus_with_dyonisus_on_a_panther_w._attendants%2C_four_seasons%2C_tellus_and_ocean_220-230_ca._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Met%2C_roman%2C_sarcophagus_with_dyonisus_on_a_panther_w._attendants%2C_four_seasons%2C_tellus_and_ocean_220-230_ca._02.JPG/330px-Met%2C_roman%2C_sarcophagus_with_dyonisus_on_a_panther_w._attendants%2C_four_seasons%2C_tellus_and_ocean_220-230_ca._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Met%2C_roman%2C_sarcophagus_with_dyonisus_on_a_panther_w._attendants%2C_four_seasons%2C_tellus_and_ocean_220-230_ca._02.JPG/440px-Met%2C_roman%2C_sarcophagus_with_dyonisus_on_a_panther_w._attendants%2C_four_seasons%2C_tellus_and_ocean_220-230_ca._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Marble sarcophagus with the Triumph of Dionysos, who is riding a panther, with attendants, the Four Seasons, Tellus and Ocean, c. 220-230</figcaption></figure> Braetes, Βραίτης ("related to beer") at <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Brisaeus, Βρισαῖος, a surname of Dionysus, derived either from mount Brisa in Lesbos or from a nymph Brisa, who was said to have brought up the god.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Briseus, Βρῑσεύς ("he who prevails") in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bromius" title="Bromius">Bromios</a> Βρόμιος ("roaring", as of the wind, primarily relating to the central death/resurrection element of the myth,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> but also the god's transformations into lion and bull,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and the boisterousness of those who drink alcohol. Also cognate with the "roar of thunder", which refers to Dionysus' father, Zeus "the thunderer".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>) Choiropsalas χοιροψάλας ("pig-plucker": Greek χοῖρος = "pig", also used as a slang term for the female genitalia). A reference to Dionysus's role as a fertility deity.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Chthonios Χθόνιος ("the subterranean")<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Cistophorus Κιστοφόρος ("basket-bearer, ivy-bearer"), Alludes To baskets being sacred to the god.<a href="#cite_note-Suidas-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Dimetor Διμήτωρ ("twice-born") Refers to Dionysus's two births.<a href="#cite_note-Suidas-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Dendrites Δενδρίτης ("of the trees"), as a fertility god.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dithyrambos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dithyrambos">Dithyrambos</a>, Διθύραμβος used at his festivals, referring to his premature birth. Eleutherios Ἐλευθέριος ("the liberator"), an epithet shared with <a href="/wiki/Eros_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (god)">Eros</a>. Endendros ("he in the tree").<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enorches" title="Enorches">Enorches</a> ("with balls"),<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> with reference to his fertility, or "in the testicles" in reference to Zeus' sewing the baby Dionysus "into his thigh", understood to mean his testicles).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>. Eridromos ("good-running"), in Nonnus' Dionysiaca.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Erikryptos Ἐρίκρυπτος ("completely hidden"), in Macedonia. Euaster (Εὐαστήρ), from the cry "euae".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Euius (Euios), from the cry "euae" in lyric passages, and in <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' play, <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a>, Ἴακχος a possible epithet of Dionysus, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, he is known as a son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>. The name "Iacchus" may come from the Ιακχος (Iakchos), a hymn sung in honor of Dionysus. Indoletes, Ἰνδολέτης, meaning slayer/killer of Indians. Due to his campaign against the Indians.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Conquest_of_India_by_Dionysus_at_the_archaeological_museum_of_S%C3%A9tif,_ca._200%E2%80%93300_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_Conquest_of_India_by_Dionysus_at_the_archaeological_museum_of_S%C3%A9tif%2C_ca._200%E2%80%93300_CE.jpg/220px-The_Conquest_of_India_by_Dionysus_at_the_archaeological_museum_of_S%C3%A9tif%2C_ca._200%E2%80%93300_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_Conquest_of_India_by_Dionysus_at_the_archaeological_museum_of_S%C3%A9tif%2C_ca._200%E2%80%93300_CE.jpg/330px-The_Conquest_of_India_by_Dionysus_at_the_archaeological_museum_of_S%C3%A9tif%2C_ca._200%E2%80%93300_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_Conquest_of_India_by_Dionysus_at_the_archaeological_museum_of_S%C3%A9tif%2C_ca._200%E2%80%93300_CE.jpg/440px-The_Conquest_of_India_by_Dionysus_at_the_archaeological_museum_of_S%C3%A9tif%2C_ca._200%E2%80%93300_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The Conquest of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by Dionysus at the archaeological museum of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a>, c. 200–300 AD</figcaption></figure> Isodaetes, Ισοδαίτης, meaning "he who distributes equal portions", cult epithet also shared with Helios.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Kemilius, Κεμήλιος (kemas: "young deer, pricket").<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Liknites ("he of the winnowing fan"), as a fertility god connected with <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery religions</a>. A winnowing fan was used to separate the chaff from the grain. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNRPalMassimoBaccoTesta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MNRPalMassimoBaccoTesta.jpg/220px-MNRPalMassimoBaccoTesta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MNRPalMassimoBaccoTesta.jpg/330px-MNRPalMassimoBaccoTesta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MNRPalMassimoBaccoTesta.jpg/440px-MNRPalMassimoBaccoTesta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Dionysus" title="Tiber Dionysus">Detail of the bronze Ponte Garibaldi Bacchus</a>, Palazzo Massimo, Rome</figcaption></figure> Lenaius, Ληναῖος ("god of the wine-press") <a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Lyaeus, or Lyaios (Λυαῖος, "deliverer", literally "loosener"), one who releases from care and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Lysius, Λύσιος ("delivering, releasing"). At Thebes there was a temple of Dionysus Lysius.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Melanaigis Μελάναιγις ("of the black goatskin") at the <a href="/wiki/Apaturia" title="Apaturia">Apaturia</a> festival. Morychus Μόρυχος ("smeared"); in Sicily, because his icon was smeared with wine <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a> at the vintage.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Mystes Μύστης ("of the mysteries") at <a href="/wiki/Korythio" title="Korythio">Korythio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Nysian Nύσιος, according to <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a>, he was called like this by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient Indians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Most probably, because according to legend he founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nysa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Oeneus, Οἰνεύς ("wine-dark") as god of the <a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">wine press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Omadios, Ωμάδιος ("eating raw flesh"<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>); <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> writes in <a href="/wiki/Preparation_for_the_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparation for the Gospel">Preparation for the Gospel</a> that Euelpis of Carystus states that in <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> they did human sacrifice to Dionysus Omadios.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-90">[90]</a> Phallen , (Φαλλήν) (probably "related to the <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a>"), at <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Phleus ("related to the bloοm of a plant").<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudanor" title="Pseudanor">Pseudanor</a> Ψευδάνωρ (literally "false man", referring to his feminine qualities), in <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonia</a>. Pericionius, Περικιόνιος ("climbing the column (ivy)", a name of Dionysus at Thebes.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Semeleios<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> (Semeleius or Semeleus),<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> an obscure epithet meaning 'He of the Earth', 'son of Semele'.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Also appears in the expression Semeleios Iakchus plutodotas ("Son of Semele, Iakchus, wealth-giver").<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Skyllitas, Σκυλλίτας ("related to the vine-branch") at Kos.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Sykites, Συκίτης ("related to figs"), at Laconia.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Taurophagus, Ταυροφάγος ("bull eating").<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Tauros Ταῦρος ("a bull"), occurs as a surname of Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Theoinus, Θέοινος (wine-god of a festival in Attica).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Τhyiοn, Θυίων ("from the festival of Dionysus 'Thyia' (Θυῐα) at Elis").<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Thyllophorus, Θυλλοφόρος ("bearing leaves"), at Kos.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In the Greek <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a>, Dionysus (along with <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>) absorbs the role of <a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> deity. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman pantheon</a>, Sabazius became an alternative name for Bacchus.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_festivals_in_Greece">Worship and festivals in Greece</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worship and festivals in Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">Cult of Dionysus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laurel wreath"><img alt="Laurel wreath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/80px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/120px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/160px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean deities">Mycenaean deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Sacred Islands</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Sacred Mountains</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kyllini" title="Mount Kyllini">Mount Kyllini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Othrys" title="Mount Othrys">Mount Othrys</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Sanctuaries</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Other</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Zeus">Cave of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Greek_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><table class="sidebar-subgroup" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic deities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> Lesser deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic Egg">Orphic Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld and Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miasma (Greek mythology)">Miasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Greek Heroic Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divine and Reality</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron">Apeiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Anamnesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9" title="Epoché">Epoché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">Katalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Soul</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Plato's theory of soul</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule#Ancient_Greece" title="Golden Rule">Ethic of Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikei%C3%B4sis" title="Oikeiôsis">Oikeiôsis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Worship</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Agalma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyramb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgion" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgion">Orgion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sacrifices and Offerings</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holokaustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal Sacrifice</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Temples and holy sites</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Meditation and Charity</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Rites of passage</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral Rites</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Festivals</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnephoria" title="Daphnephoria">Daphnephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrephoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrephoria">Arrephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis#Local_cult" title="Nemesis">Genesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Khalkeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Three Monthly Festivals</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deipnon" title="Deipnon">Deipnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noumenia" title="Noumenia">Noumenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Religious Games</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Herakleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <dl><dd>Ancient</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian (emperor)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Corpus Hermeticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_sanctuaries_in_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greek sanctuaries in Greece">Pilgrimage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_tolerance_of_Paganism_from_Julian_until_Valens" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration and tolerance of Paganism from Julian until Valens">Julian restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)#21st_century_and_official_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Modern Restoration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The worship of Dionysus had become firmly established by the seventh century BC.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> He may have been worshiped as early as c. 1500–1100 BC by <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean Greeks</a>;<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-KHGq5-22">[22]</a> and traces of Dionysian-type cult have also been found in ancient <a href="/wiki/Minoan_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Crete">Minoan Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kerenyi-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dionysia">Dionysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dionysia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a> festivals were dedicated to Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rural_Dionysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Dionysia">Rural Dionysia</a> (or Lesser Dionysia) was one of the oldest festivals dedicated to Dionysus, begun in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, and probably celebrated the cultivation of wines. It was held during the winter month of Poseideon (the time surrounding the winter solstice, modern December or January). The Rural Dionysia centered on a procession, during which participants carried phalluses, long loaves of bread, jars of water and wine as well as other offerings, and young girls carried baskets. The procession was followed by a series of dramatic performances and drama competitions.<a href="#cite_note-athens_festivals-121">[121]</a> The City Dionysia (or Greater Dionysia) took place in urban centers such as <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, and was a later development, probably beginning during the sixth century BC. Held three months after the Rural Dionysia, the Greater festival fell near the spring equinox in the month of Elaphebolion (modern March or April). The procession of the City Dionysia was similar to that of the rural celebrations, but more elaborate, and led by participants carrying a wooden statue of Dionysus, and including sacrificial bulls and ornately dressed choruses. The dramatic competitions of the Greater Dionysia also featured more noteworthy poets and playwrights, and prizes for both dramatists and actors in multiple categories.<a href="#cite_note-athens_festivals-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brockett-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anthesteria">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a> (Ἀνθεστήρια) was an Athenian festival that celebrated the beginning of spring. It spanned three days: Pithoigia (Πιθοίγια, "Jar-Opening"), Choes (Χοαί, "The Pouring") and Chythroi (Χύτροι "The Pots").<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a> It was said the dead arose from the underworld during the span of the festival. Along with the souls of the dead, the <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a> also wandered through the city and had to be banished when the festival ended.<a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a> On the first day, Wine vats were opened.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The wine was opened and mixed in honour of the god.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The rooms and the drinking vessels were adorned with flowers along with children over three years of age.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a> On the second day, a solemn ritual for Dionysus occurred along with drinking. People dressed up, sometimes as members of Dionysus's entourage, and visited others. Choes was also the occasion of a solemn and secret ceremony in one of the sanctuaries of Dionysus in the Lenaeum, which was closed for the rest of the year. The basilissa (or basilinna), wife of the basileus, underwent a symbolic ceremonial marriage to the god, possibly representing a <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">Hieros gamos</a>. The basilissa was assisted by fourteen Athenian matrons (called <a href="/wiki/Gerarai" title="Gerarai">Gerarai</a>) who were chosen by the basileus and sworn to secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-126">[126]</a> The last day was dedicated to the dead. Offerings were also offered to <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, due to his connection to the underworld. It was considered a day of merrymaking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a> Some poured <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">Libations</a> on the tombs of deceased relatives. Chythroi ended with a ritual cry intended to order the souls of the dead to return to the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-:5-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a> were also banished from the festival on the last day.<a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a> To protect themselves from evil, people chewed leaves of whitethorn and smeared their doors with tar to protect themselves. The festival also allowed servants and slaves to participate in the festivities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacchic_Mysteries">Bacchic Mysteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bacchic Mysteries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism (religion)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchic_procession,_Colosseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bacchic_procession%2C_Colosseum.jpg/300px-Bacchic_procession%2C_Colosseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bacchic_procession%2C_Colosseum.jpg/450px-Bacchic_procession%2C_Colosseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bacchic_procession%2C_Colosseum.jpg/600px-Bacchic_procession%2C_Colosseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>Marble relief of a Maenad and two satyrs in a Bacchic procession. AD 100, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</figcaption></figure> The central religious cult of Dionysus is known as the Bacchic or <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a>. The exact origin of this religion is unknown, though <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> was said to have invented the mysteries of Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-Apollodorus1.3.2-127">[127]</a> Evidence suggests that many sources and rituals typically considered to be part of the similar <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic Mysteries</a> actually belong to Dionysian mysteries.<a href="#cite_note-iconography-14">[14]</a> Some scholars have suggested that, additionally, there is no difference between the Dionysian mysteries and the mysteries of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, but that these were all facets of the same mystery religion, and that Dionysus and Persephone both had important roles in it.<a href="#cite_note-iconography-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Previously considered to have been a primarily rural and fringe part of Greek religion, the major urban center of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> played a major role in the development and spread of the Bacchic mysteries.<a href="#cite_note-iconography-14">[14]</a> The Bacchic mysteries served an important role in creating ritual traditions for transitions in people's lives; originally primarily for men and male sexuality, but later also created space for ritualizing women's changing roles and celebrating changes of status in a woman's life. This was often symbolized by a meeting with the gods who rule over death and change, such as <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and Persephone, but also with Dionysus' mother Semele, who probably served a role related to initiation into the mysteries.<a href="#cite_note-iconography-14">[14]</a> The religion of Dionysus often included rituals involving the sacrifice of goats or bulls, and at least some participants and dancers wore wooden masks associated with the god. In some instances, records show the god participating in the ritual via a masked and clothed pillar, pole, or tree, while his worshipers eat bread and drink wine. The significance of masks and goats to the worship of Dionysus seems to date back to the earliest days of his worship, and these symbols have been found together at a <a href="/wiki/Minoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan">Minoan</a> tomb near <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a> in Crete.<a href="#cite_note-Kerenyi-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleusinian_Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eleusinian Mysteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_von_Aachen_-_Bacchus,_Ceres_and_Amor_(%3F)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Bacchus%2C_Ceres_and_Amor_%28%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Bacchus%2C_Ceres_and_Amor_%28%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Bacchus%2C_Ceres_and_Amor_%28%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Bacchus%2C_Ceres_and_Amor_%28%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Bacchus%2C_Ceres_and_Amor_%28%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Bacchus%2C_Ceres_and_Amor_%28%3F%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="6955" /></a><figcaption>Bacchus, Ceres and Amor, (1595–1605). Oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen" title="Hans von Aachen">Hans von Aachen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naukratis_Dionysus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Naukratis_Dionysus.jpg/220px-Naukratis_Dionysus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Naukratis_Dionysus.jpg/330px-Naukratis_Dionysus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Naukratis_Dionysus.jpg/440px-Naukratis_Dionysus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Roman marble relief (first century AD) from <a href="/wiki/Naukratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naukratis">Naukratis</a> showing the Greek god Dionysus, snake-bodied and wearing an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> crown.</figcaption></figure> As early as the fifth century BC, Dionysus became identified with <a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a>, a minor deity from the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> This association may have arisen because of the homophony of the names Iacchus and Bacchus. Two <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">black-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythoi</a> (c. 500 BC), possibly represent the earliest evidence for such an association. The nearly-identical vases, one in Berlin,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> the other in Rome,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> depict Dionysus, along with the inscription IAKXNE, a possible miswriting of IAKXE.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> More early evidence can be found in the works of the fifth-century BC Athenian tragedians <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone (Sophocles)">Antigone</a> (c. 441 BC), an ode to Dionysus begins by addressing Dionysus as the "God of many names" (πολυώνυμε), who rules over the glens of Demeter's Eleusis, and ends by identifying him with "Iacchus the Giver", who leads "the chorus of the stars whose breath is fire" and whose "attendant Thyiads" dance in "night-long frenzy".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> And in a fragment from a lost play, Sophocles describes <a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a>, Dionysus' traditional place of nurture: "From here I caught sight of Nysa, haunt of Bacchus, famed among mortals, which Iacchus of the bull's horns counts as his beloved nurse".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a> (c. 405 BC), a messenger, describing the Bacchic revelries on mount <a href="/wiki/Cithaeron" title="Cithaeron">Cithaeron</a>, associates Iacchus with <a href="/wiki/Bromius" title="Bromius">Bromius</a>, another of the names of Dionysus, saying, they "began to wave the thyrsos ... calling on Iacchus, the son of Zeus, Bromius, with united voice."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> An inscription found on a stone <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> (c. 340 BC), found at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, contains a paean to Dionysus, which describes his travels.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, where he was born, he first went to <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> where he displayed his "starry body", and with "Delphian girls" took his "place on the folds of Parnassus",<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> then next to <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, where he is called "Iacchus": <dl><dd>And in your hand brandishing your night-</dd> <dd>lighting flame, with god-possessed frenzy</dd> <dd>you went to the vales of Eleusis</dd> <dd>...</dd> <dd>where the whole people of Hellas'</dd> <dd>land, alongside your own native witnesses</dd> <dd>of the holy mysteries, calls upon you</dd> <dd>as Iacchus: for mortals from their pains</dd> <dd>you have opened a haven without toils.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, says that Greeks "give the name 'Iacchus' not only to Dionysus but also to the leader-in-chief of the mysteries".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In particular, Iacchus was identified with the <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> Dionysus, who was a son of Persephone.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Sophocles mentions "Iacchus of the bull's horns", and according to the first-century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, it was this older Dionysus who was represented in paintings and sculptures with horns, because he "excelled in sagacity and was the first to attempt the yoking of oxen and by their aid to effect the sowing of the seed".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, the second-century Greek historian, wrote that it was to this Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone, "not the Theban Dionysus, that the mystic chant 'Iacchus' is sung".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The second-century poet <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> also referred to the "dismemberment of Iacchus".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The fourth- or fifth-century poet <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> associated the name Iacchus with the "third" Dionysus. He described the Athenian celebrations given to the first Dionysus <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, the second Dionysus <a href="/wiki/Bromios" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromios">Bromios</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a>, and the third Dionysus Iacchus: <dl><dd>They [the Athenians] honoured him as a god next after the son of Persephone, and after Semele's son; they established sacrifices for Dionysos late born and Dionysos first born, and third they chanted a new hymn for Iacchos. In these three celebrations Athens held high revel; in the dance lately made, the Athenians beat the step in honour of Zagreus and Bromios and Iacchos all together.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></dd></dl> By some accounts, Iacchus was the husband of Demeter.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Several other sources identify Iacchus as Demeter's son.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The earliest such source, a fourth-century BC vase fragment at Oxford, shows Demeter holding the child Dionysus on her lap.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> By the first-century BC, Demeter suckling Iacchus had become such a common motif, that the Latin poet <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> could use it as an apparently recognizable example of a lover's euphemism.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> A scholiast on the second-century AD <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aristides</a>, explicitly names Demeter as Iacchus' mother.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orphism">Orphism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orphism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyr_Bacchus_Petit_Palais_ADUT00240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Satyr_Bacchus_Petit_Palais_ADUT00240.jpg/220px-Satyr_Bacchus_Petit_Palais_ADUT00240.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Satyr_Bacchus_Petit_Palais_ADUT00240.jpg/330px-Satyr_Bacchus_Petit_Palais_ADUT00240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Satyr_Bacchus_Petit_Palais_ADUT00240.jpg/440px-Satyr_Bacchus_Petit_Palais_ADUT00240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a> giving a <a href="/wiki/Grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine">grapevine</a> to Bacchus as a child; <a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">cameo glass</a>, first half of the first century AD; from Italy</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> tradition, the "first Dionysus" was the son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, and was dismembered by the <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a> before being reborn.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Dionysus was the patron god of the Orphics, who they connected to death and immortality, and he symbolized the one who guides the process of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> This Orphic Dionysus is sometimes referred to with the alternate name <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ζαγρεύς). The earliest mentions of this name in literature describe him as a partner of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> and call him the highest god. <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> linked Zagreus with Hades, as either Hades' son or Hades himself.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Noting "Hades' identity as Zeus' katachthonios alter ego", <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gantz" title="Timothy Gantz">Timothy Gantz</a> thought it likely that Zagreus, originally, perhaps, the son of Hades and Persephone, later merged with the Orphic Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> However, no known Orphic sources use the name "Zagreus" to refer to the Orphic Dionysus. It is possible that the association between the two was known by the third century BC, when the poet <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> may have written about it in a now-lost source.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Callimachus, as well as his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_of_Chalcis" title="Euphorion of Chalcis">Euphorion</a>, told the story of the dismemberment of the infant Dionysus,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> sources quote Callimachus as referring to the birth of a "Dionysos Zagreus", explaining that Zagreus was the poets' name for the <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> aspect of Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The earliest definitive reference to the belief that Zagreus is another name for the Orphic Dionysus is found in the late first century writings of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The fifth century Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> tells the story of this Orphic Dionysus, in which Nonnus calls him the "older Dionysos  ... illfated Zagreus",<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> "Zagreus the horned baby",<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> "Zagreus, the first Dionysos",<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> "Zagreus the ancient Dionysos",<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and "Dionysos Zagreus".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_festivals_in_Rome">Worship and festivals in Rome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Worship and festivals in Rome">edit</a>]</div> Bacchus was most often known by that name in Rome and other locales in the Republic and Empire, although many "often called him Dionysus."<a href="#cite_note-:7-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liber_and_importation_to_Rome">Liber and importation to Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Liber and importation to Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg/220px-Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg/330px-Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg/440px-Colossal_statue_of_Antinous_as_Dionysus-Osiris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4577" data-file-height="3147" /></a><figcaption>Colossal statue of <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a> as Dionysus.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_Dionysos_with_Helios_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_(VII_2_16)_-_Napoli_MAN_9449_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wall_painting_-_Dionysos_with_Helios_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_16%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9449_-_01.jpg/220px-Wall_painting_-_Dionysos_with_Helios_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_16%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9449_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wall_painting_-_Dionysos_with_Helios_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_16%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9449_-_01.jpg/330px-Wall_painting_-_Dionysos_with_Helios_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_16%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9449_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wall_painting_-_Dionysos_with_Helios_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_16%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9449_-_01.jpg/440px-Wall_painting_-_Dionysos_with_Helios_and_Aphrodite_-_Pompeii_%28VII_2_16%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9449_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus with long torch sitting on a throne, with <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and other gods. Antique fresco from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mystery_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery cult">mystery cult</a> of Bacchus was brought to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greek culture of southern Italy</a> or by way of Greek-influenced <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>. It was established around 200 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a> grove of <a href="/wiki/Semele#Semele_in_Roman_culture" title="Semele">Stimula</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Paculla_Annia" title="Paculla Annia">priestess</a> from <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">temple</a> where <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Pater">Liber Pater</a> ("the Free Father") had a State-sanctioned, popular cult. <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a> was a native Roman god of wine, fertility, and prophecy, patron of Rome's <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeians</a> (citizen-commoners), and one of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">Aventine Triad</a>, along with his mother Ceres and sister or consort Libera. A temple to the Triad was erected on the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a> in 493 BC, along with the institution of celebrating the festival of <a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a>. The worship of the Triad gradually took on more and more Greek influence, and by 205 BC, Liber and Libera had been formally identified with Bacchus and <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Liber was often interchangeably identified with Dionysus and his mythology, though this identification was not universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Cicero insisted on the "non-identity of Liber and Dionysus" and described Liber and Libera as children of Ceres.<a href="#cite_note-cicero-167">[167]</a> Liber, like his Aventine companions, carried various aspects of his older cults into official Roman religion. He protected various aspects of agriculture and fertility, including the vine and the "soft seed" of its grapes, wine and wine vessels, and male fertility and virility.<a href="#cite_note-cicero-167">[167]</a> Pliny called Liber "the first to establish the practice of buying and selling; he also invented the diadem, the emblem of royalty, and the triumphal procession."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Roman mosaics and sarcophagi attest to various representations of a Dionysus-like exotic triumphal procession. In Roman and Greek literary sources from the late Republic and Imperial era, several notable triumphs feature similar, distinctively "Bacchic" processional elements, recalling the supposedly historic "Triumph of Liber".<a href="#cite_note-Mary_Beard_2007,_pp._315-169">[169]</a> Liber and Dionysus may have had a connection that predated Classical Greece and Rome, in the form of the Mycenaean god Eleutheros, who shared the lineage and iconography of Dionysus but whose name has the same meaning as Liber.<a href="#cite_note-Kerenyi-33">[33]</a> Before the importation of the Greek cults, Liber was already strongly associated with Bacchic symbols and values, including wine and uninhibited freedom, as well as the subversion of the powerful. Several depictions from the late Republic era feature processions, depicting the "Triumph of Liber".<a href="#cite_note-Mary_Beard_2007,_pp._315-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bacchanalia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificio_a_Baco_(Massimo_Stanzione).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sacrificio_a_Baco_%28Massimo_Stanzione%29.jpg/220px-Sacrificio_a_Baco_%28Massimo_Stanzione%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sacrificio_a_Baco_%28Massimo_Stanzione%29.jpg/330px-Sacrificio_a_Baco_%28Massimo_Stanzione%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sacrificio_a_Baco_%28Massimo_Stanzione%29.jpg/440px-Sacrificio_a_Baco_%28Massimo_Stanzione%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Sacrifice to Bacchus. Oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Stanzione" title="Massimo Stanzione">Massimo Stanzione</a>, c. 1634</figcaption></figure> In Rome, the most well-known festivals of Bacchus were the <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</a>, based on the earlier Greek Dionysia festivals. These Bacchic rituals were said to have included <a href="/wiki/Omophagia" title="Omophagia">omophagic</a> practices, such as pulling live animals apart and eating the whole of them raw. This practice served not only as a reenactment of the infant death and rebirth of Bacchus, but also as a means by which Bacchic practitioners produced "enthusiasm": etymologically, to let a god enter the practitioner's body or to have her become one with Bacchus.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schutze_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Schutze_Bacchus.jpg/220px-Schutze_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Schutze_Bacchus.jpg/330px-Schutze_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Schutze_Bacchus.jpg/440px-Schutze_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Bacchus with leopard (1878) by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Sch%C3%BCtze" title="Johann Wilhelm Schütze">Johann Wilhelm Schütze</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s account, the Bacchic mysteries were a novelty at Rome; originally restricted to women and held only three times a year, they were corrupted by an Etruscan-Greek version, and thereafter drunken, disinhibited men and women of all ages and social classes cavorted in a sexual free-for-all five times a month. Livy relates their various outrages against Rome's civil and religious laws and traditional morality (<a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mos maiorum</a>); a secretive, subversive and potentially revolutionary counter-culture. Livy's sources, and his own account of the cult, probably drew heavily on the Roman dramatic genre known as "Satyr plays", based on Greek originals.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The cult was suppressed by the State with great ferocity; of the 7,000 arrested, most were executed. Modern scholarship treats much of Livy's account with skepticism; more certainly, a Senatorial edict, the <a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_de_Bacchanalibus" title="Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus">Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus</a> was distributed throughout Roman and allied Italy. It banned the former Bacchic cult organisations. Each meeting must seek prior senatorial approval through a <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>. No more than three women and two men were allowed at any one meeting, and those who defied the edict risked the death penalty. Bacchus was conscripted into the official Roman pantheon as an aspect of Liber, and his festival was inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a>. In Roman culture, Liber, Bacchus and Dionysus became virtually interchangeable equivalents. Thanks to his mythology involving travels and struggles on earth, Bacchus became <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerised</a> as a historical hero, conqueror, and founder of cities. He was a patron deity and founding hero at <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, birthplace of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, who promoted his cult. In some Roman sources, the ritual procession of Bacchus in a tiger-drawn chariot, surrounded by maenads, satyrs and drunkards, commemorates the god's triumphant return from the conquest of India. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> believed this to be the historical prototype for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Triumph" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Triumph">Roman Triumph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-classical_worship">Post-classical worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-classical worship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Antiquity">Late Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchus_-_Paris-2010-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bacchus_-_Paris-2010-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg/180px-Bacchus_-_Paris-2010-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bacchus_-_Paris-2010-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg/270px-Bacchus_-_Paris-2010-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bacchus_-_Paris-2010-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg/360px-Bacchus_-_Paris-2010-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Bacchus, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> (second century AD)</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">Neoplatonist</a> philosophy and religion of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, the Olympian gods were sometimes considered to number 12 based on their spheres of influence. For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Sallustius_(Neoplatonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallustius (Neoplatonist)">Sallustius</a>, "Jupiter, Neptune, and Vulcan fabricate the world; Ceres, Juno, and Diana animate it; Mercury, Venus, and Apollo harmonize it; and, lastly, Vesta, Minerva, and Mars preside over it with a guarding power."<a href="#cite_note-sallustius-175">[175]</a> The multitude of other gods, in this belief system, subsist within the primary gods, and Sallustius taught that Bacchus subsisted in Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-sallustius-175">[175]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Orphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic">Orphic</a> tradition, a saying was supposedly given by an oracle of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> that stated "<a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, [and] <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>-Dionysus" were "three gods in one godhead". This statement apparently conflated Dionysus not only with Hades, but also his father Zeus, and implied a particularly close identification with the sun-god Helios. When quoting this in his Hymn to King Helios, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Emperor Julian</a> substituted Dionysus' name with that of <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>, whose Egyptian counterpart <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> was also identified with Dionysus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_Modern_period">Worship from the Middle Ages to the Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Worship from the Middle Ages to the Modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulus_Bor_-_Bacchus_-_WGA02449.