CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Iliad - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1c6d60fa-bccc-4b67-acf6-229d80f1de28","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Iliad","wgTitle":"Iliad","wgCurRevisionId":1281072725,"wgRevisionId":1281072725,"wgArticleId":19381951,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from November 2023","Articles with incomplete citations from October 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from October 2023","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2025","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Attic Greek IPA","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2012","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with LibriVox links","Webarchive template wayback links","Iliad","8th-century BC books","8th-century BC poems","Ancient Greek religion","Poems adapted into films","Public domain books","Trojan War literature"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Iliad","wgRelevantArticleId":19381951,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8275","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/1200px-Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="742"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/960px-Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="495"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="396"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Iliad - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Iliad rootpage-Iliad skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iliad" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iliad" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iliad" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iliad" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposition_(Books_1–4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposition_(Books_1–4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Exposition (Books 1–4)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposition_(Books_1–4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duels_of_Greek_and_Trojan_Heroes_(Books_5–7)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duels_of_Greek_and_Trojan_Heroes_(Books_5–7)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Duels of Greek and Trojan Heroes (Books 5–7)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duels_of_Greek_and_Trojan_Heroes_(Books_5–7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rout_of_the_Greeks_(Books_8–15)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rout_of_the_Greeks_(Books_8–15)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Rout of the Greeks (Books 8–15)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rout_of_the_Greeks_(Books_8–15)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Death_of_Patroclus_(Books_16–18)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Death_of_Patroclus_(Books_16–18)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Death of Patroclus (Books 16–18)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Death_of_Patroclus_(Books_16–18)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rage_of_Achilles_(Books_19–24)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rage_of_Achilles_(Books_19–24)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The Rage of Achilles (Books 19–24)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rage_of_Achilles_(Books_19–24)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kleos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kleos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><span><i>Kleos</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kleos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nostos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nostos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><span><i>Nostos</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nostos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pride</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heroism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Heroism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timē" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timē"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span><span><i>Timē</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timē-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span><span><i>Hubris</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mēnis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mēnis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span><span><i>Mēnis</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mēnis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_and_textual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_textual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Date and textual history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Date_and_textual_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Date and textual history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Date_and_textual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_oral_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_oral_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As oral tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_oral_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Depiction of warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depiction_of_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depiction of warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depiction_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depiction_of_infantry_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_of_infantry_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Depiction of infantry combat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_of_infantry_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reconstructions_of_armour,_weapons,_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reconstructions_of_armour,_weapons,_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern reconstructions of armour, weapons, and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_reconstructions_of_armour,_weapons,_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_classical_Greek_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_classical_Greek_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Influence on classical Greek warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_classical_Greek_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence on arts and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th-century_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>20th-century arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Contemporary popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Iliad</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%B3" title="ኢሊያዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢሊያዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="इलियाड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलियाड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A9" title="الإلياذة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإلياذة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Իլիական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իլիական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili%C3%A2da" title="Iliâda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iliâda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1" title="ইলিয়াড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইলিয়াড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADada" title="Ilíada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilíada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="इलियाड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इलियाड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADada" title="Ilíada – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ilíada" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0liada" title="İliada – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İliada" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایلیاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلیاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1" title="ইলিয়াড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলিয়াড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Іліяда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іліяда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Іліяда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іліяда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེ་ལི་ཡེ་ཏེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེ་ལི་ཡེ་ཏེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilijada" title="Ilijada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ilijada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADada" title="Ilíada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ilíada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliaden" title="Iliaden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iliaden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ιλιάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιλιάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADada" title="Ilíada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ilíada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliado" title="Iliado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iliado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایلیاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایلیاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t%C3%8Dliad" title="An tÍliad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tÍliad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADada" title="Ilíada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ilíada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A1" title="ઇલિયડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇલિયડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌰𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌰𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4" title="일리아스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일리아스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Իլիական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իլիական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="इलियाड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलियाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilijada" title="Ilijada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ilijada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliado" title="Iliado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iliado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADonskvi%C3%B0a" title="Ilíonskviða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ilíonskviða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%94" title="איליאדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איליאדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಲಿಯಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಲಿಯಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ილიადა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ილიადა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%88" title="اِلیڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِلیڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada_(suterot)" title="Iliada (suterot) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Iliada (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Elyada" title="Îlyada – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îlyada" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili%C4%81da" title="Iliāda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iliāda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade_(Omero)" title="Iliade (Omero) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iliade (Omero)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliasz" title="Iliasz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iliasz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илијада – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Илијада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇലിയഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലിയഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilijade" title="Ilijade – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ilijade" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1" title="इलियड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इलियड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ილიადა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ილიადა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%87" title="الالياذه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الالياذه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایلیاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایلیاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97" title="ꯏꯂꯤꯌꯥꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯂꯤꯌꯥꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="အိလိယဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိလိယဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="इलियाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलियाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9" title="イーリアス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イーリアス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliaden" title="Iliaden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iliaden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliaden" title="Iliaden – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iliaden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A1" title="ਇਲੀਆਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਲੀਆਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الیاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایلیاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایلیاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliade" title="Iliade – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Iliade" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ACad" title="Ilìad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ilìad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/iliyad" title="iliyad – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="iliyad" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADada" title="Ilíada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilíada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliadi" title="Iliadi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iliadi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ඉලියඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලියඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%8A" title="ايليڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايليڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95" title="ئیلیادە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیلیادە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илијада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Илијада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilijada" title="Ilijada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ilijada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliaden" title="Iliaden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iliaden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="இலியட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலியட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇలియడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇలియడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94" title="อีเลียด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีเลียด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Илиада – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Илиада" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lyada" title="İlyada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlyada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Іліада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іліада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%88" title="ایلیاڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلیاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ilias" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="伊利亚特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊利亚特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2" title="איליאדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איליאדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7" title="伊利亞德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊利亞德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0liyad" title="İliyad – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İliyad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliada" title="Iliada – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Iliada" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="伊利亚特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊利亚特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Iliad" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8275#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iliad" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iliad"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iliad"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Iliad" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Iliad" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&oldid=1281072725" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Iliad&id=1281072725&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIliad"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIliad"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iliad&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iliad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iliad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8275" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Epic poem attributed to Homer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iliad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iliad (disambiguation)">Iliad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style: background: #ededed;"><span class="summary">Iliad</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iliad&rft.author=%5B%5BHomer%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BAncient+Greece%5D%5D"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;"><span class="summary">by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473,_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/250px-Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg/500px-Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5633" data-file-height="3485" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Inscription of lines 468–473, Book I. Dated 400‍–‍500 AD, from Egypt, on display at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span lang="grc">Ἰλιάς</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a> and others; see <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published in English</th><td class="infobox-data">1598<span class="noprint">; 427 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1598</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lines</th><td class="infobox-data">15,693</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data">The <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">Metre</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;"><b>Full text</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Iliad" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Iliad">Iliad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82" class="extiw" title="s:el:Ιλιάς">Iliad</a></span></span></i> at Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:250px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg/250px-Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg/375px-Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg/500px-Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1653" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> tending the wounded <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Attic red-figure kylix</a>, c. 500 BC)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0ACAC;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Literary sources</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid"><i>Aeneid</i>, Book 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Aulis" title="Iphigenia in Aulis">Iphigenia in Aulis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes_(Sophocles_play)" title="Philoctetes (Sophocles play)">Philoctetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(play)" title="Ajax (play)">Ajax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthomerica" title="Posthomerica">Posthomerica</a></li></ul> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War_in_literature_and_the_arts" title="Trojan War in literature and the arts">Trojan War in literature and the arts</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0ACAC;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Episodes</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">Judgement of Paris</a></li> <li>Seduction of <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Sack of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">The Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Wanderings of Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneas and the Founding of Rome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0ACAC;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Greeks and allies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Achaean_Leaders" title="Achaean Leaders">Achaean Leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0ACAC;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Trojans and allies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Battle_Order" title="Trojan Battle Order">Trojan Battle Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Leaders" title="Trojan Leaders">Trojan Leaders</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0ACAC;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Participant gods</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Caused the war:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>On the Greek side:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>On the Trojan side:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0ACAC;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historicity</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahhiyawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahhiyawa">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaksandu" title="Alaksandu">Alaksandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy#Archaeological_layers" title="Troy">Archaeology of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attarsiya" title="Attarsiya">Attarsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_Troy" title="Late Bronze Age Troy">Late Bronze Age Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manapa-Tarhunta_letter" title="Manapa-Tarhunta letter">Manapa-Tarhunta letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milawata_letter" title="Milawata letter">Milawata letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawagalawa_letter" title="Tawagalawa letter">Tawagalawa letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Iliad</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0ACAC;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Warfare" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trojan_War" title="Template:Trojan War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trojan_War" title="Template talk:Trojan War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trojan_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trojan War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Iliad</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6f\/En-us-Iliad.oga\/En-us-Iliad.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Iliad.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/En-us-Iliad.oga/En-us-Iliad.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Iliad.oga" title="File:En-us-Iliad.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἰλιάς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iliás</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[iː.li.