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paulus_Bor_-_Bacchus_-_WGA02449.jpg/220px-Paulus_Bor_-_Bacchus_-_WGA02449.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paulus_Bor_-_Bacchus_-_WGA02449.jpg/330px-Paulus_Bor_-_Bacchus_-_WGA02449.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paulus_Bor_-_Bacchus_-_WGA02449.jpg/440px-Paulus_Bor_-_Bacchus_-_WGA02449.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>Bacchus by <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Bor" title="Paulus Bor">Paulus Bor</a></figcaption></figure> Three centuries after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> which saw the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_under_Theodosius_I" title="Persecution of pagans under Theodosius I">outlawing of pagan worship</a> across the Roman Empire, the 692 <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> in Constantinople felt it necessary to warn Christians against participating in persisting rural worship of Dionysus, specifically mentioning and prohibiting the feast day <a href="/wiki/Brumalia" title="Brumalia">Brumalia</a>, "the public dances of women", ritual cross-dressing, the wearing of Dionysiac masks, and the invoking of Bacchus' name when "squeez[ing] out the wine in the presses" or "when pouring out wine into jars".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Lanercost_Chronicle" title="Lanercost Chronicle">Lanercost chronicle</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> in 1282 in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the parish priest of <a href="/wiki/Inverkeithing" title="Inverkeithing">Inverkeithing</a> led young women in a dance in honor of <a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Father Liber</a>, commonly identified with Dionysus. The priest danced and sang at the front, carrying a representation of the phallus on a pole. He was killed by a Christian mob later that year.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Historian C. S. Watkins believes that Richard of Durham, the author of the chronicle, identified an occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic magic</a> (by making use of his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>), rather than recording an actual case of the survival of a pagan ritual.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The late medieval Byzantine scholar <a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a> secretly advocated a return to paganism in medieval Greece.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the eighteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellfire Clubs">Hellfire Clubs</a> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Though activities varied between the clubs, some of them were very pagan, and included shrines and sacrifices. Dionysus was one of the most popular deities, alongside deities like <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a>. Today one can still see the statue of Dionysus left behind in the <a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Caves" title="Hellfire Caves">Hellfire Caves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In 1820, Ephraim Lyon founded the Church of Bacchus in <a href="/wiki/Eastford" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastford">Eastford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. He declared himself High Priest, and added local drunks to the list of membership. He maintained that those who died as members would go to a Bacchanalia for their afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan">Modern pagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheist</a> groups often include worship of Dionysus in their traditions and practices, most prominently groups which have sought to revive <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenic polytheism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Ethnic_Hellenes" title="Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes">Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes</a> (YSEE).<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In addition to libations of wine, modern worshipers of Dionysus offer the god grape vines, ivy, and various forms of incense, particularly <a href="/wiki/Styrax" title="Styrax">styrax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> They may also celebrate Roman festivals such as the Liberalia (March 17, close to the <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">Spring Equinox</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</a> (Various dates), and various Greek festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a>, and the Greater and Lesser <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysias</a>, the dates of which are calculated by the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_with_other_gods">Identification with other gods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Identification with other gods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osiris">Osiris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Osiris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triptych_Panel_with_Painted_Image_of_Serapis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Triptych_Panel_with_Painted_Image_of_Serapis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Triptych_Panel_with_Painted_Image_of_Serapis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Triptych_Panel_with_Painted_Image_of_Serapis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Triptych_Panel_with_Painted_Image_of_Serapis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Triptych_Panel_with_Painted_Image_of_Serapis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Triptych_Panel_with_Painted_Image_of_Serapis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2729" data-file-height="4930" /></a><figcaption>Painted wood panel depicting Serapis, who was considered the same god as Osiris, Hades, and Dionysus in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. Second century AD.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Greek interpretation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Egyptian pantheon</a>, Dionysus was often identified with <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Stories of the dismembering of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> and his re-assembly and resurrection by <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> closely parallel those of the Orphic Dionysus and Demeter.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> According to Diodorus Siculus,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> as early as the fifth century BC, the two gods had been syncretized as a single deity known as <a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a>. The most notable record of this belief is found in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' '<a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> was of the same opinion, recording his belief that Osiris and Dionysus were identical and stating that anyone familiar with the secret rituals associated with the two gods would recognize obvious parallels between them, noting that the myths of their dismembering and their associated public symbols constituted sufficient additional evidence to prove that they were, in fact the same god worshiped by the two cultures under different names.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Other syncretic Greco-Egyptian deities arose out of this conflation, including with the gods <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a>. Serapis was believed to be both Hades and Osiris, and the Roman Emperor Julian considered him the same as Dionysus as well. Dionysus-Osiris was particularly popular in Ptolemaic Egypt, as the Ptolemies claimed descent from Dionysus, and as Pharaohs they had claim to the lineage of Osiris.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> This association was most notable during a deification ceremony where <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> became Dionysus-Osiris, alongside <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> as Isis-Aphrodite.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Egyptian myths about <a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a> said that the Titans conspired against Osiris, killed him, divided his body into equal parts, and "slipped them secretly out of the house". All but Osiris' penis, which since none of them "was willing to take it with him", they threw into the river. Isis, Osiris' wife, hunted down and killed the Titans, reassembled Osiris' body parts "into the shape of a human figure", and gave them "to the priests with orders that they pay Osiris the honours of a god". But since she was unable to recover the penis she ordered the priests "to pay to it the honours of a god and to set it up in their temples in an erect position."<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hades">Hades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hades">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locri_Pinax_Of_Persephone_And_Hades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Locri_Pinax_Of_Persephone_And_Hades.jpg/200px-Locri_Pinax_Of_Persephone_And_Hades.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Locri_Pinax_Of_Persephone_And_Hades.jpg/300px-Locri_Pinax_Of_Persephone_And_Hades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Locri_Pinax_Of_Persephone_And_Hades.jpg/400px-Locri_Pinax_Of_Persephone_And_Hades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>Pinax of Persephone and Hades on the throne, from the holy shrine of Persephone at Locri.</figcaption></figure> The fifth–fourth century BC philosopher <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, unifying opposites, declared that <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and Dionysus, the very essence of indestructible life (<a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">zoë</a>), are the same god.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Among other evidence, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ker%C3%A9nyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerényi">Karl Kerényi</a> notes in his book<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> that the Homeric Hymn "To Demeter",<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> votive marble images<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> and epithets<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> all link Hades to being Dionysus. He also notes that the grieving goddess Demeter refused to drink wine, as she states that it would be against themis[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">jargon</a>] for her to drink wine, which is the gift of Dionysus, after Persephone's abduction because of this association; indicating that Hades may in fact have been a "cover name" for the underworld Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> He suggests that this dual identity may have been familiar to those who came into contact with the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Mysteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> One of the epithets of Dionysus was "Chthonios", meaning "the subterranean".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_9888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_9888.jpg/250px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_9888.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_9888.jpg/375px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_9888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_9888.jpg/500px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1_9888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3812" data-file-height="3383" /></a><figcaption>Votive relief of Dionysus and <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a> with adorant. Fourth century BC. From <a href="/wiki/Karystos" title="Karystos">Karystos</a>, Archaeological Museum of <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>.</figcaption></figure> Evidence for a cult connection is quite extensive, particularly in southern Italy, especially when considering the heavy involvement of death symbolism included in Dionysian worship.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Statues of Dionysus<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> found in the Ploutonion at Eleusis give further evidence as the statues found bear a striking resemblance to the statue of Eubouleus, also called Aides Kyanochaites (Hades of the flowing dark hair),<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-kerenyi1723-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> known as the youthful depiction of the Lord of the Underworld. The statue of Eubouleus is described as being radiant but disclosing a strange inner darkness.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-kerenyi1723-204">[204]</a> Ancient portrayals show Dionysus holding in his hand the kantharos, a wine-jar with large handles, and occupying the place where one would expect to see Hades. Archaic artist Xenocles portrayed on one side of a vase, Zeus, Poseidon and Hades, each with his emblems of power; with Hades' head turned back to front and, on the other side, Dionysus striding forward to meet his bride Persephone, with the kantharos in his hand, against a background of grapes.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Dionysus also shared several epithets with Hades such as Chthonios, Eubouleus and Euclius. Both Hades and Dionysus were associated with a divine tripartite deity with <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rigoglioso-209">[209]</a> Zeus, like Dionysus, was occasionally believed to have an underworld form, closely identified with Hades, to the point that they were occasionally thought of as the same god.<a href="#cite_note-Rigoglioso-209">[209]</a> According to Marguerite Rigoglioso, Hades is Dionysus, and this dual god was believed by the Eleusinian tradition to have impregnated Persephone. This would bring the Eleusinian in harmony with the myth in which Zeus, not Hades, impregnated Persephone to bear the first Dionysus. Rigoglioso argues that taken together, these myths suggest a belief that is that, with Persephone, Zeus/Hades/Dionysus created (in terms quoted from Kerényi) "a second, a little Dionysus", who is also a "subterranean Zeus".<a href="#cite_note-Rigoglioso-209">[209]</a> The unification of Hades, Zeus, and Dionysus as a single tripartite god was used to represent the birth, death and resurrection of a deity and to unify the 'shining' realm of Zeus and the dark underworld realm of Hades.<a href="#cite_note-:2-208">[208]</a> According to Rosemarie Taylor-Perry,<a href="#cite_note-:2-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rigoglioso-209">[209]</a><blockquote>it is often mentioned that Zeus, Hades and Dionysus were all attributed to being the exact same god ... Being a tripartite deity Hades is also Zeus, doubling as being the Sky God or Zeus, Hades abducts his 'daughter' and paramour Persephone. The taking of Kore by Hades is the act which allows the conception and birth of a second integrating force: Iacchos (Zagreus-Dionysus), also known as Liknites, the helpless infant form of that Deity who is the unifier of the dark underworld (chthonic) realm of Hades and the Olympian ("Shining") one of Zeus.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabazios_and_Yahweh">Sabazios and Yahweh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sabazios and Yahweh">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HandOfSabazius.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/220px-HandOfSabazius.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/330px-HandOfSabazius.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/440px-HandOfSabazius.JPG 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>Bronze hand used in the worship of Sabazios (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum-210">[210]</a> Roman first–second century AD. Hands decorated with religious symbols were designed to stand in sanctuaries or, like this one, were attached to poles for processional use.<a href="#cite_note-britishmuseum2-211">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> god <a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a> was alternately identified with Zeus or with Dionysus. The Byzantine Greek encyclopedia, <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> (c. tenth century), stated:<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <blockquote>Sabazios ... is the same as Dionysos. He acquired this form of address from the rite pertaining to him; for the barbarians call the bacchic cry "sabazein". Hence some of the Greeks too follow suit and call the cry "sabasmos"; thereby Dionysos [becomes] Sabazios. They also used to call "saboi" those places that had been dedicated to him and his <a href="/wiki/Bacchantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchantes">Bacchantes</a> ... Demosthenes [in the speech] "On Behalf of Ktesiphon" [mentions them]. Some say that Saboi is the term for those who are dedicated to Sabazios, that is to Dionysos, just as those [dedicated] to Bakkhos [are] Bakkhoi. They say that Sabazios and Dionysos are the same. Thus some also say that the Greeks call the Bakkhoi Saboi.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, in the first century, linked Sabazios with Zagreus among Phrygian ministers and attendants of the sacred rites of Rhea and Dionysos.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Strabo's Sicilian contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, conflated Sabazios with the secret Dionysus, born of Zeus and Persephone,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> However, this connection is not supported by any surviving inscriptions, which are entirely to Zeus Sabazios.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Several ancient sources record an apparently widespread belief in the classical world that the god worshiped by the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, was identifiable as Dionysus or <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a> via his identification with Sabazios. Tacitus, Lydus, Cornelius Labeo, and Plutarch all either made this association, or discussed it as an extant belief (though some, like Tacitus, specifically brought it up in order to reject it). According to Plutarch, one of the reasons for the identification is that Jews were reported to hail their god with the words "Euoe" and "Sabi", a cry typically associated with the worship of Sabazius. According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._McDonough" title="Sean M. McDonough">Sean M. McDonough</a>, it is possible that Plutarch's sources had confused the cry of "Iao Sabaoth" (typically used by Greek speakers in reference to Yahweh) with the Sabazian cry of "Euoe Saboe", originating the confusion and conflation of the two deities. The cry of "Sabi" could also have been conflated with the Jewish term "sabbath", adding to the evidence the ancients saw that Yahweh and Dionysus/Sabazius were the same deity. Further bolstering this connection would have been coins used by the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> that included imagery linked to the worship of Dionysus such as grapes, vine leaves, and cups. However the belief that the Jewish god was identical with Dionysus/Sabazius was widespread enough that a coin dated to 55 BC depicting a kneeling king was labelled "Bacchus Judaeus" (BACCHIVS IVDAEVS), and in 139 BC praetor Cornelius Scipio Hispalus deported Jewish people for attempting to "infect the Roman customs with the cult of Jupiter Sabazius".<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mythology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Sarcophagus_Depicting_the_Birth_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2333.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Roman_-_Sarcophagus_Depicting_the_Birth_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2333.jpg/350px-Roman_-_Sarcophagus_Depicting_the_Birth_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2333.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Roman_-_Sarcophagus_Depicting_the_Birth_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2333.jpg/525px-Roman_-_Sarcophagus_Depicting_the_Birth_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2333.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Roman_-_Sarcophagus_Depicting_the_Birth_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2333.jpg/700px-Roman_-_Sarcophagus_Depicting_the_Birth_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2333.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Birth of Dionysus, on a small sarcophagus that may have been made for a child (<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_20_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_20_001.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_20_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_20_001.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_20_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_20_001.jpg/440px-R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_20_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The education of Dionysus. Fresco, now in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a>, Rome, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20 AD</figcaption></figure> Various different accounts and traditions existed in the ancient world regarding the parentage, birth, and life of Dionysus on earth, complicated by his several rebirths. By the first century BC, some mythographers had attempted to harmonize the various accounts of Dionysus' birth into a single narrative involving not only multiple births, but two or three distinct manifestations of the god on earth throughout history in different lifetimes. The historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> said that according to "some writers of myths" there were two gods named Dionysus, an older one, who was the son of Zeus and Persephone,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> but that the "younger one also inherited the deeds of the older, and so the men of later times, being unaware of the truth and being deceived because of the identity of their names thought there had been but one Dionysus."<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> He also said that Dionysus "was thought to have two forms ... the ancient one having a long beard, because all men in early times wore long beards, and the younger one being long-haired, youthful and effeminate and young."<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysus,_marble_bust_Knossos,_2nd_century_AD,_AMH,_145410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dionysus%2C_marble_bust_Knossos%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_AMH%2C_145410.jpg/180px-Dionysus%2C_marble_bust_Knossos%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_AMH%2C_145410.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dionysus%2C_marble_bust_Knossos%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_AMH%2C_145410.jpg/270px-Dionysus%2C_marble_bust_Knossos%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_AMH%2C_145410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dionysus%2C_marble_bust_Knossos%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_AMH%2C_145410.jpg/360px-Dionysus%2C_marble_bust_Knossos%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_AMH%2C_145410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="3563" /></a><figcaption>Marble bust of youthful Dionysus. Knossos, second century AD. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Museum of Heraklion">Archaeological Museum of Heraklion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protome_bearded_Dionysus_early_4_c_BC,_Prague_Kinsky,_NM-HM10_7671,_140956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Protome_bearded_Dionysus_early_4_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_7671%2C_140956.jpg/180px-Protome_bearded_Dionysus_early_4_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_7671%2C_140956.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Protome_bearded_Dionysus_early_4_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_7671%2C_140956.jpg/270px-Protome_bearded_Dionysus_early_4_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_7671%2C_140956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Protome_bearded_Dionysus_early_4_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_7671%2C_140956.jpg/360px-Protome_bearded_Dionysus_early_4_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_7671%2C_140956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="4307" /></a><figcaption>Wall protome of a bearded Dionysus. <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, early fourth century BC.</figcaption></figure> Though the varying genealogy of Dionysus was mentioned in many works of classical literature, only a few contain the actual narrative myths surrounding the events of his multiple births. These include the first century BC <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a> by Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a>, which describes the birth and deeds of the three incarnations of Dionysus;<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> the brief birth narrative given by the first century AD Roman author <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, which describes a double birth for Dionysus; and a longer account in the form of Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>'s epic Dionysiaca, which discusses three incarnations of Dionysus similar to Diodorus' account, but which focuses on the life of the third Dionysus, born to Zeus and Semele. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_birth">First birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: First birth">edit</a>]</div> Though Diodorus mentions some traditions which state an older, Indian or Egyptian Dionysus existed who invented wine, no narratives are given of his birth or life among mortals, and most traditions ascribe the invention of wine and travels through India to the last Dionysus. According to Diodorus, Dionysus was originally the son of Zeus and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> (or alternately, Zeus and <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>). This is the same horned Dionysus described by Hyginus and Nonnus in later accounts, and the Dionysus worshiped by the Orphics, who was dismembered by the Titans and then reborn. Nonnus calls this Dionysus <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a>, while Diodorus says he is also considered identical with <a href="/wiki/Sabazius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabazius">Sabazius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diodiii-223">[223]</a> However, unlike Hyginus and Nonnus, Diodorus does not provide a birth narrative for this incarnation of the god. It was this Dionysus who was said to have taught mortals how to use oxen to plow the fields, rather than doing so by hand. His worshipers were said to have honored him for this by depicting him with horns.<a href="#cite_note-diodiii-223">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mascherone_di_dioniso_in_bronzo,_gi%C3%A0_attacco_di_un_manico_in_una_situla_o_simile,_200-100_ac._ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mascherone_di_dioniso_in_bronzo%2C_gi%C3%A0_attacco_di_un_manico_in_una_situla_o_simile%2C_200-100_ac._ca.JPG/200px-Mascherone_di_dioniso_in_bronzo%2C_gi%C3%A0_attacco_di_un_manico_in_una_situla_o_simile%2C_200-100_ac._ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mascherone_di_dioniso_in_bronzo%2C_gi%C3%A0_attacco_di_un_manico_in_una_situla_o_simile%2C_200-100_ac._ca.JPG/300px-Mascherone_di_dioniso_in_bronzo%2C_gi%C3%A0_attacco_di_un_manico_in_una_situla_o_simile%2C_200-100_ac._ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mascherone_di_dioniso_in_bronzo%2C_gi%C3%A0_attacco_di_un_manico_in_una_situla_o_simile%2C_200-100_ac._ca.JPG/400px-Mascherone_di_dioniso_in_bronzo%2C_gi%C3%A0_attacco_di_un_manico_in_una_situla_o_simile%2C_200-100_ac._ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption>Bronze mask depicting Dionysus bearded and horned, c. 2nd century BC, height 21.4 cm.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></figcaption></figure> The Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> gives a birth narrative for Dionysus in his late fourth or early fifth century AD epic <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a>. In it, he described how Zeus "intended to make a new Dionysos grow up, a bullshaped copy of the older Dionysos" who was the Egyptian god Osiris. (Dionysiaca 4)<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Zeus took the shape of a serpent ("drakon"), and "ravished the maidenhood of unwedded Persephoneia." According to Nonnus, though Persephone was "the consort of the blackrobed king of the underworld", she remained a virgin, and had been hidden in a cave by her mother to avoid the many gods who were her suitors, because "all that dwelt in Olympos were bewitched by this one girl, rivals in love for the marriageable maid." (Dionysiaca 5)<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> After her union with Zeus, Persephone's womb "swelled with living fruit", and she gave birth to a horned baby, named Zagreus. Zagreus, despite his infancy, was able to climb onto the throne of Zeus and brandish his lightning bolts, marking him as Zeus' heir. Hera saw this and alerted the Titans, who smeared their faces with chalk and ambushed the infant Zagreus "while he contemplated his changeling countenance reflected in a mirror." They attacked him. However, according to Nonnus, "where his limbs had been cut piecemeal by the Titan steel, the end of his life was the beginning of a new life as Dionysos." He began to change into many different forms in which he returned the attack, including Zeus, <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, a baby, and "a mad youth with the flower of the first down marking his rounded chin with black." He then transformed into several animals to attack the assembled Titans, including a lion, a wild horse, a horned serpent, a tiger, and, finally, a bull. Hera intervened, killing the bull with a shout, and the Titans finally slaughtered him and cut him into pieces. Zeus attacked the Titans and had them imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Tartaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartaros">Tartaros</a>. This caused the mother of the Titans, <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>, to suffer, and her symptoms were seen across the whole world, resulting in fires and floods, and boiling seas. Zeus took pity on her, and in order to cool down the burning land, he caused great rains to <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood the world</a>. (Dionysiaca 6)<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Interpretation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_Indians_Massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dionysos_Indians_Massimo.jpg/300px-Dionysos_Indians_Massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dionysos_Indians_Massimo.jpg/450px-Dionysos_Indians_Massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dionysos_Indians_Massimo.jpg/600px-Dionysos_Indians_Massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of Dionysus fighting the Indians, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo</a> Rome, 4th century AD</figcaption></figure> In the Orphic tradition, Dionysus was, in part, a god associated with the underworld. As a result, the Orphics considered him the son of Persephone, and believed that he had been dismembered by the <a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a> and then reborn. The earliest attestation of this myth of the dismemberment and rebirth of Dionysus comes from the 1st century BC, in the works of <a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Later, Neoplatonists such as <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a> added a number of further elements to the myth, including the punishment of the Titans by Zeus for their act, their destruction by a thunderbolt from his hand, and the subsequent birth of humankind from their ashes; however, whether any of these elements were part of the original myth is the subject of debate among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> The dismemberment of Dionysus (the <a href="/wiki/Sparagmos" title="Sparagmos">sparagmos</a>) has often been considered the most important myth of Orphism.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Many modern sources identify this "Orphic Dionysus" with the god <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a>, though this name does not seem to have been used by any of the ancient Orphics, who simply called him Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> As pieced together from various ancient sources, the reconstructed story, usually given by modern scholars, goes as follows.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Zeus had intercourse with Persephone in the form of a serpent, producing Dionysus. The infant was taken to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida" title="Mount Ida">Mount Ida</a>, where, like the infant Zeus, he was guarded by the dancing <a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Curetes</a>. Zeus intended Dionysus to be his successor as ruler of the cosmos, but a jealous Hera incited the Titans to kill the child. Damascius claims that he was mocked by the Titans, who gave him a fennel stalk (thyrsus) in place of his rightful scepter.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Diodorus relates that Dionysus is the son of Zeus and Demeter, the goddess of agriculture, and that his birth narrative is an allegory for the generative power of the gods at work in nature.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> When the "Sons of Gaia" (i.e. the Titans) boiled Dionysus following his birth, Demeter gathered together his remains, allowing his rebirth. Diodorus noted the symbolism this myth held for its adherents: Dionysus, god of the vine, was born from the gods of the rain and the earth. He was torn apart and boiled by the sons of Gaia, or "earth born", symbolizing the harvesting and wine-making process. Just as the remains of the bare vines are returned to the earth to restore its fruitfulness, the remains of the young Dionysus were returned to Demeter allowing him to be born again.<a href="#cite_note-diodiii-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_birth">Second birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Second birth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/220px-Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/330px-Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/440px-Jupiter_and_Semele_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="6144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_and_Semele" title="Jupiter and Semele">Jupiter et Sémélé</a>. Oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>, 1895.</figcaption></figure> The birth narrative given by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 64 BC – 17 AD) in Fabulae 167, agrees with the Orphic tradition that Liber (Dionysus) was originally the son of Jove (Zeus) and Proserpine (Persephone). Hyginus writes that Liber was torn apart by the Titans, so Jove took the fragments of his heart and put them into a drink which he gave to <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a>, the daughter of Harmonia and <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, king and founder of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a>. This resulted in Semele becoming pregnant. <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> appeared to Semele in the form of her nurse, Beroe, and told her: "Daughter, ask Jove to come to you as he comes to Juno, so you may know what pleasure it is to sleep with a god." When Semele requested that Jove do so, she was killed by a thunderbolt. Jove then took the infant Liber from her womb, and put him in the care of Nysus. Hyginus states that "for this reason he is called Dionysus, and also the one with two mothers" (dimētōr).<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Nonnus describes how, when life was rejuvenated after the flood, it was lacking in revelry in the absence of Dionysus. "The <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Seasons</a>, those daughters of the lichtgang, still joyless, plaited garlands for the gods only of meadow-grass. For Wine was lacking. Without Bacchos to inspire the dance, its grace was only half complete and quite without profit; it charmed only the eyes of the company, when the circling dancer moved in twists and turns with a tumult of footsteps, having only nods for words, hand for mouth, fingers for voice." Zeus declared that he would send his son Dionysus to teach mortals how to grow grapes and make wine, to alleviate their toil, war, and suffering. After he became protector of humanity, Zeus promises, Dionysus would struggle on earth, but be received "by the bright upper air to shine beside Zeus and to share the courses of the stars." (Dionysiaca 7).<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastiano_Ricci_-_Dionysus_(1695).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sebastiano_Ricci_-_Dionysus_%281695%29.jpg/220px-Sebastiano_Ricci_-_Dionysus_%281695%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sebastiano_Ricci_-_Dionysus_%281695%29.jpg/330px-Sebastiano_Ricci_-_Dionysus_%281695%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Sebastiano_Ricci_-_Dionysus_%281695%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Jove and Semele (c. 1695) by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Ricci" title="Sebastiano Ricci">Sebastiano Ricci</a></figcaption></figure> The mortal princess Semele then had a dream, in which Zeus destroyed a fruit tree with a bolt of lightning, but did not harm the fruit. He sent a bird to bring him one of the fruits, and sewed it into his thigh, so that he would be both mother and father to the new Dionysus. She saw the bull-shaped figure of a man emerge from his thigh, and then came to the realization that she herself had been the tree. Her father Cadmus, fearful of the prophetic dream, instructed Semele to make sacrifices to Zeus. Zeus came to Semele in her bed, adorned with various symbols of Dionysus. He transformed into a snake, and "Zeus made long wooing, and shouted "Euoi!" as if the winepress were near, as he begat his son who would love the cry." Immediately, Semele's bed and chambers were overgrown with vines and flowers, and the earth laughed. Zeus then spoke to Semele, revealing his true identity, and telling her to be happy: "you bring forth a son who shall not die, and you I will call immortal. Happy woman! you have conceived a son who will make mortals forget their troubles, you shall bring forth joy for gods and men." (Dionysiaca 7).<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyonisus_Archmus_Heraklion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dyonisus_Archmus_Heraklion.jpg/250px-Dyonisus_Archmus_Heraklion.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dyonisus_Archmus_Heraklion.jpg/375px-Dyonisus_Archmus_Heraklion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dyonisus_Archmus_Heraklion.jpg/500px-Dyonisus_Archmus_Heraklion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3848" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Dionysus, Archaeological Museum of Heraklion.</figcaption></figure> During her pregnancy, Semele rejoiced in the knowledge that her son would be divine. She dressed herself in garlands of flowers and wreathes of ivy, and would run barefoot to the meadows and forests to frolic whenever she heard music. Hera became envious and feared that Zeus would replace her with Semele as queen of Olympus. She went to Semele in the guise of an old woman who had been Cadmus' wet nurse. She made Semele jealous of the attention Zeus gave to Hera, compared with their own brief liaison and provoked her to request Zeus to appear before her in his full godhood. Semele prayed to Zeus that he show himself. Zeus answered her prayers but warned her that no other mortals had ever seen him as he held his lightning bolts. Semele reached out to touch them and was burnt to ash. (Dionysiaca 8).<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> But the infant Dionysus survived, and Zeus rescued him from the flames, sewing him into his thigh. "So the rounded thigh in labour became female, and the boy too soon born was brought forth, but not in a mother's way, having passed from a mother's womb to a father's." (Dionysiaca 9). At his birth, he had a pair of horns shaped like a crescent moon. The <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Seasons</a> crowned him with ivy and flowers, and wrapped horned snakes around his own horns.<a href="#cite_note-dion.9-239">[239]</a> An alternate birth narrative is given by Diodorus from the Egyptian tradition. In it, Dionysus is the son of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Ammon</a>, who Diodorus regards both as the creator god and a quasi-historical king of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Ammon had married the goddess <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>, but he had an affair with <a href="/wiki/Amaltheia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaltheia">Amaltheia</a>, who bore Dionysus. Ammon feared Rhea's wrath if she were to discover the child, so he took the infant Dionysus to <a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a> (Dionysus' traditional childhood home). Ammon brought Dionysus into a cave where he was to be cared for by Nysa, a daughter of the hero <a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diodiii-223">[223]</a> Dionysus grew famous due to his skill in the arts, his beauty, and his strength. It was said that he discovered the art of winemaking during his boyhood. His fame brought him to the attention of Rhea, who was furious with Ammon for his deception. She attempted to bring Dionysus under her own power but, unable to do so, she left Ammon and married <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diodiii-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interpretation_2">Interpretation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Interpretation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg/250px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg/375px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg/500px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> depicting the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> as a winged <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimon</a> riding on a tiger, from <a href="/wiki/Mosaics_of_Delos" title="Mosaics of Delos">the House of Dionysos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> (which <a href="/wiki/History_of_Delos" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Delos">was once controlled</a> by <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/South_Aegean" title="South Aegean">South Aegean</a> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, late second century BC, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Delos" title="Archaeological Museum of Delos">Archaeological Museum of Delos</a></figcaption></figure> Even in antiquity, the account of Dionysus' birth to a mortal woman led some to argue that he had been a historical figure who became deified over time, a suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a> (an explanation of mythic events having roots in mortal history) often applied to demi-gods. The 4th-century Roman emperor and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> encountered examples of this belief, and wrote arguments against it. In his letter To the Cynic Heracleios, Julian wrote "I have heard many people say that Dionysus was a mortal man because he was born of Semele and that he became a god through his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a> and the Mysteries, and like our lord Heracles for his royal virtue was translated to Olympus by his father Zeus." However, to Julian, the myth of Dionysus's birth (and that of Heracles) stood as an allegory for a deeper spiritual truth. The birth of Dionysus, Julian argues, was "no birth but a divine manifestation" to Semele, who foresaw that a physical manifestation of the god Dionysus would soon appear. However, Semele was impatient for the god to come, and began revealing his mysteries too early; for her transgression, she was struck down by Zeus. When Zeus decided it was time to impose a new order on humanity, for it to "pass from the nomadic to a more civilized mode of life", he sent his son Dionysus from India as a god made visible, spreading his worship and giving the vine as a symbol of his manifestation among mortals. In Julian's interpretation, the Greeks "called Semele the mother of Dionysus because of the prediction that she had made, but also because the god honored her as having been the first prophetess of his advent while it was yet to be." The allegorical myth of the birth of Dionysus, per Julian, was developed to express both the history of these events and encapsulate the truth of his birth outside the generative processes of the mortal world, but entering into it, though his true birth was directly from Zeus along into the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">intelligible realm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-julian-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infancy">Infancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Infancy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermes_di_Prassitele,_at_Olimpia,_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hermes_di_Prassitele%2C_at_Olimpia%2C_front.jpg/170px-Hermes_di_Prassitele%2C_at_Olimpia%2C_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hermes_di_Prassitele%2C_at_Olimpia%2C_front.jpg/255px-Hermes_di_Prassitele%2C_at_Olimpia%2C_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hermes_di_Prassitele%2C_at_Olimpia%2C_front.jpg/340px-Hermes_di_Prassitele%2C_at_Olimpia%2C_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermes_and_the_Infant_Dionysus" title="Hermes and the Infant Dionysus">Hermes and the Infant Dionysus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Archaeological Museum of Olympia</a>)</figcaption></figure> According to Nonnus, Zeus gave the infant Dionysus to the care of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>. Hermes gave Dionysus to the Lamides, or daughters of Lamos, who were river nymphs. But Hera drove the Lamides mad and caused them to attack Dionysus, who was rescued by Hermes. Hermes next brought the infant to <a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a> for fostering by her attendant Mystis, who taught him the rites of the mysteries (Dionysiaca 9). In Apollodorus' account, Hermes instructed Ino to raise Dionysus as a girl, to hide him from Hera's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> However, Hera found him, and vowed to destroy the house with a flood; however, Hermes again rescued Dionysus, this time bringing him to the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>. Hermes adopted the form of <a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a>, most ancient of the gods, and so Hera bowed before him and let him pass. Hermes gave the infant to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>, who cared for him through his adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-dion.9-239">[239]</a> Another version is that Dionysus was taken to the rain-<a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a>, who nourished his infancy and childhood, and for their care Zeus rewarded them by placing them as the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a> among the stars (see <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades star cluster</a>). In yet another version of the myth, he is raised by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Macris" title="Macris">Macris</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_bellini,_Young_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giovanni_bellini%2C_Young_Bacchus.jpg/220px-Giovanni_bellini%2C_Young_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giovanni_bellini%2C_Young_Bacchus.jpg/330px-Giovanni_bellini%2C_Young_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giovanni_bellini%2C_Young_Bacchus.jpg/440px-Giovanni_bellini%2C_Young_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Infant Bacchus, painting (c. 1505–1510) by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a></figcaption></figure> Dionysus in Greek mythology is a god of foreign origin, and while Mount Nysa is a mythological location, it is invariably set far away to the east or to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Homeric_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric hymn">Homeric Hymn 1 to Dionysus</a> places it "far from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, near to the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Egyptian stream</a>".<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Others placed it in Anatolia, or in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a> ("away in the west beside a great ocean"), in Ethiopia (Herodotus), or <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> (Diodorus Siculus).<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">As it is, the Greek story has it that no sooner was Dionysus born than Zeus sewed him up in his thigh and carried him away to <a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a> in Ethiopia beyond <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>; and as for <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a>, the Greeks do not know what became of him after his birth. It is therefore plain to me that the Greeks learned the names of these two gods later than the names of all the others, and trace the birth of both to the time when they gained the knowledge.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus, Histories <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.146.2">2.146.2</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a> seems to be following Pherecydes, who relates how the infant Dionysus, god of the grapevine, was nursed by the rain-nymphs, the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a> at Nysa. Young Dionysus was also said to have been one of the many famous pupils of the <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a>. According to Ptolemy Chennus in the Library of Photius, "Dionysus was loved by Chiron, from whom he learned chants and dances, the bacchic rites and initiations."<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_and_invention_of_wine">Travels and invention of wine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Travels and invention of wine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchus_en_Ampelos,_Francesco_Righetti,_1782.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bacchus_en_Ampelos%2C_Francesco_Righetti%2C_1782.jpg/200px-Bacchus_en_Ampelos%2C_Francesco_Righetti%2C_1782.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bacchus_en_Ampelos%2C_Francesco_Righetti%2C_1782.jpg/300px-Bacchus_en_Ampelos%2C_Francesco_Righetti%2C_1782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bacchus_en_Ampelos%2C_Francesco_Righetti%2C_1782.jpg/400px-Bacchus_en_Ampelos%2C_Francesco_Righetti%2C_1782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="6595" /></a><figcaption>Bacchus and Ampelos by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Righetti" title="Francesco Righetti">Francesco Righetti</a> (1782)</figcaption></figure> When Dionysus grew up, he discovered the culture of the vine and the mode of extracting its precious juice, being the first to do so;<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> but Hera struck him with madness, and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth. In <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> the goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>, better known to the Greeks as Rhea, cured him and taught him her religious rites, and he set out on a progress through Asia teaching the people the cultivation of the vine. The most famous part of his wanderings is his expedition to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, which is said to have lasted several years. According to a legend, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> reached a city called Nysa near the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a>, the locals said that their city was founded by Dionysus in the distant past and their city was dedicated to the god Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> These travels took something of the form of military conquests; according to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> he conquered the whole world except for Britain and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alinari_-_Bacco_e_Ampelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alinari_-_Bacco_e_Ampelo.jpg/180px-Alinari_-_Bacco_e_Ampelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alinari_-_Bacco_e_Ampelo.jpg/270px-Alinari_-_Bacco_e_Ampelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Alinari_-_Bacco_e_Ampelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Bacchus and Ampelus. Pre-1865 image of a Renaissance (partly Roman) statue in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.</figcaption></figure> Another myth according to <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">Ampelus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>, who was loved by Dionysus. As related by <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, Ampelus became the constellation Vindemitor, or the "grape-gatherer":<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <blockquote>... not so will the Grape-gatherer escape thee. The origin of that constellation also can be briefly told. 'Tis said that the unshorn Ampelus, son of a nymph and a satyr, was loved by Bacchus on the Ismarian hills. Upon him the god bestowed a vine that trailed from an elm's leafy boughs, and still the vine takes from the boy its name. While he rashly culled the gaudy grapes upon a branch, he tumbled down; Liber bore the lost youth to the stars."</blockquote> Another story of Ampelus was related by <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>: in an accident foreseen by Dionysus, the youth was killed while riding a bull maddened by the sting of a gadfly sent by <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>, the goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Fates</a> granted Ampelus a second life as a vine, from which Dionysus squeezed the first wine.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Greece">Return to Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Return to Greece">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badakshan_patera_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Badakshan_patera_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg/220px-Badakshan_patera_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Badakshan_patera_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg/330px-Badakshan_patera_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Badakshan_patera_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg/440px-Badakshan_patera_Triumph_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3195" data-file-height="3210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Badakshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Badakshan">Badakshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a>, "Triumph of Bacchus" (first–fourth century).<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Returning in triumph to Greece after his travels in Asia, Dionysus came to be considered the founder of the triumphal procession. He undertook efforts to introduce his religion into Greece, but was opposed by rulers who feared it, on account of the disorders and madness it brought with it. In one myth, adapted in <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' play <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a>, Dionysus returns to his birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a>, which is ruled by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a>. Pentheus, as well as his mother <a href="/wiki/Agave_(Theban_princess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agave (Theban princess)">Agave</a> and his aunts <a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonoe">Autonoe</a>, disbelieve Dionysus' divine birth. Despite the warnings of the blind prophet <a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a>, they deny his worship and denounce him for inspiring the women of Thebes to madness. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Pentheus_Louvre_G445.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Death_Pentheus_Louvre_G445.jpg/220px-Death_Pentheus_Louvre_G445.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Death_Pentheus_Louvre_G445.jpg/330px-Death_Pentheus_Louvre_G445.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Death_Pentheus_Louvre_G445.jpg/440px-Death_Pentheus_Louvre_G445.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3550" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>Pentheus torn apart by Agave and Ino. Attic red-figure <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lekanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekanis (page does not exist)">lekanis</a> (cosmetics bowl) lid, c. 450–425 BC (Louvre)</figcaption></figure> Dionysus uses his divine powers to drive Pentheus insane, then invites him to spy on the ecstatic rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a>, in the woods of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cithaeron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Cithaeron">Mount Cithaeron</a>. Pentheus, hoping to witness a sexual <a href="/wiki/Orgy" title="Orgy">orgy</a>, hides himself in a tree. The Maenads spot him; maddened by Dionysus, they take him to be a mountain-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> and attack him with their bare hands. Pentheus' aunts and his mother Agave are among them, and they rip him limb from limb. Agave mounts his head on a pike and takes the trophy to her father Cadmus. Euripides' description of this sparagmos was as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"But she was foaming at the mouth, her eyes rolled all around; her mind was mindless now. Held by the god, she paid the man no heed. She grabbed his left arm just below the elbow: wedging her foot against the victim's ribs she ripped his shoulder off – not by mere force; the god made easy everything they touch. On his right arm worked Ino, ripping flesh; Autonoë and the mob of maenads griped him, screaming as one. While he had breath, he cried, but they were whooping victory calls. One took an arm, a foot another, boot and all. They stripped his torso bare, staining their nails with blood, then tossed balls of flesh around. Pentheus' body lies in fragments now: on the hard rocks, and mingled with the leaves buried in the woodland, hard to find. His mother stumbled across his head: poor head! She grabbed it, and fixed it on her thrysus, like a lions's, to wave in joyful triumph at her hunt."<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></blockquote> The madness passes. Dionysus arrives in his true, divine form, banishes Agave and her sisters, and transforms Cadmus and his wife <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonia (mythology)">Harmonia</a> into serpents. Only Tiresias is spared.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycurgus_Cup_red_BM_MME1958.12-2.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lycurgus_Cup_red_BM_MME1958.12-2.1.jpg/170px-Lycurgus_Cup_red_BM_MME1958.12-2.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lycurgus_Cup_red_BM_MME1958.12-2.1.jpg/255px-Lycurgus_Cup_red_BM_MME1958.12-2.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lycurgus_Cup_red_BM_MME1958.12-2.1.jpg/340px-Lycurgus_Cup_red_BM_MME1958.12-2.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace" title="Lycurgus of Thrace">Lycurgus</a> trapped by the vine, on the <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></figcaption></figure> In the Iliad, when King <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace" title="Lycurgus of Thrace">Lycurgus of Thrace</a> heard that Dionysus was in his kingdom, he imprisoned Dionysus' followers, the <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a>. Dionysus fled and took refuge with <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, and sent a <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> which stirred the people to revolt. The god then drove King Lycurgus insane and had him slice his own son into pieces with an axe in the belief that he was a patch of ivy, a plant holy to Dionysus. An <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> then claimed that the land would stay dry and barren as long as Lycurgus lived, and his people had him <a href="/wiki/Drawn_and_quartered" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawn and quartered">drawn and quartered</a>. Appeased by the king's death, Dionysus lifted the curse.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In an alternative version, sometimes depicted in art, Lycurgus tries to kill Ambrosia, a follower of Dionysus, who was transformed into a vine that twined around the enraged king and slowly strangled him.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captivity_and_escape">Captivity and escape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Captivity and escape">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg/220px-Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg/330px-Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg/440px-Neptune_et_les_pirates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>North African Roman mosaic: Panther-Dionysus scatters the pirates, who are changed to dolphins, except for <a href="/wiki/Acoetes_(Bacchic_myth)" title="Acoetes (Bacchic myth)">Acoetes</a>, the helmsman; second century AD (<a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo National Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Homeric_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric hymns">Homeric Hymn 7 to Dionysus</a> recounts how, while he sat on the seashore, some sailors spotted him, believing him a prince. They attempted to kidnap him and sail away to sell him for ransom or into slavery. No rope would bind him. The god turned into a fierce lion and unleashed a bear on board, killing all in his path. Those who jumped ship were mercifully turned into dolphins. The only survivor was the helmsman, <a href="/wiki/Acoetes_(Bacchic_myth)" title="Acoetes (Bacchic myth)">Acoetes</a>, who recognized the god and tried to stop his sailors from the start.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In a similar story, Dionysus hired a <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenian</a> pirate ship to sail from <a href="/wiki/Icaria" title="Icaria">Icaria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos (island)">Naxos</a>. When he was aboard, they sailed not to Naxos but to Asia, intending to sell him as a slave. This time the god turned the mast and oars into snakes, and filled the vessel with ivy and the sound of flutes so that the sailors went mad and, leaping into the sea, were turned into dolphins. In <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, Bacchus begins this story as a young child found by the pirates but transforms to a divine adult when on board. Many of the myths involve Dionysus defending his godhead against skeptics. Malcolm Bull notes that "It is a measure of Bacchus's ambiguous position in classical mythology that he, unlike the other Olympians, had to use a boat to travel to and from the islands with which he is associated".<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Paola Corrente notes that in many sources, the incident with the pirates happens towards the end of Dionysus' time among mortals. In that sense, it serves as final proof of his divinity and is often followed by his descent into Hades to retrieve his mother, both of whom can then ascend into heaven to live alongside the other Olympian gods.<a href="#cite_note-corrente2012-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_to_the_underworld">Descent to the underworld</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Descent to the underworld">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagarjunakonda_Dionysus_Palace_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nagarjunakonda_Dionysus_Palace_site.jpg/150px-Nagarjunakonda_Dionysus_Palace_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nagarjunakonda_Dionysus_Palace_site.jpg/225px-Nagarjunakonda_Dionysus_Palace_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nagarjunakonda_Dionysus_Palace_site.jpg/300px-Nagarjunakonda_Dionysus_Palace_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2754" /></a><figcaption>Relief of Dionysus, <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, third century. He has a light beard, is semi-nude and carries a drinking horn. There is a barrel of wine next to him.<a href="#cite_note-MLV-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, in book II of his Description of Greece, describes two variant traditions regarding Dionysus' <a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">katabasis</a>, or descent into the underworld. Both describe how Dionysus entered into the afterlife to rescue his mother Semele, and bring her to her rightful place on Olympus. To do so, he had to contend with the hell dog <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a>, which was restrained for him by <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>. After retrieving Semele, Dionysus emerged with her from the unfathomable waters of a lagoon on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argolid</a> near the prehistoric site of <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a>, according to the local tradition.<a href="#cite_note-PausaniasII-260">[260]</a> This mythic event was commemorated with a yearly nighttime festival, the details of which were held secret by the local religion. According to Paola Corrente, the emergence of Dionysus from the waters of the lagoon may signify a form of rebirth for both him and Semele as they reemerged from the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-corrente2012-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-corrente2019-261">[261]</a> A variant of this myth forms the basis of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' comedy The Frogs.<a href="#cite_note-corrente2012-17">[17]</a> According to the Christian writer <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, Dionysus was guided in his journey by <a href="/wiki/Prosymnus" title="Prosymnus">Prosymnus</a> or Polymnus, who requested, as his reward, to be Dionysus' lover. Prosymnus died before Dionysus could honor his pledge, so to satisfy Prosymnus' shade, Dionysus fashioned a <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a> from a fig branch and penetrated himself with it at Prosymnus' tomb.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> This story survives in full only in Christian sources, whose aim was to discredit pagan mythology, but it appears to have also served to explain the origin of secret objects used by the <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> This same myth of Dionysus' descent to the underworld is related by both <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> in his first century BC work Bibliotheca historica, and Pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus</a> in the third book of his first century AD work <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a>. In the latter, Apollodorus tells how after having been hidden away from Hera's wrath, Dionysus traveled the world opposing those who denied his godhood, finally proving it when he transformed his pirate captors into dolphins. After this, the culmination of his life on earth was his descent to retrieve his mother from the underworld. He renamed his mother <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Thyone</a>, and ascended with her to heaven, where she became a goddess.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In this variant of the myth, it is implied that Dionysus must prove his godhood to mortals and then also legitimize his place on Olympus by proving his lineage and elevating his mother to divine status, before taking his place among the Olympic gods.<a href="#cite_note-corrente2012-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_myths">Secondary myths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Secondary myths">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midas'_golden_touch">Midas' golden touch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Midas' golden touch">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg/220px-Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg/330px-Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg/440px-Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4670" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_and_Ariadne" title="Bacchus and Ariadne">Bacchus and Ariadne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a> in London</figcaption></figure> Dionysus discovered that his old school master and foster father, <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a>, had gone missing. The old man had wandered away drunk, and was found by some peasants who carried him to their king <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a> (alternatively, he passed out in Midas' rose garden). The king recognized him hospitably, feasting him for ten days and nights while Silenus entertained with stories and songs. On the eleventh day, Midas brought Silenus back to Dionysus. Dionysus offered the king his choice of reward. Midas asked that whatever he might touch would turn to gold. Dionysus consented, though was sorry that he had not made a better choice. Midas rejoiced in his new power, which he hastened to put to the test. He touched and turned to gold an oak twig and a stone, but his joy vanished when he found that his bread, meat, and wine also turned to gold. Later, when his daughter embraced him, she too turned to gold. The horrified king strove to divest the <a href="/wiki/Midas_Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Midas Touch">Midas Touch</a>, and he prayed to Dionysus to save him from starvation. The god consented, telling Midas to wash in the river <a href="/wiki/Pactolus" title="Pactolus">Pactolus</a>. As he did so, the power passed into them, and the river sands turned gold: this <a href="/wiki/Etiological_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiological myth">etiological myth</a> explained the gold sands of the Pactolus. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Love_affairs">Love affairs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Love affairs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Bacchus and Ariadne (1822) by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a></figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> abandoned <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> sleeping on Naxos, Dionysus found and married her. They had a son named Oenopion, but she committed suicide or was killed by <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>. In some variants, Dionysus had her crown put into the heavens as the constellation Corona; in others, he descended into <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> to restore her to the gods on Olympus. Another account claims Dionysus ordered Theseus to abandon Ariadne on the island of Naxos, for Dionysus had seen her as Theseus carried her onto the ship and had decided to marry her.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Psalacantha" title="Psalacantha">Psalacantha</a>, a nymph, promised to help Dionysus court Ariadne in exchange for his sexual favours; but Dionysus refused, so Psalacantha advised Ariadne against going with him. For this Dionysus turned her into the plant with the same name.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioniso_scopre_arianna,_da_casa_dei_capitelli_colorati_a_pompei,_9278.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dioniso_scopre_arianna%2C_da_casa_dei_capitelli_colorati_a_pompei%2C_9278.JPG/148px-Dioniso_scopre_arianna%2C_da_casa_dei_capitelli_colorati_a_pompei%2C_9278.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dioniso_scopre_arianna%2C_da_casa_dei_capitelli_colorati_a_pompei%2C_9278.JPG/222px-Dioniso_scopre_arianna%2C_da_casa_dei_capitelli_colorati_a_pompei%2C_9278.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dioniso_scopre_arianna%2C_da_casa_dei_capitelli_colorati_a_pompei%2C_9278.JPG/296px-Dioniso_scopre_arianna%2C_da_casa_dei_capitelli_colorati_a_pompei%2C_9278.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="2528" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Affresco_con_l%27epifania_di_Dioniso_a_Nasso,_da_Pompei,_I_4,_5_Casa_del_Citarista_._Napoli,_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale,_inv._9286.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Affresco_con_l%27epifania_di_Dioniso_a_Nasso%2C_da_Pompei%2C_I_4%2C_5_Casa_del_Citarista_._Napoli%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale%2C_inv._9286.png/136px-Affresco_con_l%27epifania_di_Dioniso_a_Nasso%2C_da_Pompei%2C_I_4%2C_5_Casa_del_Citarista_._Napoli%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale%2C_inv._9286.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Affresco_con_l%27epifania_di_Dioniso_a_Nasso%2C_da_Pompei%2C_I_4%2C_5_Casa_del_Citarista_._Napoli%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale%2C_inv._9286.png/204px-Affresco_con_l%27epifania_di_Dioniso_a_Nasso%2C_da_Pompei%2C_I_4%2C_5_Casa_del_Citarista_._Napoli%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale%2C_inv._9286.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Affresco_con_l%27epifania_di_Dioniso_a_Nasso%2C_da_Pompei%2C_I_4%2C_5_Casa_del_Citarista_._Napoli%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale%2C_inv._9286.png/272px-Affresco_con_l%27epifania_di_Dioniso_a_Nasso%2C_da_Pompei%2C_I_4%2C_5_Casa_del_Citarista_._Napoli%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale%2C_inv._9286.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="711" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Dionysos surrounded by his <a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">thiasus</a> discovers Ariadne asleep at <a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a>'s side. Frescoes in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></div></div></div></div> Dionysus fell in love with a nymph named <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a>, in some versions by <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>' binding. Nicaea however was a sworn virgin and scorned his attempts to court her. So one day, while she was away, he replaced the water in the spring from which she used to drink with wine. Intoxicated, Nicaea passed out, and Dionysus raped her in her sleep. When she woke up and realized what had happened, she sought him out to harm him, but she never found him. She gave birth to his sons <a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyrus</a>, and others. Dionysus named the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> after her.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a>, Eros made Dionysus fall in love with <a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a>, a virgin companion of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, as part of a ploy to punish Aura for having insulted Artemis. Dionysus used the same trick as with Nicaea to get her fall asleep, tied her up, and then raped her. Aura tried to kill herself, with little success. When she gave birth to twin sons by Dionysus, <a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a> and another boy, she ate one twin before drowning herself in the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sangarius</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Also in the Dionysiaca, Nonnus relates how Dionysus fell in love with a handsome satyr named <a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">Ampelos</a>, who was killed by Selene due to him challenging her. On his death, Dionysus changed him into the first grapevine.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_myths">Other myths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other myths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP123380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MET_DP123380.jpg/220px-MET_DP123380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MET_DP123380.jpg/330px-MET_DP123380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MET_DP123380.jpg/440px-MET_DP123380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta head, 4-5th century, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (modern Pakistan)</figcaption></figure> A third descent by Dionysus to Hades is invented by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> in his comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">The Frogs</a>. Dionysus, as patron of the Athenian dramatic festival, the Dionysia, wants to bring back to life one of the great tragedians. After a <a href="/wiki/Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam">poetry slam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> is chosen in preference to <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> bound <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> to a magical chair, Dionysus got him drunk and brought him back to Olympus after he passed out.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Callirrhoe was a <a href="/wiki/Calydon" title="Calydon">Calydonian</a> woman who scorned <a href="/wiki/Coresus" title="Coresus">Coresus</a>, a priest of Dionysus, who threatened to afflict all the women of Calydon with insanity (see <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenad</a>). The priest was ordered to sacrifice Callirhoe but he killed himself instead. Callirhoe threw herself into a well which was later named after her.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dionysus also sent a fox that was fated never to be caught in Thebes. <a href="/wiki/Creon_(king_of_Thebes)" title="Creon (king of Thebes)">Creon</a>, king of Thebes, sent <a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a> to catch and kill the fox. <a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a> obtained from <a href="/wiki/Cephalus" title="Cephalus">Cephalus</a> the dog that his wife <a href="/wiki/Procris" title="Procris">Procris</a> had received from <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>, which was fated to catch whatever it pursued.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another account about Dionysus's parentage indicates that he is the son of Zeus and Gê (Gaia), also named Themelê (foundation), corrupted into Semele.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Hyginus relates that Dionysus once gave human speech to a donkey. The donkey then proceeded to challenge Priapus in a contest about which between them had the better penis; the donkey lost. Priapus killed the donkey, but Dionysus placed him among the stars, above the <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Crab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> The following is a list of Dionysus' offspring, by various mothers. Beside each offspring, the earliest source to record the parentage is given, along with the century to which the source (in some cases approximately) dates. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 100pt;">Offspring </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 95pt;">Mother </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 55pt;">Source </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 70pt;">Date </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width: 10pt;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">The <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="24">4th/5th cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coronis_(mythology)" title="Coronis (mythology)">Coronis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="21">5th cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ceramus </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Paus.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="19">2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enyeus" title="Enyeus">Enyeus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oenopion" title="Oenopion">Oenopion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staphylus_(son_of_Dionysus)" title="Staphylus (son of Dionysus)">Staphylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Lemnos)" title="Thoas (king of Lemnos)">Thoas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollod.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="18">1st/2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euanthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Euanthes">Euanthes</a>, Tauropolis, Latramys </td> <td>Schol. <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Ap. Rh.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="50"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peparethus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollod.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="18">1st/2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maron_(mythology)" title="Maron (mythology)">Maron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="7">5th cent. BC </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phlias" title="Phlias">Phlias</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyg.</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabulae">Fab.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="17">1st cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carmanor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexirrhoe" title="Alexirrhoe">Alexirrhoe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Ps.-Plut.</a> <a href="/wiki/De_fluviis" title="De fluviis">Fluv.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="19">2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="21">5th cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed twin brother </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="21">5th cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphesiboea" title="Alphesiboea">Alphesiboea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Ps.-Plut.</a> <a href="/wiki/De_fluviis" title="De fluviis">Fluv.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="19">2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phlias" title="Phlias">Phlias</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Araethyrea" title="Araethyrea">Araethyrea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Paus.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="19">2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chthonophyle" title="Chthonophyle">Chthonophyle</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Paus.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="19">2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chione_(Greek_myth)" title="Chione (Greek myth)">Chione</a> </td> <td>Schol. <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theoc.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="50"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Percote </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="25">5th cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyrus</a>, Other unnamed sons </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memnon_of_Heraclea" title="Memnon of Heraclea">Memnon of Heraclea</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="17">1st cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Narcaeus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Physcoa" title="Physcoa">Physcoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Paus.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="19">2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">No mother mentioned </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anacreon" title="Anacreon">Anacreon</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="27">6th cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabazius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabazius">Sabazius</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thysa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="17">1st cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="25">5th cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phanus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollod.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="18">1st/2nd cent. AD </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_depictions">Iconography and depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Iconography and depictions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioniso_seduto,_officina_neoattica,_I_sec_dc,_6728.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dioniso_seduto%2C_officina_neoattica%2C_I_sec_dc%2C_6728.JPG/220px-Dioniso_seduto%2C_officina_neoattica%2C_I_sec_dc%2C_6728.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dioniso_seduto%2C_officina_neoattica%2C_I_sec_dc%2C_6728.JPG/330px-Dioniso_seduto%2C_officina_neoattica%2C_I_sec_dc%2C_6728.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dioniso_seduto%2C_officina_neoattica%2C_I_sec_dc%2C_6728.JPG/440px-Dioniso_seduto%2C_officina_neoattica%2C_I_sec_dc%2C_6728.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2574" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Roman relief in the Museo Archeologico (Naples) depicting Dionysus holding a thyrsus and receiving a libation, wearing an ivy wreath, and attended by a panther</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_panther_Louvre_K240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dionysos_panther_Louvre_K240.jpg/220px-Dionysos_panther_Louvre_K240.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dionysos_panther_Louvre_K240.jpg/330px-Dionysos_panther_Louvre_K240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dionysos_panther_Louvre_K240.jpg/440px-Dionysos_panther_Louvre_K240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus on a <a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">panther</a>'s back; on the left, a <a href="/wiki/Papposilenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Papposilenus">papposilenus</a> holding a tambourine. Side A from a red-figure bell-shaped crater, c. 370 BC.</figcaption></figure> The earliest cult images of Dionysus show a mature male, bearded and robed. He holds a <a href="/wiki/Ferula" title="Ferula">fennel</a> staff, tipped with a pine-cone and known as a <a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">thyrsus</a>. Later images show him as a beardless, sensuous, naked or half-naked androgynous youth: the literature describes him as womanly or "man-womanish".<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> In its fully developed form, his central cult imagery shows his triumphant, disorderly arrival or return, as if from some place beyond the borders of the known and civilized. His procession (<a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">thiasus</a>) is made up of wild female followers (<a href="/wiki/Maenads" class="mw-redirect" title="Maenads">maenads</a>) and bearded <a href="/wiki/Satyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyrs">satyrs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ithyphallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithyphallic">erect penises</a>; some are armed with the thyrsus, some dance or play music. The god himself is drawn in a chariot, usually by exotic beasts such as lions or tigers, and is sometimes attended by a bearded, drunken <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a>. This procession is presumed to be the cult model for the followers of his <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a>. Dionysus is represented by city religions as the protector of those who do not belong to conventional society and he thus symbolizes the chaotic, dangerous and unexpected, everything which escapes human reason and which can only be attributed to the unforeseeable action of the gods.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Dionysus was a god of resurrection and he was strongly linked to the <a href="/wiki/Bull_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (mythology)">bull</a>. In a cult hymn from <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, at a festival for Hera, Dionysus is invited to come as a bull; "with bull-foot raging". <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> relates, "Quite frequently [Dionysus] is portrayed with bull horns, and in <a href="/wiki/Kyzikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyzikos">Kyzikos</a> he has a tauromorphic image", and refers also to an archaic myth in which Dionysus is slaughtered as a bull calf and impiously eaten by the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Dionysus_Delos_Stoivadeion_130086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Temple_Dionysus_Delos_Stoivadeion_130086.jpg/220px-Temple_Dionysus_Delos_Stoivadeion_130086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Temple_Dionysus_Delos_Stoivadeion_130086.jpg/330px-Temple_Dionysus_Delos_Stoivadeion_130086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Temple_Dionysus_Delos_Stoivadeion_130086.jpg/440px-Temple_Dionysus_Delos_Stoivadeion_130086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A sculpted phallus at the entrance of the temple of Dionysus in <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> The snake and <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a> were symbols of Dionysus in ancient Greece, and of Bacchus in Greece and Rome.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> There is a procession called the phallophoria, in which villagers would parade through the streets carrying phallic images or pulling phallic representations on carts. He typically wears a panther or leopard skin and carries a thyrsus. His iconography sometimes includes <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a>, who wear wreaths of ivy and serpents around their hair or neck.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> The cult of Dionysus was closely associated with trees, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Fig_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Fig tree">fig tree</a>, and some of his <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">bynames</a> exhibit this, such as Endendros "he in the tree" or Dendritēs, "he of the tree". Peters suggests the original meaning as "he who runs among the trees", or that of a "runner in the woods". Janda (2010) accepts the etymology but proposes the more cosmological interpretation of "he who impels the (world-)tree". This interpretation explains how Nysa could have been re-interpreted from a meaning of "tree" to the name of a mountain: the <a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European mythology">Indo-European mythology</a> is represented both as a <a href="/wiki/World-tree" class="mw-redirect" title="World-tree">world-tree</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/World-mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="World-mountain">world-mountain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Dionysus is also closely associated with the transition between summer and autumn. In the Mediterranean summer, marked by the rising of the dog star <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, the weather becomes extremely hot, but it is also a time when the promise of coming harvests grow. Late summer, when <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> is at the center of the sky, was the time of the grape harvest in ancient Greece. Plato describes the gifts of this season as the fruit that is harvested as well as Dionysian joy. Pindar describes the "pure light of high summer" as closely associated with Dionysus and possibly even an embodiment of the god himself. An image of Dionysus' birth from Zeus' thigh calls him "the light of Zeus" (Dios phos) and associates him with the light of Sirius.<a href="#cite_note-Kerenyi-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_art">Classical art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Classical art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_support_with_a_Dionysiac_group_(AD_170-180)_(3470740119).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Table_support_with_a_Dionysiac_group_%28AD_170-180%29_%283470740119%29.jpg/220px-Table_support_with_a_Dionysiac_group_%28AD_170-180%29_%283470740119%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Table_support_with_a_Dionysiac_group_%28AD_170-180%29_%283470740119%29.jpg/330px-Table_support_with_a_Dionysiac_group_%28AD_170-180%29_%283470740119%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Table_support_with_a_Dionysiac_group_%28AD_170-180%29_%283470740119%29.jpg/440px-Table_support_with_a_Dionysiac_group_%28AD_170-180%29_%283470740119%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Marble table support adorned by a group including <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>; Dionysos holds a <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a> (drinking vessel) in the shape of a panther; traces of <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">yellow colour</a> are preserved on <a href="/wiki/Hair_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair color">the hair</a> of the figures and the branches; from an <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> workshop, 170–180 AD, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg/220px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg/330px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg/440px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of Dionysus, 4th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_2023_-_Terme_(Baths_of)_Caracalla,_Arte_Romana,_Viale_Guido_Baccelli,_Rome,_Roma,_Lazio,_00154,_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/10_2023_-_Terme_%28Baths_of%29_Caracalla%2C_Arte_Romana%2C_Viale_Guido_Baccelli%2C_Rome%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00154%2C_Italy_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_-_FO232114_correzioni_gimp_-_Domus_Arte_Romana_-_pitture_parietali.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9059" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of Dionysus from triclinium ceiling of home incorporated into Baths of Caracalla (Rome)</figcaption></figure> The god, and still more often his followers, were commonly depicted in the painted <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery of Ancient Greece">pottery of Ancient Greece</a>, much of which made to hold wine. But, apart from some <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a>, Dionysian subjects rarely appeared in large sculpture before the Hellenistic period, when they became common.