ás]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">[a poem] about <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Ilion (Troy)</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is one of two major Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poems</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, the poem is divided into 24 books and was written in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>. It contains 15,693 lines in its most widely accepted version. The <i>Iliad</i> is often regarded as the first substantial piece of <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">European literature</a> and is a central part of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Set towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, a ten-year siege of the city of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> by a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greek</a> states, the poem depicts significant events in the war's final weeks. In particular, it traces the anger (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῆνις</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, a celebrated warrior, from a fierce quarrel between him and King <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, to the death of the Trojan prince <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1924-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative moves between wide battleground scenes and more personal interactions. </p><p>The <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> were likely composed in <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a>, a literary mixture of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a> and other dialects, around the late 8th or early 7th century BCE. Homer's authorship was infrequently questioned in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the poem's composition has been <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">extensively debated</a> in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship" title="Homeric scholarship">scholarship</a>, involving debates such as whether the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> were composed independently, and whether they survived via an oral or also written tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2004a220–232_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2004a220–232-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem was performed by professional reciters of Homer known as <a href="/wiki/Rhapsodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsodes">rhapsodes</a> at Greek festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaea" title="Panathenaea">Panathenaia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadyTsagalis2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadyTsagalis2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critical themes in the poem include <i><a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">kleos</a></i> (glory), pride, fate, and wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1987i–xxxiv_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1987i–xxxiv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being predominantly known for its tragic and serious themes, the poem also contains instances of comedy and laughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem is frequently described as a 'heroic' epic, centred around issues such as war, violence, and the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroic code</a>. It contains detailed descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">ancient warfare</a>, including battle tactics and equipment. However, it also explores the social and domestic side of ancient culture in scenes behind the walls of Troy and in the Greek camp. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian gods</a> play a major role in the poem, aiding their favoured warriors on the battlefield and intervening in personal disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearns,_E._2004_pp._59_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearns,_E._2004_pp._59-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their anthropomorphic characterisation in the poem humanised them for Ancient Greek audiences, giving a concrete sense of their <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">cultural and religious tradition</a>. In terms of formal style, the poem's formulae, use of similes, and <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> are often explored by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2004b115–168_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2004b115–168-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beginning_Iliad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beginning_Iliad.svg/330px-Beginning_Iliad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beginning_Iliad.svg/500px-Beginning_Iliad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beginning_Iliad.svg/600px-Beginning_Iliad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>The first verses of the <i>Iliad</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposition_(Books_1–4)"><span id="Exposition_.28Books_1.E2.80.934.29"></span>Exposition (Books 1–4)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exposition (Books 1–4)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1924-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story begins with an invocation to the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a>. The events begin <i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a></i> towards the end of the Trojan War, fought between the Trojans and the besieging <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a>. The Achaean forces consist of armies from many different Greek kingdoms, led by their respective kings or princes. <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, acts as commander for these united armies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chryses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryses">Chryses</a>, a priest of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, offers Agamemnon and the Achaeans wealth for the return of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a>, held captive by Agamemnon. Although most of the Achaeans are in favour of the offer, Agamemnon refuses. Chryses <a href="/wiki/Homeric_prayer" title="Homeric prayer">prays</a> for Apollo's help, and Apollo sends a plague to afflict the Achaean army. After nine days of plague, <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidon</a> forces and <i>aristos achaion</i> ("best of the Greeks"), calls an assembly to deal with the problem. Under pressure, Agamemnon agrees to return Chryseis to her father but decides to take Achilles's slave, <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>, as compensation. Viewing Agamemnon's decision as a huge dishonour in front of the assembled Achaean forces, Achilles furiously declares that he and his men will no longer fight for Agamemnon. <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> returns Chryseis to her father, causing Apollo to end the plague. </p><p>In the meantime, Agamemnon's messengers take Briseis away. Achilles becomes very upset and prays to his mother, <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, a minor goddess and sea nymph.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achilles asks his mother to <a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">supplicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, wanting the Achaeans to be beaten back by the Trojans until their ships are at risk of being burnt. Only then will Agamemnon realise how much the Achaeans need Achilles and restore his honour. Thetis does so, and Zeus agrees. Zeus then sends a dream to Agamemnon, urging him to attack Troy. Agamemnon heeds the dream but first decides to test the Achaean army's morale by telling them to go home. However nine years into the war, the soldiers' morale has worn thin. The plan backfires, and only the intervention of Odysseus, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, stops a <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">rout</a>. Odysseus confronts and beats <a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a>, a common soldier who voices discontent about fighting Agamemnon's war. </p><p>The Achaeans deploy in companies upon the Trojan plain. When news of the Achaean deployment reaches King <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a>, the Trojans respond in a <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sortie</a> upon the plain. The armies approach each other, but before they meet, <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> offers to end the war by fighting a duel with <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a>, urged by <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>, his brother and hero of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>. Here, the initial cause of the entire war is explained: <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>, wife of Menelaus, and the most beautiful woman in the world, was taken by Paris from Menelaus's home in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. Menelaus and Paris agree to duel; Helen will marry the victor. However, when Paris is defeated, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> rescues him and leads him to bed with Helen before Menelaus can kill him. </p><p>The gods deliberate over whether the war should end here, but <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> convinces Zeus to wait for the utter destruction of Troy. Athena prompts the Trojan archer <a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a> to shoot Menelaus. Menelaus is wounded, and the truce is broken. Fighting breaks out, and many Achaeans and Trojans are killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duels_of_Greek_and_Trojan_Heroes_(Books_5–7)"><span id="Duels_of_Greek_and_Trojan_Heroes_.28Books_5.E2.80.937.29"></span>Duels of Greek and Trojan Heroes (Books 5–7)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duels of Greek and Trojan Heroes (Books 5–7)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1924-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fighting, <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> kills many Trojans, including Pandarus, and defeats <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>. Aphrodite rescues him before he can be killed, but Diomedes attacks her and wounds the goddess's wrist. Apollo faces Diomedes and warns him against warring with gods, which Diomedes ignores. Apollo sends <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> to defeat Diomedes. Many heroes and commanders join in, including Hector, and the gods supporting each side try to influence the battle. Emboldened by Athena, Diomedes wounds Ares and puts him out of action. </p><p>Hector rallies the Trojans and prevents a rout. Diomedes and the Trojan <a href="/wiki/Glaucus_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucus (soldier)">Glaucus</a> find common ground after a duel and exchange unequal gifts, sparked by Glaucus' story of <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a>. Hector enters the city, urging his mother <a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a> to perform prayers and sacrifices, inciting Paris to battle, and bidding his wife <a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a> and son <a href="/wiki/Astyanax" title="Astyanax">Astyanax</a> farewell on the city walls. He then rejoins the battle. Hector duels with <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a>, but nightfall interrupts the fight, and both sides retire. The Trojans quarrel about returning Helen to the Achaeans. Paris offers to return the treasure he took and give further wealth as compensation, but not Helen, and the offer is refused. Both sides agree to a day's truce to bury the dead. The Achaeans also build a wall and trench to protect their camp and ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rout_of_the_Greeks_(Books_8–15)"><span id="The_Rout_of_the_Greeks_.28Books_8.E2.80.9315.29"></span>The Rout of the Greeks (Books 8–15)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Rout of the Greeks (Books 8–15)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1924-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next morning, Zeus prohibits the gods from interfering, and fighting begins anew. The Trojans prevail and force the Achaeans back to their wall. Hera and Athena are forbidden to help. Night falls before the Trojans can assail the Achaean wall. They camp in the field to attack at first light, and their watchfires light the plain like stars. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iliad_VIII_245-253_in_cod_F205,_Milan,_Biblioteca_Ambrosiana,_late_5c_or_early_6c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iliad_VIII_245-253_in_cod_F205%2C_Milan%2C_Biblioteca_Ambrosiana%2C_late_5c_or_early_6c.jpg/300px-Iliad_VIII_245-253_in_cod_F205%2C_Milan%2C_Biblioteca_Ambrosiana%2C_late_5c_or_early_6c.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Iliad_VIII_245-253_in_cod_F205%2C_Milan%2C_Biblioteca_Ambrosiana%2C_late_5c_or_early_6c.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><i>Iliad</i>, Book VIII, lines 245–253, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Iliad" title="Ambrosian Iliad">Greek manuscript</a>, late 5th, early 6th centuries AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the Achaeans are desperate. Agamemnon admits his error and sends an embassy composed of Odysseus, Ajax, and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Amyntor)" title="Phoenix (son of Amyntor)">Phoenix</a> to offer Briseis and extensive gifts to Achilles, if he will return to the fighting. Achilles and his companion <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> receive the embassy, yet Achilles angrily refuses the offer, considering the slight to his honour too great. He declares that he will only return to battle if the Trojans reach his ships and threaten them with fire. The embassy returns, unsuccessful. </p><p>Later that night, Odysseus and Diomedes venture out to the Trojan lines, kill the Trojan <a href="/wiki/Dolon_(mythology)" title="Dolon (mythology)">Dolon</a>, and wreak havoc in the camp of some <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> allies of Troy. In the morning, the fighting is fierce, and Agamemnon, Diomedes, and Odysseus are all wounded. Achilles sends Patroclus from his camp to inquire about the Achaean casualties, and while there, Patroclus is moved to pity by a speech by <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor.</a> Nestor asks Patroclus to beg Achilles to rejoin the fighting, or if he will not, to lead the army himself wearing Achilles's armor. </p><p>The Trojans attack the Achaean wall on foot. Hector leads the terrible fighting, despite an omen that their charge will fail. The Achaeans are overwhelmed and routed, the wall's gate is broken, and Hector charges in. The Achaeans fall back to their ships. </p><p>Poseidon pities the Achaeans and decides to disobey Zeus and help them. He rallies the Achaeans' spirits, and they begin to push the Trojans back. Poseidon's nephew Amphimachus is killed in the battle; Poseidon imbues <a href="/wiki/Idomeneus_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus of Crete">Idomeneus</a> with godly power. Many fall on both sides. The Trojan seer <a href="/wiki/Polydamas_(Iliad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydamas (Iliad)">Polydamas</a> urges Hector to fall back because of a bad omen but is ignored. </p><p>Hera seduces Zeus and lulls him to sleep, allowing <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> to help the Greeks. The Trojans are driven back onto the plain. Ajax wounds Hector, who is then carried back to Troy. Zeus awakes and is enraged by Poseidon's intervention. However, he reassures Hera that Troy is still fated to fall once Hector kills Patroclus. Poseidon is recalled from the battlefield, and Zeus sends Apollo to aid the Trojans. The Trojans once again breach the wall, and the battle reaches the ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Death_of_Patroclus_(Books_16–18)"><span id="The_Death_of_Patroclus_.28Books_16.E2.80.9318.29"></span>The Death of Patroclus (Books 16–18)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Death of Patroclus (Books 16–18)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patroclus cannot stand to watch any longer and goes to Achilles, weeping. He admonishes him for his stubbornness and then asks him to allow him to fight in his place, wearing Achilles's armor so that he will be mistaken for him. Achilles relents and lends Patroclus his armor but sends him off with a stern warning to come back once the Trojans have been pushed back and not to pursue them to the walls. Achilles says that after all has been made right, he and Patroclus will take Troy together. </p><p>Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into battle and arrives as the Trojans set fire to the first ships. The Trojans are routed by the sudden onslaught, and Patroclus begins his assault by killing Zeus's son <a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a>, a leading ally of the Trojans. Patroclus, ignoring Achilles's command, pursues and reaches the gates of Troy, where Apollo himself stops him. Patroclus kills Hector's charioteer <a href="/wiki/Cebriones" title="Cebriones">Cebriones</a>, is weakened by Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Euphorbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphorbos">Euphorbos</a>, and is finally killed by Hector. </p><p>Hector takes Achilles's armor from the fallen Patroclus. The Achaeans fight to retrieve Patroclus's body from the Trojans, who attempt to carry it back to Troy at Hector's command. <a href="/wiki/Antilochus_of_Pylos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus of Pylos">Antilochus</a> is sent to tell Achilles the news and asks him to help retrieve the body. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_weapons_MNA_Naples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Achilles_weapons_MNA_Naples.jpg/240px-Achilles_weapons_MNA_Naples.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Achilles_weapons_MNA_Naples.jpg/360px-Achilles_weapons_MNA_Naples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Achilles_weapons_MNA_Naples.jpg/480px-Achilles_weapons_MNA_Naples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>'s forge waiting to receive Achilles's new weapons. Fresco from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, 1st century</figcaption></figure> <p>When Achilles hears of Patroclus's death, his grief is so overwhelming that his mother, Thetis, hears him from the bottom of the ocean. Thetis grieves too, knowing that Achilles is fated to die if he kills Hector. Although he knows it will seal his own fate, Achilles vows to kill Hector in order to avenge Patroclus. </p><p>Achilles is urged to help retrieve Patroclus's body but has no armor to wear. Bathed in a brilliant radiance by Athena, Achilles stands next to the Achaean wall and roars in rage. The Trojans are terrified by his appearance, and the Achaeans manage to bear Patroclus's body away. Polydamas again urges Hector to withdraw into the city; again, Hector refuses, and the Trojans camp on the plain at nightfall. </p><p>Achilles mourns Patroclus, brokenhearted. Meanwhile, at Thetis's request, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> fashions a new set of armor for Achilles, including a <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">magnificently wrought shield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rage_of_Achilles_(Books_19–24)"><span id="The_Rage_of_Achilles_.28Books_19.E2.80.9324.29"></span>The Rage of Achilles (Books 19–24)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Rage of Achilles (Books 19–24)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the morning, Thetis brings Achilles his new set of armor, only to find him weeping over Patroclus's body. Achilles arms for battle and rallies the Achaean warriors. Agamemnon gives Achilles all the promised gifts, including <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>, but Achilles is indifferent to them. The Achaeans take their meal, but Achilles refuses to eat. His horse, <a href="/wiki/Balius_and_Xanthus" title="Balius and Xanthus">Xanthos</a>, prophesies Achilles's death; Achilles is indifferent. Achilles goes into battle, with <a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a> driving his chariot. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> lifts the ban on the gods' interference, and the gods freely help both sides. Achilles, burning with rage and grief, slays many Trojans. Achilles slaughters half the Trojans' number in the river, clogging the water with bodies. The river god, <a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a>, confronts Achilles and commands him to stop killing Trojans, but Achilles refuses. They fight until Scamander is beaten back by Hephaestus's firestorm. The gods fight amongst themselves. The great gates of the city are opened to receive the fleeing Trojans, and Apollo leads Achilles away from the city by pretending to be a Trojan. When Apollo reveals himself to Achilles, the Trojans have retreated into the safety of the city, all except for Hector. </p><p>Despite the pleas of his parents, Priam and <a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a>, Hector resolves to face Achilles. When Achilles approaches, however, Hector's will fails him. He flees and is chased by Achilles around the city. Finally, Athena tricks him into stopping by taking on the form of his brother <a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a>, and he turns to face his opponent. After a brief duel, Achilles stabs Hector through the neck. Before dying, Hector reminds Achilles that he, too, is fated to die. Achilles strips Hector of his own armour, gloating over his death. Achilles then dishonours Hector's body by lashing it to the back of his chariot and dragging it around the city. Hecuba and Priam lament, with the latter attempting to face Achilles himself. Andromache hears the news and comes to the walls, fainting on seeing the scene below. The Trojans grieve. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles%27_Sacrifice_of_Trojan_Prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Achilles%27_Sacrifice_of_Trojan_Prisoners.jpg/300px-Achilles%27_Sacrifice_of_Trojan_Prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Achilles%27_Sacrifice_of_Trojan_Prisoners.jpg/450px-Achilles%27_Sacrifice_of_Trojan_Prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Achilles%27_Sacrifice_of_Trojan_Prisoners.jpg/600px-Achilles%27_Sacrifice_of_Trojan_Prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>A detail of fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tomb" title="François Tomb">François Tomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a>, showing the sacrifice of Trojan slaves. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, ghost of <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanth" title="Vanth">Vanth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> beheading a slave, <a href="/wiki/Charun" title="Charun">Charun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a>, a slave, <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a>. 350–330 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The ghost of Patroclus comes to Achilles in a dream, urging him to carry out the burial rites so that his spirit can move on to the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a>. Patroclus asks Achilles to arrange for their bones to be entombed <a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">together in a single urn</a>; Achilles agrees, and Patroclus's body is cremated. The Achaeans hold a day of funeral games, and Achilles gives out the prizes. </p><p>Achilles is lost in his grief and spends his days mourning Patroclus and dragging Hector's body behind his chariot. Dismayed by Achilles's continued abuse of Hector's body, Zeus decides that it must be returned to Priam. Led by <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, Priam takes a wagon filled with gifts across the plains and into the Achaean camp unnoticed. He clasps Achilles by the knees and begs for his son's body. Achilles is moved to tears and finally relents, softening his anger. The two lament their losses in the war. Achilles agrees to give Hector's body back and to give the Trojans twelve days to properly mourn and bury him. Achilles apologises to Patroclus, fearing he has dishonored him by returning Hector's body. After a meal, Priam carries Hector's body back into Troy. Hector is buried, and the city mourns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deception_of_Zeus" title="Deception of Zeus">Deception of Zeus</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> had no strict organisation, rather arising out of the diverse beliefs of the Greek people.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adkins and Pollard state that "The early Greeks personalized every aspect of their world, natural and cultural, and their experiences in it. The earth, the sea, the mountains, the rivers, custom-law (<i>themis</i>), and one's share in society and its goods were all seen in personal as well as naturalistic terms."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They perceived the world and its changes a result of divine intervention or presence. Often, they found these events to be mysterious and inexplicable.