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> In these, the treatment of the god himself ranged from severe archaising or <a href="/wiki/Neo_Attic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Attic">Neo Attic</a> types such as the <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus Sardanapalus</a> to types showing him as an indolent and androgynous young man, often <a href="/wiki/Nude" class="mw-redirect" title="Nude">nude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermes_and_the_Infant_Dionysus" title="Hermes and the Infant Dionysus">Hermes and the Infant Dionysus</a> is probably a Greek original in marble, and the <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Dionysus" title="Ludovisi Dionysus">Ludovisi Dionysus</a> group is probably a Roman original of the second century AD. Well-known <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_sculpture" title="Hellenistic sculpture">Hellenistic sculptures</a> of Dionysian subjects, surviving in Roman copies, include the <a href="/wiki/Barberini_Faun" title="Barberini Faun">Barberini Faun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Torso" title="Belvedere Torso">Belvedere Torso</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Resting_Satyr" title="Resting Satyr">Resting Satyr</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Furietti_Centaurs" title="Furietti Centaurs">Furietti Centaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Hermaphroditus" title="Sleeping Hermaphroditus">Sleeping Hermaphroditus</a> reflect related subjects, which had by this time become drawn into the Dionysian orbit.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> The marble <a href="/wiki/Dancer_of_Pergamon" title="Dancer of Pergamon">Dancer of Pergamon</a> is an original, as is the bronze <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Satyr_of_Mazara_del_Vallo" title="Dancing Satyr of Mazara del Vallo">Dancing Satyr of Mazara del Vallo</a>, a recent recovery from the sea. The Dionysian world by the Hellenistic period is a hedonistic but safe <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> into which other semi-divine creatures of the countryside have been co-opted, such as <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a>, and the gods <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphrodite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> "Nymph" by this stage "means simply an ideal female of the Dionysian outdoors, a non-wild bacchant".<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Hellenistic sculpture also includes for the first time large genre subjects of children and peasants, many of whom carry Dionysian attributes such as ivy wreaths, and "most should be seen as part of his realm. They have in common with satyrs and nymphs that they are creatures of the outdoors and are without true personal identity."<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> The fourth-century BC <a href="/wiki/Derveni_Krater" title="Derveni Krater">Derveni Krater</a>, the unique survival of a very large scale Classical or Hellenistic metal vessel of top quality, depicts Dionysus and his followers. Dionysus appealed to the Hellenistic monarchies for a number of reasons, apart from merely being a god of pleasure: He was a human who became divine, he came from, and had conquered, the East, exemplified a lifestyle of display and magnificence with his mortal followers, and was often regarded as an ancestor.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> He continued to appeal to the rich of Imperial Rome, who populated their gardens with Dionysian sculpture, and by the second century AD were often buried in <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a> carved with crowded scenes of Bacchus and his entourage.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> The fourth-century AD <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> is a spectacular <a href="/wiki/Cage_cup" title="Cage cup">cage cup</a> which changes colour when light comes through the glass; it shows the bound King <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_(Thrace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus (Thrace)">Lycurgus</a> being taunted by the god and attacked by a satyr; this may have been used for celebration of Dionysian mysteries. Elizabeth Kessler has theorized that a mosaic appearing on the <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a> floor of the House of Aion in <a href="/wiki/Nea_Paphos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nea Paphos">Nea Paphos</a>, Cyprus, details a monotheistic worship of Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> In the mosaic, other gods appear but may only be lesser representations of the centrally imposed Dionysus. The mid-Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Veroli_Casket" title="Veroli Casket">Veroli Casket</a> shows the tradition lingering in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> around 1000 AD, but probably not very well understood. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_art">Early modern art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Early modern art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Michelangelo_Bacchus.jpg/220px-Michelangelo_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Michelangelo_Bacchus.jpg/330px-Michelangelo_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Michelangelo_Bacchus.jpg/440px-Michelangelo_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Michelangelo)" title="Bacchus (Michelangelo)">Bacchus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (1497)</figcaption></figure> Bacchic subjects in art resumed in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, and soon became almost as popular as in antiquity, but his "strong association with feminine spirituality and power almost disappeared", as did "the idea that the destructive and creative powers of the god were indissolubly linked".<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Michelangelo)" title="Bacchus (Michelangelo)">Michelangelo's statue</a> (1496–97) "madness has become merriment". The statue tries to suggest both drunken incapacity and an elevated consciousness, but this was perhaps lost on later viewers, and typically the two aspects were thereafter split, with a clearly drunk Silenus representing the former, and a youthful Bacchus often shown with wings, because he carries the mind to higher places.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrick_Goltzius,_Dutch_(active_Haarlem)_-_Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus_(Without_Ceres_and_Bacchus,_Venus_Would_Freeze)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hendrik Goltzius, 1600–03, Sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus (Without Ceres and Bacchus, Venus Would Freeze). c. 1600-1603, ink on canvas, Philadelphia Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hendrick_Goltzius%2C_Dutch_%28active_Haarlem%29_-_Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus_%28Without_Ceres_and_Bacchus%2C_Venus_Would_Freeze%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hendrick_Goltzius%2C_Dutch_%28active_Haarlem%29_-_Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus_%28Without_Ceres_and_Bacchus%2C_Venus_Would_Freeze%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hendrick_Goltzius%2C_Dutch_%28active_Haarlem%29_-_Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus_%28Without_Ceres_and_Bacchus%2C_Venus_Would_Freeze%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hendrick_Goltzius%2C_Dutch_%28active_Haarlem%29_-_Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus_%28Without_Ceres_and_Bacchus%2C_Venus_Would_Freeze%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hendrick_Goltzius%2C_Dutch_%28active_Haarlem%29_-_Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus_%28Without_Ceres_and_Bacchus%2C_Venus_Would_Freeze%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hendrick_Goltzius%2C_Dutch_%28active_Haarlem%29_-_Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus_%28Without_Ceres_and_Bacchus%2C_Venus_Would_Freeze%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4037" data-file-height="5185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Goltzius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Goltzius">Hendrik Goltzius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sine_Cerere_et_Libero_friget_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus">Sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus</a> (Without Ceres and Bacchus, Venus Would Freeze), c. 1600-1603, the "Philadelphia pen painting</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_and_Ariadne" title="Bacchus and Ariadne">Bacchus and Ariadne</a> (1522–23) and <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchanal_of_the_Andrians" title="The Bacchanal of the Andrians">The Bacchanal of the Andrians</a> (1523–26), both painted for the <a href="/wiki/Camerini_d%27alabastro" title="Camerini d'alabastro">same room</a>, offer an influential heroic pastoral,<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Bacchus" title="The Triumph of Bacchus">The Triumph of Bacchus</a> (or Los borrachos – "the drinkers", c. 1629) and <a href="/wiki/Jusepe_de_Ribera" title="Jusepe de Ribera">Jusepe de Ribera</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Drunken_Silenus_(Ribera)" title="Drunken Silenus (Ribera)">Drunken Silenus</a> choose a genre realism. <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque painting</a> frequently painted the Bacchic followers, as in Van Dyck's <a href="/wiki/Drunken_Silenus_(van_Dyck)" title="Drunken Silenus (van Dyck)">Drunken Silenus</a> and many works by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>; <a href="/wiki/Poussin" class="mw-redirect" title="Poussin">Poussin</a> was another regular painter of Bacchic scenes.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> A common theme in art beginning in the sixteenth century was the depiction of Bacchus and Ceres caring for a representation of love – often Venus, Cupid, or Amore. This tradition derived from a quotation by the Roman comedian <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a> (c. 195/185 – c. 159 BC) which became a popular proverb in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern period">Early Modern period</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sine_Cerere_et_Baccho_friget_Venus" title="Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus">Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus</a> ("without <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> freezes"). Its simplest level of meaning is that love needs food and wine to thrive. Artwork based on this saying was popular during the period 1550–1630, especially in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>. Because of his association with the vine harvest, Bacchus became the god of autumn, and he and his followers were often shown in sets depicting the seasons.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_literature_and_philosophy">Modern literature and philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Modern literature and philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_borrachos_o_el_triunfo_de_Baco_1629_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Los_borrachos_o_el_triunfo_de_Baco_1629_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/220px-Los_borrachos_o_el_triunfo_de_Baco_1629_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Los_borrachos_o_el_triunfo_de_Baco_1629_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/330px-Los_borrachos_o_el_triunfo_de_Baco_1629_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Los_borrachos_o_el_triunfo_de_Baco_1629_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/440px-Los_borrachos_o_el_triunfo_de_Baco_1629_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Bacchus" title="The Triumph of Bacchus">The Triumph of Bacchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, c. 1629</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg/220px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg/330px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg/440px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_El_triunfo_de_Baco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>The Triumph of Bacchus by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Vos" title="Cornelis de Vos">Cornelis de Vos</a></figcaption></figure> Dionysus has remained an inspiration to artists, philosophers and writers into the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>. In <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a> (1872), the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> proposed that a tension between <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a> aesthetic principles underlay the development of <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>; Dionysus represented what was unrestrained chaotic and irrational, while Apollo represented the rational and ordered. This concept of a rivalry or opposition between Dionysus and Apollo has been characterized as a "modern myth", as it is the invention of modern thinkers like Nietzsche and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>, and is not found in classical sources. However, the acceptance and popularity of this theme in Western culture has been so great, that its undercurrent has influenced the conclusions of classical scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Nietzsche also claimed that the oldest forms of Greek Tragedy were entirely based upon the suffering Dionysus. In Nietzsche's 1886 work <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_of_the_Idols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twilight of the Idols">The Twilight of the Idols</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Antichrist_(book)" title="The Antichrist (book)">The Antichrist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo">Ecce Homo</a>, Dionysus is conceived as the embodiment of the unrestrained <a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a>. Towards the end of his life, Nietzsche famously went mad. He was known to sign letters as both Dionysus and "The Crucified" in this period of his life. In The Hellenic Religion of the Suffering God (1904), and Dionysus and Early Dionysianism (1921), the poet <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(poet)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> elaborates the theory of <a href="/wiki/Dionysianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysianism">Dionysianism</a>, tracing the origins of literature, and <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> in particular, to ancient Dionysian mysteries. Ivanov said that Dionysus' suffering "was the distinctive feature of the cult" just as Christ's suffering is significant for Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ker%C3%A9nyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerényi">Karl Kerényi</a> characterizes Dionysus as representative of the psychological life force (Greek Zoê).<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> Other psychological interpretations place Dionysus' <a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">emotionality</a> in the foreground, focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">joy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">terror</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a> associated with the god.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> specified that his ashes should be kept in an Ancient Greek vase painted with Dionysian scenes from his collection, which remains on display at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a> in London. J. M. Tolcher's autobiography, Poof (2023), features Dionysus as a character and a force of modern liberation in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, incorporating traditional myth and Nietzschean philosophy to represent <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">queer suffering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> “[Dionysus as] Tolcher is a convincing and sympathetic <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">anti-hero</a>. His crimes (figurative and literal) have rationales: they are reparations, they are specific acts of rebellion, with a focus on, above all, survival. His substance abuse is a symptom of the escapism of all outcast subcultures, a grasp (however doomed) against nihilistic despair. Poof is Tolcher’s barbaric yawp—a throat-tearing shriek that is meant to ring in its readers’ ears long after: this is what the silence of <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormative</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">WASP respectability</a> costs for queer people, this is the price of ignorance on a human body and psyche.”<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_film_and_performance_art">Modern film and performance art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Modern film and performance art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Incantadas_Louvre_Ma1393_side_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Las_Incantadas_Louvre_Ma1393_side_B.jpg/220px-Las_Incantadas_Louvre_Ma1393_side_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="550" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Las_Incantadas_Louvre_Ma1393_side_B.jpg/330px-Las_Incantadas_Louvre_Ma1393_side_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Las_Incantadas_Louvre_Ma1393_side_B.jpg/440px-Las_Incantadas_Louvre_Ma1393_side_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Las_Incantadas" title="Las Incantadas">Las Incantadas</a> Dionysus, large relief from the agora of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> depicted Bacchus in the "<a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a>" segment of the animated film <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Silenus#Evolution_of_the_character" title="Silenus">Silenus</a>-like character. In 1969, an adaption of The Bacchae was performed, called <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_in_%2769_(theatrical_production)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysus in '69 (theatrical production)">Dionysus in '69</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_in_%2769" title="Dionysus in '69">film</a> was made of the same performance. The production was notable for involving audience participation, nudity, and theatrical innovations.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> In 1974, Stephen Sondheim and Burt Shevelove adapted Aristophanes' comedy The Frogs into a <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs_(musical)" title="The Frogs (musical)">modern musical</a>, which hit broadway in 2004 and was revived in London in 2017. The musical keeps the descent of Dionysus into Hades to bring back a playwright; however, the playwrights are updated to modern times, and Dionysus is forced to choose between <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/The_Orion_Experience" title="The Orion Experience">The Orion Experience</a>, in the album Cosmicandy, included a song titled "Cult of Dionysus". The song invokes themes from the god's cult. The entire album is described as "short, sharp, and ultimately memorable, glowing with a long-forgotten disco-synth energy."<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> The song overall plays upon the god's themes of being devious and rebelling against social norms. In 2014, Dionysus was featured in <a href="/wiki/Smite_(video_game)" title="Smite (video game)">Smite</a> as a playable god under his Roman Bacchus name. In 2018, Dionysus was featured in <a href="/wiki/Hades_(video_game)" title="Hades (video game)">Hades</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">indie</a> <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">roguelike</a> action <a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">dungeon crawler</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> developed and published by <a href="/wiki/Supergiant_Games" title="Supergiant Games">Supergiant Games</a>. He is one of the cousins of the protagonist and playable character, Zagreus, who is trying to escape the underworld and find his mother whilst his father, Hades, tries to stop him. Dionysus offers boons and assist the Son of Hades in his attempts to escape from the underworld. All of his boons and powers are based on his key traits from his Mythos, focusing on alcohol related abilities and negative effects on enemies to assist the protagonist. His characterisation in the game nods back to a lot of his stories and traits from the history of the character. His interactions with other Gods also highlight his character as mischievous, a lover of festivities and of course, wine. There is also the reference of the protagonist having the name <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a>, considered to be the first birth of Dionysus. He is voiced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Nemati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus Nemati (page does not exist)">Cyrus Nemati</a>. In 2018, the Australian musical project <a href="/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance" title="Dead Can Dance">Dead Can Dance</a> released an album entitled <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_(album)" title="Dionysus (album)">Dionysus</a>. Musician Brendan Perry described the inspiration for the album as a trance-like, "Dionysian" experience he had at a festival during a trip to rural <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. "It's the spring festivals like that one where you see the real remnants of Dionysian festivals. They're all over the Mediterranean in remote places where Christian influence hasn't been as great .... People wear masks and dance in circles almost like time has stood still in their celebrations." Perry chose to employ Mediterranean folk instruments that mimic natural sounds in addition to a vocal chorus, in order to evoke the atmosphere of an ancient festival.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> In 2019, the South Korean boy band <a href="/wiki/BTS" title="BTS">BTS</a> released a <a href="/wiki/Rap-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap-rock">rap-rock</a>-<a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> track.<a href="#cite_note-:2-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-338">[338]</a> named "<a href="/wiki/Dionysus_(song)" title="Dionysus (song)">Dionysus</a>" as part of their album <a href="/wiki/Map_of_the_Soul:_Persona" title="Map of the Soul: Persona">Map of the Soul: Persona</a>. The naming of this song comes from the association of the namesake with debauchery and excess, this is reflected in its lyrics talking about "getting drunk on art" – <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">playing on the Korean words</a> for "alcohol" (술 sul) and "art" (예술 yesul) as an example – alongside expressions about their stardom, legacy, and artistic integrity. The band's leader <a href="/wiki/RM_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="RM (rapper)">RM</a> in a press release described the song as, "the joy and pain of creating something" and "an honest track".<a href="#cite_note-:3-339">[339]</a> In 2024, French actor and singer <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Katerine" title="Philippe Katerine">Phillippe Katerine</a> portrayed a blue and near naked Dionysus at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a> in France. The portrayal was part of what many believed was part of a recreation of <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a> with drag queens.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> Others viewed him as similar to Belgian comic character <a href="/wiki/Papa_Smurf" title="Papa Smurf">Papa Smurf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> However, the ceremony's artistic director, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jolly" title="Thomas Jolly">Thomas Jolly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> insist that depiction was in fact inspired by a 17th-century Dutch painting of the Greek Olympian gods, <a href="/wiki/Le_Festin_des_Dieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Festin des Dieux">The Feast of the Gods</a>, painted by the artist <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Bijlert" title="Jan van Bijlert">Jan van Bijlert</a> between 1635 and 1640. However this contradicts a statement from the Paris 2024 producers, “For the ‘Festivities’ segment, Thomas Jolly took inspiration from Leonardo da Vinci’s famous painting to create the setting."<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallels_with_Christianity">Parallels with Christianity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Parallels with Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Dionysus in comparative mythology">Dionysus in comparative mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_in_comparative_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ in comparative mythology">Jesus Christ in comparative mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_with_Dionysian_Figures_MET_DT11588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hanging_with_Dionysian_Figures_MET_DT11588.jpg/280px-Hanging_with_Dionysian_Figures_MET_DT11588.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hanging_with_Dionysian_Figures_MET_DT11588.jpg/420px-Hanging_with_Dionysian_Figures_MET_DT11588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hanging_with_Dionysian_Figures_MET_DT11588.jpg/560px-Hanging_with_Dionysian_Figures_MET_DT11588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>Hanging with Dionysian Figures from <a href="/wiki/Antinopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinopolis">Antinoöpolis</a>, fifth–seventh century (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchus,_Simeon_Solomon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bacchus%2C_Simeon_Solomon.jpg/220px-Bacchus%2C_Simeon_Solomon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bacchus%2C_Simeon_Solomon.jpg/330px-Bacchus%2C_Simeon_Solomon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bacchus%2C_Simeon_Solomon.jpg/440px-Bacchus%2C_Simeon_Solomon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="3871" /></a><figcaption>Bacchus (<a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a>, 1867)</figcaption></figure> Numerous scholars have compared narratives surrounding the Christian figure of Jesus with those associated with Dionysus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_resurrection">Death and resurrection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Death and resurrection">edit</a>]</div> Some scholars of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative mythology</a> identify both Dionysus and Jesus with the <a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">dying-and-rising god</a> mythological <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moles-344">[344]</a> On the other hand, it has been noted that the details of Dionysus' death and rebirth are starkly different both in content and symbolism from Jesus. The two stories take place in very different historical and geographic contexts. Also, the manner of death is different; in the most common myth, Dionysus was torn to pieces and eaten by the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, but "eventually restored to a new life" from the heart that was left over.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-346">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Trial">edit</a>]</div> Another parallel can be seen in <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a> where Dionysus appears before King Pentheus on charges of claiming divinity, which is compared to the New Testament scene of Jesus being interrogated by Pontius Pilate.<a href="#cite_note-Wick2004_179–198-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> However, a number of scholars dispute this parallel, since the confrontation between Dionysus and Pentheus ends with Pentheus dying, torn into pieces by the mad women, whereas the trial of Jesus ends with him being sentenced to death. The discrepancies between the two stories, including their resolutions, have led many scholars to regard the Dionysus story as radically different from the one about Jesus, except for the parallel of the arrest, which is a detail that appears in many biographies as well.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_parallels">Other parallels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Other parallels">edit</a>]</div> E. Kessler has argued that the Dionysian cult developed into strict <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> by the fourth century AD; together with <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a> and other sects, the cult formed an instance of "pagan monotheism" in direct competition with <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> Scholars from the sixteenth century onwards, especially <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Vossius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Vossius">Gerard Vossius</a>, also discussed the parallels between the biographies of Dionysus/Bacchus and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (Vossius named his sons <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Vossius" title="Dionysius Vossius">Dionysius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Vossius" title="Isaac Vossius">Isaac</a>). Such comparisons surface in details of paintings by Poussin.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Moles" title="John Moles">John Moles</a> has argued that the Dionysian cult influenced early Christianity, and especially how Christians understood themselves as a new religion centered around a savior deity. In particular, he argues that the account of Christian origins in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moles-344">[344]</a> Moles also suggests that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> may have partially based his account of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> on the ritual meals performed by members of the Dionysian cult.<a href="#cite_note-moles-344">[344]</a>: 96  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Dionysus in art</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Infant_Bacchus,_front_-_Getty_Museum_(96.AB.53).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze statue of infant Bacchus, 1st century AD, Getty Villa."><img alt="Bronze statue of infant Bacchus, 1st century AD, Getty Villa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Infant_Bacchus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%2896.AB.53%29.jpg/119px-Infant_Bacchus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%2896.AB.53%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Infant_Bacchus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%2896.AB.53%29.jpg/179px-Infant_Bacchus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%2896.AB.53%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Infant_Bacchus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%2896.AB.53%29.jpg/239px-Infant_Bacchus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%2896.AB.53%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7760" data-file-height="10080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze statue of infant Bacchus, 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Getty_Villa" title="Getty Villa">Getty Villa</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman marble sarcophagus with the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (circa 260–270 AD)"><img alt="Roman marble sarcophagus with the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (circa 260–270 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg/120px-Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg/180px-Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg/240px-Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman marble sarcophagus with the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (circa 260–270 AD)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2331_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumph of Dionysus"><img alt="Triumph of Dionysus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Roman_-_Sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2331_%282%29.jpg/120px-Roman_-_Sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2331_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Roman_-_Sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2331_%282%29.jpg/180px-Roman_-_Sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2331_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Roman_-_Sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2331_%282%29.jpg/240px-Roman_-_Sarcophagus_with_the_Triumph_of_Dionysus_-_Walters_2331_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="977" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Triumph of Dionysus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_(17227637735).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacchus of Aldaia, 2nd cent. AD, NAMM."><img alt="Bacchus of Aldaia, 2nd cent. AD, NAMM." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817227637735%29.jpg/103px-Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817227637735%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817227637735%29.jpg/155px-Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817227637735%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817227637735%29.jpg/206px-Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817227637735%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_of_Aldaia" title="Bacchus of Aldaia">Bacchus of Aldaia</a>, 2nd cent. AD, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum, Madrid">NAMM</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dionysus Cup, a sixth-century BC kylix with Dionysus sailing with the pirates he transformed to dolphins"><img alt="The Dionysus Cup, a sixth-century BC kylix with Dionysus sailing with the pirates he transformed to dolphins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/120px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/180px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/240px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1866" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Cup" title="Dionysus Cup">Dionysus Cup</a>, a sixth-century BC <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> with Dionysus sailing with the pirates he transformed to dolphins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysus_holding_an_egg_and_a_cock,_terracotta_from_Tanagra,_Greece,_c._350_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dionysus holding an egg and a cock, terracotta from Tanagra, Greece, c. 350 BC"><img alt="Dionysus holding an egg and a cock, terracotta from Tanagra, Greece, c. 350 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dionysus_holding_an_egg_and_a_cock%2C_terracotta_from_Tanagra%2C_Greece%2C_c._350_BC.jpg/119px-Dionysus_holding_an_egg_and_a_cock%2C_terracotta_from_Tanagra%2C_Greece%2C_c._350_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dionysus_holding_an_egg_and_a_cock%2C_terracotta_from_Tanagra%2C_Greece%2C_c._350_BC.jpg/179px-Dionysus_holding_an_egg_and_a_cock%2C_terracotta_from_Tanagra%2C_Greece%2C_c._350_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dionysus_holding_an_egg_and_a_cock%2C_terracotta_from_Tanagra%2C_Greece%2C_c._350_BC.jpg/239px-Dionysus_holding_an_egg_and_a_cock%2C_terracotta_from_Tanagra%2C_Greece%2C_c._350_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="973" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dionysus holding an egg and a cock, terracotta from <a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a>, Greece, c. 350 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_on_a_cheetah,_Pella,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dionysos riding a leopard, Macedonian mosaic from Pella, Greece (fourth century BC)"><img alt="Dionysos riding a leopard, Macedonian mosaic from Pella, Greece (fourth century BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg/120px-Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg/180px-Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg/240px-Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dionysos riding a <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, Greece (fourth century BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_Sardanapalus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Dionysus (Sardanapalus) (Museo Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme, Rome)"><img alt="Statue of Dionysus (Sardanapalus) (Museo Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme, Rome)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dionysos_Sardanapalus.jpg/116px-Dionysos_Sardanapalus.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dionysos_Sardanapalus.jpg/175px-Dionysos_Sardanapalus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dionysos_Sardanapalus.jpg/232px-Dionysos_Sardanapalus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus (Sardanapalus)</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Museum_of_Palazzo_Massimo" title="National Roman Museum of Palazzo Massimo">Museo Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme</a>, Rome)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Head_of_Dionysos.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze head of Dionysus (50 BC – 50 AD) in the British Museum[354]"><img alt="Bronze head of Dionysus (50 BC – 50 AD) in the British Museum[354]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bronze_Head_of_Dionysos.JPG/120px-Bronze_Head_of_Dionysos.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bronze_Head_of_Dionysos.JPG/180px-Bronze_Head_of_Dionysos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bronze_Head_of_Dionysos.JPG/240px-Bronze_Head_of_Dionysos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze head of Dionysus (50 BC – 50 AD) in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Remich_Statue_of_Dionysus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Dionysus in Remich, Luxembourg"><img alt="Statue of Dionysus in Remich, Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Remich_Statue_of_Dionysus.JPG/102px-Remich_Statue_of_Dionysus.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Remich_Statue_of_Dionysus.JPG/154px-Remich_Statue_of_Dionysus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Remich_Statue_of_Dionysus.JPG/205px-Remich_Statue_of_Dionysus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Dionysus in <a href="/wiki/Remich" title="Remich">Remich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fane_Table.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Bacchus themed table - the top was made in Florence (c. 1736) and the gilded wood base in Britain or Ireland (circa 1736–1740)."><img alt="A Bacchus themed table - the top was made in Florence (c. 1736) and the gilded wood base in Britain or Ireland (circa 1736–1740)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fane_Table.jpg/120px-Fane_Table.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fane_Table.jpg/180px-Fane_Table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fane_Table.jpg/240px-Fane_Table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="2569" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Bacchus themed table - the top was made in Florence (c. 1736) and the gilded wood base in Britain or Ireland (circa 1736–1740).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testa_di_statua_frontale_dionisiaca,_310-290_ac_ca,_dal_c.d._auguratorium_del_palatino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of a Dionysian statue, 310-290 BC, Palatine Museum"><img alt="Head of a Dionysian statue, 310-290 BC, Palatine Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Testa_di_statua_frontale_dionisiaca%2C_310-290_ac_ca%2C_dal_c.d._auguratorium_del_palatino.jpg/120px-Testa_di_statua_frontale_dionisiaca%2C_310-290_ac_ca%2C_dal_c.d._auguratorium_del_palatino.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Testa_di_statua_frontale_dionisiaca%2C_310-290_ac_ca%2C_dal_c.d._auguratorium_del_palatino.jpg/180px-Testa_di_statua_frontale_dionisiaca%2C_310-290_ac_ca%2C_dal_c.d._auguratorium_del_palatino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Testa_di_statua_frontale_dionisiaca%2C_310-290_ac_ca%2C_dal_c.d._auguratorium_del_palatino.jpg/240px-Testa_di_statua_frontale_dionisiaca%2C_310-290_ac_ca%2C_dal_c.d._auguratorium_del_palatino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1676" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of a Dionysian statue, 310-290 BC, <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Museum" title="Palatine Museum">Palatine Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacchus_(Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17103.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacchus – Giovanni Francesco Romanelli (seventeenth century)"><img alt="Bacchus – Giovanni Francesco Romanelli (seventeenth century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bacchus_%28Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17103.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Bacchus_%28Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17103.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bacchus_%28Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17103.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Bacchus_%28Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17103.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bacchus_%28Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17103.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Bacchus_%28Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17103.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="3780" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bacchus – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli" title="Giovanni Francesco Romanelli">Giovanni Francesco Romanelli</a> (seventeenth century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dion%C3%BCszosz_amf%C3%B3ra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dionysian amphora"><img alt="Dionysian amphora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dion%C3%BCszosz_amf%C3%B3ra.jpg/116px-Dion%C3%BCszosz_amf%C3%B3ra.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dion%C3%BCszosz_amf%C3%B3ra.jpg/175px-Dion%C3%BCszosz_amf%C3%B3ra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dion%C3%BCszosz_amf%C3%B3ra.jpg/232px-Dion%C3%BCszosz_amf%C3%B3ra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dionysian amphora</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dion%C3%BCszosz_kancs%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dionysian jug"><img alt="Dionysian jug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dion%C3%BCszosz_kancs%C3%B3.jpg/116px-Dion%C3%BCszosz_kancs%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dion%C3%BCszosz_kancs%C3%B3.jpg/175px-Dion%C3%BCszosz_kancs%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dion%C3%BCszosz_kancs%C3%B3.jpg/232px-Dion%C3%BCszosz_kancs%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dionysian jug</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3326_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Head_of_Dyonisos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta vase in the shape of Dionysus' head (circa 410 BC) – on display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus"><img alt="Terracotta vase in the shape of Dionysus' head (circa 410 BC) – on display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3326_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Head_of_Dyonisos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/103px-3326_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Head_of_Dyonisos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3326_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Head_of_Dyonisos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/155px-3326_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Head_of_Dyonisos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3326_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Head_of_Dyonisos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/207px-3326_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Head_of_Dyonisos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> vase in the shape of Dionysus' head (circa 410 BC) – on display in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Agora Museum">Ancient Agora Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoa of Attalus">Stoa of Attalus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_with_cult_mask_of_Dionysus,_by_the_Antimenes_Painter,_arounbd_520_BC,_Altes_Museum_Berlin_(13718436013).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphora with cult mask of Dionysus, by the Antimenes Painter, around 520 BC, Altes Museum"><img alt="Amphora with cult mask of Dionysus, by the Antimenes Painter, around 520 BC, Altes Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amphora_with_cult_mask_of_Dionysus%2C_by_the_Antimenes_Painter%2C_arounbd_520_BC%2C_Altes_Museum_Berlin_%2813718436013%29.jpg/120px-Amphora_with_cult_mask_of_Dionysus%2C_by_the_Antimenes_Painter%2C_arounbd_520_BC%2C_Altes_Museum_Berlin_%2813718436013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amphora_with_cult_mask_of_Dionysus%2C_by_the_Antimenes_Painter%2C_arounbd_520_BC%2C_Altes_Museum_Berlin_%2813718436013%29.jpg/180px-Amphora_with_cult_mask_of_Dionysus%2C_by_the_Antimenes_Painter%2C_arounbd_520_BC%2C_Altes_Museum_Berlin_%2813718436013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amphora_with_cult_mask_of_Dionysus%2C_by_the_Antimenes_Painter%2C_arounbd_520_BC%2C_Altes_Museum_Berlin_%2813718436013%29.jpg/240px-Amphora_with_cult_mask_of_Dionysus%2C_by_the_Antimenes_Painter%2C_arounbd_520_BC%2C_Altes_Museum_Berlin_%2813718436013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphora with cult mask of Dionysus, by the Antimenes Painter, around 520 BC, <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_head_of_Dionysus,_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis,_2nd_century_AD,_Cyprus_Museum,_Nicosia,_Cyprus_(22309811890).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble head of Dionysus, from the Gymnasium of Salamis, second century AD, Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, Cyprus"><img alt="Marble head of Dionysus, from the Gymnasium of Salamis, second century AD, Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_head_of_Dionysus%2C_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia%2C_Cyprus_%2822309811890%29.jpg/102px-Marble_head_of_Dionysus%2C_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia%2C_Cyprus_%2822309811890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_head_of_Dionysus%2C_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia%2C_Cyprus_%2822309811890%29.jpg/153px-Marble_head_of_Dionysus%2C_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia%2C_Cyprus_%2822309811890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_head_of_Dionysus%2C_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia%2C_Cyprus_%2822309811890%29.jpg/204px-Marble_head_of_Dionysus%2C_from_the_Gymnasium_of_Salamis%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia%2C_Cyprus_%2822309811890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3122" data-file-height="4737" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble head of Dionysus, from the Gymnasium of Salamis, second century AD, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Museum" title="Cyprus Museum">Cyprus Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_-_Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cult mask of Dionysus from Boeotia, fourth century BC"><img alt="Cult mask of Dionysus from Boeotia, fourth century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dionysos_-_Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/112px-Dionysos_-_Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dionysos_-_Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/169px-Dionysos_-_Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dionysos_-_Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/225px-Dionysos_-_Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="4154" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cult mask of Dionysus from <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, fourth century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_statuette_of_Dionysos_MET_DP367957.