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg/250px-Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg/330px-Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg/500px-Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a> carrying the body of <a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a> from the battlefield of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>; detail from an Attic <a href="/wiki/White-ground" class="mw-redirect" title="White-ground">white-ground</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 440 BC</span></figcaption></figure><p>In the <i>Iliad</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian gods, goddesses, and minor deities</a> fight among themselves as well as participating in human warfare, often by interfering with mortals to oppose other gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearns,_E._2004_pp._59_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearns,_E._2004_pp._59-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homer's portrayal of gods suits his narrative purpose, although the gods in 4th century Athenian thought were not spoken of in terms familiar to the works of Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> says that Homer and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, his contemporary, were the first writers to name and describe the gods' appearance and character.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars discuss the intervention of the gods in the mortal world, spurred by quarrels they had with each other. Homer interprets the Iliadic world by using the passion and emotion of the gods to be determining factors of what happens on the human level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book 24 offers a retrospective discussion of the cause of the war, attributing it to the anger of Hera and Athena: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>And though this was pleasing to all the rest, it was not to Hera<br /> or Poseidon or the flashing-eyed maiden,<br /> but they persisted just as when sacred Ilios at first became hateful in their eyes<br /> and Priam and his people, because of the folly of Alexander,<br /> who had insulted those goddesses when they came to his farmstead<br /> and praised her who furthered his grievous lustfulness. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 24.25–30<sup id="cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer._1925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Athena and Hera oppose <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> because of a beauty contest on Mount Olympus in which he chose Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess over them. Wolfgang Kullmann further goes on to say, "Hera's and Athena's disappointment over the victory of Aphrodite in the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">Judgement of Paris</a> determines the whole conduct of both goddesses in <i>The Iliad</i> and is the cause of their hatred for Paris, the Judge, and his town Troy."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hera and Athena continue to support the Achaean forces throughout the poem as a result of this, while Aphrodite aids Paris and the Trojans.The emotions between the goddesses often translate to actions they take in the mortal world. For example, in Book 3 of the <i>Iliad</i>, Paris is about to be defeated by Menelaus, who had challenged him to single combat: "Now he'd have hauled him off and won undying glory but Aphrodite, Zeus's daughter, was quick to the mark, snapped the rawhide strap."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Aphrodite intervenes to save Paris from the wrath of Menelaus. This connection of emotions to actions is just one example out of many that occur throughout the poem: there is constant intervention by all of the gods, especially to give motivational speeches to their respective protégés, often appearing in the shape of a human being they are familiar with.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Mary Lefkowitz</a> discusses the relevance of divine action in the <i>Iliad</i>, attempting to answer the question of whether divine intervention is a discrete occurrence (for its own sake) or if such godly behaviors are mere human character metaphors.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intellectual interest of 5th- and 4th-century BCE authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, was limited to their utility as "a way of talking about human life rather than a description or a truth", because, if the gods remain religious figures, rather than human metaphors, their 'existence' – without the foundation of either dogma or a bible of faiths – then allowed Greek culture the intellectual breadth and freedom to conjure gods fitting any religious function they required as a people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses the <i>Iliad</i> as a major piece of evidence for his theory of the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_mentality" title="Bicameral mentality">Bicameral Mind</a>, which posits that until about the time described in the <i>Iliad</i>, humans had a far different mentality from present-day humans. He says that humans during that time were lacking what is today called consciousness. He suggests that humans heard and obeyed commands from what they identified as gods until the change in human mentality that incorporated the motivating force into the conscious self. He points out that almost every action in the <i>Iliad</i> is directed, caused, or influenced by a god and that earlier translations show an astonishing lack of words suggesting thought, planning, or introspection. Those that do appear, he argues, are misinterpretations made by translators imposing a modern mentality on the characters,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of reverse logic by which a conclusion determines the validity of evidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate">Fate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Fate</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">κήρ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kēr</i></span>, 'fated death') propels most of the events of the <i>Iliad</i>. Gods and men abide by it, unable to contest or change it. It is highlighted and referenced throughout the narrative in multiple methods, for example, Zeus sending omens to seers such as <a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a>, or Thetis' prophecies of Achilles' imminent death. Men and their gods continually speak of heroic acceptance and cowardly avoidance of one's fate.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fate does not determine every action, incident, and occurrence, but it does determine the outcome of life. For example, Patroclus prophesises Hector's death:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>No, deadly destiny, with the son of Leto, has killed me,<br /> and of men it was Euphorbos; you are only my third slayer.<br /> And put away in your heart this other thing that I tell you.<br /> You yourself are not one who shall live long, but now already<br /> death and powerful destiny are standing beside you,<br /> to go down under the hands of Aiakos' great son, Achilleus. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 16.849–854 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Here, Patroclus alludes to his fated death by Hector's hand and to Hector's fated death by Achilles's hand. Each accepts the outcome of his life, yet persist regardless. However, fate is not always accepted outright. The first instance of this doubt occurs in Book 16. Seeing Patroclus about to kill Sarpedon, his mortal son, Zeus says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Ah me, that it is destined that the dearest of men, Sarpedon,<br /> must go down under the hands of Menoitios' son Patroclus. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer. <i>The Iliad</i>. 16.433–434 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>About his dilemma, Hera asks Zeus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Majesty, son of Kronos, what sort of thing have you spoken?<br /> Do you wish to bring back a man who is mortal, one long since<br /> doomed by his destiny, from ill-sounding death and release him?<br /> Do it, then; but not all the rest of us gods shall approve you. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer. <i>The Iliad</i> 16.440–43 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In deciding between losing a son or abiding fate, Zeus, King of the Gods, must conform to the latter. This motif recurs when he considers sparing Hector, whom he loves and respects. This time, it is Athena who challenges him: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Father of the shining bolt, dark misted, what is this you said?<br /> Do you wish to bring back a man who is mortal, one long since<br /> doomed by his destiny, from ill-sounding death and release him?<br /> Do it, then; but not all the rest of us gods shall approve you. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer. <i>The Iliad</i> 22.178–81 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Again, Zeus appears capable of altering fate, but does not, deciding instead to abide by set outcomes. Similarly, Fate spares Aeneas after Apollo convinces the overmatched Trojan to fight Achilles. Poseidon cautiously speaks: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>But come, let us ourselves get him away from death, for fear<br /> the son of Kronos may be angered if now Achilleus<br /> kills this man. It is destined that he shall be the survivor,<br /> that the generation of Dardanos shall not die… </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer. <i>The Iliad</i> 20.300–04 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Divinely aided, Aeneas escapes the wrath of Achilles and survives the Trojan War. Whether or not the gods can alter fate, they do abide by it, despite its countering their human allegiances. The mysterious origin of Fate remains a power beyond both mortals and immortals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kleos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kleos</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kleos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">Kleos</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κλέος</span></span>, "glory, fame") is the concept of glory earned in heroic battle.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a fluctuating quality, that can be given or taken, increased or decreased. In particular, Achilles is deeply concerned about his <i>kleos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Book 9 (9.410–16), Achilles poignantly tells Agamemnon's envoys – Odysseus, Phoenix, and Ajax – begging his reinstatement to battle about having to choose between two fates (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διχθαδίας κήρας</span></span>, 9.411).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μήτηρ γάρ τέ μέ φησι θεὰ Θέτις ἀργυρόπεζα (410)<br /> διχθαδίας κῆρας φερέμεν θανάτοιο τέλος δέ.<br /> εἰ μέν κ' αὖθι μένων Τρώων πόλιν ἀμφιμάχωμαι,<br /> ὤλετο μέν μοι νόστος, ἀτὰρ κλέος ἄφθιτον ἔσται<br /> εἰ δέ κεν οἴκαδ' ἵκωμι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν,<br /> ὤλετό μοι κλέος ἐσθλόν, ἐπὶ δηρὸν δέ μοι αἰὼν (415)<br /> ἔσσεται, οὐδέ κέ μ' ὦκα τέλος θανάτοιο κιχείη.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>For my mother <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> the goddess of silver feet tells me<br /> I carry two sorts of destiny toward the day of my death. Either,<br /> if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,<br /> my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;<br /> but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,<br /> the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long life<br /> left for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left"> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Translated by <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lattimore" title="Richmond Lattimore">Richmond Lattimore</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In forgoing his <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nostos</i></span>, he will earn the greater reward of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kleos aphthiton</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κλέος ἄφθιτον</span></span>, "fame imperishable").<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the poem, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aphthiton</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄφθιτον</span></span>, "imperishable") occurs five other times,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each occurrence denotes an object: Agamemnon's sceptre, the wheel of <a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a>'s chariot, the house of Poseidon, the throne of Zeus, and the house of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>. Translator <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lattimore" title="Richmond Lattimore">Lattimore</a> renders <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kleos aphthiton</i></span> as "forever immortal" and as "forever imperishable"—connoting Achilles's mortality by underscoring his greater reward in returning to battle Troy. </p><p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kleos</i></span> is often given visible representation by the prizes won in battle. When Agamemnon takes Briseis from Achilles, he takes away a portion of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kleos</i></span> he had earned. </p><p>Achilles's shield, crafted by Hephaestus and given to him by his mother, Thetis, bears an image of stars in the centre. The stars conjure profound images of the place of a single man, no matter how heroic, in the perspective of the entire cosmos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nostos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Nostos</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nostos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nostos" title="Nostos">Nostos</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νόστος</span></span>, "homecoming") occurs seven times in the poem,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it a minor theme in the <i>Iliad</i> itself. Yet the concept of homecoming is much explored in other Ancient Greek literature, especially in the postwar homeward fortunes experienced by the Atreidae (Agamemnon and Menelaus) and Odysseus (see the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pride">Pride</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pride drives the plot of the <i>Iliad</i>. The Achaeans gather on the plain of Troy to wrest Helen from the Trojans. Though the majority of the Trojans would gladly return Helen to the Achaeans, they defer to the pride of their prince, Alexandros, also known as Paris. Within this frame, Homer's work begins. At the start of the <i>Iliad</i>, Agamemnon's pride sets forth a chain of events that leads him to take from Achilles, Briseis, the girl he had originally given Achilles in return for his martial prowess. Due to this slight, Achilles refuses to fight and asks his mother, Thetis, to make sure that Zeus causes the Achaeans to suffer on the battlefield until Agamemnon comes to realize the harm he has done to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Frobish_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frobish-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Achilles's pride allows him to beg Thetis for the deaths of his Achaean friends. When in Book 9 his friends urge him to return, offering him loot and his slave, Briseis, he refuses, stuck in his vengeful pride. Achilles remains stuck until the very end, when his anger at himself for Patroclus's death overcomes his pride at Agamemnon's slight and he returns to kill Hector. He overcomes his pride again when he keeps his anger in check and returns Hector to Priam at the epic's close. From epic start to epic finish, pride drives the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroism">Heroism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heroism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Iliad</i> portrays the theme of heroism in a variety of different ways through different characters, mainly Achilles, Hector, Patroclus, etc. Though the traditional concept of heroism is often tied directly to the protagonist, who is meant to be written in a heroic light, the <i>Iliad</i> plays with this idea of heroism and does not make it explicitly clear who the true hero of the story is. The story of the <i>Iliad</i> follows the great Greek warrior Achilles, as well as his rage and the destruction it causes. Parallel to this, the story also follows the Trojan warrior Hector and his efforts to fight to protect his family and his people. It is generally assumed that, because he is the protagonist, Achilles is the hero of this story. Examining his actions throughout the <i>Iliad</i> and comparing them to those of other characters, however, some may come to the conclusion that Achilles is not really the hero, and perhaps even an antihero. It can also be argued that Hector is the true hero of the <i>Iliad</i> due to his inherently heroic qualities, such as his loyalty to his family and strength and determination to defend his people, and the focus at the end of the story on burying Hector with honor. The true hero of the <i>Iliad</i> is never shown explicitly and is purposefully left up to interpretation by the author, Homer, who aimed to show the complexity and flaws of both characters, regardless of who is considered the "true" hero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timē"><span id="Tim.C4.93"></span><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Timē</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Timē"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akin to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kleos</i></span> is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">timē</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τιμή</span></span>, "respect, honor"), the concept denoting the respectability an honorable man accrues with accomplishment (cultural, political, martial), per his station in life. In Book I, the Achaean troubles begin with King Agamemnon's dishonorable, unkingly behavior—first, by threatening the priest Chryses (1.11), then, by aggravating them in disrespecting Achilles, by confiscating Briseis from him (1.171). The warrior's consequent rancor against the dishonorable king ruins the Achaean military cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubris"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hubris</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hubris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hybris</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὕβρις</span></span>) plays a part similar to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">timē</i></span>. The epic takes as its thesis the anger of Achilles and the destruction it brings. Anger disturbs the distance between human beings and the gods. Uncontrolled anger destroys orderly social relationships and upsets the balance of correct actions necessary to keep the gods away from human beings. Despite the epic's focus on Achilles's rage, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hybris</i></span> also plays a prominent role, serving as both kindling and fuel for many destructive events.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agamemnon refuses to ransom Chriseis out of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hybris</i></span> and harms Achilles's pride when he demands her. Hubris forces Paris to fight against Menelaus. Agamemnon spurs the Achaeans to fight by calling into question Odysseus, Diomedes, and Nestor's pride, asking why they are cowering and waiting for help when they should be the ones leading the charge. While the events of the <i>Iliad</i> focus on Achilles's rage and the destruction it brings on, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hybris</i></span> fuels and stokes them both.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mēnis"><span id="M.C4.93nis"></span><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Mēnis</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mēnis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrath_of_Achilles2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wrath_of_Achilles2.jpg/250px-Wrath_of_Achilles2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wrath_of_Achilles2.jpg/375px-Wrath_of_Achilles2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wrath_of_Achilles2.jpg/500px-Wrath_of_Achilles2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><i>The Wrath of Achilles</i> (1819), by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Martin_Drolling" title="Michel Martin Drolling">Michel Martin Drolling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The poem's initial word, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῆνιν</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mēnin</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">acc.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῆνις</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mēnis</i></span>, "wrath," "rage," "fury"), establishes the <i>Iliad</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s principal theme: the "Wrath of Achilles".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personal rage and wounded soldier's pride propel the story: the Achaeans' faltering in battle, the slayings of Patroclus and Hector, and the fall of Troy. In Book I, the Wrath of Achilles first emerges in the Achilles-convoked meeting, between the Greek kings and the seer <a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a>. King Agamemnon dishonours Chryses, the Trojan priest of Apollo, by refusing with a threat the restitution of his daughter, Chryseis—despite the proffered ransom of "gifts beyond count".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insulted priest prays to Apollo for help, and a nine-day rain of divine plague arrows falls upon the Achaeans. Moreover, in that meeting, Achilles accuses Agamemnon of being "greediest for gain of all men".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To that, Agamemnon replies: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>But here is my threat to you.<br /> Even as Phoibos Apollo is taking away my Chryseis.<br /> I shall convey her back in my own ship, with my own<br /> followers; but I shall take the fair-cheeked Briseis,<br /> your prize, I myself going to your shelter, that you may learn well<br /> how much greater I am than you, and another man may shrink back<br /> from likening himself to me and contending against me. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 1.181–187 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>After that, only Athena stays Achilles's wrath. He vows to never again obey orders from Agamemnon. Furious, Achilles cries to his mother, Thetis, who persuades Zeus's divine intervention—favouring the Trojans—until Achilles's rights are restored. Meanwhile, Hector leads the Trojans to almost pushing the Achaeans back to the sea (Book XII). Later, Agamemnon contemplates defeat and retreat to Greece (Book XIV). Again, the Wrath of Achilles turns the war's tide in seeking vengeance when Hector kills Patroclus. Aggrieved, Achilles tears his hair and dirties his face. Thetis comforts her mourning son, who tells her: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>So it was here that the lord of men Agamemnon angered me.<br /> Still, we will let all this be a thing of the past, and for all our<br /> sorrow beat down by force the anger deeply within us.<br /> Now I shall go, to overtake that killer of a dear life,<br /> Hektor; then I will accept my own death, at whatever<br /> time Zeus wishes to bring it about, and the other immortals. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 18.111–116 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Accepting the prospect of death as fair price for avenging Patroclus, he returns to battle, dooming Hector and Troy, thrice chasing him around the Trojan walls before slaying him and then dragging the corpse behind his chariot, back to camp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War">War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Achilles_slays_Hector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Achilles_slays_Hector.jpg/250px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Achilles_slays_Hector.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Achilles_slays_Hector.jpg/375px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Achilles_slays_Hector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Achilles_slays_Hector.jpg/500px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Achilles_slays_Hector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><i>Achilles Slays Hector</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1630–35)</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the <i>Iliad</i> focuses on death-dealing. To gain status, heroes must be good at killing. Though not as prevalent, there are instances where the author showcases the peaceful aspects of war. The first instance of this is in book 3 when Menelaus and Paris agree to fight one one-on-one to end the war. This conversation between Menelaus and Paris highlights the overwhelming desire for peace on both sides. Also in book 3, we see peace when the elders talk to Priam saying that though Helen is a beautiful woman, war is still too high a price to pay for one person. These events display the humanity of the war. In book 6, when Hector goes back into the city to visit his family, this event is another powerful show of peace because we get to see that Hector is more than a great warrior. He is a loving father and devoted husband. The love that is shared between him and his family contrasts with the gory battle scenes, noting the importance of peace. The final moments of peace are in books 23 and 24. The first of these is the funeral games that are held for Patroclus. The games show the happiness, grief, and joy that can happen during the war. In book 24, peace is highlighted again when Achilles and Priam share food and grief for their recent losses. In this encounter, the two empathize with one another and agree to a truce of twelve days for the burial of Hector.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_textual_history">Date and textual history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Date and textual history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Iliad</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Lawrence_(1769-1830)_-_Homer_Reciting_his_Poems_-_T01974_-_Tate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Homer_Reciting_his_Poems_-_T01974_-_Tate.jpg/220px-Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Homer_Reciting_his_Poems_-_T01974_-_Tate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Homer_Reciting_his_Poems_-_T01974_-_Tate.jpg/330px-Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Homer_Reciting_his_Poems_-_T01974_-_Tate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Homer_Reciting_his_Poems_-_T01974_-_Tate.jpg/440px-Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Homer_Reciting_his_Poems_-_T01974_-_Tate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Homer_Reciting_his_Poems" title="Homer Reciting his Poems">Homer Reciting his Poems</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, 1790</figcaption></figure> <p>The poem dates to the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">archaic</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>. Scholarly consensus mostly places it in the late 8th<sup id="cite_ref-Nikoletseas,_Michael_M_2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikoletseas,_Michael_M_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> century BC, although some favour a 7th-century date.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">terminus ante quem</a></i></span> for the dating of the <i>Iliad</i> is 630 BC, as evidenced by reflection in art and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herodotus, having consulted the <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>, placed Homer and Hesiod at approximately 400 years before his own time, which would place them at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_(de_Sélincourt)197541_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_(de_Sélincourt)197541-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical backdrop of the poem is the time of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, in the early 12th century BC. Homer is thus separated from his subject matter by about 400 years, the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. Intense scholarly debate has surrounded the question of which portions of the poem preserve genuine traditions from the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean period">Mycenaean period</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a></i> in particular has the striking feature that its geography does not portray Greece in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the time of Homer, but as it was before the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a>. </p><p>The title <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰλιάς</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ilias</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">gen.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰλιάδος</span></span>, <i>Iliados</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)">ellipsis</a> of "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ ποίησις Ἰλιάς</span></span>, <i>he poíesis Iliás</i>", meaning "the Ilian (Trojan) poem". <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰλιάς</span></span> (of Ilion/Troy) is the specifically feminine adjective form from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἴλιον</span></span> (Ilion/Troy). The masculine adjective form would be <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰλιακός</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἴλιος</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used by Herodotus.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venetus_A" title="Venetus A">Venetus A</a>, copied in the 10th century AD, is the oldest fully extant manuscript of the <i>Iliad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2012)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> It contains the text of the Iliad as well as annotations, glosses, and commentaries, the "A scholia". Venetus A may be the work of Aristophanes of Byzantium of the Library of Alexandria. This is the oldest existing manuscript of Homer's Iliad. It is regarded as the best text of the Iliad. (Biblioteca Marciana in Venice as Codex Marcianus Graecus 454, now 822). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_editiones_principes_in_Greek" title="List of editiones principes in Greek">first edition</a> of the <i>Iliad</i>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a></i></span>, was edited by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Chalcondyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Chalcondyles">Demetrius Chalcondyles</a> and published by Bernardus Nerlius and Demetrius Damilas in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1489.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_oral_tradition">As oral tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As oral tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In antiquity, the Greeks applied the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> as the bases of <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>. Literature was central to the educational-cultural function of the itinerant <a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">rhapsode</a>, who composed consistent epic poems from memory and improvisation and disseminated them, via song and chant, in his travels and at the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaic Festival">Panathenaic Festival</a> of athletics, music, poetics, and sacrifice, celebrating Athena's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, Classical scholars treated the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> as written poetry, and Homer as a writer, yet by the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Milman_Parry" title="Milman Parry">Milman Parry</a> (1902–1935) had launched a movement claiming otherwise. His investigation of the oral Homeric style—"stock epithets" and "reiteration" (words, phrases, stanzas)—established that these <i>formulae</i> were artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> easily applied to a <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexametric</a> line. A two-word stock epithet (e.g., "resourceful Odysseus") reiteration may complement a character name by filling a half-line, thus freeing the poet to compose a half-line of "original" formulaic text to complete his meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, Parry and his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert Lord</a> (1912–1991), studied the oral-formulaic composition of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> oral poetry, yielding the <a href="/wiki/Parry/Lord_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parry/Lord thesis">Parry/Lord thesis</a> that established <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> studies, later developed by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Havelock" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Havelock">Eric Havelock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ong" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Ong">Walter Ong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a>. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singer_of_Tales" title="The Singer of Tales">The Singer of Tales</a></i> (1960), Lord presents likenesses between the tragedies of the Achaean <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> in the <i>Iliad</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> and claims to refute, with "careful analysis of the repetition of thematic patterns", that the Patroclus storyline upsets Homer's established compositional formulae of "wrath, bride-stealing, and rescue"; thus, stock-phrase <i>reiteration</i> does not restrict his originality in fitting story to rhyme.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, James Armstrong (1958)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports that the poem's <i>formulae</i> yield richer meaning because the "arming motif" <i>diction</i>—describing Achilles, Agamemnon, Paris, and Patroclus—serves to "heighten the importance of…an impressive moment"; thus, "[reiteration] creates an atmosphere of smoothness" wherein Homer distinguishes Patroclus from Achilles and foreshadows the former's death with positive and negative turns of phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Iliad</i>, occasional syntactic inconsistency may be an oral tradition effect—for example, Aphrodite is "laughter-loving" despite being painfully wounded by Diomedes (Book V, 375); and the divine representations may mix <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Dark Age">Greek Dark Age</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150–800 BC</span>) mythologies, parallelling the hereditary <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">basileis</i></span> nobles (lower social rank rulers) with minor deities, such as <a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a>, et al.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_of_warfare">Depiction of warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Depiction of warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Battle_Order" title="Trojan Battle Order">Trojan Battle Order</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depiction_of_infantry_combat">Depiction of infantry combat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Depiction of infantry combat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite Mycenae and Troy being maritime powers, the <i>Iliad</i> features no sea battles.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trojan shipwright (of the ship that transported Helen to Troy), <a href="/wiki/Phereclus" title="Phereclus">Phereclus</a>, instead fights afoot, as an infantryman.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle dress and armour of hero and soldier are well-described. They enter battle in <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a>, launching javelins into the enemy formations, and then dismount—for hand-to-hand combat with yet more javelin throwing, rock throwing, and if necessary, hand-to-hand sword and shoulder-borne <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aspis</i></span> (shield) fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajax the Greater, son of Telamon, sports a large, rectangular shield (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">σάκος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">sakos</i></span>) with which he protects himself and Teucer, his brother: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Ninth came Teucer, stretching his curved bow.<br /> He stood beneath the shield of Ajax, son of Telamon.<br /> As Ajax cautiously pulled his shield aside,<br /> Teucer would peer out quickly, shoot off an arrow,<br /> hit someone in the crowd, dropping that soldier<br /> right where he stood, ending his life—then he'd duck back,<br /> crouching down by Ajax, like a child beside its mother.<br /> Ajax would then conceal him with his shining shield. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 8.267–272, translated by Ian Johnston.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ajax's cumbersome shield is more suitable for defence than for offence, while his cousin Achilles sports a large, rounded, octagonal shield that he successfully deploys along with his spear against the Trojans: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Just as a man constructs a wall for some high house,<br /> using well-fitted stones to keep out forceful winds,<br /> that's how close their helmets and bossed shields lined up,<br /> shield pressing against shield, helmet against helmet<br /> man against man. On the bright ridges of the helmets,<br /> horsehair plumes touched when warriors moved their heads.<br /> That's how close they were to one another. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 16.213–217 (translated by Ian Johnston).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In describing infantry combat, Homer names the <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanx</a> formation,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most scholars do not believe the historical Trojan War was so fought.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the chariot was the main battle transport-weapon (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a>). The available evidence, from the Dendra armour and the Pylos Palace paintings, indicate the Mycenaeans used two-man chariots, with a long-spear-armed principal rider, unlike the three-man Hittite chariots with short-spear-armed riders and the arrow-armed Egyptian and Assyrian two-man chariots. Nestor spearheads his troops with chariots; he advises them: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>In your eagerness to engage the Trojans,<br /> don't any of you charge ahead of others,<br /> trusting in your strength and horsemanship.<br /> And don't lag behind. That will hurt our charge.<br /> Any man whose chariot confronts an enemy's<br /> should thrust with his spear at him from there.<br /> That's the most effective tactic, the way<br /> men wiped out city strongholds long ago —<br /> their chests full of that style and spirit. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 4.301–309 (translated by Ian Johnston).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although Homer's depictions are graphic, it can be seen in the very end that victory in war is a far more somber occasion, where all that is lost becomes apparent. On the other hand, the funeral games are lively, for the dead man's life is celebrated. This overall depiction of war runs contrary to many other<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> ancient Greek depictions, where war is an aspiration for greater glory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_reconstructions_of_armour,_weapons,_and_styles"><span id="Modern_reconstructions_of_armour.2C_weapons.2C_and_styles"></span>Modern reconstructions of armour, weapons, and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern reconstructions of armour, weapons, and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few modern (archeologically, historically, and Homerically accurate) reconstructions of arms, armor, and motifs as described by Homer exist. Some historical reconstructions have been done by Salimbeti et al.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_classical_Greek_warfare">Influence on classical Greek warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Influence on classical Greek warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Homeric poems (particularly, the <i>Iliad</i>) were not necessarily revered scripture of the ancient Greeks, they were most certainly seen as guides that were important to the intellectual understanding of any educated Greek citizen. This is evidenced by the fact that in the late 5th century BC, "it was the sign of a man of standing to be able to recite the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> by heart."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> Moreover, it can be argued that the warfare shown in the <i>Iliad</i>, and the way it is depicted, had a profound and very traceable effect on Greek warfare in general. In particular, the effect of epic literature can be broken down into three categories: <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a>, ideology, and the <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mindset</a> of commanders. In order to discern these effects, it is necessary to take a look at a few examples from each of these categories. </p><p>Much of the detailed fighting in the <i>Iliad</i> is done by the heroes in an orderly, one-on-one fashion. Much like the <i>Odyssey</i>, there is even a set ritual that must be observed in each of these conflicts. For example, a major hero may encounter a lesser hero from the opposing side, in which case the minor hero is introduced, threats may be exchanged, and then the minor hero is slain. The victor often strips the body of its armor and military accoutrements.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup> Here is an example of this ritual and this type of one-on-one combat in the <i>Iliad</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>There Telamonian Ajax struck down the son of Anthemion,<br /> Simoeisios in his stripling's beauty, whom once his mother<br /> descending from Ida bore beside the banks of Simoeis<br /> when she had followed her father and mother to tend the<br /> sheepflocks.<br /> Therefore they called him Simoeisios; but he could not<br /> render again the care of his dear parents; he was short-lived,<br /> beaten down beneath the spear of high-hearted Ajax,<br /> who struck him as he first came forward beside the nipple<br /> of the right breast, and the bronze spearhead drove clean<br /> through the shoulder. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 4.473–483 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The most important question in reconciling the connection between the epic fighting of the <i>Iliad</i> and later Greek warfare concerns the phalanx, or hoplite, warfare seen in Greek history well after Homer's <i>Iliad</i>. While there are discussions of soldiers arrayed in semblances of the phalanx throughout the <i>Iliad</i>, the focus of the poem on the heroic fighting, as mentioned above, would seem to contradict the tactics of the phalanx. However, the phalanx did have its heroic aspects. The masculine one-on-one fighting of the epic is manifested in phalanx fighting with the emphasis on holding one's position in formation. This replaces the singular heroic competition found in the <i>Iliad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>One example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_300_Champions" title="Battle of the 300 Champions">tale</a> of 300 picked men fighting against 300 picked <a href="/wiki/Argives" class="mw-redirect" title="Argives">Argives</a>. In this battle of champions, only two men are left standing for the Argives and one for the Spartans. Othryades, the remaining Spartan, goes back to stand in his formation with mortal wounds while the remaining two Argives go back to Argos to report their victory. Thus, the Spartans claimed this as a victory, as their last man displayed the ultimate feat of bravery by maintaining his position in the phalanx.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the ideology of commanders in later Greek history, the <i>Iliad</i> has an interesting effect. The <i>Iliad</i> expresses a definite disdain for tactical trickery, when Hector says, before he challenges the great Ajax: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I know how to storm my way into the struggle of flying horses; I know how to tread the measures on the grim floor of the war god. Yet great as you are I would not strike you by stealth, watching for my chance, but openly, so, if perhaps I might hit you. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 7.237–243 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, despite examples of disdain for this tactical trickery, there is reason to believe that the <i>Iliad</i>, as well as later Greek warfare, endorses tactical genius on the part of its commanders. For example, there are multiple passages in the <i>Iliad</i> with commanders such as Agamemnon or Nestor discussing the arraying of troops so as to gain an advantage. Indeed, the Trojan War is won by a notorious example of Achaean guile in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a>. This is even later referred to by Homer in the <i>Odyssey</i>. The connection, in this case, between the guileful tactics of the Achaeans and the Trojans in the <i>Iliad</i> and those of the later Greeks is not a difficult one to find. Spartan commanders, often seen as the pinnacle of Greek military prowess, were known for their tactical trickery, and for them, this was a feat to be desired in a commander. Indeed, this type of leadership was the standard advice of Greek tactical writers.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 240">: 240 </span></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, while Homeric (or epic) fighting is certainly not completely replicated in later Greek warfare, many of its ideals, tactics, and instructions are.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_van_Wees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans van Wees (page does not exist)">Hans van Wees</a> argues that the descriptions of warfare related in the epic can be pinned down fairly specifically—to the first half of the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_arts_and_culture">Influence on arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Influence on arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War_in_literature_and_the_arts" title="Trojan War in literature and the arts">Trojan War in literature and the arts</a></div> <p>The <i>Iliad</i> was a standard work of great importance already in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> and remained so throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> periods. Subjects from the Trojan War were a favourite among ancient Greek dramatists. <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' trilogy, the <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i>, comprising <i>Agamemnon</i>, <i>The Libation Bearers</i>, and <i>The Eumenides</i>, follows the story of Agamemnon after his return from the war. Homer also came to be of great influence in European culture with the resurgence of interest in Greek antiquity during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and it remains the first and most influential work of the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>. In its full form, the text made its return to Italy and Western Europe beginning in the 15th century, primarily through translations into Latin and the vernacular languages. </p><p>Prior to this reintroduction, however, a shortened Latin version of the poem, known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Latina" title="Ilias Latina">Ilias Latina</a></i></span>, was very widely studied and read as a basic school text. <a href="/wiki/Publius_Baebius_Italicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Baebius Italicus">Publius Baebius Italicus</a>, a Roman Senator, is credited with a translation of the <i>Iliad</i> in the decade 60 AD – 70 AD. The work is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homerus_Latinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homerus Latinus (page does not exist)">Homerus Latinus</a> and was formerly attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindarus_Thebaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pindarus Thebaeus (page does not exist)">Pindarus Thebaeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikoletseas,_Michael_M_2012_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikoletseas,_Michael_M_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West tended to view Homer as unreliable, as they believed they possessed much more down-to-earth and realistic eyewitness accounts of the Trojan War written by <a href="/wiki/Dares" class="mw-redirect" title="Dares">Dares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictys_Cretensis" title="Dictys Cretensis">Dictys Cretensis</a>, who were supposedly present at the events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These <a href="/wiki/Late_antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late antique">late antique</a> forged accounts formed the basis of several eminently popular <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a>, most notably those of <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure" title="Benoît de Sainte-Maure">Benoît de Sainte-Maure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_delle_Colonne" title="Guido delle Colonne">Guido delle Colonne</a>. </p><p>These in turn spawned many others in various European languages, such as the first printed English book, the 1473 <i><a href="/wiki/Recuyell_of_the_Historyes_of_Troye" title="Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye">Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye</a></i>. Other accounts read in the Middle Ages were antique Latin retellings such as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Excidium_Troiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excidium Troiae (page does not exist)">Excidium Troiae</a></i></span> and works in the vernaculars such as the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B3jumanna_saga" title="Trójumanna saga">Icelandic Troy Saga</a>. Even without Homer, the Trojan War story had remained central to Western European <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literary</a> culture and its sense of identity. Most nations and several royal houses traced their origins to heroes at the Trojan War; Britain was supposedly settled by the Trojan <a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus</a>, for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> used the plot of the <i>Iliad</i> as source material for his play <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> but focused on a medieval legend, the love story of <a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a>, son of King Priam of Troy, and <a href="/wiki/Cressida" title="Cressida">Cressida</a>, daughter of the Trojan soothsayer Calchas. The play, often considered to be a comedy, reverses traditional views on events of the Trojan War and depicts Achilles as a coward, Ajax as a dull, unthinking mercenary, etc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Theed_the_elder" title="William Theed the elder">William Theed the elder</a> made a bronze statue of Thetis as she brings Achilles his new armor forged by Hephaestus. It has been on display in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City since 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>'s poem <i>Development</i> discusses his childhood introduction to the matter of the <i>Iliad</i> and his delight in the epic, as well as contemporary debates about its authorship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_al-Boustani" title="Suleyman al-Boustani">Suleyman al-Boustani</a>, a 19th-century poet who made the first Arabic translation of the Iliad to Arabic, the epic may have been widely circulated in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a> translations during the early Middle Ages. Al-Boustani credits <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Edessa" title="Theophilus of Edessa">Theophilus of Edessa</a> with the Syriac translation, which was supposedly (along with the Greek original) widely read or heard by the scholars of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in the prime of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, although those scholars never took the effort to translate it to the official language of the empire: Arabic. The <i>Iliad</i> was also the first full epic poem to be translated into Arabic from a foreign language, upon the publication of Al-Boustani's complete work in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_arts">20th-century arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 20th-century arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesya_Ukrainka" title="Lesya Ukrainka">Lesya Ukrainka</a> wrote the dramatic poem "Cassandra" in 1901–1907 based on the <i>Iliad</i>. It describes the story of <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Kassandra</a>, a prophetess.