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble statuette of Dionysos, early third century B.C, Metropolitan Museum"><img alt="Marble statuette of Dionysos, early third century B.C, Metropolitan Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marble_statuette_of_Dionysos_MET_DP367957.jpg/116px-Marble_statuette_of_Dionysos_MET_DP367957.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marble_statuette_of_Dionysos_MET_DP367957.jpg/175px-Marble_statuette_of_Dionysos_MET_DP367957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marble_statuette_of_Dionysos_MET_DP367957.jpg/232px-Marble_statuette_of_Dionysos_MET_DP367957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="3894" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble statuette of Dionysos, early third century B.C, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum">Metropolitan Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20230605_120914_Eleutherna_MaE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herm with Dionysus's head from Eleutherna."><img alt="Herm with Dionysus's head from Eleutherna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/20230605_120914_Eleutherna_MaE.jpg/116px-20230605_120914_Eleutherna_MaE.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/20230605_120914_Eleutherna_MaE.jpg/175px-20230605_120914_Eleutherna_MaE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/20230605_120914_Eleutherna_MaE.jpg/232px-20230605_120914_Eleutherna_MaE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herm_(sculpture)" title="Herm (sculpture)">Herm</a> with Dionysus's head from <a href="/wiki/Eleutherna" title="Eleutherna">Eleutherna</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Genealogy">edit</a>]</div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Dionysus's family tree <a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Uranus's genitals</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">    a<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">     b<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (mythology)">Maia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td 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style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">DIONYSUS</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">    a<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">     b<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/48px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/64px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myths" title="Portal:Myths">Myths portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a> (goddess of <a href="/wiki/Drunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunk">drunkedness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpos" title="Alpos">Alpos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">Cult of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan (god)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">Ampelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Another variant, from the Spanish royal collection, is at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, Madrid: <a href="/wiki/File:Dioniso_del_tipo_Madrid-Varese_(M._Prado)_01.jpg" title="File:Dioniso del tipo Madrid-Varese (M. Prado) 01.jpg">illustration</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Rosemarie Taylor-Perry, 2003. The God Who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Revisited. Algora Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Hedreen, Guy Michael. Silens in Attic Black-figure Vase-painting: Myth and Performance. University of Michigan Press. 1992. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472102952" title="Special:BookSources/9780472102952">9780472102952</a>. p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> James, Edwin Oliver. The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study. Brill Publications. 1966. p. 234. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004016125" title="Special:BookSources/9789004016125">9789004016125</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> In Greek "both votary and god are called Bacchus". Burkert, p. 162. For the initiate as Bacchus, see <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacchae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchae">Bacchae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg017.perseus-eng1:476-518">491</a>. For the god, who alone is Dionysus, see <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a> 211 and Euripides, Hippolytus 560. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsapo2016" class="citation book cs1">Csapo, Eric (2016-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzj7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"The 'Theology' of the Dionysia and Old Comedy"</a>. In Eidinow, Esther (ed.). Theologies of Ancient Greek Religion. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-71521-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-71521-5"><bdi>978-1-316-71521-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Theology%27+of+the+Dionysia+and+Old+Comedy&rft.btitle=Theologies+of+Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1-316-71521-5&rft.aulast=Csapo&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwzj7DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Olszewski, E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/attachments/Olszewski.pdf">Dionysus’s enigmatic thyrsus</a>. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 163(2), 153–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Sutton, p. 2, mentions Dionysus as The Liberator in relation to the city <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a> festivals. In <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacchae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchae">Bacchae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg017.perseus-eng1:370-385">379–385</a>: "He holds this office, to join in dances, [380] to laugh with the flute, and to bring an end to cares, whenever the delight of the grape comes at the feasts of the gods, and in ivy-bearing banquets the goblet sheds sleep over men." </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought, Allsworth press, 2002, pp. 118–121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTfm8KHn900C&pg=PA118">Google Books preview</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Reginald Pepys Winnington-Ingram, Sophocles: an interpretation, Cambridge University Press, 1980, p. 109 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OPo8nVmC9LQC&pg=PA109">Google Books preview</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Zofia H. Archibald, in Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (Ed.) Ancient Greeks west and east, Brill, 1999, pp. 429 ff.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctsUcNshh68C&pg=PA432">Google Books preview</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Rosemarie Taylor-Perry, 2003. The God Who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Revisited. Algora Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-julian-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-julian_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-julian_13-1">b</a> Julian, trans. by Emily Wilmer Cave Wright. To the Cynic Heracleios. The Works of the Emperor Julian, volume II (1913) Loeb Classical Library. </li> <li id="cite_note-iconography-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iconography_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iconography_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iconography_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iconography_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iconography_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iconography_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iconography_14-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsler-KerényiWatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Isler-Kerényi, Cornelia; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w9x.7">"An Iconography in Process"</a>. Dionysos in Archaic Greece. Brill. pp. 5–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w9x.7">10.1163/j.ctt1w76w9x.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Iconography+in+Process&rft.btitle=Dionysos+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.pages=5-16&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76w9x.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Isler-Ker%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft.au=Watson%2C+Wilfred+G.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76w9x.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockett-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett_15-1">b</a> Brockett, Oscar Gross (1968). History of the Theatre. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. pp. 18–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiu1999" class="citation book cs1">Riu, Xavier (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wob1UszzkZwC&pg=PR7">Dionysism and Comedy</a>. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847694426" title="Special:BookSources/9780847694426"><bdi>9780847694426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dionysism+and+Comedy&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780847694426&rft.aulast=Riu&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwob1UszzkZwC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corrente2012-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corrente2012_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corrente2012_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corrente2012_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corrente2012_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corrente2012_17-4">e</a> Corrente, Paola. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=95410">Dioniso y los Dying gods: paralelos metodológicos.</a> Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009337_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.utexas.edu/scripts/files/2020/05/1998-TGP-LinearBandtheOriginsofGreekReligion.pdf">Palaima, Thomas G. University of Texas at Austin, 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> John Chadwick, The Mycenaean World, Cambridge University Press, 1976, pp. 99ff: "But Dionysos surprisingly appears twice at Pylos, in the form Diwonusos, both times irritatingly enough on fragments, so that we have no means of verifying his divinity." </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=346747">"The Linear B word di-wo-nu-so"</a>. Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Linear+B+word+di-wo-nu-so&rft.pub=Palaeolexicon.+Word+study+tool+of+ancient+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fstatic%3D12%26wid%3D346747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KHGq5-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KHGq5_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHGq5_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymoure2012" class="citation web cs1">Raymoure, K. A. (November 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/2012/11/02/khania-linear-b-transliterations/">"Khania Linear B Transliterations"</a>. Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minoan+Linear+A+%26+Mycenaean+Linear+B&rft.atitle=Khania+Linear+B+Transliterations&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.aulast=Raymoure&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminoan.deaditerranean.com%2F2012%2F11%2F02%2Fkhania-linear-b-transliterations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317045847/http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.gr/2014/01/possible-evidence-of-human-sacrifice-at.html">"Possible evidence of human sacrifice at Minoan Chania"</a>. Archaeology News Network. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.gr/2014/01/possible-evidence-of-human-sacrifice-at.html">the original</a> on 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2014-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+News+Network&rft.atitle=Possible+evidence+of+human+sacrifice+at+Minoan+Chania&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.gr%2F2014%2F01%2Fpossible-evidence-of-human-sacrifice-at.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymoure" class="citation web cs1">Raymoure, K. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/linear-b-transliterations/khania/kh-gq/">"Khania KH Gq Linear B Series"</a>. Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minoan+Linear+A+%26+Mycenaean+Linear+B&rft.atitle=Khania+KH+Gq+Linear+B+Series&rft.aulast=Raymoure&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminoan.deaditerranean.com%2Flinear-b-transliterations%2Fkhania%2Fkh-gq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/5670">"KH 5 Gq (1)"</a>. Dāmos: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C4%81mos%3A+Database+of+Mycenaean+at+Oslo&rft.atitle=KH+5+Gq+%281%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hf.uio.no%2Fdamos%2FIndex%2Fitem%2Fchosen_item_id%2F5670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/16635">"The Linear B word di-wo"</a>. Palaeolexicon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeolexicon&rft.atitle=The+Linear+B+word+di-wo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2FWord%2FShow%2F16635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Fox, p. 217, "The word Dionysos is divisible into two parts, the first originally Διος (cf. Ζευς), while the second is of an unknown signification, although perhaps connected with the name of the Mount Nysa which figures in the story of Lykourgos: ... when Dionysos had been reborn from the thigh of Zeus, Hermes entrusted him to the nymphs of Mount Nysa, who fed him on the food of the gods, and made him immortal." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Testimonia of Pherecydes in an early fifth-century BC fragment, FGrH 3, 178, in the context of a discussion on the name of Dionysus: "Nũsas (acc. pl.), he [Pherecydes] said, was what they called the trees." </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=*nu/sios&la=greek&can=*nu/sios0&prior=*nu=sa#Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*nu=sa-contents">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3D%2Anu%2Fsios%26la%3Dgreek%26can%3D%2Anu%2Fsios0%26prior%3D%2Anu%3Dsa%23Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2Anu%3Dsa-contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Nilsson_1967_p.567-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Nilsson_1967_p.567_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Nilsson_1967_p.567_27-1">b</a> Martin Nilsson Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion (1967). Vol. I, p. 567. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=nuo/s">νυός</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mgr/mgr15.htm">Myths of Greece and Rome, by Jane Harrison (1928)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> This is the view of Garcia Ramon (1987) and Peters (1989), summarised and endorsed in Janda (2010:20). </li> <li id="cite_note-9.20–24-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-9.20–24_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9.20–24_31-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/304/mode/2up">9.20–24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=delta,1185&field=adlerhw_gr&num_per_page=1">Διόνυσος</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerenyi-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kerenyi_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerenyi_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerenyi_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerenyi_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerenyi_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerenyi_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerenyi_33-6">g</a> Kerényi, Karl. 1976. Dionysus. Trans. Ralph Manheim, Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691029156" title="Special:BookSources/0691029156">0691029156</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691029153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691029153">978-0691029153</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1971-1101-1">"dinos"</a>. British Museum. Retrieved 2022-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dinos&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FG_1971-1101-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansonJanson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Woldemar_Janson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horst Woldemar Janson">Janson, Horst Woldemar</a>; Janson, Anthony F. (2004). Touborg, Sarah; Moore, Julia; Oppenheimer, Margaret; Castro, Anita (eds.). History of Art: The Western Tradition. Vol. 1 (Revised 6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-182622-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-182622-0"><bdi>0-13-182622-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Art%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=Revised+6th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-13-182622-0&rft.aulast=Janson&rft.aufirst=Horst+Woldemar&rft.au=Janson%2C+Anthony+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.39.6">8.39.6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>, s.v. Ακρωρεία </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Used thus by <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a>, Epigrams, 29, 6, and in <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>, 29; see Lee M. Fratantuono, NIVALES SOCII: CAESAR, MAMURRA, AND THE SNOW OF CATULLUS C. 57, Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, New Series, Vol. 96, No. 3 (2010), p. 107, Note 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Daegobolus-bio-1">s.v. Aegobolus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.8.1">9.8.1–2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaife2000" class="citation web cs1">Scaife, Ross (July 2, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/2177">"Androgynous"</a>. Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography. Suda On Line and the Stoa Consortium. Retrieved February 17, 2024. <q>Dionysos, as one doing both active, male things and passive, female ones. [...] Sexual intercourse, specifically, is envisaged here.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suda+On+Line%3A+Byzantine+Lexicography&rft.atitle=Androgynous&rft.date=2000-07-02&rft.aulast=Scaife&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Falpha%2F2177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a)nqrwporraisths&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Da%29nqrwporraisths%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Erwin Rohde</a>, Psyché, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Smith, William (1870) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903233129/http://www.ancientlibrary.com:80/smith-bio/0479.html">p.470</a>; retrieved 11 November 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Nilsson Vol I, p.571. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=bougenh/s&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dbougenh%2Fs%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Harrison, Prolegomena p.414. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Dbrisaeus-bio-1">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Brisaeus</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Aristid.Or.41 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Macr.Sat.I.18.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> For a parallel see <a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Psuche" class="mw-redirect" title="Psuche">psuche</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anima" class="extiw" title="wikt:anima">anima</a> The core meaning is wind as "breath/spirit" </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Bulls in antiquity were said to roar. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellBlackwell2011" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Christopher W.; Blackwell, Amy Hackney (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdjiiigrEYgC&q=%22zeus+the+thunderer%22+-slot+-game&pg=PT78">Mythology For Dummies</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118053874" title="Special:BookSources/9781118053874"><bdi>9781118053874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781118053874&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Amy+Hackney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdjiiigrEYgC%26q%3D%2522zeus%2Bthe%2Bthunderer%2522%2B-slot%2B-game%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> McKeown, J.C. A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization, Oxford University Press, New York, 2013, p. 210) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Clement)" title="Protrepticus (Clement)">Exhortation to the Greeks</a>, 92: 82–83, Loeb Classical Library (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/clement_alexandria-exhortation_greeks/1919/pb_LCL092.83.xml">registration required</a>: accessed 17 December 2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Kerényi 1967; Kerényi 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-Suidas-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suidas_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suidas_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan" class="citation journal cs1">Stephan, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405-8262_rgg4_sim_025853">"Suidas"</a>. Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405-8262_rgg4_sim_025853">10.1163/2405-8262_rgg4_sim_025853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.atitle=Suidas&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2405-8262_rgg4_sim_025853&rft.aulast=Stephan&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F2405-8262_rgg4_sim_025853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Suidas s.v. Kistophoros : "Kistophoros (basket-bearer, ivy-bearer) : It seems that baskets were sacred to Dionysos and the Two Goddesses [Demeter and Persephone]." [N.B. Derived from Harpocration s.v. kittophoros, the ivy-bearer.] </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHau2016" class="citation cs2">Hau, Lisa Irene (2016-07-01), "Diodorus Siculus", Moral History from Herodotus to Diodorus Siculus, Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474411073.003.0003">10.3366/edinburgh/9781474411073.003.0003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1107-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1107-3"><bdi>978-1-4744-1107-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moral+History+from+Herodotus+to+Diodorus+Siculus&rft.atitle=Diodorus+Siculus&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474411073.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1107-3&rft.aulast=Hau&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Suidas s.v. Dimetor : "Dimêtôr (twice-born) : Dionysos." </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 3. 62. 5 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.): "Dionysos was named twice-born (dimetor) by the ancients, counting it as a single and first birth when the plant is set in the ground and begins to grow, and as a second birth when it becomes laden with fruit and ripens its grape-clusters--the god thus being considered as having been born once from the earth and again from the vine." </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DD%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Ddendrites-bio-1">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Dendrites</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Janda (2010), 16–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Kerényi 1976, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Jameson 1993, 53. Cf. note 16 for suggestions of Devereux on "Enorkhes," </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Reece, Steve, "The Epithet ἐρίδρομος in Nonnus’ Dionysiaca," Philologus: Zeitschrift für antike Literatur und ihre Rezeption 145 (2001) 357–359, explains Nonnus' use of this epithet at Dionysiaca 23.28 as a translation of the moribund Homeric epithet ἐριούνιος, which in Cyprian means "good-running." </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/3378">"SOL Search"</a>. Cs.uky.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cs.uky.edu&rft.atitle=SOL+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Fepsilon%2F3378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=Eu)/ios&la=greek#Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*eu)/ios-contents">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3DEu%29%2Fios%26la%3Dgreek%23Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2Aeu%29%2Fios-contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg7000.tlg001.perseus-grc3:9.524">"Greek Anthology, Volume III, book 9, chapter 524"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Anthology%2C+Volume+III%2C+book+9%2C+chapter+524&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg7000.tlg001.perseus-grc3%3A9.524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersnel2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Versnel, H.S. (2015). Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual. Vol. 1, Ter Unus. Isis, Dionysos, Hermes. Three Studies in Henotheism. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Publications">Brill Publications</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1el5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09266-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inconsistencies+in+Greek+and+Roman+Religion%3A+Transition+and+Reversal+in+Myth+and+Ritual&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Brill+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09266-2&rft.aulast=Versnel&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=kema/s">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κεμάς"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkema%2Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Alkaeus: Temple of Zeus, Hera and "Dionysus Kemilius" (Ζόννυσος Κεμήλιος) Nilsson Vol I p.575 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=lh/naios&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dlh%2Fnaios%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3D%25CE%25BB%25CF%2585%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Nilsson Vol I p.574 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=lu/sios&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dlu%2Fsios%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.16.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160">9.16.6</a>; Fowler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">p. 63</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3D%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CF%2585%25CF%2587%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9371/9371-h/9371-h.htm">The Praise of Folly</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=mu/sths&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dmu%2Fsths%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Pausanias 8.54.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0638.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.2">"Philostratus the Athenian, Vita Apollonii, book 2, chapter 2"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Philostratus+the+Athenian%2C+Vita+Apollonii%2C+book+2%2C+chapter+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0638.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/530#B1329">"ToposText"</a>. topostext.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=topostext.org&rft.atitle=ToposText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F530%23B1329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0074.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.1">"Arrian, Anabasis, book 5, chapter 1"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Arrian%2C+Anabasis%2C+book+5%2C+chapter+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0074.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A5.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0530:book=5:chapter=2">"Arrian, Anabasis, book 5, chapter 2"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Arrian%2C+Anabasis%2C+book+5%2C+chapter+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuidas1705" class="citation book cs1">Suidas (1705). Souidas. : Suidæ lexicon, Græce & Latine. Textum Græcum cum manuscriptis codicibus collatum a quamplurimis mendis purgavit, notisque perpetuis illustravit: versionem Latinam Æmilii Porti innumeris in locis correxit; indicesque auctorum & rerum adjecit Ludolphus Kusterus, Professor humaniorum literarum in Gymnasio Regio Berolinensi. Typis academicis. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/744697285">744697285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Souidas.+%3A+Suid%C3%A6+lexicon%2C+Gr%C3%A6ce+%26+Latine.+Textum+Gr%C3%A6cum+cum+manuscriptis+codicibus+collatum+a+quamplurimis+mendis+purgavit%2C+notisque+perpetuis+illustravit%3A+versionem+Latinam+%C3%86milii+Porti+innumeris+in+locis+correxit%3B+indicesque+auctorum+%26+rerum+adjecit+Ludolphus+Kusterus%2C+Professor+humaniorum+literarum+in+Gymnasio+Regio+Berolinensi&rft.pub=Typis+academicis&rft.date=1705&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F744697285&rft.au=Suidas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Suidas s.v. Oinops (quoting Greek Anthology 6. 44. 5 and 7. 20. 2) : "Oinops (wine-dark): 'to wine-dark [so-and-so],' to black [so-and-so]. In the Epigrams: '. . . from which we poured libations, as much [as is] right, to wine-dark Bakkhos and the Satyroi.' But ruddy (oinôpos) [means] wine-coloured, bright or black. 'Feeding on the ruddy grape-cluster of Bakkhos.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*w:entry+group=3:entry=w)ma/dios">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ὠμάδιος"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-08. <q>=ὠμηστής, because he had human sacrifices at Chios and Tenedos</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%E1%BD%A0%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic%2Bletter%3D%2Aw%3Aentry%2Bgroup%3D3%3Aentry%3Dw%29ma%2Fdios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988">;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*w:entry+group=4:entry=w)mhsth/s">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ὠμησ-τής"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-08. <q>eating raw flesh ... epith. of Dionysus, = ὠμάδιος</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%E1%BD%A0%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%83-%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic%2Bletter%3D%2Aw%3Aentry%2Bgroup%3D4%3Aentry%3Dw%29mhsth%2Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Orphic Hymns, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticalhymnsor00taylgoog/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater">xxx. 5 (Taylor)</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater">Athanassakis and Wolkov</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticalhymnsor00taylgoog/page/108/mode/2up?view=theater">lii. 7 (Taylor)</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater">Athanassakis and Wolkov</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Porphyry, On Abstinance from Animal Food, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28747197/page/86/mode/2up?view=theater">ii. 55 and note 23, p. 87</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_02_book2.htm#23">also at Tertullian.org</a>) (with citations to Orphic Hymns xxxix. 5 and li. 7 substituted for xxx. 5 and lii. 7). </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-90"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/eusebe/preparation4grec.htm#XVI">"EUSEBE DE CESAREE : Préparation évangélique : livre IV (texte grec)"</a>. remacle.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=remacle.org&rft.atitle=EUSEBE+DE+CESAREE+%3A+Pr%C3%A9paration+%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lique+%3A+livre+IV+%28texte+grec%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremacle.org%2Fbloodwolf%2Fhistoriens%2Feusebe%2Fpreparation4grec.htm%23XVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Nilsson Vol I ,p.593. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fallh/n">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φαλλήν"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfallh%2Fn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Φλοιός, Φλέος, Φλεύς . (Plut.quest. conviv. p. 683F, Aelian V.H. III 41, Herodian I p.400 Lenz) Nilsson Vol I p.584) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=fle/os&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dfle%2Fos%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=flou=s&la=greek&can=flou=s0&prior=fle/ws#Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=flo/os-contents">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dflou%3Ds%26la%3Dgreek%26can%3Dflou%3Ds0%26prior%3Dfle%2Fws%23Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dflo%2Fos-contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=perikio/nios">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, περικι_-όνιος"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. 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In: Études Classiques Tome 71, Nº. 1: Le "Timée" au fil des âges: son influence et ses lectures. 2003. pp. 18-19 (footnote nr. 47), 25 and 37-38 (footnote nr. 124). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0014-200X">0014-200X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Georges" title="Karl Ernst Georges">Georges, Karl Ernst</a>. Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch. Hannover: August, 1918 (Nachdruck Darmstadt 1998). Band 2. Sp. 2582. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Harrison, Jane Ellen. Themis. Cambridge University Press. 1912. p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Naylor, H. Darnley. Horace Odes and Epodes: A study in word-order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1922. p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1994" class="citation journal cs1">Putnam, Michael C. J. (1994). "Structure and Design in Horace "Odes" 1. 17". The Classical World. 87 (5): 357–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4351533">10.2307/4351533</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4351533">4351533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=Structure+and+Design+in+Horace+%22Odes%22+1.+17&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=357-375&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4351533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4351533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Papaioannou, Sophia (2013). "Embracing Vergil’s 'Arcadia': Constructions and representations of a literary topos in the poetry of the Augustans". In: Acta Antiqua 53: 160-161. DOI: 10.1556/AAnt.53.2013.2-3.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Humphreys, S. C. The Strangeness of Gods: Historical perspectives on the interpretation of Athenian religion. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 235 (footnote nr. 34). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926923-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926923-8">0-19-926923-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Hesych. σκυλλίς , κληματίς. Nilsson Vol. I , p.584. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=klhmati/s">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κλημα^τ-ίς"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%5E%CF%84-%CE%AF%CF%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dklhmati%2Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=su_k-i/ths&la=greek&can=su_k-i/ths0&d=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=suki/ths&i=1#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dsu_k-i%2Fths%26la%3Dgreek%26can%3Dsu_k-i%2Fths0%26d%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsuki%2Fths%26i%3D1%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=taurofa/gos">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ταυρο-φάγος"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF-%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dtaurofa%2Fgos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuripides.2019" class="citation book cs1">Euripides. (2019). The Bacchae. Neeland Media LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4209-6184-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4209-6184-3"><bdi>978-1-4209-6184-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1108536627">1108536627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bacchae&rft.pub=Neeland+Media+LLC&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1108536627&rft.isbn=978-1-4209-6184-3&rft.au=Euripides.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Cult/DionysosTitles.html">"DIONYSUS TITLES & EPITHETS - Ancient Greek Religion"</a>. Theoi.com. Retrieved 2020-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoi.com&rft.atitle=DIONYSUS+TITLES+%26+EPITHETS+-+Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FCult%2FDionysosTitles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Heshyh. Θεοίνια, Θέοινος Διόνυσος </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=qeoi/nos&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dqeoi%2Fnos%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=qeoi/nia&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dqeoi%2Fnia%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Paus.6.26.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=qui/a&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dqui%2Fa%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Hesych. θύλλα, φύλλα or κλάδοι. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=qu/lla">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, θύλλα"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CE%B8%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dqu%2Flla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Rosemarie Taylor-Perry, The God Who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Revisited. Algora Press 2003, p. 89, cf. <a href="/wiki/Sabazius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabazius">Sabazius</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC&q=dionysus+firmly+bc&pg=PA162">Backgrounds of Early Christianity</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802822215" title="Special:BookSources/9780802822215"><bdi>9780802822215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802822215&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuKkxU4-ncC%26q%3Ddionysus%2Bfirmly%2Bbc%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> He appears as a likely theonym (divine name) in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets as di-wo-nu-so (<a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">KH</a> Gq 5 inscription), </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> McConachie, B., Nellhaus, T., Sorgenfrei, F. C., & Underiner, T. (2016). Theatre Histories: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-athens_festivals-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-athens_festivals_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-athens_festivals_121-1">b</a> Sir Arthur Pickard-Cambridge. The Dramatic Festivals of Athens. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953 (2nd ed. 1968). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814258-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814258-7">0-19-814258-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_122-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anthesteria">"Anthesteria" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthesteria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=93-94&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_123-2">c</a> (Photius, Lexicon, s.v. "Thyraze Kares.") To the doors, Kares, it is no longer Anthestria": some authorities contented that this is what is said to the crowd of Karian slaves, since at the Anthestria they join in the feast and do not do any work. Therefore, when the festival is over, they send them back out to work with the words, "To the doors, Keres, it is no longer Anthestria." since the souls [keres] wander about through the city at the Anthestria. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> (Plutarch, Table-talk, 655e.) At Athens they inaugurate the new wine on the eleventh of the month, and they call the day pithoigia. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> (Phanodemus, in Athenaeus, Deipnosophists XI. 456a; frag 12in FGrH 325.) At the temple of Dionysus in Limnai ["The Marshes"] the Athenians bring the new wine from the jars age mix it in honour of the god and then they drink it themselves. Because of this custom Dionysus is called Limnaios, because the wine was mixed with water and then for the first time drunk diluted. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice,_David_G._Stambaugh,_John_E.2014" class="citation book cs1">Rice, David G. Stambaugh, John E. (2014). Sources for the Study of Greek Religion Corrected Edition. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-067-6"><bdi>978-1-62837-067-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893453849">893453849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+Study+of+Greek+Religion+Corrected+Edition.&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893453849&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-067-6&rft.au=Rice%2C+David+G.+Stambaugh%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Apollodorus1.3.2-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Apollodorus1.3.2_127-0">^</a> Pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod.+1.3.2">Library and Epitome, 1.3.2</a>. "Orpheus also invented the mysteries of Dionysus, and having been torn in pieces by the Maenads he is buried in Pieria." </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Dickie, M.W. 1995. The Dionysiac Mysteries. In Pella, ZPE 109, 81-86. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA125">p. 125</a>; Bowie, A. M., p. 232; Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/540">pp. 540–542</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a> F1961 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/1C4DA6AF-C361-4BE2-BD81-0CCBE7B2C1EA">Beazley Archive 302354</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a> 42884, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/C884C067-90A7-4F97-9E31-08D54C75039A">Beazley Archive 9017720</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Versnel, pp. 32 ff.; Bowie, A. M., p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Jiménez San Cristóbal 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgXMbOtX9cC&pg=PA127">p. 127</a>; Graf 2005, "Iacchus". </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">p. 279</a>, Bowie, A. M., pp. 232–233; Sophocles, Antigone <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1115-1125">1115–1125</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1146-1154">1146–1154</a>; Versnel, pp. 23–24. Jebb, in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0023%3Atext%3Dcomm%3Acommline%3D1146">note to line 1146 χοράγ᾽ ἄστρων</a>, understands the Sophoclean use of the name "Iacchus" as specifically denoting the Eleusinian Dionysus. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">pp. 279–280</a>; Bowie, A. M., p. 233; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, fragment 959 Radt (Lloyd-Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_not_assignable_any_play/1996/pb_LCL483.415.xml">pp. 414, 415</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Encinas Reguero, p. 350; Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA282">p. 282, with n. 41</a>; Bowie, A. M., p. 233; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg017.perseus-eng1:677-727">725</a>. Jiménez San Cristóbal also sees possible associations between Iacchus and Dionysus in Euripides: <a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:1074-1089">1074–1086</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg011.perseus-eng1:1226-1231">1230</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg001.perseus-eng1:63-81">68–71</a>, and fr. 586 Kannicht (apud <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.13">10.3.13</a>) = fr. 586 Nauck (Collard and Cropp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.57.xml">pp. 56, 57</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Bowie, E. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">pp. 101–110</a>; Fantuzzi, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA189">189</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA190">190</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K73Tt_X1YaoC&pg=PA191">191</a>; PHI Greek Inscriptions, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/237910">BCH 19 (1895) 393</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> 21–24, Bowie, E. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">pp. 101–102</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> 27–35, Bowie, E. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MVWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">p. 102</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.10">10.3.10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Parker 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358</a>; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus, p. 224; Tripp, s.v. Iacchus, p. 313; Smith 1870, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DI%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Diacchus-bio-1">s.v. Iacchus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Jiménez San Cristóbal 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmTnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">pp. 279–280</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#4">4.4.2</a>, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html#64">3.64.1–2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/arrian-anabasis_alexander/1976/pb_LCL236.181.xml?rskey=NlzLtT&result=1&mainRsKey=nBdH9M">2.16.3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, De Saltatione ("The Dance") 39 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lucianhar05luciuoft#page/250/mode/2up">Harmon, pp. 250, 251</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/492/mode/2up">48.962–968</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA134">p. 134</a>; Grimal, s.v. Iacchus, p. 224; Tripp, s.v. Iacchus, p. 313; Rose, Oxford Classical Dictionary s.v. Iacchus; scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a> 324 (Rutherford 1896, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scholiaaristopha01ruthuoft#page/316/mode/2up">p. 316</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Marcovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23">p. 23</a>; Parker 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358</a>; Graf 1974, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDoL_7pzJhEC&pg=PA198">p. 198</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Marcovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23">p. 23</a>; Bianchi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxOeT0NWzwoC&pg=PA18">p. 18</a>; Graf 1974, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDoL_7pzJhEC&pg=PA198">p. 198</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> at Oxford, Inv. 1956-355. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Parker 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358 n. 139</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0550.phi001.perseus-eng1:4.1141-4.1191">4.1168–1169</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, Adversus Gentes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thesevenbooksofa00arnouoft#page/n183/mode/2up">3.10 (p. 157)</a> referring to the Lucretius verse, lists "the full-breasted Cerses nursing Iaccus" as a sight "the mind longs" to see. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Photius" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius">Photius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcthree.github.io/photios-images/#nanogallery/photios/pages/02_00215_0">s.v. Ἴακχος</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=iota,16">s.v. Ἴακχος (iota,16)</a>, which identify Iacchus with Διόνυσος ἐπὶ τῷ μαστῷ ('Dionysus at the breast'). </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Parker 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA358">p. 358 n. 139</a>; scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aristides</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6N1EAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA648">Vol. 3, p. 648 213, 18 Dindorf</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Gantz, p. 118; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Norman C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>. McFarland. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Sommerstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.237.xml?result=1&rskey=f0foz8">p. 237 n. 1</a>; Gantz, p. 118; Smyth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aeschyluswitheng02aescuoft#page/458/mode/2up">p. 459</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Gantz, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Gantz, pp. 118–119; West 1983, pp. 152–154; Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=335">pp. 309–311</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, fr. 643 Pfeiffer (= <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_of_Chalcis" title="Euphorion of Chalcis">Euphorion</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euphorion_chalcis-poetic_fragments/2010/pb_LCL508.227.xml">fr. 14 Lightfoot</a>); Gantz, p. 118–119; West 1983, p. 151; Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=335">pp. 309–310</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, fr. 43.117 Pfeiffer (= <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YdwJJatoAC&pg=PA190">fr. 43b.34 Harder</a>); Harder, p. 368; Gantz, p. 118; West 1983, pp. 152–153; Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=336">p. 310</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Linforth, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=337">311</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=343">317–318</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, The E at Delphi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_e_delphi/1936/pb_LCL306.223.xml?rskey=IgdtC4&result=1&mainRsKey=ndQO1U">389 A</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/208/mode/2up">5.564–565</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/224/mode/2up">6.165</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/348/mode/2up">10.294</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/128/mode/2up">39.72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/314/mode/2up">44.255</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-164"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshChrispParkerGibson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_McIntosh" title="Jane McIntosh">McIntosh, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrisp" title="Peter Chrisp">Chrisp, Peter</a>; Parker, Philip; Gibson, Carrie; Grant, R. G.; Regan, Sally (October 2014). History of the World in 1,000 Objects. New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2289-7"><bdi>978-1-4654-2289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+in+1%2C000+Objects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=DK+and+the+Smithsonian&rft.date=2014-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-2289-7&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Chrisp%2C+Peter&rft.au=Parker%2C+Philip&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Carrie&rft.au=Grant%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Regan%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="/wiki/T._P._Wiseman" title="T. P. Wiseman">T. P. Wiseman</a>, "Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 78 (1988), p. 7, note 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Grimal, Pierre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC">The Dictionary of Classical Mythology</a>, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC&pg=PA259">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cicero-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cicero_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cicero_167-1">b</a> Cicero, De Natura Deorum, 2.6O. See also St Augustine, De Civitatis Dei, 4.11. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> See Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 7.57 (ed. Bostock) at Perseus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&layout=&loc=7.57">Tufts.edu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_Beard_2007,_pp._315-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Beard_2007,_pp._315_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Beard_2007,_pp._315_169-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, Mary</a>: The Roman Triumph, The Belknap Press of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 2007, pp. 315–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Russell, Bertrand. History of Western Philosophy.Routledge, 1996, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Kraemer, Ross S. "Ecstasy and Possession: The Attraction of Women to the Cult of Dionysus." The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 72 60 Jan.–Apr. 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> ... "the Bacchic passages in the Roman drama, taken over from their Greek models, presented a pejorative image of the Bacchic cult which predisposed the Romans towards persecution before the consul denounced the cult in 186." Robert Rouselle, Liber-Dionysus in Early Roman Drama, The Classical Journal, 82, 3 (1987), p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._P._Wiseman" title="T. P. Wiseman">Wiseman, T.P.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/301447">"Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica"</a>. The Journal of Roman Studies. 78: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F301447">10.2307/301447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301447">301447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161849654">161849654</a>. <q>Certainly it is hard to imagine anything less consistent with Roman <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mos maiorum</a> than the anarchic hedonism of satyrs. It was precisely libido, that morally subversive aspect of the Bacchic cult, that led to its brutal suppression ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Satyrs+in+Rome%3F+The+Background+to+Horace%27s+Ars+Poetica&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161849654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F301447&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpss%2F301447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Pliny attributes the invention of the triumph to "Father <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>" (who by Pliny's time was identified with Bacchus and Dionysus): see Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 7.57 (ed. Bostock) at Perseus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&layout=&loc=7.57">Tufts.edu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sallustius-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sallustius_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sallustius_175-1">b</a> Sallustius, On Gods and the World, ch. VI. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Concilium Constantinopolitanum a. 691/2 in Trullo habitum. Canon 62. H. Ohme (ed.) Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum, Series Secunda II: Concilium Universale Constantinopolitanum Tertium, Pars 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030853-2">978-3-11-030853-2</a>. Berlin/Boston Oktober 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1913" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Herbert (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleoflaner02maxw">The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346</a>. Glasgow, Scotland: Glasgow : J. Maclehose. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleoflaner02maxw/page/29">29</a>–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Lanercost%2C+1272%E2%80%931346&rft.place=Glasgow%2C+Scotland&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Glasgow+%3A+J.+Maclehose&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleoflaner02maxw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> C. S. Watkins: History and the Supernatural in Medieval England, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 2007, pp. 88–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshe2000" class="citation book cs1">Ashe, Geoffrey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellfireclubshis0000ashe">The Hell-Fire Clubs: A History of Anti-Morality</a>. 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Histories. George Rawlinson Translation. Book 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.pages=Book+2&rft.pub=George+Rawlinson+Translation&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Plutarch, Isis and Osiris. Trans. Frank Cole Babbitt, 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampakoglou2016" class="citation book cs1">Kampakoglou, Alexandros v (2016). Danaus βουγενής: Greco-Egyptian Mythology and Ptolemaic Kingship. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. pp. 119–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danaus+%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82%3A+Greco-Egyptian+Mythology+and+Ptolemaic+Kingship&rft.pages=119-122&rft.pub=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kampakoglou&rft.aufirst=Alexandros+v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1929" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Kenneth (1929). Octavian's Propaganda and Antony's De Sua Ebrietate (24th ed.). Classical Philology. pp. 133–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Octavian%27s+Propaganda+and+Antony%27s+De+Sua+Ebrietate&rft.pages=133-141&rft.edition=24th&rft.pub=Classical+Philology&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Diod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/1A*.html#21">1.21.1–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Heraclitus, encountering the festival of the Phallophoria, in which <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phalli</a> were paraded about, remarked in a surviving fragment: "If they did not order the procession in honor of the god and address the phallus song to him, this would be the most shameless behavior. But Hades is the same as Dionysos, for whom they rave and act like <a href="/wiki/Bacchantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchantes">bacchantes</a>", Kerényi 1976, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXL-QIIhn5gC&pg=PA239">pp. 239–240</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Kerényi 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Summary of Karl Kerényi: "The Hymn tells us that Persephone was abducted in Nysion pedion, or the Nysian Plain, a plain that was named after the Dionysian mountain of Nysa. Nysa was regarded as the birthplace and first home of Dionysus. The divine marriage of Plouton and Persephone was celebrated on 'the meadow'. The dangerous region that Kore let herself be lured to in search of flowers was likely not originally connected to Plouton but to Dionysus, as Dionysus himself had the strange surname of 'the gaping one', though despite this the notion that the wine god in his quality as the Lord of the Underworld does not appear on the surface of the hymn. People would not be able to detect the hidden meaning it if it wasn’t for archaic vase portrayals." Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter [pp. 34, 35]. "The Hymn to Demeter later mentions that Queen Metaneira of Eleusis later offers the disguised Demeter a beaker of sweet wine, something that Demeter refuses on the grounds that it would be against themis, the very nature of order and justice, for her to drink red wine and she instead invents a new beverage called kykeon to drink instead. The fact that Demeter refuses to drink wine on the grounds that it would be against themis indicates that she is well aware of who Persephone's abductor is, that it is the Subterranean cover name of Dionysus. The critic of the mysteries, the severe philosopher Herakleitos once declared "Hades is the same as Dionysos." The subterranean wine god was the ravisher, so how could Demeter accept something that was his gift to mankind" [p. 40] </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Summary of Karl Kerényi: "The book later refers to Herakles initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries so that he may enter the Underworld. In the iconography after his initiation Herakles in shown wearing a fringed white garment with a Dionysian deerskin thrown over it. Kore is shown with her mother Demeter and a snake twined around the Mystery basket, foreshadowing the secret, as making friends with snakes was Dionysian [p. 58]. The god of the Anthesteria was Dionysus, who celebrated his marriage in Athens amid flowers, the opening of wine jars, and the rising up of the souls of the dead [p. 149]. There are two reliefs in a marble votive relief of the fourth century BC. One depicts Kore crowning her mother Demeter, the deities at the second altar are Persephone and her husband Dionysus as the recumbent god has the features of the bearded Dionysus rather than of Plouton. In his right hand, he raises not a cornucopia, the symbol of wealth, but a wine vessel and in his left, he bears the goblet for the wine. Over their heads an inscription reads "To the God and Goddess" [pp. 151, 152]. The fragments of a gilded jar cover of the Kerch type show Dionysus, Demeter, little Ploutos, Kore, and a curly-haired boy clad in a long garment, one of the first son's of the Eleusinian king who was the first to be initiated. On another vase, Dionysus sits on his omphalos with his thryrsos in his left hand, sitting opposite Demeter, looking at each other severely. Kore is shown moving from Demeter towards Dionysus, as if trying to reconcile them [p. 162]. Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Summary of Karl Kerényi: Kore and Thea are two different duplications of Persephone; Plouton and Theos are duplications of the subterranean Dionysus. The duplication of the mystery god as subterranean father and subterranean son, as Father Zagreus and the child Zagreus, husband and son of Persephone, has more to do with the mysteries of Dionysus than with the Eleusinian Mysteries. But a duplication of the chthonian, mystical Dionysus is provided even by his youthful aspect, which became distinguished and classical as the son of Semele from the son of Persephone. Semele, though not of Eleusinian origin, is also a double of Persephone [p. 155]. Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Kerényi 1967, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1Wg01wzeYC&pg=PA40">p. 40</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Kerényi 1976, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Kerényi 1976, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXL-QIIhn5gC&pg=PA83">83</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXL-QIIhn5gC&pg=PA199">199</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyd2009" class="citation book cs1">Loyd, Alan B (2009). What is a God?: Studies in the Nature of Greek Divinity. The Classical Press of Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905125357" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905125357"><bdi>978-1905125357</bdi></a>. <q>The identification of Hades and Dionysus does not seem to be a particular doctrine of Herakleitos, nor does it commit him to monotheism. The evidence for a cult connection between the two is quite extensive, particularly in Southern Italy, and the Dionysiac mysteries are associated with death rituals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+God%3F%3A+Studies+in+the+Nature+of+Greek+Divinity&rft.pub=The+Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1905125357&rft.aulast=Loyd&rft.aufirst=Alan+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/images/people/d-01/dionysus/athens_dj-28082013-2-0833c_dionysus-eleusis.jpg">"Photographic image"</a> (JPG). My-favourite-planet.de. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My-favourite-planet.de&rft.atitle=Photographic+image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.my-favourite-planet.de%2Fimages%2Fpeople%2Fd-01%2Fdionysus%2Fathens_dj-28082013-2-0833c_dionysus-eleusis.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.my-favourite-planet.de/images/people/d-01/dionysus/athens_dj-28082013-2-0826d_dionysus-eleusis.jpg">"Photographic image"</a> (JPG). My-favourite-planet.de. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My-favourite-planet.de&rft.atitle=Photographic+image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.my-favourite-planet.de%2Fimages%2Fpeople%2Fd-01%2Fdionysus%2Fathens_dj-28082013-2-0826d_dionysus-eleusis.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/NAMA_181_Eubouleus_2.JPG/477px-NAMA_181_Eubouleus_2.JPG">"Photographic image"</a> (JPG). Upload.wikimedia.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Upload.wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=Photographic+image&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F2%2F22%2FNAMA_181_Eubouleus_2.JPG%2F477px-NAMA_181_Eubouleus_2.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kerenyi1723-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kerenyi1723_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kerenyi1723_204-1">b</a> Summary of Karl Kerényi: These attempts at a reconstruction would remain very fragmentary were we not, in conclusion, to look attentively into the face of the god Eubouleus. The Lord of the Underworld bore this name in the youthful form represented in the statue, ascribed to Praxiteles, which is now in the National Museum at Athens and probably stood originally in the place where it was found, the Ploutonion. This youth is Plouton himself – radiant but disclosing a strange inner darkness – and at the same time his double and servant, comparable to Hermes or Pais besides Kabeiros or Theos [p. 172]. ... The plentiful hair or long curls suggest rather Hades kyanochaites, Hades of the dark hair [p. 173]. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds1Wg01wzeYC&pg=PA172">p. 172</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerényi1991" class="citation book cs1">Kerényi, Karl (1991). Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691019154" title="Special:BookSources/9780691019154"><bdi>9780691019154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleusis%3A+Archetypal+Image+of+Mother+and+Daughter&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780691019154&rft.aulast=Ker%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=London+B+425&object=Vase">"London B 425 (Vase)"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=London+B+425+%28Vase%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fartifact%3Fname%3DLondon%2BB%2B425%26object%3DVase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_208-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor-Perry2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor-Perry, Rosemarie (2003). The God who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Revisited. Barnes & Noble. pp. 4, 22, 91, 92, 94, 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875862309" title="Special:BookSources/9780875862309"><bdi>9780875862309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+who+Comes%3A+Dionysian+Mysteries+Revisited&rft.pages=4%2C+22%2C+91%2C+92%2C+94%2C+168&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780875862309&rft.aulast=Taylor-Perry&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rigoglioso-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rigoglioso_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rigoglioso_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rigoglioso_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rigoglioso_209-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigoglioso2010" class="citation book cs1">Rigoglioso, Marguerite (2010). Virgin Mother Goddesses of Antiquity. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11312-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11312-1"><bdi>978-0-230-11312-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgin+Mother+Goddesses+of+Antiquity&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11312-1&rft.aulast=Rigoglioso&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britishmuseum-210"><a href="#cite_ref-britishmuseum_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=463786&partId=1&people=94919&peoA=94919-1-9&page=1">"British Museum Collection"</a>. britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2017-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+Collection&rft.pub=britishmuseum.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D463786%26partId%3D1%26people%3D94919%26peoA%3D94919-1-9%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britishmuseum2-211"><a href="#cite_ref-britishmuseum2_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=465292&partId=1&people=94919&peoA=94919-1-9&page=1">"British Museum Collection"</a>. Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2017-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=British+Museum+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D465292%26partId%3D1%26people%3D94919%26peoA%3D94919-1-9%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Sudas, under "Sabazios", "saboi"; Sider, David. "Notes on Two Epigrams of Philodemus". The American Journal of Philology, 103.2 (Summer 1982:208–213) pp. 209ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Strabo, Geography, 10.3.15. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, 4.4.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> E.N. Lane has taken pains to dismiss this widespread conflation: Lane, "Towards a definition of the iconography of Sabazios", Numen 27 (1980:9–33), and Corpus Cultis Jovis Sabazii:, in Études Préliminaires aux Religions Orientales dans l'Empire Romain: Conclusions 100.3 (Leiden, etc: Brill) 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> McDonough 1999, pp. 88–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/16574">"Sarcophagus Depicting the Birth of Dionysus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarcophagus+Depicting+the+Birth+of+Dionysus&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F16574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#4">4.4.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#4">4.4.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#5">4.5.2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Dionysos.html">"DIONYSUS - Greek God of Wine & Festivity"</a>. Theoi Greek Mythology. Retrieved 2023-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoi+Greek+Mythology&rft.atitle=DIONYSUS+-+Greek+God+of+Wine+%26+Festivity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FOlympios%2FDionysos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#75">5.75.4</a>, noted by Kerényi 1976, "The Cretan core of the Dionysos myth" p. 111 n. 213 and pp. 110–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-diodiii-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diodiii_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diodiii_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diodiii_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diodiii_223-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diodiii_223-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html">3.62–74</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1989-0130-1">"situla-fitting | British Museum"</a>. The British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=situla-fitting+%26%23124%3B+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FG_1989-0130-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Nonnus, Dionysiaca 4. 268 ff (trans. Rouse) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5. 562 ff (trans. Rouse) </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6. 155 ff (trans. Rouse) </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Henrichs, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Meisner, pp. 249–50; Graf and Johnston, pp. 195–6 n. 7 to p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> According to Meisner, p. 238, "[o]ver the last two centuries, many scholars have considered this narrative of Dionysus and the Titans to have been the central, defining myth of Orphism". See, for example, Nilsson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508326?seq=1">p. 202</a>, who calls it "the cardinal myth of Orphism", and Guthrie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6wNyrxUO8C&pg=PA107">p. 107</a>, who describes the myth as "the central point of Orphic story". According to Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=333">p. 307</a>, it is "commonly regarded as essentially and peculiarly Orphic and the very core of the Orphic religion", while Parker 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsOEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA495">p. 495</a>, writes that "it has been seen as the Orphic 'arch-myth'. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> According to Gantz, p. 118, 'Orphic sources preserved seem not to use the name "Zagreus", and according to West 1983, p. 153, the 'name was probably not used in the Orphic narrative'. Edmonds 1999, p. 37 n. 6 says: 'Lobeck 1892 seems to be responsible for the use of the name Zagreus for the Orphic Dionysos. As Linforth noticed, "It is a curious thing that the name Zagreus does not appear in any Orphic poem or fragment, nor is it used by any author who refers to Orpheus" (Linforth 1941:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=337">311</a>). In his reconstruction of the story, however, Lobeck made extensive use of the fifth-century epic of Nonnos, who does use the name Zagreus, and later scholars followed his cue. The association of Dionysos with Zagreus appears first explicitly in a fragment of Callimachus preserved in the Etymologicum Magnum (fr. 43.117 P), with a possible earlier precedent in the fragment from Euripides Cretans (fr. 472 Nauck). Earlier evidence, however, (e.g., Alkmaionis fr. 3 PEG; Aeschylus frr. 5, 228) suggests that Zagreus was often identified with other deities.' </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> West 1983, pp. 73–74, provides a detailed reconstruction with numerous cites to ancient sources, with a summary on p. 140. For other summaries see Morford, p. 311; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>; March, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/March.Jenny_Cassells.Dictionary.of.Classical.Mythology#page/n787/mode/2up">s.v. Zagreus, p. 788</a>; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456; Burkert, pp. 297–298; Guthrie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6wNyrxUO8C&pg=PA82">p. 82</a>; also see Ogden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA80">p. 80</a>. For a detailed examination of many of the ancient sources pertaining to this myth see Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=333">pp. 307–364</a>. The most extensive account in ancient sources is found in <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/206/mode/2up">5.562–70</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/224/mode/2up">6.155 ff.</a>, other principal sources include <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html">3.62.6–8</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/316/mode/2up">fr. 301 Kern</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html#64">3.64.1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#4">4.4.1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#75">5.75.4</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/316/mode/2up">fr. 303 Kern</a>); <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:6.87-6.145">6.110–114</a>; <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras of Athens</a>, Legatio 20 <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_II/A_Plea_for_the_Christians#cite_ref-66">Pratten</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/138/mode/2up">fr. 58 Kern</a>); <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Clement)" title="Protrepticus (Clement)">Protrepticus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/clementofalexand00clem#page/36/mode/2up">2.15 pp. 36–39 Butterworth</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/110/mode/2up">frs. 34, 35 Kern</a>); <a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 155, 167; <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=zeta,4&field=adlerhw_gr&num_per_page=1">Ζαγρεύς</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.18.4">7.18.4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.37.5">8.37.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Damascius, Commentary on the Phaedo, I, 170, see in translation Westerink, The Greek Commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s Phaedo, vol. II (The Prometheus Trust, Westbury) 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html#64">3.64.1</a>; also noted by Kerény (110 note 214). </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Hyginus, Fabulae CLXVII </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Nonnus, Dionysiaca 7. 14 ff (trans. Rouse) </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Nonnus, Dionysiaca 7. 139 ff (trans. Rouse) </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8. (trans. Rouse) </li> <li id="cite_note-dion.9-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dion.9_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dion.9_239-1">b</a> Nonnus, Dionysiaca 9. (trans. Rouse) </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Includes Frazer's notes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4">0-674-99135-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99136-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99136-2">0-674-99136-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Conner, Nancy. "The Everything Book of Classical Mythology" 2ed </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Homeric Hymn 1 to Dionysus : ‘There is a certain Nysa, mountain high, with forests thick, in Phoinike afar, close to Aigyptos' (Egypt's) streams.’ </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 2. 3 (trans. Oldfather) : "Zeus taking up the child [i.e. Dionysos from the dead body of his mother Semele], handed it over to Hermes, and ordered him to take it to the cave in Nysa, which lay between Phoinikia (Phoenicia) and the Neilos (the River Nile), where he should deliver it to the Nymphai (Nymphs) that they should rear it and with great solicitude bestow upon it the best of care. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Photius, Library; "Ptolemy Chennus, New History" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm#190">Book 4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Bull, 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/arrian-anabasis_alexander/1976/pb_LCL269.3.xml">5.1.1–2.2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Bull, 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Ovid, Fasti, iii. 407 ff. (James G. Frazer, translator). </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/340/mode/2up">10.175–430</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/358/mode/2up/search/Ampelos">11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/396/mode/2up/search/Ampelos">12.1–117</a> (<a href="#CITEREFDalby2005">Dalby 2005</a>, pp. 55–62). </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, Princeton University Press 1993, p.96 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEripides2014" class="citation book cs1">Eripides (2014). Bacchae. Translated by Robertson, Robin. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. lines 112-1141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacchae&rft.pages=lines+112-1141&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Eripides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacchae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchae">Bacchae</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer." class="citation cs2">Homer., The Iliad, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-291-06449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-291-06449-7"><bdi>978-2-291-06449-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130228845">1130228845</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130228845&rft.isbn=978-2-291-06449-7&rft.au=Homer.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Homer, Iliad 6. 129 ff (trans. Lattimore): "I will not fight against any god of the heaven, since even the son of Dryas, Lykourgos the powerful, did not live long; he who tried to fight with the gods of the bright sky, who once drove the fosterers of Mainomenos (rapturous) Dionysos headlong down the sacred Nyseian hill, and all of them shed and scattered their wands on the ground, stricken with an ox-goad by murderous Lykourgos, while Dionysos in terror dived into the salt surf, and Thetis took him to her bosom, frightened, with the strong shivers upon him at the man's blustering. But the gods who live at their ease were angered with Lykourgos and the son of Cronus [Zeus] struck him to blindness, nor did he live long afterwards, since he was hated by all the immortals." [N.B. The reference to the Nyseian hill and the nurses of Dionysus suggests that Homer placed the story in Boeotia while the god was still a child—contrary to subsequent accounts of the myth in which Dionysus is a youth visiting Thrace.] </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_lycurgus_cup.aspx">"British Museum – The Lycurgus Cup"</a>. Britishmuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=British+Museum+%E2%80%93+The+Lycurgus+Cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fpe_mla%2Ft%2Fthe_lycurgus_cup.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/DionysosWrath.html#Tyrrhenian">"Theoi.com" Homeric Hymn to Dionysus"</a>. Theoi.com. Retrieved 2014-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theoi.com%22+Homeric+Hymn+to+Dionysus&rft.pub=Theoi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FOlympios%2FDionysosWrath.html%23Tyrrhenian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Bull, 245–247, 247 quoted </li> <li id="cite_note-MLV-258"><a href="#cite_ref-MLV_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1981" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, M. L. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYuJWxLv-U0C&pg=PA91">Ancient Indian And Indo-Greek Theatre</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 91–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170171478" title="Special:BookSources/9788170171478"><bdi>9788170171478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+And+Indo-Greek+Theatre&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9788170171478&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYuJWxLv-U0C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1968" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Martha L. (1968). "Dionysiac Aspects of Kushān Art". Ars Orientalis. 7: 121–146, Fig. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0571-1371">0571-1371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629244">4629244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=Dionysiac+Aspects+of+Kush%C4%81n+Art&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=121-146%2C+Fig.+15&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4629244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0571-1371&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Martha+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PausaniasII-260"><a href="#cite_ref-PausaniasII_260-0">^</a> Pausanias, Description of Greece book 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-corrente2019-261"><a href="#cite_ref-corrente2019_261-0">^</a> Corrente, Paola and Sidney Castillo. 2019. "Philology and the Comparative Study of Myths", The Religious Studies Project (Podcast Transcript). 3 June 2019. Transcribed by Helen Bradstock. Version 1.1, 28 May 2019. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/philology-and-the-comparative-study-of-myths/">https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/philology-and-the-comparative-study-of-myths/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Clement of Alexandria, Protreptikos, II-30 3–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Jennifer (6 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhybtEbfwscC&pg=PA44">Greek and Roman Sexualities: A Sourcebook</a>. Bloombsbury Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441153371" title="Special:BookSources/9781441153371"><bdi>9781441153371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Sexualities%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloombsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.isbn=9781441153371&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhybtEbfwscC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, Adversus Gentes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thesevenbooksofa00arnouoft#page/n279/mode/2up">5.28 (pp. 252–253)</a> (<a href="#CITEREFDalby2005">Dalby 2005</a>, pp. 108–117) </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Apollodorus, Bibliotheca book 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Hephaestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Hephaestion">Ptolemy Hephaestion</a>, New History 5, epitomized in Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Photius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius I of Constantinople">Photius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Myriobiblon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=237#190.35">190.35</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca02nonnuoft/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater">16.244–280</a>; <a href="/wiki/Memnon_of_Heraclea" title="Memnon of Heraclea">Memnon of Heraclea</a>, History of Heraclea book 15, as epitomized by <a href="/wiki/Photius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius I of Constantinople">Photius of Constantinople</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Myriobiblon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_06bibliotheca.htm">223.28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/459/mode/2up">48.470–634 (III pp. 458</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/491/mode/2up">48.928–936 (III pp. 490, 491)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> 11. 185 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.): "[Ampelos the love of Dionysos rode upon the back of a wild bull:] He shouted boldly to the fullfaced Moon (Mene)—'Give me best, Selene, horned driver of cattle! Now I am both—I have horns and I ride a bull!' So he called out boasting to the round Moon. Selene looked with a jealous eye through the air, to see how Ampleos rode on the murderous marauding bull. She sent him a cattlechasing gadfly; and the bull, pricked continually all over by the sharp sting, galloped away like a horse through pathless tracts. [It threw the boy and gorged him to death.]" </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Humphreys, S. C. The Strangeness of Gods: Historical perspectives on the interpretation of Athenian religion. Oxford University Press. 2004. pp. 264–265. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199269235" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199269235">978-0199269235</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Beecroft, Alexander J. "Nine Fragments in Search of an Author: Poetic Lines Attributed to Terpander." The Classical Journal 103, no. 3 (2008): 225-41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30037959">http://www.jstor.org/stable/30037959</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, Astronomica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/207#2.23.3">2.23.3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1996" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Louis H. (1996). Studies in Hellenistic Judaism. Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKOODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10418-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10418-6"><bdi>90-04-10418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hellenistic+Judaism&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10418-6&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pauly-Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly-Wissowa">RE</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Charites">s.v. Charites</a>; <a href="/wiki/Servius_the_Grammarian" title="Servius the Grammarian">Servius</a>, Commentary on <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.720&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053">1.720</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/529#48.548">48.548 ff.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Grimal, s.v. Ceramus, p. 96; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1">1.3.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pauly-Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly-Wissowa">RE</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Enyeus_1">s.v. Enyeus (1)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Hard, p. 625 n. 188 to p. 179; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.9">E.1.9</a>; Scholia on <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, 3.997. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Hard, p. 625 n. 188 to p. 179; Scholia on <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, 3.997. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.9">E.1.9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-cyclops/1994/pb_LCL012.77.xml">141–145 (pp. 76, 77)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=phlias-bio-1&highlight=phlias">s.v. Phlias</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206#14">14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_fluviis" title="De fluviis">De fluviis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7">7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n61/mode/2up">1.26–28 (I pp. 4, 5)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/442/mode/2up">48.245–247 (III pp. 440–443)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/484/mode/2up">48.848–968 (III pp. 484–493)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/480/mode/2up">48.786–855 (III pp. 481–485)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_fluviis" title="De fluviis">De fluviis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1:24">24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.12.6">2.12.6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=phlias-bio-1&highlight=phlias">s.v Phlias</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pauly-Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly-Wissowa">RE</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Chthonophyle">s.v. Chthonophyle</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.31.2">9.31.2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pauly-Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly-Wissowa">RE</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Chione_7">s.v. Chione (7)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a>' Idylls 1.21. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a> s.v. Priēpidos.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Brill's New Pauly, s.v. Telete. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Memnon_of_Heraclea" title="Memnon of Heraclea">Memnon of Heraclea</a>, apud. <a href="/wiki/Photius" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius">Photius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Bibliotheca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.attalus.org/translate/memnon2.html#28">223.28</a> [= <a href="/wiki/Brill%27s_New_Jacoby" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill's New Jacoby">BNJ</a> 434 F1]. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.16.7">5.16.7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anacreon" title="Anacreon">Anacreon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/anacreontea/1988/pb_LCL143.211.xml">fr. 38 Campbell, pp. 210, 211</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=sabazius-bio-1&highlight=sabazius">s.v. Sabazius</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.13">10.3.13</a>, quotes the non-extant play Palamedes which seems to refer to Thysa, a daughter of Dionysus, and her (?) mother as participants of the Bacchic rites on Mount Ida, but the quoted passage is corrupt. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/529#15.86">15.86 ff.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.16">1.9.16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto1995" class="citation book cs1">Otto, Walter F. (1995). Dionysus Myth and Cult. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20891-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20891-2"><bdi>0-253-20891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dionysus+Myth+and+Cult&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-253-20891-2&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Walter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1992" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQK7l13WIIC&pg=PA15">Gods of Love and Ecstasy</a>. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892813742" title="Special:BookSources/9780892813742"><bdi>9780892813742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+Love+and+Ecstasy&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780892813742&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDQK7l13WIIC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Burkert, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJlmWuXCCecC&pg=PA222">The Good And Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14273-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14273-0"><bdi>978-0-300-14273-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+And+Evil+Serpent%3A+How+a+Universal+Symbol+Became+Christianized&rft.pages=222-223&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14273-0&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJlmWuXCCecC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoPalmer1965" class="citation book cs1">Otto, Walter Friedrich; Palmer, Robert B. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCDvuoZ8IzsC&pg=PA164">Dionysus: Myth and Cult</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 164–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20891-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20891-0"><bdi>978-0-253-20891-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dionysus%3A+Myth+and+Cult&rft.pages=164-166&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20891-0&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Walter+Friedrich&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCDvuoZ8IzsC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Leo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5DeBQAAQBAJ">The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and in Modern Oblivion</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 47, 83 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22631-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22631-6"><bdi>978-0-226-22631-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexuality+of+Christ+in+Renaissance+Art+and+in+Modern+Oblivion&rft.pages=47%2C+83+with+footnotes&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-226-22631-6&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5DeBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2014" class="citation book cs1">March, Jennifer R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ">Dictionary of Classical Mythology</a>. Oxbow. pp. 164, 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-635-6"><bdi>978-1-78297-635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Classical+Mythology&rft.pages=164%2C+296&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78297-635-6&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5jwAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsapo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Csapo, Eric (1997). "Riding the Phallus for Dionysus: Iconology, Ritual, and Gender-Role De/Construction". Phoenix. 51 (3/4): 256–257, 253–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1192539">10.2307/1192539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1192539">1192539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=Riding+the+Phallus+for+Dionysus%3A+Iconology%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Gender-Role+De%2FConstruction&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=256-257%2C+253-295&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1192539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1192539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Csapo&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrich1958" class="citation journal cs1">Dietrich, B. C. (1958). "Dionysus Liknites". The Classical Quarterly. 8 (3–4): 244–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000983880002190X">10.1017/S000983880002190X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246876495">246876495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dionysus+Liknites&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=244-248&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000983880002190X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246876495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> see Janda (2010), 16–44 for a detailed account. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Smith 1991, 127–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/File:Dionysus_and_Eros.jpg" title="File:Dionysus and Eros.jpg">Dionysus and Eros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples Archeological Museum</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Smith 1991, 127–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Smith 1991, 127, 131, 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Smith 1991, 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Smith 1991, 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Smith 1991, 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Smith 1991, 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Kessler, E., Dionysian Monotheism in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Bull, 227–228, both quoted </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Bull, 228–232, 228 quoted </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> Bull, 235–238, 242, 247–250 </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Bull, 233–235 </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Bull (page needed) </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Isler-Kerényi, C., & Watson, W. (2007). "Modern Mythologies: 'Dionysos' Versus 'Apollo'". In Dionysos in Archaic Greece: An Understanding through Images (pp. 235–254). Leiden; Boston: Brill. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w9x.13">http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w9x.13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2007" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Bernice Glatzer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGpOo6IV74IC&pg=PA344">"Chapter 13. A New Spirituality: The Confluence of Nietzsche and Orthodoxy in Russian Religious Thought"</a>. In Steinberg, Mark D. and Heather J. Coleman (ed.). Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21850-6"><bdi>978-0-253-21850-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13.+A+New+Spirituality%3A+The+Confluence+of+Nietzsche+and+Orthodoxy+in+Russian+Religious+Thought&rft.btitle=Sacred+Stories%3A+Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Modern+Russia&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21850-6&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Bernice+Glatzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGpOo6IV74IC%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Kerenyi, K., Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life (Princeton/Bollingen, 1976). </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Jeanmaire, H. Dionysus: histoire du culte de Bacchus, (pp. 106ff) Payot, (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> Johnson, R. A. 'Ecstasy; Understanding the Psychology of Joy' HarperColling (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Hillman, J. 'Dionysus Reimagined' in The Myth of Analysis (pp. 271–281) HarperCollins (1972); Hillman, J. 'Dionysus in Jung's Writings' in Facing The Gods, Spring Publications (1980) </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Thompson, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mythopoetry.com/mythopoetics/scholar09_thompson.html">'Emotional Intelligence/Imaginal Intelligence'</a> in Mythopoetry Scholar Journal, Vol 1, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Lopez-Pedraza, R. 'Dionysus in Exile: On the Repression of the Body and Emotion', Chiron Publications (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Tolcher, J. M. (2023). Poof. ISBN 9780646875873. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Dayton, P. (2023, August 1). "Pain and Prejudice". DNA Magazine, 283, 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspun1970" class="citation news cs1">Greenspun, Roger (March 23, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E01E2D81638EE34BC4B51DFB566838B669EDE">"Screen::De Palma's 'Dionysus in 69'"</a>. New York Times. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/dead-can-dance-tour-dionysus-new-album-749693/">Dead Can Dance on Awakening the Ancient Instincts Within</a>" Rolling Stone, November 7, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-338"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipshutz2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Lipshutz, Jason (April 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8507685/bts-dionysus-musical-ambition">"How BTS' 'Dionysus' Demonstrates the Group's Musical Ambition"</a>. Billboard. Retrieved April 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=How+BTS%27+%27Dionysus%27+Demonstrates+the+Group%27s+Musical+Ambition&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft.aulast=Lipshutz&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fk-town%2F8507685%2Fbts-dionysus-musical-ambition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-339"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2019" class="citation web cs1">Daly, Rhian (April 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/bts-map-of-the-soul-persona-global-press-conference-2477824">"All the biggest talking points from BTS' global press conference: Jungkook's missing mixtape, Suga's next prophecy, and the meaning behind 'Map Of The Soul: Persona'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a>. Retrieved April 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=All+the+biggest+talking+points+from+BTS%27+global+press+conference%3A+Jungkook%27s+missing+mixtape%2C+Suga%27s+next+prophecy%2C+and+the+meaning+behind+%27Map+Of+The+Soul%3A+Persona%27&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Rhian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fblogs%2Fnme-blogs%2Fbts-map-of-the-soul-persona-global-press-conference-2477824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2024" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Michel (July 27, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-ceremony-last-supper-parody-sparks-controversy-2024-07-27/">"Paris ceremony 'Last Supper' parody sparks controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Paris+ceremony+%27Last+Supper%27+parody+sparks+controversy&rft.date=2024-07-27&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fparis-ceremony-last-supper-parody-sparks-controversy-2024-07-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sports/article/2024/07/28/paris-olympics-organizers-sorry-for-any-offense-over-opening-ceremony_6702640_9.html">"Paris Olympics organizers 'sorry' for any offense over opening ceremony"</a>. 2024-07-28. Retrieved 2024-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paris+Olympics+organizers+%27sorry%27+for+any+offense+over+opening+ceremony&rft.date=2024-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fsports%2Farticle%2F2024%2F07%2F28%2Fparis-olympics-organizers-sorry-for-any-offense-over-opening-ceremony_6702640_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumsby2024" class="citation web cs1">Rumsby, Ben (2024-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2024/07/26/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-papa-smurf-flaming-pianos/">"'Papa Smurf' and flaming pianos – strangest moments of Paris Olympics opening ceremony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27Papa+Smurf%27+and+flaming+pianos+%E2%80%93+strangest+moments+of+Paris+Olympics+opening+ceremony&rft.date=2024-07-26&rft.aulast=Rumsby&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Folympics%2F2024%2F07%2F26%2Fparis-olympics-opening-ceremony-papa-smurf-flaming-pianos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaloi2024" class="citation web cs1">Kaloi, Stephanie (2024-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewrap.com/paris-olympics-producers-last-supper-inspired-opening-ceremony/">"Paris Olympics Producers Say 'The Last Supper' Inspired That Opening Ceremony Scene: 'Many Have Done It Before'"</a>. TheWrap. Retrieved 2024-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheWrap&rft.atitle=Paris+Olympics+Producers+Say+%27The+Last+Supper%27+Inspired+That+Opening+Ceremony+Scene%3A+%27Many+Have+Done+It+Before%27&rft.date=2024-07-28&rft.aulast=Kaloi&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewrap.com%2Fparis-olympics-producers-last-supper-inspired-opening-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moles-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moles_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moles_344-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moles_344-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoles2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moles, John (2006). "Jesus and Dionysus in "The Acts Of The Apostles" and early Christianity". Hermathena. 180 (180). Trinity College Dublin: 65–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041662">23041662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermathena&rft.atitle=Jesus+and+Dionysus+in+%22The+Acts+Of+The+Apostles%22+and+early+Christianity&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=180&rft.pages=65-104&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23041662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moles&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> Detienne, Marcel. Dionysus Slain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-346"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_346-0">^</a> Evans, Arthur. The God of Ecstasy. New York: St. Martins' Press, 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wick2004_179–198-347"><a href="#cite_ref-Wick2004_179–198_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wick, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsw.org/?l=71851&a=Comm06.html">"Jesus gegen Dionysos? Ein Beitrag zur Kontextualisierung des Johannesevangeliums"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblica_(journal)" title="Biblica (journal)">Biblica</a>. 85 (2). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a>: 179–198. Retrieved 2007-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=Jesus+gegen+Dionysos%3F+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Kontextualisierung+des+Johannesevangeliums&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-198&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsw.org%2F%3Fl%3D71851%26a%3DComm06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-348"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_348-0">^</a> Powell, Barry B., Classical Myth. Second ed. With new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLPOx1B-AwC&pg=PA331">Studies in Early Christology</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Martin Hengel</a>, 2005, p. 331 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567042804" title="Special:BookSources/0567042804">0567042804</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> Dalby, Andrew (2005). The Story of Bacchus. London: British Museum Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> E. Kessler, Dionysian Monotheism in Nea Paphos, Cyprus. Symposium on Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, Exeter, 17–20 July 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huss.ex.ac.uk/classics/conferences/pagan_monotheism/abstracts.html">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421032154/http://www.huss.ex.ac.uk/classics/conferences/pagan_monotheism/abstracts.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Bull, 240–241 </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:23–26&version=nrsv">1 Cor 11:23–26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=460422&partId=1&people=130287&peoA=130287-3-17&page=1">"British Museum – statue"</a>. Britishmuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=British+Museum+%E2%80%93+statue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D460422%26partId%3D1%26people%3D130287%26peoA%3D130287-3-17%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> This chart is based upon <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, unless otherwise noted. </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.570">1.570–579</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.338">14.338</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.312">8.312</a>, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> According to Hesiod, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+927">927–929</a>, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> According to Hesiod, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+886">886–890</a>, of Zeus's children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived, but the last to be born; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head", see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> According to Hesiod, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183">183–200</a>, Aphrodite was born from Uranus's severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (<a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374">3.374</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.105">20.105</a>; <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.308">8.308</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.320">320</a>) and Dione (<a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.370">5.370–71</a>), see Gantz, pp. 99–100. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1921. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4">0-674-99135-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a>, Aristides ex recensione Guilielmi Dindorfii, Volume 3, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dindorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Dindorf">Wilhelm Dindorf</a>, Weidmann, G. Reimer, 1829. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001812297">Hathi Trust Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">Frogs</a>, Matthew Dillon, Ed., Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristoph.+Frogs">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius of Sicca</a>, The Seven Books of Arnobius Adversus Gentes, translated by Archibald Hamilton Bryce and Hugh Campbell, Edinburg: T. & T. Clark. 1871. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thesevenbooksofa00arnouoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a>, Volume I: Books 1–4, translated by P. A. Brunt. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 236. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99260-3">978-0-674-99260-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL236/1976/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a>, Volume II: Books 5–7, translated by P. A. Brunt. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 269. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99297-9">978-0-674-99297-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL269/1983/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw7KxwEACAAJ">Etymological Dictionary of Greek</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32186-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32186-1&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw7KxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bowie, A. M., Aristophanes: Myth, Ritual and Comedy, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521440122" title="Special:BookSources/0521440122">0521440122</a>.</li> <li>Bowie, E. L., "Time and Place, Narrative and Speech in Philicus, Philodams and Limenius" in Hymnic Narrative and the Narratology of Greek Hymns, edited by Andrew Faulkner, Owen Hodkinson, Brill, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004289512" title="Special:BookSources/9789004289512">9789004289512</a>.</li> <li>Bull, Malcolm, The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods, Oxford UP, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195219234" title="Special:BookSources/9780195219234">9780195219234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a>, Greek Religion, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0">0-674-36281-0</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, David A., Greek Lyric, Volume II: Anacreon, Anacreontea, Choral Lyric from Olympus to Alcman, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 143, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99158-3">978-0-674-99158-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL143/1988/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greeklyric0002unse/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, The Exhortation to the Greeks. The Rich Man's Salvation. To the Newly Baptized. Translated by G. W. Butterworth. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 92. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1919. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99103-3">978-0-674-99103-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL092/1919/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/clementofalexand00clem#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive 1960 edition</a>.</li> <li>Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp, Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99631-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99631-1">978-0-674-99631-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL506/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2005" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2005). The Story of Bacchus. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2255-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2255-6"><bdi>0-7141-2255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Bacchus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7141-2255-6&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html">Online version by Bill Thayer</a></li> <li>Edmonds, Radcliffe (1999), "Tearing Apart the Zagreus Myth: A Few Disparaging Remarks On Orphism and Original Sin", Classical Antiquity 18 (1999): 35–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414032311/http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">PDF</a>.</li> <li>Encinas Reguero, M. Carmen, "The Names of Dionysos in Euripides’ Bacchae and the Rhetorical Language of Teiresias", in Redefining Dionysos, Editors: Alberto Bernabé, Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, Raquel Martín Hernández. Walter de Gruyter, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8">978-3-11-030091-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a>, translated by T. A. Buckley in The Tragedies of Euripides, London. Henry G. Bohn. 1850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0092">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a>, in Euripides, with an English translation by David Kovacs, Cambridge. Harvard University Press. forthcoming. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg001.perseus-eng1:63-81">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a>, translated by Robert Potter in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0110">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a>, in The Plays of Euripides, translated by E. P. Coleridge. Volume I. London. George Bell and Sons. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0124">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Fantuzzi, Marco, "Sung Poetry: The Case of Inscribed Paeans" in A Companion to Hellenistic Literature, editors: James J. Clauss, Martine Cuypers, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405136792" title="Special:BookSources/9781405136792">9781405136792</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Richard_Farnell" title="Lewis Richard Farnell">Farnell, Lewis Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cults_of_the_Greek_States" title="The Cults of the Greek States">The Cults of the Greek States</a> vol 5, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultsofthegreek05farnuoft/page/n3">Internet Archive</a>; cf. Chapter IV, "Cults of Dionysos"; Chapter V, "Dionysiac Ritual"; Chapter VI, "Cult-Monuments of Dionysos"; Chapter VII, "Ideal Dionysiac Types".</li> <li>Fowler, R. L. (2013), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147411">978-0198147411</a>.</li> <li>Lightfoot, J. L. Hellenistic Collection: Philitas. Alexander of Aetolia. Hermesianax. Euphorion. Parthenius. Edited and translated by J. L. Lightfoot. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 508. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99636-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99636-6">978-0-674-99636-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL508/2010/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Fox, William Sherwood, <a href="/wiki/The_Mythology_of_All_Races" title="The Mythology of All Races">The Mythology of All Races</a>, v. 1, Greek and Roman, 1916, General editor, Louis Herbert Gray.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gantz" title="Timothy Gantz">Gantz, Timothy</a>, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9">978-0-8018-5360-9</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3">978-0-8018-5362-3</a> (Vol. 2).</li> <li>Graf, F. (1974), Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit, Walter de Gruyter, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110044980" title="Special:BookSources/9783110044980">9783110044980</a>.</li> <li>Graf, F. (2005), "Iacchus" in <a href="/wiki/Brill%27s_New_Pauly" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill's New Pauly">Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World</a>. Antiquity, Volume 6, Lieden-Boston 2005.</li> <li>Graf, Fritz, and Sarah Iles Johnston, Ritual Texts for the Afterlife: Orpheus and the Bacchic Gold Tablets, Routledge, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41550-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41550-7">978-0-415-41550-7</a>.</li> <li>Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">Guthrie, W. K. C.</a>, Orpheus and Greek Religion: A Study of the Orphic Movement, Princeton University Press, 1935. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02499-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02499-8">978-0-691-02499-8</a>.</li> <li>Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18636-0">978-0-415-18636-0</a>.</li> <li>Harder, Annette, Callimachus: Aetia: Introduction, Text, Translation and Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958101-6">978-0-19-958101-6</a>. (two volume set). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YdwJJatoAC">Google Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Harrison, Jane Ellen</a>, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, second edition, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Henrichs, Albert, "Dionysos Dismembered and Restored to Life: The Earliest Evidence (OF 59 I–II)", in Tracing Orpheus: Studies of Orphic Fragments, pp. 61–68, edited by Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui et al., <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-26053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-26053-3">978-3-110-26053-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110260533">Online version at De Gruyter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4tDMNaqKfIC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">Histories</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> (translator), Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1920; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674991338" title="Special:BookSources/0674991338">0674991338</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus, Gaius Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6">978-0-87220-821-6</a>.</li> <li>Janda, Michael, Die Musik nach dem Chaos, Innsbruck 2010.</li> <li>Jameson, Michael. "The Asexuality of Dionysus." Masks of Dionysus. Ed. Thomas H. Carpenter and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Faraone" title="Christopher A. Faraone">Christopher A. Faraone</a>. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8062-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8062-0">0-8014-8062-0</a>. 44–64.</li> <li>Jiménez San Cristóbal, Anna Isabel, 2012, "Iacchus in Plutarch" in Plutarch in the Religious and Philosophical Discourse of Late Antiquity, edited by Fernando Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta and Israel Mu Oz Gallarte, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004234741" title="Special:BookSources/9789004234741">9789004234741</a>.</li> <li>Jiménez San Cristóbal, Anna Isabel 2013, "The Sophoclean Dionysos" in Redefining Dionysus, Editors: Alberto Bernabé, Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, Raquel Martín Hernández, Walter de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030091-8">978-3-11-030091-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> 1967, Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691019154" title="Special:BookSources/9780691019154">9780691019154</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> 1976, Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691029153" title="Special:BookSources/9780691029153">9780691029153</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mortimer_Linforth" title="Ivan Mortimer Linforth">Linforth, Ivan M.</a>, The Arts of Orpheus, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=9">Online version at HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lloyd-Jones" title="Hugh Lloyd-Jones">Lloyd-Jones, Hugh</a>, Sophocles: Fragments, Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 483. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99532-1">978-0-674-99532-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL483/1996/pb_LCL483.v.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kern" title="Otto Kern">Kern, Otto</a>. Orphicorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De Rerum Natura</a>, William Ellery Leonard. E. P. Dutton. 1916. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0131%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Marcovich, Miroslav, Studies in Graeco-Roman Religions and Gnosticism, Brill, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004086241" title="Special:BookSources/9789004086241">9789004086241</a>.</li> <li>March, Jenny, Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Casell & Co, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35788-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35788-X">0-304-35788-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/March.Jenny_Cassells.Dictionary.of.Classical.Mythology#page/n0/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough1999" class="citation cs2">McDonough, Sean M. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ZG4P8J1roC&q=Plutarch+Yahweh+Dionysus&pg=PA89">YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting</a>, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe, vol. 107, Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147055-4"><bdi>978-3-16-147055-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-9570">0340-9570</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=YHWH+at+Patmos%3A+Rev.+1%3A4+in+Its+Hellenistic+and+Early+Jewish+Setting&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.series=Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament+2.+Reihe&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0340-9570&rft.isbn=978-3-16-147055-4&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0ZG4P8J1roC%26q%3DPlutarch%2BYahweh%2BDionysus%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADionysus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Meisner, Dwayne A., Orphic Tradition and the Birth of the Gods, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-66352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-66352-0">978-0-190-66352-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Nauck" title="Johann August Nauck">Nauck, Johann August</a>, Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta, Leipzig, Teubner, 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tragicorumgraeco00naucuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Nilsson, Martin, P., "Early Orphism and Kindred Religions Movements", The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1935), pp. 181–230. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508326">1508326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a>; translated by <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">Rouse, W H D</a>, I Books I–XV. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a>; translated by <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">Rouse, W H D</a>, III Books XXXVI–XLVIII. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Ogden, Daniel, Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5">978-0-19-955732-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a>, printed as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticalhymnsor00taylgoog/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater">The Mystic Hymns of Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a>, trans., Bertram Dobell, London (1894), and as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/mode/2up?view=theater">The Orphic Hymns</a>, Apostolos N. Athanassakis and Benjamin M. Wolkov, transs, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (2013).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Parker, Robert (2002), "Early Orphism" in The Greek World, edited by Anton Powell, Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69864-6">978-1-134-69864-6</a>.</li> <li>Parker, Robert (2005) Polytheism and Society at Athens, OUP Oxford, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191534522" title="Special:BookSources/9780191534522">9780191534522</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1503231/An_account_of_the_Dionysiac_presence_in_Indian_art_and_culture/">Sara Peterson, An account of the Dionysiac presence in Indian art and culture</a>. Academia.edu, 2016</li> <li>Pickard-Cambridge, Arthur, The Theatre of Dionysus at Athens, 1946.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris. The E at Delphi. The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse. The Obsolescence of Oracles. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 306. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99337-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99337-2">978-0-674-99337-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL306/1936/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28747197/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater">Select Works of Porphyry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a>, trans., J. Moyes, London (1823), and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_02_book2.htm">at Tertullian.org</a>.</li> <li>Powell, Barry B., Classical Myth, 5th edition, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>, De fluviis, in Plutarch's morals, Volume V, edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Watson_Goodwin" title="William Watson Goodwin">William Watson Goodwin</a>, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1874. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Ridgeway, William, Origin of Tragedy, 1910. Kessinger Publishing (June 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-6221-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-6221-4">0-7661-6221-4</a>.</li> <li>Ridgeway, William, The Dramas and Dramatic Dances of non-European Races in special reference to the origin of Greek Tragedy, with an appendix on the origin of Greek Comedy, 1915.</li> <li>Riu, Xavier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-06-13.html">Dionysism and Comedy</a>, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9442-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9442-9">0-8476-9442-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jennings_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jennings Rose">Rose, Herbert Jennings</a>, "Iacchus" in <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a>, second edition, <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N.G.L.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">Howard Hayes Scullard</a> (editors), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3">0-19-869117-3</a>.</li> <li>Rutherford, Ian, (2016) Greco-Egyptian Interactions: Literature, Translation, and Culture, 500 BC–AD 300, Oxford University Press, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191630118" title="Special:BookSources/9780191630118">9780191630118</a>.</li> <li>Rutherford, William G., (1896) Scholia Aristphanica, London, Macmillan and Co. and New York, 1896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scholiaaristopha01ruthuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>*Seaford, Richard. "Dionysos", Routledge (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32488-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32488-2">0-415-32488-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_the_Grammarian" title="Servius the Grammarian">Servius</a>, Servii grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii, Volume I, edited by Georgius Thilo and Hermannus Hagen, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana" title="Bibliotheca Teubneriana">Bibliotheca Teubneriana</a>, Leipzig, Teubner, 1881. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invergiliicarmin01servuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater">Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.pr">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Smith, R.R.R., Hellenistic Sculpture, a handbook, Thames & Hudson, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500202494" title="Special:BookSources/0500202494">0500202494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>, London (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Smyth, Herbert Weir</a>, Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Volume II, London: Heinemann, 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aeschyluswitheng02aescuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Sommerstein, Alan H., Aeschylus: Fragments. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8">978-0-674-99629-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL505/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, The Antigone of Sophocles, Edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb, Sir Richard Jebb. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0186%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geography</a>, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1">Books 6–14, at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Sutton, Dana F., Ancient Comedy, Twayne Publishers (August 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-0957-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-0957-6">0-8057-0957-6</a>.</li> <li>Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069022608X" title="Special:BookSources/069022608X">069022608X</a>.</li> <li>Versnel, H. S., "ΙΑΚΧΟΣ. Some Remarks Suggested by an Unpublished Lekythos in the Villa Giulia", <a href="/wiki/Talanta" title="Talanta">Talanta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talanta.nl/publications/previous-issues/1969-1973-●-volume-i-v/1972-volume-iv/">4</a>, 1972, 23–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talanta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Versnel-23-38.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li>Gianluca Viola (2022), "Il Dionisiaco nel pensiero contemporaneo. Da Nietzsche a Carmelo Bene, Mucchi Editore, ISBN 9788870009583.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1983), The Orphic Poems, Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814854-8">978-0-19-814854-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dionysus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dionysus">Dionysus</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Doroszewski, F., Karłowicz D. (eds.). 2021. Dionysus and Politics. Constructing Authority in the Graeco-Roman World. Abingdon: Routledge. The volume contains contributions by C. Isler-Kerenyi, J.-M. Pailler, R. Seaford, R. Stoneman et al.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy39.html">History of Rome, Book 39</a>:13, Description of banned Bacchanalia in Rome and Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Detienne" title="Marcel Detienne">Detienne, Marcel</a>, Dionysos at Large, tr. by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldhammer" title="Arthur Goldhammer">Arthur Goldhammer</a>, Harvard University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-20773-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-20773-4">0-674-20773-4</a>. (Originally in French as Dionysos à ciel ouvert, 1986)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucbclassics/ctm/festschrift18/">Albert Henrichs, Between City and Country: Cultic Dimensions of Dionysus in Athens and Attica, (April 1, 1990). Department of Classics, UCB. Cabinet of the Muses: Rosenmeyer Festschrift. Paper festschrift18.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1503231/An_account_of_the_Dionysiac_presence_in_Indian_art_and_culture/">Sara Peterson, An account of the Dionysiac presence in Indian art and culture. Academia, 2016</a></li> <li>Frazer, James "The Golden Bough"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/pwretranslations/all-articles/5-demogenes-ephoroi/dionysos">Kern, O. Dionysos (2) in Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, tr. into English</a></li> <li>Walter F. Otto "Dionysus: Myth and Cult"</li> <li>Redefining Dionysos, a large collaborative academic study on Dionysus and his worship in antiquity.</li> <li>Richard Seaford, Routledge "Dionysos"</li> <li>Henk Versnel "Heis Dionysus - One Dionysus? A polytheistic perspective" an examination of Greek religion and Dionysos himself.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Dionysus <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Dionysus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Dionysus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Dionysus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dionysos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dionysos">Dionysos</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dionysus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Dionysus">Dionysus</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Dionysos.html">Theoi Project, Dionysos</a> myths from original sources, cult, classical art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000104">The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 2000 images of Bacchus)</a></li></ul> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515000246/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=89">Archived</a> 2012-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513104726/http://www.xs4all.nl/~schuffel/english/bacchus/">Iconographic Themes in Art: Bacchus |Dionysos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prometheustrust.co.uk/html/7_-_oracles.html">Treatise on the Bacchic Mysteries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiresias.haifa.ac.il/?subj=dionysus">Ancient texts on Dionysus</a>, from Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)#Greco-Roman_tradition" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Titans (male)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Titanides (female)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)" title="Asteria (Titaness)">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Olympian deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Olympian Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis" title="Apollonis">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borysthenis" title="Borysthenis">Borysthenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisso" title="Cephisso">Cephisso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Muses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoede" title="Aoede">Aoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melete" title="Melete">Melete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme" title="Mneme">Mneme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypate" title="Hypate">Hypate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(mythology)" title="Mese (mythology)">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_(mythology)" title="Nete (mythology)">Nete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> (Graces)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaea" title="Aglaea">Aglaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheia" title="Antheia">Antheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne" title="Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone" title="Hegemone">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Grace)" title="Thalia (Grace)">Thalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sea deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthesikyme" title="Benthesikyme">Benthesikyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brizo" title="Brizo">Brizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ichthyocentaurs" title="Ichthyocentaurs">Ichthyocentaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nesoi" title="Nesoi">Nesoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaste_(Oceanid)" title="Acaste (Oceanid)">Acaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admete_(Oceanid)" title="Admete (Oceanid)">Admete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(mythology)" title="Amalthea (mythology)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Oceanid)" title="Asia (Oceanid)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_(Greek_myth)" title="Ceto (Greek myth)">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(mother_of_Phaethon)" title="Clymene (mother of Phaethon)">Clymene (consort of Helios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene (wife of Iapetus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodone_(mythology)" title="Dodone (mythology)">Dodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Oceanid)" title="Doris (Oceanid)">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynome_(Oceanid)" title="Eurynome (Oceanid)">Eurynome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Apollo)" title="Melia (consort of Apollo)">Melia (consort of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Inachus)" title="Melia (consort of Inachus)">Melia (consort of Inachus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouto_(Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plouto (Oceanid)">Plouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(mythology)" title="Telesto (mythology)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(Oceanid)" title="Theia (Oceanid)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxo_(Oceanid)" title="Zeuxo (Oceanid)">Zeuxo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatheia_(mythology)" title="Amatheia (mythology)">Amatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphithoe_(mythology)" title="Amphithoe (mythology)">Amphithoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymatolege_(mythology)" title="Cymatolege (mythology)">Cymatolege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymo_(mythology)" title="Cymo (mythology)">Cymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamene" title="Dynamene">Dynamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galene_(mythology)" title="Galene (mythology)">Galene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protomedeia" title="Protomedeia">Protomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(mythology)" title="Sao (mythology)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spio" title="Spio">Spio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Nereid)" title="Thalia (Nereid)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">Potamoi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapus" title="Anapus">Anapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(god)" title="Asterion (god)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axius_(mythology)" title="Axius (mythology)">Axius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanthus" title="Caanthus">Caanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebren" title="Cebren">Cebren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitumnus" title="Clitumnus">Clitumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_(deity)" title="Enipeus (deity)">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladeos" title="Kladeos">Kladeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numicus" title="Numicus">Numicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(river_god)" title="Phyllis (river god)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus" title="Peneus">Peneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simoeis" title="Simoeis">Simoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_(mythology)" title="Aegina (mythology)">Aegina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achiroe" title="Achiroe">Achiroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganippe_(naiad)" title="Aganippe (naiad)">Aganippe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anigrides" title="Anigrides">Anigrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyra_(mythology)" title="Argyra (mythology)">Argyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbe" title="Bolbe">Bolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliadne" title="Caliadne">Caliadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotis" title="Cassotis">Cassotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleocharia" title="Cleocharia">Cleocharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(Naiad)" title="Creusa (Naiad)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosera_(naiad)" title="Drosera (naiad)">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpina" title="Harpina">Harpina</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionides" title="Ionides">Ionides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenis" title="Ismenis">Ismenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Larunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaea" title="Lilaea">Lilaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liriope_(nymph)" title="Liriope (nymph)">Liriope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melite_(naiad)" title="Melite (naiad)">Melite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metope_(mythology)" title="Metope (mythology)">Metope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(nymph)" title="Moria (nymph)">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Greek_mythology)" title="Nana (Greek mythology)">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orseis" title="Orseis">Orseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbe" title="Stilbe">Stilbe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">Thriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corycia" title="Corycia">Corycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleodora_(nymph)" title="Cleodora (nymph)">Cleodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina" title="Melaina">Melaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasa" title="Tiasa">Tiasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deities" title="Chthonic deities">Chthonic deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Theoi Chthonioi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lampades" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampades">Lampades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (Furies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaera" title="Megaera">Megaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisiphone" title="Tisiphone">Tisiphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Earthborn</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Gigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatoncheires" title="Hecatoncheires">Hecatonchires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Kouretes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)" title="Lethe (daughter of Eris)">Lethe</a></li> <li>Logoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li>Pseudea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachesis" title="Lachesis">Lachesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Graeae" title="Graeae">Graeae</a> <ul><li>Deino</li> <li>Enyo</li> <li>Pemphredo</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gorgons" title="Gorgons">Gorgons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stheno_and_Euryale" title="Stheno and Euryale">Stheno and Euryale</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aello" title="Aello">Aello</a></li> <li>Celaeno</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocypete" title="Ocypete">Ocypete</a></li> <li>Podarge</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of other gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li>The Younger <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleia" title="Eucleia">Eucleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenia" title="Euthenia">Euthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne" title="Philophrosyne">Philophrosyne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corus_(mythology)" title="Corus (mythology)">Corus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa" title="Ersa">Ersa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheleia" title="Apheleia">Apheleia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dikaiosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysus" title="Chrysus">Chrysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiresione" title="Eiresione">Eiresione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulabeia_(mythology)" title="Eulabeia (mythology)">Eulabeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimarmene" title="Heimarmene">Heimarmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepromene" title="Pepromene">Pepromene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poena" title="Poena">Poine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrape_and_Bronte" title="Astrape and Bronte">Astrape and Bronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Boreas)" title="Chione (daughter of Boreas)">Chione</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiad)" title="Alcyone (Pleiad)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiad)" title="Merope (Pleiad)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(mythology)" title="Sirius (mythology)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritopatores" title="Tritopatores">Tritopatores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus" title="Eunostus">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opora_(mythology)" title="Opora (mythology)">Opora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomelus" title="Philomelus">Philomelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrhon" title="Darrhon">Darrhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Rustic deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alseid" title="Alseid">Alseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonis" title="Amphictyonis">Amphictyonis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anthousai" title="Anthousai">Anthousai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Auloniad" title="Auloniad">Auloniads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erato_(dryad)" title="Erato (dryad)">Erato</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">Hamadryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopeleia" title="Chrysopeleia">Chrysopeleia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epimeliad" title="Epimeliad">Epimeliades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecaterus" title="Hecaterus">Hecaterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenades</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nymphai_Hyperboreioi" title="Nymphai Hyperboreioi">Nymphai Hyperboreioi</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oread" title="Oread">Oreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia" title="Adrasteia">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(nymph)" title="Cyllene (nymph)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helice_(mythology)" title="Helice (mythology)">Helice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">Iynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomia_(mythology)" title="Nomia (mythology)">Nomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenone_(nymph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenone (nymph)">Oenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)" title="Pitys (mythology)">Pitys</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pegasides" title="Pegasides">Pegasides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapso" title="Rhapso">Rhapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deified_people_in_Greek_mythology" title="List of deified people in Greek mythology">Deified people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus" title="Alexiares and Anicetus">Alexiares and Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enodia" title="Enodia">Enodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)" title="Palaestra (mythology)">Palaestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)" title="Sosipolis (god)">Sosipolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_religion" title="Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Religion_and_religious_practice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a> and religious practice</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Main beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon">Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Golden mean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Greek words for love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demigod#Classical" title="Demigod">Hemitheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">Katabasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">Kleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxography" title="Paradoxography">Paradoxography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-state_patron_gods" title="Greek city-state patron gods">Patron gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome:_theia_mania" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Texts / <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Theban Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodea" title="Oedipodea">Oedipodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmeonis" title="Alcmeonis">Alcmeonis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretalogy" title="Aretalogy">Aretalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Verses" title="Golden Verses">Golden Verses of Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Homerica">Homerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Dreams_(Antiphon)" title="Interpretation of Dreams (Antiphon)">Interpretation of Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneirocritica" title="Oneirocritica">Oneirocritica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Astrampsychi" title="Sortes Astrampsychi">Sortes Astrampsychi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism#Classical_antiquity" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hellenistic_religion" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism#Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Ancient_Greece" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Relationship with Greek philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism#Late_Antiquity" title="Western esotericism">Esoteric</a> systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy#Hellenistic_Egypt" title="Alchemy">Early alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">Syncretic</a> religions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Deified_Alexander" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">Ptolemaic cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)#Religious_issues" title="Julian (emperor)">Religious views of emperor Julian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mystery religions and sacred mysteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbrian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries#Samothracian_Mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Samothracian Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feraferia" title="Feraferia">Feraferia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship / rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotoi_Hieroi" title="Arotoi Hieroi">Arotoi Hieroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptes" title="Baptes">Baptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daduchos" title="Daduchos">Daduchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">Heroon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">Hierophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">Hieros gamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hymns_in_ancient_Greek" title="Category:Hymns in ancient Greek">Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_(ritual)" title="Incubation (ritual)">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komos" title="Komos">Komos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophagia" title="Omophagia">Omophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgia" title="Orgia">Orgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyris" title="Panegyris">Panegyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">Hecatomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)#Greek_sacrifice" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">Pharmakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_league" title="Amphictyonic league">Amphictyonic league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_basileus" title="Archon basileus">Archon basileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinna" title="Basilinna">Basilinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerarai" title="Gerarai">Gerarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiereiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiereiai">Hiereiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophant" title="Hierophant">Hierophant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierophylakes" title="Hierophylakes">Hierophylakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatromantis" title="Iatromantis">Iatromantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanephoros" title="Kanephoros">Kanephoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystagogue" title="Mystagogue">Mystagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">Baetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture#Cult_images" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Cult image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine statue">Chryselephantine statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">Xoanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernos" title="Kernos">Kernos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">Kykeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">Omphalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">Sacrificial tripod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptre#Greco-Roman_world" title="Sceptre">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Graeco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic in the Graeco-Roman world">Magic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy#Antiquity" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Greco-Roman_magic)" title="Philia (Greco-Roman magic)">Philia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals / feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonia" title="Adonia">Adonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrionia" title="Agrionia">Agrionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apellai" title="Apellai">Apellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apaturia" title="Apaturia">Apaturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisia" title="Aphrodisia">Aphrodisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhephoria" title="Arrhephoria">Arrhephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendidia" title="Bendidia">Bendidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boedromia" title="Boedromia">Boedromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphonia" title="Buphonia">Buphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Chalceia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meilichios" title="Meilichios">Diasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_(festival)" title="Delia (festival)">Delia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinia" title="Delphinia">Delphinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysia" title="Ecdysia">Ecdysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelia" title="Gamelia">Gamelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Heracleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaea_(festival)" title="Hermaea (festival)">Hermaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieromenia" title="Hieromenia">Hieromenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Leucophryna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykaia" title="Lykaia">Lykaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metageitnia" title="Metageitnia">Metageitnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichia_(festival)" title="Munichia (festival)">Munichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oschophoria" title="Oschophoria">Oschophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamboeotia" title="Pamboeotia">Pamboeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(festival)" title="Pandia (festival)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plynteria" title="Plynteria">Plynteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaieia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaieia">Ptolemaieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skira" title="Skira">Skira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoikia" title="Synoikia">Synoikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(festival)" title="Soteria (festival)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauropolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauropolia">Tauropolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseia" title="Theseia">Theseia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">Agon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhieia" title="Rhieia">Rhieia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuaries">sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepieion" title="Asclepieion">Asclepieion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinion" title="Delphinion">Delphinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panionium" title="Panionium">Panionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesterion" title="Telesterion">Telesterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis, Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphiareion_of_Oropos" title="Amphiareion of Oropos">Amphiareion of Oropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptoion" title="Ptoion">Oracle of Apollo at Ptoion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Oracle of Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_the_Great_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of the Great Gods">Sanctuary of the Great Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegyra" title="Tegyra">Tegyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretea" title="Cretea">Cretea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus,_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Cave of Zeus, Aydın">Cave of Zeus, Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Pan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cave of Pan (disambiguation)">Caves of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychro_Cave" title="Psychro Cave">Psychro Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vari_Cave" title="Vari Cave">Vari Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Island of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Diomedes" title="Islands of Diomedes">Islands of Diomedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Spring" title="Castalian Spring">Castalian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrene" title="Hippocrene">Hippocrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierian_Spring" title="Pierian Spring">Pierian Spring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_sacred_ships" title="Athenian sacred ships">Athenian sacred ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paralus_(ship)" title="Paralus (ship)">Paralus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaminia" title="Salaminia">Salaminia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanathos" title="Kanathos">Kanathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Way" title="Sacred Way">Sacred Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Myths_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Myths and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures#Immortals" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods" title="Family tree of the Greek gods">Family tree</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)" title="Asteria (Titaness)">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamides" title="Potamides">Potamides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Love deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Erotes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Himeros" title="Erotes">Himeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)"> Hymen/Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrestia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrestia">Adrestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecothoenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecothoenas">Gynaecothoenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(goddess)" title="Ma (goddess)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deities" title="Chthonic deities">Chthonic deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychopomps" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampad" title="Lampad">Lampad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrhon" title="Darrhon">Darrhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sleep deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empusa" title="Empusa">Empusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiales" title="Epiales">Epiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Messenger deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trickster deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magic deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Other major deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azone" title="Azone">Azone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (Furies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Heroes / heroines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderus" title="Abderus">Abderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academus" title="Academus">Akademos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzyges" title="Bouzyges">Bouzyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus_of_Elis" title="Chrysippus of Elis">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamites" title="Cyamites">Cyamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Dioscuri</a> (Castor and Polydeuces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetlus" title="Echetlus">Echetlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis_(mythology)" title="Eleusis (mythology)">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus_(hero)" title="Eunostus (hero)">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(hero)" title="Pandion (hero)">Pandion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt#The_hunters" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">Epigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracles</a> / seers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuas" title="Aleuas">Aleuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphilochus_I_of_Argos" title="Amphilochus I of Argos">Amphilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyx" title="Ampyx">Ampyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anius" title="Anius">Anius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbolus" title="Asbolus">Asbolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakis" title="Bakis">Bakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchus" title="Branchus">Branchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnus" title="Carnus">Carnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatus" title="Elatus">Elatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennomus" title="Ennomus">Ennomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamus" title="Iamus">Iamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idmon" title="Idmon">Idmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(mythology)" title="Manto (mythology)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampus" title="Melampus">Melampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyidus">Polyeidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypheides" title="Polypheides">Polypheides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Sibyl" title="Cimmerian Sibyl">Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl" title="Delphic Sibyl">Delphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Sibyl" title="Hellespontine Sibyl">Hellespontine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl" title="Libyan Sibyl">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Sibyl" title="Phrygian Sibyl">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_Sibyl" title="Samian Sibyl">Samian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemus" title="Telemus">Telemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theiodamas" title="Theiodamas">Theiodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Other mortals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegisthus" title="Aegisthus">Aegisthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeas" title="Augeas">Augeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(mother_of_Andromeda)" title="Cassiopeia (mother of Andromeda)">Cassiopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_(king_of_Thebes)" title="Creon (king of Thebes)">Creon of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysothemis" title="Chrysothemis">Chrysothemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(daughter_of_Lycomedes)" title="Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)">Deidamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra" title="Electra">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordias" title="Gordias">Gordias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae">Heracleidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyta" title="Hippolyta">Hippolyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismene" title="Ismene">Ismene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocasta" title="Jocasta">Jocasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapian shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)" title="Phoenix (son of Agenor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_of_Corinth" title="Polybus of Corinth">Polybus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylades" title="Pylades">Pylades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(mythology)" title="Pyrrha (mythology)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrances to the underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanos_(river_of_Hades)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridanos (river of Hades)">Eridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegethon" title="Phlegethon">Phlegethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes/swamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acherusia" title="Acherusia">Acherusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Avernus Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charoniums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion_at_Hierapolis" title="Ploutonion at Hierapolis">Ploutonion at Hierapolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necromanteion (necromancy temple)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows" title="Asphodel Meadows">Fields of Asphodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Isles of the Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld#Mourning_Fields" title="Greek underworld">Mourning Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campe" title="Campe">Campe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion" title="Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocnus" title="Ocnus">Ocnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmoneus" title="Salmoneus">Salmoneus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityos" title="Tityos">Tityos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katabasis#Trip_into_the_underworld" title="Katabasis">Visitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols/objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bident" title="Bident">Bident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_invisibility" title="Cap of invisibility">Cap of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon%27s_obol" title="Charon's obol">Charon's obol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals, daemons, and spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuthonymus" title="Ceuthonymus">Ceuthonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynomos_(daemon)" title="Eurynomos (daemon)">Eurynomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Mythical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_creatures" title="List of Greek mythological creatures">Greek mythological creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek mythological figures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of minor Greek mythological figures">Minor figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trojan_War_characters" title="List of Trojan War characters">Trojan War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon">Daemon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodemon" title="Cacodemon">Cacodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaemon_(mythology)" title="Eudaemon (mythology)">Eudaemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts / creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaurides" title="Centaurides">Centaurides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyocentaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyocentaur">Ichthyocentaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">Drakaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatonchires" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecatonchires">Hecatonchires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrois">Horses of Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured / slain by <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calydonian boar">Calydonian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerynian_Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerynian Hind">Cerynian Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Bull" title="Cretan Bull">Cretan Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Crommyonian Sow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymanthian_boar" title="Erymanthian boar">Erymanthian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkotauroi" title="Khalkotauroi">Khalkotauroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_of_Diomedes" title="Mares of Diomedes">Mares of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthrus" title="Orthrus">Orthrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stymphalian_birds" title="Stymphalian birds">Stymphalian birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophage" title="Anthropophage">Anthropophagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebryces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curetes_(tribe)" title="Curetes (tribe)">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Dactyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargareans" title="Gargareans">Gargareans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halizones" title="Halizones">Halizones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Korybantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">Lotus-eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pygmy (Greek mythology)">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places / Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)#History" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis#In_mythology" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia" title="Erytheia">Erytheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismarus_(Thrace)" title="Ismarus (Thrace)">Ismarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya (mythology)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaia_(island)" title="Panchaia (island)">Panchaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_(mythology)" title="Phlegra (mythology)">Phlegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplegades" title="Symplegades">Symplegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Apollo and Daphne">Apollo and Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Eros and Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">Labours of Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_and_Eurydice" title="Orpheus and Eurydice">Orpheus and Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_War" title="Attic War">Attic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">Theomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">Adamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_of_Discord" title="Apple of Discord">Apple of Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(mythology)" title="Dragon's teeth (mythology)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diipetes" title="Diipetes">Diipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidolon" title="Eidolon">Eidolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdle_of_Aphrodite" title="Girdle of Aphrodite">Girdle of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian knot">Gordian knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe" title="Harpe">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichor" title="Ichor">Ichor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth#Cretan_labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_tree" title="Lotus tree">Lotus tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">Moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">Necklace of Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">Orichalcum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged helmet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria#The_Phaeacian_ships" title="Scheria">Phaeacian ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">Shield of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt_of_Nessus" title="Shirt of Nessus">Shirt of Nessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaria" title="Talaria">Talaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">Thyrsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_of_Poseidon" title="Trident of Poseidon">Trident of Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnowing_Oar" title="Winnowing Oar">Winnowing Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_fire" title="Wheel of fire">Wheel of fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic egg">Orphic egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">Owl of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">Swan song</a></li> <li>Wind <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_wind" title="East wind">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_wind" title="West wind">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_wind" title="North wind">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_wind" title="South wind">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Modern treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology_in_western_art_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical mythology in western art and literature">Classical mythology in western art and literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Greek mythology in popular culture">Greek mythology in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_understanding_of_Greek_mythology" title="Modern understanding of Greek mythology">Modern understanding of Greek mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dacia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dacia_topics" title="Template:Dacia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dacia_topics" title="Template talk:Dacia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dacia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dacian tribes">Tribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Daco-Thracian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aedi" title="Aedi">Aedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albocenses" title="Albocenses">Albocenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anartes" title="Anartes">Anartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuli" title="Apuli">Apuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biephi" title="Biephi">Biephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bessoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessoi">Bessoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burs_(Dacia)" title="Burs (Dacia)">Burs (Dacia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi people">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaginsi" title="Ciaginsi">Ciaginsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clariae" title="Clariae">Clariae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crobidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crobidae">Crobidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Daci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukini" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukini">Peukini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piephigi" title="Piephigi">Piephigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulatenses" title="Potulatenses">Potulatenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predasenses" title="Predasenses">Predasenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadacenses" title="Rhadacenses">Rhadacenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldenses" title="Saldenses">Saldenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaugdae" title="Scaugdae">Scaugdae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senses_(tribe)" title="Senses (tribe)">Senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suci" title="Suci">Suci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terizi" title="Terizi">Terizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teurisci" title="Teurisci">Teurisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trixae" title="Trixae">Trixae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyragetae" title="Tyragetae">Tyragetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglodytae#In_Strabo" title="Troglodytae">Troglodytae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dacian kings">Kings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coson" class="mw-redirect" title="Coson">Coson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cothelas" title="Cothelas">Cothelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromichaetes" title="Dromichaetes">Dromichaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskon" title="Moskon">Moskon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroles" title="Oroles">Oroles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhemaxos" title="Rhemaxos">Rhemaxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubobostes" title="Rubobostes">Rubobostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmodegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zalmodegicus">Zalmodegicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian nucleus in Transylvania1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> (82/61–44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceneus" title="Deceneus">Deceneus</a> (44 BC–???)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comosicus" title="Comosicus">Comosicus</a> (9 BC(?)–30s AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorilo" title="Scorilo">Scorilo</a> (c. 30s–70 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duras_(Dacian_king)" title="Duras (Dacian king)">Duras</a> (c. 69–87 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> (87–106 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotiso" title="Cotiso">Cotiso</a> (c. 40–c. 9 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Dobruja1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapyx" title="Dapyx">Dapyx</a> (1st-century BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rholes" title="Rholes">Rholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyraxes" title="Zyraxes">Zyraxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and southern Moldavia and Transylvania1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicomes" title="Dicomes">Dicomes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Culture and civilization</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koson_(coin)" title="Koson (coin)">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dacia_and_Dacians" class="extiw" title="commons:Dacia and Dacians">Art, jewellery, treasures, tools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_bracelets" title="Dacian bracelets">bracelets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_clothing" title="Thracian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belagines" title="Belagines">Belagines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_Dacian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin">Words of possible Dacian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_plant_names" title="List of Dacian plant names">Dacian plant names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_names" title="List of Dacian names">Dacian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian script">Dacian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaia_lead_plates" title="Sinaia lead plates">Sinaia lead plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceneus" title="Deceneus">Deceneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebeleizis" title="Gebeleizis">Gebeleizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotys_(Thracian_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotys (Thracian goddess)">Kotys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Seirenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogaionon" title="Kogaionon">Kogaionon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Settlements</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_towns_and_fortresses" title="List of Dacian towns and fortresses">Fortresses</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argidava" title="Argidava">Argidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buridava" title="Buridava">Buridava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumidava" title="Cumidava">Cumidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroboridava" title="Piroboridava">Piroboridava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dava_(Dacian)" title="Dava (Dacian)">Davae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" title="Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains">Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Dacicus" title="Murus Dacicus">Murus Dacicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Foreign relations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#West_Thracian_and_Dacian_coast" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Celtic" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_of_Dionysopolis" title="Decree of Dionysopolis">Romans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Warfare</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Falx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Wars with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">First Battle of Tapae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dacian War">First War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tapae" title="Second Battle of Tapae">Second Battle of Tapae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adamclisi" title="Battle of Adamclisi">Battle of Adamclisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dacian War">Second War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmizegetusa" title="Battle of Sarmizegetusa">Battle of Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">Free Dacians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Traiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Traiana">Dacia Traiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Column</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Roman" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Towns and cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castra_in_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of castra in Dacia">Castra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Alutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Moesiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes Moesiae">Moesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Porolissensis" title="Limes Porolissensis">Porolissensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dykes" title="Devil's Dykes">Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Transalutanus" title="Limes Transalutanus">Transalutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">Trajan's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazda_lui_Novac" title="Brazda lui Novac">Brazda lui Novac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman" title="Daco-Roman">Daco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance substratum">Eastern Romance substratum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dacian_archaeology" title="Category:Dacian archaeology">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Romania" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Romania">sites in Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Dacia" title="Category:Books about Dacia">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacology" title="Dacology">Dacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dacia" title="Category:Dacia">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WikiProject_Dacia" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:WikiProject Dacia">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Dacia">WikiProject</a></li> <li>1 Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41680#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10152079049807110114">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/894082/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118679759">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014014847">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908745&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810533883505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007574637805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118679759">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02739560X">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&oldid=1258730138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionysus&oldid=1258730138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dionysus" title="Category:Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_gods" title="Category:Agricultural gods">Agricultural gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_gods" title="Category:Alcohol gods">Alcohol gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_gods" title="Category:Arts gods">Arts gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Autumn_deities" title="Category:Autumn deities">Autumn deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cattle_deities" title="Category:Cattle deities">Cattle deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_Zeus" title="Category:Children of Zeus">Children 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