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Troy_(film)" title="The Fall of Troy (film)">The fall of Troy</a>" (1911), an Italian silent film by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pastrone" title="Giovanni Pastrone">Giovanni Pastrone</a>, the first known movie adaptation of Homer's epic poem</li> <li>"Achilles in the Trench" is one of the best-known of the <a href="/wiki/War_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="War poem">war poems</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and was written by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Shaw-Stewart" title="Patrick Shaw-Stewart">Patrick Shaw-Stewart</a> while waiting to be sent to fight at <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> wrote the essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Iliad_or_the_Poem_of_Force" title="The Iliad or the Poem of Force">The Iliad or the Poem of Force</a>" in 1939, shortly after the commencement of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The essay describes how the <i>Iliad</i> demonstrates the way force, exercised to the extreme in war, reduces both victim and aggressor to the level of the slave and the unthinking automaton.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1954 <a href="/wiki/Broadway_musical" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway musical">Broadway musical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_(musical)" title="The Golden Apple (musical)">The Golden Apple</a></i>, by librettist <a href="/wiki/John_Treville_Latouche" class="mw-redirect" title="John Treville Latouche">John Treville Latouche</a> and composer <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Moross" title="Jerome Moross">Jerome Moross</a>, was freely adapted from the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i>, resetting the action to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a> state in the years after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, with events inspired by the <i>Iliad</i> in Act One and events inspired by the <i>Odyssey</i> in Act Two.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Logue" title="Christopher Logue">Christopher Logue</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/War_Music_(poem)" title="War Music (poem)">War Music</a></i>, an "account", not a translation, of the <i>Iliad</i>, was begun in 1959 as a commission for radio. He continued working on it until his death in 2011. Described by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)" title="Tom Holland (author)">Tom Holland</a> as "one of the most remarkable works of post-war literature", it has been an influence on <a href="/wiki/Kae_Tempest" title="Kae Tempest">Kae Tempest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Oswald" title="Alice Oswald">Alice Oswald</a>, who says that it "unleashes a forgotten kind of theatrical energy into the world".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The opera <i><a href="/wiki/King_Priam" title="King Priam">King Priam</a></i> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tippett" title="Michael Tippett">Michael Tippett</a> (which received its premiere in 1962) is based loosely on the <i>Iliad</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_(novel)" title="Cassandra (novel)">Cassandra</a></i> (1983) is a critical engagement with the <i>Iliad</i>. Wolf's narrator is Cassandra, whose thoughts are heard at the moment just before her murder by Clytemnestra in Sparta. Wolf's narrator presents a feminist's view of the war, and of war in general. Cassandra's story is accompanied by four essays that Wolf delivered at the 1982 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurter_Poetik-Vorlesungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfurter Poetik-Vorlesungen (page does not exist)">Frankfurter Poetik-Vorlesungen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Poetik-Vorlesungen" class="extiw" title="de:Frankfurter Poetik-Vorlesungen">de</a>]</span>. The essays present Wolf's concerns as a writer and rewriter of this canonical story and show the genesis of the novel through Wolf's own readings and a trip she took to Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Melnick" title="David Melnick">David Melnick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Aida" title="Men in Aida">Men in Aida</a></i> (<abbr title="compare with">cf.</abbr> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῆνιν ἄειδε</span></span>) (1983) is a <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern</a> <a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">homophonic translation</a> of Book One into a farcical bathhouse scenario, preserving the sounds but not the meaning of the original.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a>'s 1987 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebrand_(Bradley_novel)" title="The Firebrand (Bradley novel)">The Firebrand</a></i> retells the story from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Kassandra</a>, a princess of Troy and a prophetess who is cursed by <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_popular_culture">Contemporary popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Contemporary popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shanower" title="Eric Shanower">Eric Shanower</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Image_Comics" title="Image Comics">Image Comics</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Bronze_(comics)" title="Age of Bronze (comics)">Age of Bronze</a></i>, which began in 1998, retells the legend of the Trojan War.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a>'s epic science fiction adaptation/tribute <i><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(novel)" title="Ilium (novel)">Ilium</a></i> was released in 2003, receiving a <a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus Award</a> for best science fiction novel of 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy (movie)">Troy</a></i> (2004), a loose film adaptation of the <i>Iliad</i>, received mixed reviews but was a commercial success, particularly in international sales. It grossed $133 million in the United States and $497 million worldwide, making it the 188th top-grossing movie of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Rage of Achilles</i> (2009), by American author and Yale Writers' Conference founder <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hawkins" title="Terence Hawkins">Terence Hawkins</a>, recounts the <i>Iliad</i> as a novel in modern, sometimes graphic language. Informed by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a>'s theory of the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral mind">bicameral mind</a> and the historicity of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, it depicts its characters as real men to whom the gods appear only as hallucinations or command voices during the sudden and painful transition to truly modern consciousness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Oswald" title="Alice Oswald">Alice Oswald</a>'s sixth collection, <i>Memorial</i> (2011),<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is based on but departs from the <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a> form of the <i>Iliad</i> to focus on, and so commemorate, the individually named characters whose deaths are mentioned in that poem.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kellaway20111002_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellaway20111002-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2011, <i>Memorial</i> was short-listed for the <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot_Prize" title="T. S. Eliot Prize">T. S. Eliot Prize</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in December 2011, Oswald withdrew the book from the shortlist,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing concerns about the ethics of the prize's sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_Miller" title="Madeline Miller">Madeline Miller</a>'s 2011 debut novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Achilles" title="The Song of Achilles">The Song of Achilles</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tells the story of Achilles and Patroclus's life together as children, lovers, and soldiers. The novel, which won the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Women's Prize for Fiction">Women's Prize for Fiction</a>, draws on the <i>Iliad</i> as well as the works of other classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>For the Most Beautiful</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by classicist and historian <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hauser" title="Emily Hauser">Emily Hauser</a> in 2016, narrates the lives of <a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a> in their own words.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Haynes" title="Natalie Haynes">Natalie Haynes</a>'s 2019 novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Ships" title="A Thousand Ships">A Thousand Ships</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> narrates the consequences of the Fall of Troy through the eyes and words of the women involved. It was shortlisted for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Women's Prize for Fiction">Women's Prize for Fiction</a> 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As part of his continuing literary interest in classical myths, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> published <i>Troy</i> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book has become popular as a more accessible way to read the Greek myths.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Pat Barker</a>'s published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Girls" title="The Silence of the Girls">The Silence of the Girls</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Women of Troy</i><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2018 and 2021 respectively. Retelling the silenced voices of women in the <i>Iliad</i>, both books were critically acclaimed, with <i>The Silence of the Girls</i> being named one of 'The Guardian Best Books of the 21st Century'.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sciences">Sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Shay" title="Jonathan Shay">Jonathan Shay</a> wrote two books, <i>Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character</i> (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming</i> (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which relate the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> to <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_injury" title="Moral injury">moral injury</a> as seen in the rehabilitation histories of combat veteran patients.</li> <li>Psychologist-neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas analyzed the <i>Iliad</i> using concepts from <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> and cultural <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemism">totemism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iliad1660Frontis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Iliad1660Frontis.jpg/250px-Iliad1660Frontis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Iliad1660Frontis.jpg/375px-Iliad1660Frontis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Iliad1660Frontis.jpg/500px-Iliad1660Frontis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Hollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslas Hollar">Wenceslas Hollar</a>'s engraved title page of a 1660 edition of the <i>Iliad</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilby" title="John Ogilby">John Ogilby</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iliad_editions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Iliad_editions.jpg/220px-Iliad_editions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Iliad_editions.jpg/330px-Iliad_editions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Iliad_editions.jpg/440px-Iliad_editions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2905" /></a><figcaption>Sampling of translations and editions of <i>Iliad</i> in English</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a> published his translation of the <i>Iliad</i>, in installments beginning in 1598, published in 'fourteeners', a long-line ballad metre that "has room for all of Homer's figures of speech and plenty of new ones, as well as explanations in parentheses. At its best, as in Achilles' rejection of the embassy in <i>Iliad</i> Nine; it has great rhetorical power."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 351">: 351 </span></sup> It quickly established itself as a classic in English poetry. In the preface to his own translation, Pope praises "the daring fiery spirit" of Chapman's rendering, which is "something like what one might imagine Homer, himself, would have writ before he arrived at years of discretion."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> praised Chapman in the sonnet <i><a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a></i> (1816).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilby" title="John Ogilby">John Ogilby</a>'s mid-17th-century translation is among the early <a href="/wiki/Annotated" class="mw-redirect" title="Annotated">annotated</a> editions; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>'s 1715 translation, in heroic couplet, is "the classic translation that was built on all the preceding versions"<sup id="cite_ref-:7_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 352">: 352 </span></sup> and like Chapman's, is a major poetic work in its own right. <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Miltonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Miltonic">Miltonic</a>, blank verse 1791 edition is highly regarded for its greater fidelity to the Greek than either the Chapman or the Pope versions: "I have omitted nothing; I have invented nothing," Cowper says in prefacing his translation. </p><p>In the lectures <i><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Homer" title="On Translating Homer">On Translating Homer</a></i> (1861), <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> addresses the matters of translation and interpretation in rendering the <i>Iliad</i> to English; commenting upon the versions contemporarily available in 1861, he identifies the four essential poetic qualities of Homer to which the translator must do justice: </p> <blockquote> <p>[i] that he is eminently rapid; [ii] that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; [iii] that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and, finally, [iv] that he is eminently noble. </p> </blockquote> <p>After a discussion of the metres employed by previous translators, Arnold argues for a poetical dialect hexameter translation of the <i>Iliad</i>, like the original. "Laborious as this meter was, there were at least half a dozen attempts to translate the entire <i>Iliad</i> or <i>Odyssey</i> in hexameters; the last in 1945. Perhaps the most fluent of them was by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Henry_Dart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Henry Dart (page does not exist)">J. Henry Dart</a> [1862] in response to Arnold."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 354">: 354 </span></sup> In 1870, the American poet <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a> published a blank verse version, that <a href="/wiki/Van_Wyck_Brooks" title="Van Wyck Brooks">Van Wyck Brooks</a> describes as "simple, faithful". </p><p>An 1898 translation by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)" title="Samuel Butler (novelist)">Samuel Butler</a> was published by Longmans. Butler had read <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a> at Cambridge University, graduating in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1950, there have been several English translations: <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lattimore" title="Richmond Lattimore">Richmond Lattimore</a>'s version (1951) is "a free six-beat" line-for-line rendering in often unidiomatic, often archaic English. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald" title="Robert Fitzgerald">Robert Fitzgerald</a>'s version (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>, 1974) uses shorter, mostly <a href="/wiki/Iamb_(poetry)" title="Iamb (poetry)">iambic</a> lines and numerous allusions to earlier English poetry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fagles" title="Robert Fagles">Robert Fagles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>, 1990) and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lombardo" title="Stanley Lombardo">Stanley Lombardo</a> (1997) are bolder than Lattimore in adding more contemporary American-English idioms to convey Homer's conventional and formulaic language. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodney_Merrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodney Merrill (page does not exist)">Rodney Merrill</a>'s translation (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>, 2007) renders the work in English verse like the <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> of the original. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)" title="Peter Green (historian)">Peter Green</a> translated the Iliad in 2015, a version published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Alexander_(author)" title="Caroline Alexander (author)">Caroline Alexander</a> published the first full-length English translation by a woman in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a>'s 2023 translation uses unrhymed <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are more than 2000 manuscripts of Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most notable manuscripts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> include: </p> <ul><li>Rom. Bibl. Nat. gr. 6 + Matriti. Bibl. Nat. 4626 from 870 to 890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetus_A" title="Venetus A">Venetus A</a> = Venetus Marc. 822 from the 10th century</li> <li>Venetus B = Venetus Marc. 821 from the 11th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Iliad" title="Ambrosian Iliad">Ambrosian Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_20" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_21" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a> (palimpsest)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/48px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/64px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrobish2003">Frobish (2003</a>, p. 24) writes that the war "starts with his pride and immaturity, yet is finished with his skill and bravery on the battlefield."<sup id="cite_ref-Frobish_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frobish-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Iliad">"Iliad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fantuzzi, et al. <i>The Greek Epic Cycle and Its Ancient Reception : A Companion</i>. 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homer._1924-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1924_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>Iliad, Volume I: Books 1–12.</i> Translated by A. T. Murray. Revised by William F. Wyatt. Loeb Classical Library 170. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homer._1925-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homer._1925_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>Iliad, Volume II: Books 13–24.</i> Translated by A. T. Murray. Revised by William F. Wyatt. Loeb Classical Library 171. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2020_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2020">Dunn 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2004a220–232-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2004a220–232_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2004a">Fowler 2004a</a>, pp. 220–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato. <i>Ion.</i> Translated by Harold North Fowler, W. R. M. Lamb. Loeb Classical Library 164. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadyTsagalis2018-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadyTsagalis2018_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReadyTsagalis2018">Ready & Tsagalis 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1987i–xxxiv-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1987i–xxxiv_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1987">Hammond 1987</a>, pp. i–xxxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Robert H. "Homer's humor: laughter in the Iliad." hand 1 (2007): 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kearns,_E._2004_pp._59-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kearns,_E._2004_pp._59_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kearns,_E._2004_pp._59_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kearns, E. (2004) ‘The Gods in the Homeric epics’, in R. Fowler (ed.) <i>The Cambridge Companion to Homer</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Companions to Literature), pp. 59–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2004b115–168-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2004b115–168_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2004b">Fowler 2004b</a>, pp. 115–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1">Homer. <i>The Iliad</i>. Translated by Wilson, Emily. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.au=Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. Year? Editor? What is 'Norton Books'? (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auden, W. H., and Alan Jacobs. <i>The Shield of Achilles</i>. 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawson1910" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws/page/2/mode/2up"><i>Modern Greek folklore and ancient Greek religion: a study in survivals</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greek+folklore+and+ancient+Greek+religion%3A+a+study+in+survivals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=John+Cuthbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderngreekfolkl00laws%2Fpage%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsPollard2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Adkins, A. W. H.; Pollard, John Richard Thornhill (2 March 2020) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-religion">"Greek religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+religion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=A.+W.+H.&rft.au=Pollard%2C+John+Richard+Thornhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGreek-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikalson1991" class="citation book cs1">Mikalson, Jon (1991). <i>Honor Thy Gods: Popular Religion in Greek Tragedy</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honor+Thy+Gods%3A+Popular+Religion+in+Greek+Tragedy&rft.pub=Chapel+Hill%3A+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mikalson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/netshots/homer.htm">Homer's Iliad</a>, Classical Technology Center.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKullmann1985" class="citation journal cs1">Kullmann, Wolfgang (1985). "Gods and Men in the Iliad and the Odyssey". <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>. <b>89</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F311265">10.2307/311265</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311265">311265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Gods+and+Men+in+the+Iliad+and+the+Odyssey&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F311265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kullmann&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer1998" class="citation book cs1">Homer (1998). <i>The Iliad</i>. Translated by Fagles, Robert; Knox, Bernard. New York: Penguin Books. p. 589.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=589&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lefkowitz, Mary (2003). <i>Greek Gods, Human Lives: What We Can Learn From Myths</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Taplin" title="Oliver Taplin">Taplin, Oliver</a> (2003). "Bring Back the Gods". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (14 December).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, Julian. (1976) <i>The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind</i>. p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1375344">Fate as presented in Homer's "The Iliad"</a>, Everything2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunkle, Roger (1986). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205014548/http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/homer.htm">ILIAD</a>", in <i>The Classical Origins of Western Culture</i>, <i>The Core Studies 1 Study Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a>. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/homer.htm">original</a> 5 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421140227/http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/concept_of_hero.html">"The Concept of the Hero in Greek Civilization"</a>. Athome.harvard.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/concept_of_hero.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+the+Hero+in+Greek+Civilization&rft.pub=Athome.harvard.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fathome.harvard.edu%2Fprograms%2Fnagy%2Fthreads%2Fconcept_of_hero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dué, C., Lupack, S. and Lamberton, R. (2020) ‘Kleos’, in C.O. Pache (ed.) <i>The Cambridge Guide to Homer</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Volk, Katharina. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1215546">ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ Revisited</a>". <i>Classical Philology</i>, Vol. 97, No. 1 (Jan. 2002), pp. 61–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=9">9.410-416</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>The Iliad</i> (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">II.46, V.724, XIII.22, XIV.238, XVIII.370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=2">2.155</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=2">2.251</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=9">9.413</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=9">9.434</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=9">9.622</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=10">10.509</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=16">16.82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frobish-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frobish_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frobish_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrobish2003" class="citation journal cs1">Frobish, T. S. (2003). "An Origin of a Theory: A Comparison of Ethos in the Homeric Iliad with That Found in Aristotle's Rhetoric". <i>Rhetoric</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327981RR2201_2">10.1207/S15327981RR2201_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44483572">44483572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric&rft.atitle=An+Origin+of+a+Theory%3A+A+Comparison+of+Ethos+in+the+Homeric+Iliad+with+That+Found+in+Aristotle%27s+Rhetoric&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15327981RR2201_2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44483572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frobish&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Diane P. "Achilles' Wrath and the Plan of Zeus."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Iliad</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">Rouse, W. H. D.</a> London: T. Nelsons & Sons. 1938. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=T.+Nelsons+%26+Sons&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 1.13 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 1.122 (<a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore1921" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, C. H. (1921). "Prophecy in the Ancient Epic". <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">99–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F310716">10.2307/310716</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/310716">310716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Prophecy+in+the+Ancient+Epic&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F310716&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F310716%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikoletseas,_Michael_M_2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nikoletseas,_Michael_M_2012_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nikoletseas,_Michael_M_2012_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikoletseas, Michael M. The Iliad – Twenty Centuries of Translation: a Critical View, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4699-5210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4699-5210-9">978-1-4699-5210-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrielaard1995" class="citation journal cs1">Crielaard, Jan Paul (1995). Crielaard, Jan Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31148054">"Homer, History and Archaeology: Some Remarks on the Date of the Homeric World"</a>. <i>Homeric Questions: Essays in Philology, Ancient History and Archaeology</i>. Amsterdam: J.C. Grieben: <span class="nowrap">201–</span>288 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homeric+Questions%3A+Essays+in+Philology%2C+Ancient+History+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Homer%2C+History+and+Archaeology%3A+Some+Remarks+on+the+Date+of+the+Homeric+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Crielaard&rft.aufirst=Jan+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31148054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wees2002" class="citation journal cs1">van Wees, Hans (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol38/iss1/9/">"Homer and Early Greece"</a>. <i>Colby Quarterly</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>117 – via Digital Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colby+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Homer+and+Early+Greece&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=van+Wees&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.colby.edu%2Fcq%2Fvol38%2Fiss1%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1999). "The Invention of Homer". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Classical Quarterly">The Classical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.364">10.1093/cq/49.2.364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639863">639863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Homer&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639863%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F49.2.364&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_(de_Sélincourt)197541-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_(de_Sélincourt)197541_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerodotus_(de_Sélincourt)1975">Herodotus (de Sélincourt) 1975</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)ilia/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰλιάς</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)iliako/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰλιακός</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)/ilios"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἴλιος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Hist.</a></i> 2.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackwell, Amy Hackney (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2007/06/iliad_scan">Robot Scans Ancient Manuscript in 3-D</a>." <i>Wired</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onassislibrary.gr/en/collection/items/39018_en/">"Homerus, <i>[Τὰ σωζόμενα]</i>"</a>. <i>Onassis Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onassis+Library&rft.atitle=Homerus%2C+%5B%CE%A4%E1%BD%B0+%CF%83%CF%89%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonassislibrary.gr%2Fen%2Fcollection%2Fitems%2F39018_en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i> (5 ed.) (1994). p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, John. <i>The Iliad as Oral Formulaic Poetry</i> (8 May 2006) University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 26 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord, Albert (1960). <i>The Singer of Tales</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 190, 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong, James I. (1958). "The Arming Motif in the Iliad." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Philology" title="American Journal of Philology">American Journal of Philology</a></i> 79(4):337–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i>, Book XVI, 130–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toohey, Peter (1992). <i>Reading Epic: An Introduction to the Ancient Narrative</i>. New Fetter Lane, London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=3">3.45</a>–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=59">59</a>–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Warfare" title="A History of Warfare">A History of Warfare</a></i>. p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0217:book=6">6.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahill, Tomas (2003). <i>Sailing the Wine Dark Sea: Why the Greeks Matter</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/armour5.htm">"The Greek Age of Bronze – Armour"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Age+of+Bronze+%E2%80%93+Armour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salimbeti.com%2Fmicenei%2Farmour5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lendon, J.E. (2005). <i>Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1:chapter=82">1.82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Wees, Hans. <i>Greek Warfare: Myth and Realities</i>. p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNennius" class="citation web cs1">Nennius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/nennius-full.asp">"Historia Brittonum"</a>. <i>Fordham University</i>. Paul Halsall<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fordham+University&rft.atitle=Historia+Brittonum&rft.au=Nennius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fbasis%2Fnennius-full.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/239234">"Thetis Transporting Arms for Achilles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thetis+Transporting+Arms+for+Achilles&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F239234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Boustani2012" class="citation book cs1">Al-Boustani, Suleyman (2012). <i>الإلياذة (Iliad)</i>. Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-719-184-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-719-184-5"><bdi>978-977-719-184-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A9+%28Iliad%29&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Hindawi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-977-719-184-5&rft.aulast=Al-Boustani&rft.aufirst=Suleyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_B._Lawrence_and_Aisha_Karim2008" class="citation book cs1">Bruce B. Lawrence and Aisha Karim (2008). <i>On Violence: A Reader</i>. Duke University Press. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3769-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3769-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-3769-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Violence%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3769-0&rft.au=Bruce+B.+Lawrence+and+Aisha+Karim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLogue2015" class="citation book cs1">Logue, Christopher (2015). "Introduction by Christopher Reid". <i>War Music, an account of Homer's Iliad</i>. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-31449-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-31449-2"><bdi>978-0-571-31449-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+by+Christopher+Reid&rft.btitle=War+Music%2C+an+account+of+Homer%27s+Iliad&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-571-31449-2&rft.aulast=Logue&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shanower" title="Eric Shanower">Eric Shanower</a>. <i>A Thousand Ships</i> (2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58240-200-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58240-200-0">1-58240-200-0</a>); —. <i>Sacrifice</i> (2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58240-360-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58240-360-0">1-58240-360-0</a>); —. <i>Betrayal, Part One</i> (2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58240-845-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58240-845-3">978-1-58240-845-3</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldswithoutend.com/novel.asp?ID=56">Ilium | WWEnd</a>, <i>worldswithoutend.com</i>. Retrieved 2 February 2025</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/">"All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=All+Time+Worldwide+Box+Office+Grosses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Falltime%2Fworld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOswald2011" class="citation book cs1">Oswald, Alice (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606191424/http://faber.co.uk/work/memorial/9780571274161/"><i>Memorial: An Excavation of the Iliad</i></a>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-27416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-27416-1"><bdi>978-0-571-27416-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faber.co.uk/work/memorial/9780571274161/">the original</a> on 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorial%3A+An+Excavation+of+the+Iliad&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-571-27416-1&rft.aulast=Oswald&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faber.co.uk%2Fwork%2Fmemorial%2F9780571274161%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolland2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Holland, Tom (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523130310/https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/10/homer-achilles-iliad-miller-2">"<i>The Song of Achilles</i> by Madeline Miller / <i>Memorial</i> by Alice Oswald. Surfing the rip tide of all things Homeric"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/10/homer-achilles-iliad-miller-2">the original</a> on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Song+of+Achilles+by+Madeline+Miller+%2F+Memorial+by+Alice+Oswald.+Surfing+the+rip+tide+of+all+things+Homeric&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2F10%2Fhomer-achilles-iliad-miller-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kellaway20111002-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kellaway20111002_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKellaway2011" class="citation news cs1">Kellaway, Kate (2 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/02/memorial-alice-oswald-review">"<i>Memorial</i> by Alice Oswald – review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Memorial+by+Alice+Oswald+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-10-02&rft.aulast=Kellaway&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Foct%2F02%2Fmemorial-alice-oswald-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Higgins" title="Charlotte Higgins">Higgins, Charlotte</a> (28 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/28/song-achilles-madeline-miller-iliad">"<i>The Song of Achilles</i> by Madeline Miller, and more – review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Song+of+Achilles+by+Madeline+Miller%2C+and+more+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Foct%2F28%2Fsong-achilles-madeline-miller-iliad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2011" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (20 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/20/ts-eliot-prize-2011-shortlist">"TS Eliot prize 2011 shortlist revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=TS+Eliot+prize+2011+shortlist+revealed&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Foct%2F20%2Fts-eliot-prize-2011-shortlist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaters2011" class="citation news cs1">Waters, Florence (6 December 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/8938343/Poet-withdraws-from-TS-Eliot-prize-over-sponsorship.html">"Poet withdraws from TS Eliot prize over sponsorship"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/8938343/Poet-withdraws-from-TS-Eliot-prize-over-sponsorship.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Poet+withdraws+from+TS+Eliot+prize+over+sponsorship&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fbooknews%2F8938343%2FPoet-withdraws-from-TS-Eliot-prize-over-sponsorship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2011" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (6 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/06/alice-oswald-withdraws-ts-eliot-prize">"Alice Oswald withdraws from TS Eliot prize in protest at sponsor Aurum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alice+Oswald+withdraws+from+TS+Eliot+prize+in+protest+at+sponsor+Aurum&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fdec%2F06%2Falice-oswald-withdraws-ts-eliot-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOswald2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Oswald" title="Alice Oswald">Oswald, Alice</a> (12 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/12/ts-eliot-poetry-prize-pulled-out">"Why I pulled out of the TS Eliot poetry prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+I+pulled+out+of+the+TS+Eliot+poetry+prize&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft.aulast=Oswald&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fdec%2F12%2Fts-eliot-poetry-prize-pulled-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madeline_Miller" title="Madeline Miller">Miller, Madeline</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Achilles" title="The Song of Achilles">The Song of Achilles</a></i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1603-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1603-5"><bdi>978-1-4088-1603-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/740635377">740635377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Song+of+Achilles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F740635377&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-1603-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCiabattari2012" class="citation news cs1">Ciabattari, Jane (21 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/20/madeline-miller-discusses-the-song-of-achilles.html">"Madeline Miller Discusses <i>The Song of Achilles</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Madeline+Miller+Discusses+The+Song+of+Achilles&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft.aulast=Ciabattari&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F03%2F20%2Fmadeline-miller-discusses-the-song-of-achilles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauser2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Hauser" title="Emily Hauser">Hauser, Emily</a> (2016). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=For_the_Most_Beautiful&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="For the Most Beautiful (page does not exist)">For the Most Beautiful</a></i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-784-16065-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-784-16065-4"><bdi>978-1-784-16065-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Most+Beautiful&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-784-16065-4&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Haynes" title="Natalie Haynes">Haynes, Natalie</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Ships" title="A Thousand Ships">A Thousand Ships</a></i>. London: Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-509-83621-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-509-83621-5"><bdi>978-1-509-83621-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Ships&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-509-83621-5&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nataliehaynes.com/books/a-thousand-ships">"Natalie Haynes: A Thousand Ships"</a>. <i>nataliehaynes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nataliehaynes.com&rft.atitle=Natalie+Haynes%3A+A+Thousand+Ships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnataliehaynes.com%2Fbooks%2Fa-thousand-ships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womensprize.com/announcing-the-2020-womens-prize-for-fiction-shortlist/">"Announcing the 2020 Women's Prize for Fiction shortlist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Women's Prize for Fiction">Women's Prize for Fiction</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Prize+for+Fiction&rft.atitle=Announcing+the+2020+Women%E2%80%99s+Prize+for+Fiction+shortlist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womensprize.com%2Fannouncing-the-2020-womens-prize-for-fiction-shortlist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFry2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Fry, Stephen</a> (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-42458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-42458-2"><bdi>978-0-241-42458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-241-42458-2&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutta2021" class="citation web cs1">Dutta, Shomit (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/classics/troy-stephen-fry-shmoit-dutta">"Troys for girls and boys"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The TLS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+TLS&rft.atitle=Troys+for+girls+and+boys&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Shomit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Fclassics%2Ftroy-stephen-fry-shmoit-dutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Barker, Pat</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Girls" title="The Silence of the Girls">The Silence of the Girls</a></i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98320-1"><bdi>978-0-241-98320-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silence+of+the+Girls&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-241-98320-1&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Barker, Pat</a> (2022). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Women_of_Troy_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Women of Troy (novel) (page does not exist)">The Women of Troy</a></i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98833-6"><bdi>978-0-241-98833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+of+Troy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-241-98833-6&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/21/best-books-of-the-21st-century">"The 100 best books of the 21st century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 21 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+100+best+books+of+the+21st+century&rft.date=2019-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fsep%2F21%2Fbest-books-of-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Shay" title="Jonathan Shay">Shay, Jonathan</a>. <i>Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character</i>. Scribner, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81321-9">978-0-684-81321-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shay, Jonathan. <i>Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming</i>. New York: Scribner, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1157-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1157-4">978-0-7432-1157-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikoletseas Michael M. The Iliad: The Male Totem, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4820-6900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4820-6900-6">978-1-4820-6900-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGutting1999" class="citation web cs1">Gutting, Edward (14 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999.10.14/">"Chapman's Homer. The Iliad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review" title="Bryn Mawr Classical Review">Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Chapman%E2%80%99s+Homer.+The+Iliad&rft.date=1999-10-14&rft.aulast=Gutting&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcr.brynmawr.edu%2F1999%2F1999.10.14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeats" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44481/on-first-looking-into-chapmans-homer">"On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=On+First+Looking+into+Chapman%27s+Homer&rft.aulast=Keats&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoems%2F44481%2Fon-first-looking-into-chapmans-homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/iliad-1898">The Iliad (1898)</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> [Retrieved 16 June 2016]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Wolff, Karl. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/iliad-new">The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander</a>." <i>New York Journal of Books</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowan_Williams2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> (6 September 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2023/09/homers-history-violence-the-iliad">"Homer's history of violence"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Homer%27s+history+of+violence&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.au=Rowan+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F2023%2F09%2Fhomers-history-violence-the-iliad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer2023" class="citation book cs1">Homer (2023). <i>The Iliad</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a>. New York, London: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00180-5"><bdi>978-1-324-00180-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-324-00180-5&rft.au=Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/722287142">722287142</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBird2010" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Graeme D. (2010). <i>Multitextuality in the Homeric Iliad: The Witness of the Ptolemaic Papyr</i>. Washington, D.C.: Center for Hellenic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05323-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05323-6"><bdi>978-0-674-05323-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multitextuality+in+the+Homeric+Iliad%3A+The+Witness+of+the+Ptolemaic+Papyr&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05323-6&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Graeme+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus_(de_Sélincourt)1975" class="citation book cs1">Burn, A. R.; de Sélincourt, Aubrey, eds. (1975) [1954]. <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Herodotus: The Histories</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051260-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051260-8"><bdi>0-14-051260-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%3A+The+Histories&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-14-051260-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Dunn" title="Daisy Dunn">Dunn, Daisy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-homer">"Who was Homer?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+Homer%3F&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fblog%2Fwho-was-homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler2004a" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, R. (2004a). "The Homeric question". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Homer</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Homeric+question&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Homer&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler2004b" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, R. (2004b). "The poet's craft". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Homer</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+poet%E2%80%99s+craft&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Homer&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1987" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, M., ed. (1987). <i>Homer, </i>The Iliad<i><span></span></i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%2C+The+Iliad&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1951" class="citation cs2"><i>The Iliad by Homer</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lattimore" title="Richmond Lattimore">Lattimore, Richmond</a>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad+by+Homer&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReadyTsagalis2018" class="citation book cs1">Ready, Jonathan L.; Tsagalis, Christos C., eds. (2018). <i>Homer in Performance: Rhapsodes, Narrators, and Characters</i>. University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+in+Performance%3A+Rhapsodes%2C+Narrators%2C+and+Characters&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Budimir" title="Milan Budimir">Budimir, Milan</a> (1940). <i>On the Iliad and Its Poet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Iliad+and+Its+Poet&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Budimir&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. No bibliographic detail can be found. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>De Jong, Irene (2012). <i>Iliad. Book XXII,</i> Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70977-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70977-4">978-0-521-70977-4</a></li> <li>Edwards, Mark W.; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, G. S.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sKGGd1JuqoC"><i>The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume V, Books 17–20</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30959-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30959-X">0-521-30959-X</a></li> <li>Edwards, Mark W.; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Janko" title="Richard Janko">Janko, Richard</a>; Kirk, G. S., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JojMmQEACAAJ">The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume IV, Books 13–16</a>, </i>Cambridge University Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28171-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28171-7">0-521-28171-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Fox, Robin Lane</a> (2008). <i>Travelling Heroes: Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9980-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9980-8"><bdi>978-0-7139-9980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+Heroes%3A+Greeks+and+their+myths+in+the+epic+age+of+Homer&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9980-8&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Graziosi" title="Barbara Graziosi">Graziosi, Barbara</a>; Haubold, Johannes, <i>Iliad: Book VI</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87884-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87884-5">978-0-521-87884-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kouroupis, Georgios; Tsiplakos, Ioannis (2022). <i>The Iliad: honour and glory in Wilios</i>. Athens: Akritas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-84202-9-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-84202-9-8"><bdi>978-618-84202-9-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad%3A+honour+and+glory+in+Wilios&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Akritas&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-618-84202-9-8&rft.aulast=Kouroupis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft.au=Tsiplakos%2C+Ioannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, G. S.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TguHR9k8DQ8C">The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume I, Books 1–4</a>, </i>Cambridge University Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23709-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23709-2">0-521-23709-2</a></li> <li>Kirk, G. S., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZdxbCe84z0C">The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume II, Books 5–8</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23710-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23710-6">0-521-23710-6</a></li> <li>Hainsworth, Bryan; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, G.S.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URaInQEACAAJ">The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume III, Books 9–12</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23711-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23711-4">0-521-23711-4</a>]</li> <li>Murray, A. T.; Wyatt, William F., <i>Homer: The Iliad, Books I–XII</i>, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99579-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99579-6">978-0-674-99579-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Martin (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iliad0000muel"><i>The Iliad</i></a></span>. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-800027-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-800027-2"><bdi>0-04-800027-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-04-800027-2&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filiad0000muel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Nagy, Gregory</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217125451/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofATL/toc.html"><i>The Best of the Achaeans</i></a>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2388-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-2388-9"><bdi>0-8018-2388-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/BofATL/toc.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+the+Achaeans&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8018-2388-9&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.jhu.edu%2Fbooks%2Fnagy%2FBofATL%2Ftoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Page, Denys Lionel</a> (1959). <i>History and the Homeric Iliad</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00983-7"><bdi>978-0-520-00983-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Homeric+Iliad&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00983-7&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Denys+Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Powell" title="Barry B. Powell">Powell, Barry B.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homer00powe"><i>Homer</i></a></span>. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5325-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-5325-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5325-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomer00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Richardson" title="Nicholas Richardson">Richardson, Nicholas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, G. S.</a>, <i>The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume VI, Books 21–24, </i>Cambridge University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30960-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30960-3">0-521-30960-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seaford" title="Richard Seaford">Seaford, Richard</a> (1994). <i>Reciprocity and Ritual</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815036-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815036-9"><bdi>0-19-815036-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reciprocity+and+Ritual&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-815036-9&rft.aulast=Seaford&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Thurman" title="Judith Thurman">Thurman, Judith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/09/18/emily-wilson-profile">"Mother Tongue: How Emily Wilson makes Homer modern"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 18 September 2023, pp. 46–53. Long-form article on <a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a>'s Homer translations.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC"><i>The East Face of Helicon</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815221-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815221-3"><bdi>0-19-815221-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Face+of+Helicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-815221-3&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIp0RYIjazQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIliad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABWYSMNWjlIC"><i>Studies in the text and transmission of the Iliad</i></a>, Munich : K. G. Saur, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-73005-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-73005-5">3-598-73005-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iliad&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iliad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iliad">Iliad</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Iliad"><i>The Iliad</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="el" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82" class="extiw" title="s:el:Ιλιάς">Ἰλιάς</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Iliad</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iliad&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iliad">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iliad&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/homer/the-iliad/william-cullen-bryant"><i>The Iliad</i>, translated by William Cullen Bryant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Iliad&author=HOMER&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Iliad</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li>Multiple translations of the Iliad at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51355"><i>The Iliad of Homer</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6130"><i>The Iliad of Homer</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, at Project Gutenberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16452"><i>The Iliad of Homer</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a>, at Project Gutenberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22382"><i>The Iliad of Homer</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Alois_Buckley" title="Theodore Alois Buckley">Theodore Alois Buckley</a>, at Project Gutenberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6150"><i>The Iliad of Homer</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward, Earl of Derby</a>, at Project Gutenberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3059"><i>The Iliad of Homer</i></a>, by Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf and Ernest Meyers, at Project Gutenberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2199"><i>The Iliad of Homer</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a>, at Project Gutenberg</li></ul></li> <li><i>Iliad</i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hom.+Il.+1.1">from the Perseus Project</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">PP</a>), with the Murray and Butler translations and hyperlinks to mythological and grammatical commentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitbucket.org/ben-crowell/ransom/src/master/README.md"><i>Iliad</i></a>: the Greek text presented with the translation by Buckley and vocabulary, notes, and analysis of difficult grammatical forms</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moebio.com/iliad/"><i>Gods, Achaeans and Troyans</i></a>. An interactive visualization of <i>The Iliad</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s characters flow and relations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/TheIliad.html#Iliad"><i>The Iliad</i>: A Study Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042345/http://www.iliadtranslation.com/The-Iliad-About.html">Comments on background, plot, themes, authorship, and translation issues</a> by 2008 translator Herbert Jordan.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccunecollection.org/Iliad%20of%20Homer.html">Flaxman illustrations of the <i>Iliad</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shmoop.com/iliad/">The <i>Iliad</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815083712/http://www.shmoop.com/iliad/">Archived</a> 15 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> study guide, themes, quotes, teacher resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050607/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00050607&seite=1">Digital facsimile of the first printed publication (<i>editio princeps</i>) of the <i>Iliad</i> in Homeric Greek by Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epic_Cycle14" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epic_Cycle" title="Template:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epic_Cycle" title="Template talk:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epic_Cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epic_Cycle14" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Stasinus" title="Stasinus">Stasinus</a>)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iliad</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lesches" title="Lesches">Lesches</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Agias" title="Agias">Agias</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eumelus_of_Corinth" title="Eumelus of Corinth">Eumelus of Corinth</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eugammon_of_Cyrene" title="Eugammon of Cyrene">Eugammon of Cyrene</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_related_to_Homer_in_antiquity69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homer" title="Template:Homer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homer" title="Template talk:Homer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_related_to_Homer_in_antiquity69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works related to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> in antiquity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributed to Homer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batrachomyomachia" title="Batrachomyomachia">Batrachomyomachia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cercopes_(epic_poem)" title="Cercopes (epic poem)">Cercopes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Homer)" title="Epigrams (Homer)">Epigrams</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kiln_(poem)" title="Kiln (poem)">Kiln</a>")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margites" title="Margites">Margites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oechalia" title="Capture of Oechalia">Capture of Oechalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phocais" title="Phocais">Phocais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/72px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/108px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/144px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About Homer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Homer_(Pseudo-Herodotus)" title="Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)">Life of Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Thebes299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Thebes" title="Template:Kings of Thebes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Thebes" title="Template talk:Kings of Thebes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Thebes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Thebes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Thebes299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theban_kings_in_Greek_mythology" title="Theban kings in Greek mythology">Kings of Thebes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydnus" title="Calydnus">Calydnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogyges" title="Ogyges">Ogyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydorus_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydorus of Thebes">Polydorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycteus" title="Nycteus">Nycteus</a> (regent for Labdacus) and <a href="/wiki/Lycus_(Thebes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycus (Thebes)">Lycus I</a> (regent for Labdacus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labdacus" title="Labdacus">Labdacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycus_(Thebes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycus (Thebes)">Lycus I</a> (regent for Laius)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphion_and_Zethus" title="Amphion and Zethus">Amphion and Zethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">Laius</a> (second rule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Creon of Thebes">Creon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Creon of Thebes">Creon</a> (second rule) (regent for Eteocles and Polynices)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Creon of Thebes">Creon</a> (third rule) (regent for Laodamas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycus_of_Euboea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycus of Euboea">Lycus II</a> (usurper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodamas" title="Laodamas">Laodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersander" title="Thersander">Thersander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneleos" title="Peneleos">Peneleos</a> (regent for Tisamenus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisamenus_(King_of_Thebes)" title="Tisamenus (King of Thebes)">Tisamenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autesion" title="Autesion">Autesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasichthon_(King_of_Thebes)" title="Damasichthon (King of Thebes)">Damasichthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Thebes" title="Ptolemy of Thebes">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos_(King_of_Thebes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthos (King of Thebes)">Xanthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)" title="Antigone (Sophocles play)"><i>Antigone</i> (Sophocles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Euripides_play)" title="Antigone (Euripides play)"><i>Antigone</i> (Euripides play)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herakles_(Euripides)" title="Herakles (Euripides)">Herakles</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_(Euripides)" title="Oedipus (Euripides)">Oedipus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Th%C3%A9ba%C3%AFde" title="La Thébaïde">La Thébaïde</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">Necklace of Harmonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theban_kings" title="Category:Theban kings">Category:Theban kings</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal:Ancient Greece</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Homer&#039;s_Iliad169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iliad_navbox" title="Template:Iliad navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iliad_navbox" title="Template talk:Iliad navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iliad_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iliad navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Homer&#039;s_Iliad169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iliad</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achaeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamas" title="Acamas">Acamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> (king of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapenor" title="Agapenor">Agapenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Greater</a> (king of Salamis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimus_(mythology)" title="Alcimus (mythology)">Alcimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus_(mythology)" title="Arcesilaus (mythology)">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Ares)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balius_and_Xanthus" title="Balius and Xanthus">Balius and Xanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_(mythology)" title="Bias (mythology)">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a> (prophet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> (king of Argos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephenor" title="Elephenor">Elephenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epeius" title="Epeius">Epeius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoros" title="Eudoros">Eudoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybates" title="Eurybates">Eurybates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydamas" title="Eurydamas">Eurydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypylus_(king_of_Thessaly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypylus (king of Thessaly)">Eurypylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guneus" title="Guneus">Guneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> (queen of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ialmenus" title="Ialmenus">Ialmenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a> (king of Crete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a> (princess of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitus" title="Leitus">Leitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonteus_(mythology)" title="Leonteus (mythology)">Leonteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycomedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycomedes">Lycomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaon_(mythology)" title="Machaon (mythology)">Machaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meges" title="Meges">Meges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> (king of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menestheus" title="Menestheus">Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriones_(mythology)" title="Meriones (mythology)">Meriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> (king of Pylos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nireus" title="Nireus">Nireus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> (king of Ithaca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(mythology)" title="Palamedes (mythology)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneleos" title="Peneleos">Peneleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes" title="Philoctetes">Philoctetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Amyntor)" title="Phoenix (son of Amyntor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalirius" title="Podalirius">Podalirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podarces" title="Podarces">Podarces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoetes" title="Polypoetes">Polypoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promachus" title="Promachus">Promachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protesilaus" title="Protesilaus">Protesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothoenor" title="Prothoenor">Prothoenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schedius" title="Schedius">Schedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentor" title="Stentor">Stentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthenelus" title="Sthenelus">Sthenelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talthybius" title="Talthybius">Talthybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Aetolia)" title="Thoas (king of Aetolia)">Thoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlepolemus" title="Tlepolemus">Tlepolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> (royal demigod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesepus" title="Aesepus">Aesepus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor,_son_of_Antenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor, son of Antenor">Agenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcathous" title="Alcathous">Alcathous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimachus" title="Amphimachus">Amphimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenor_(Trojan)" title="Antenor (Trojan)">Antenor</a> (king's brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelochus" title="Archelochus">Archelochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asius_(mythology)" title="Asius (mythology)">Asius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropaios" title="Asteropaios">Asteropaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyanax" title="Astyanax">Astyanax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atymnius" title="Atymnius">Atymnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axylus" title="Axylus">Axylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calesius" title="Calesius">Calesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletor" title="Caletor">Caletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryses">Chryses</a> (priest of Apollo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6n" title="Coön">Coön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolon_(mythology)" title="Dolon (mythology)">Dolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistrophus_(mythology)" title="Epistrophus (mythology)">Epistrophus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemus" title="Euphemus">Euphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbus" title="Euphorbus">Euphorbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucus (soldier)">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgythion" title="Gorgythion">Gorgythion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a> (queen of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperenor" title="Hyperenor">Hyperenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsenor" title="Hypsenor">Hypsenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamenus" title="Iamenus">Iamenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbrius" title="Imbrius">Imbrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphidamas" title="Iphidamas">Iphidamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebriones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebriones">Kebriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon of Troy">Lycaon</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippus" title="Melanippus">Melanippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a> (King of Ethiopia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Cicones)" title="Mentes (King of the Cicones)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydon" title="Mydon">Mydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mygdon_of_Phrygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mygdon of Phrygia">Mygdon of Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othryoneus" title="Othryoneus">Othryoneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasus" title="Pedasus">Pedasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirous" title="Peirous">Peirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a> (Queen of the Amazons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phorcys (Trojan War)">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podes" title="Podes">Podes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_(mythology)" title="Polydamas (mythology)">Polydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybus (Trojan War)">Polybus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydorus_of_Troy" title="Polydorus of Troy">Polydorus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxena" title="Polyxena">Polyxena</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> (king of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaemenes" title="Pylaemenes">Pylaemenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaeus" title="Pylaeus">Pylaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyraechmes" title="Pyraechmes">Pyraechmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus of Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a> (king of Lycia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrius_(Trojan_War)" title="Scamandrius (Trojan War)">Scamandrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano" title="Theano">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_of_Zeus" title="Deception of Zeus">Deception of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Battle_Order" title="Trojan Battle Order">Trojan Battle Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship" title="Homeric scholarship">Homeric scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Laughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Laughter">Homeric Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorizontes" title="Chorizontes">Chorizontes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgensen%27s_law" title="Jørgensen's law">Jørgensen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Iliad</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Iliad_or_the_Poem_of_Force" title="The Iliad or the Poem of Force">The Iliad or the Poem of Force</a>" (1939 essay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">Interpretation of Achilles' and Patroclus' relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milawata_letter" title="Milawata letter">Milawata letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rediscovering_Homer" title="Rediscovering Homer">Rediscovering Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Iliad" title="Ambrosian Iliad">Ambrosian Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_20" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_21" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_098" title="Uncial 098">Uncial 098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetus_A" title="Venetus A">Venetus A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetus_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venetus B (page does not exist)">Venetus B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Latina" title="Ilias Latina">Ilias Latina</a></i> (60–70 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictys_Cretensis" title="Dictys Cretensis">Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani</a></i> (c. 4th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia</a></i> (5th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermoniakos%27_Iliad" title="Hermoniakos' Iliad">Hermoniakos' Iliad</a></i> (14th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Aida" title="Men in Aida">Men in Aida</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Homer" title="On Translating Homer">On Translating Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> (19 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priapea_68" title="Priapea 68">Priapea 68</a></i> (c. 100)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Troie" title="Roman de Troie">Roman de Troie</a></i> (1155)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_bello_Troiano" title="De bello Troiano">De bello Troiano</a></i> (1183)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i> (c. 1380s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock" title="The Rape of the Lock">The Rape of the Lock</a></i> (1712)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shield_of_Achilles" title="The Shield of Achilles">The Shield of Achilles</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_Music_(poem)" title="War Music (poem)">War Music</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omeros" title="Omeros">Omeros</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebrand_(Bradley_novel)" title="The Firebrand (Bradley novel)">The Firebrand</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Ships_Before_Troy" title="Black Ships Before Troy">Black Ships Before Troy</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(novel)" title="Troy (novel)">Troy</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(novel)" title="Ilium (novel)">Ilium</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ransom_(Malouf_novel)" title="Ransom (Malouf novel)">Ransom</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Achilles" title="The Song of Achilles">The Song of Achilles</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starcrossed_(novel)" title="Starcrossed (novel)">Starcrossed</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Girls" title="The Silence of the Girls">The Silence of the Girls</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_(play)" title="Rhesus (play)">Rhesus</a></i> (5th century BC play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_War_Will_Not_Take_Place" title="The Trojan War Will Not Take Place">The Trojan War Will Not Take Place</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_(musical)" title="The Golden Apple (musical)">The Golden Apple</a></i> (1954 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_(1924_film)" title="Helena (1924 film)">Helena</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(film)" title="Helen of Troy (film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Horse_(film)" title="The Trojan Horse (film)">The Trojan Horse</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(film)" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_Makers" title="The Myth Makers">The Myth Makers</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Trojan_War" title="In Search of the Trojan War">In Search of the Trojan War</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(miniseries)" title="Helen of Troy (miniseries)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (2003 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troy:_Fall_of_a_City" title="Troy: Fall of a City">Troy: Fall of a City</a></i> (2018 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Priam" title="King Priam">King Priam</a></i> (1961 Tippett opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Steel" title="The Triumph of Steel">The Triumph of Steel</a></i> (1992 album)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Was_Silence" title="And Then There Was Silence">And Then There Was Silence</a>" (2001 song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabulae_Iliacae" title="Tabulae Iliacae">Tabulae Iliacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Briseis" title="Achilles and Briseis">Achilles and Briseis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andromache_Mourning_Hector" title="Andromache Mourning Hector">Andromache Mourning Hector</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anger_of_Achilles" title="The Anger of Achilles">The Anger of Achilles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ambassadors_of_Agamemnon_in_the_tent_of_Achilles" title="The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles">The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Homer_(Ingres)" title="The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres)">The Apotheosis of Homer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_and_Thetis" title="Jupiter and Thetis">Jupiter and Thetis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Paris_and_Helen" title="The Loves of Paris and Helen">The Loves of Paris and Helen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_supporting_the_body_of_Patroclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus">Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes_Pursued_by_the_Furies" title="Orestes Pursued by the Furies">Orestes Pursued by the Furies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revelers_Vase" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revelers Vase">The Revelers Vase</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thetis_Receiving_the_Weapons_of_Achilles_from_Hephaestus" title="Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus">Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Achilles%27_heel" title="Achilles' heel">Achilles' heel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ever_to_Excel" title="Ever to Excel">Ever to Excel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_your_horses" title="Hold your horses">Hold your horses</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warriors:_Legends_of_Troy" title="Warriors: Legends of Troy">Warriors: Legends of Troy</a></i> (video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Bronze_(comics)" title="Age of Bronze (comics)">Age of Bronze</a></i> (comics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Homericae" title="Sortes Homericae">Sortes Homericae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_(commentator)" title="Heraclitus (commentator)">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighing_of_souls" title="Weighing of souls">Weighing of souls</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_Troy_Once_Stood" title="Where Troy Once Stood">Where Troy Once Stood</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_rain" title="Blood rain">Blood rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_epic_poems61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_epic_poems" title="Template talk:National epic poems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_epic_poems61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epic poems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fierro" title="Martín Fierro">Martín Fierro</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/La_Araucana" title="La Araucana"><i>La Araucana</i>/<i>The Araucaniad</i></a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/O_Uraguai" title="O Uraguai">O Uraguai</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Caramuru_(epic_poem)" title="Caramuru (epic poem)">Caramuru</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_(poem)" title="Tabaré (poem)">Tabaré (poem)</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Sasna Dzrer</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Trai_Bhet" title="Trai Bhet">Trai Bhet</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Vepkhistkaosani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vepkhistkaosani">Vepkhistkaosani</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Epic of Manas</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Lak Phra Lam">Phra Lak Phra Lam</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah" title="Hikayat Hang Tuah">Hikayat Hang Tuah</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Sejarah Melayu</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">La Chanson de Roland</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></dt> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iliad</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Sziget" title="The Siege of Sziget">The Siege of Sziget</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis" title="Lāčplēsis">Lāčplēsis</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata">Sundiata</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8275#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2843" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8275#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2843" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8275#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316731083">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/253348060">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175767070">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8593159477927627990008">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7428159477766027990005">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1308167807355418130005">6</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4135525-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78030104">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008256j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008256j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01012133">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36220014">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2548935">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000240124&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000318497&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=177581">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=60543">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lpxg5s21zpr23">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662921405606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811529045305606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/11209">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007524335905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614373206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027538966">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028198751">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/1eeee35d-29f2-4ca2-9bf7-14b3db16903a">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iliad&oldid=1281072725">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iliad&oldid=1281072725</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iliad" title="Category:Iliad">Iliad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_BC_books" title="Category:8th-century BC books">8th-century BC books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_BC_poems" title="Category:8th-century BC poems">8th-century BC poems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_adapted_into_films" title="Category:Poems adapted into films">Poems adapted into films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_domain_books" title="Category:Public domain books">Public domain books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trojan_War_literature" title="Category:Trojan War literature">Trojan War literature</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from November 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from October 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from October 2023">Articles with failed verification from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2025">Use dmy dates from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_link_to_foreign-language_Wikisources" title="Category:Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources">Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Attic_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Attic Greek IPA">Pages with Attic Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2012" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2012">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 March 2025, at 03:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iliad&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><i>Iliad</i></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>145 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-dd5c8cc7b-r4r4d","wgBackendResponseTime":288,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.682","walltime":"2.178","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18484,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":327316,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28428,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":343176,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1795.150 1 -total"," 26.99% 484.537 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.58% 207.966 31 Template:Cite_book"," 8.71% 156.435 1 Template:Infobox_poem"," 8.47% 152.108 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.79% 121.866 27 Template:Lang"," 6.00% 107.752 13 Template:Poemquote"," 5.64% 101.192 13 Template:Blockquote"," 4.64% 83.270 4 Template:Side_box"," 4.56% 81.885 3 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.941","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20450006,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdkinsPollard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Boustani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBird2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_B._Lawrence_and_Aisha_Karim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiabattari2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrielaard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutta2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrobish2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutting1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauser2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus_(de_Sélincourt)1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeats\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellaway2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKullmann1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattimore1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogue2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikalson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNennius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOswald2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReadyTsagalis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowan_Williams2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaters2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Wees2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Epic Cycle\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harv\"] = 12,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Herodotus\"] = 1,\n [\"Homer\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 17,\n [\"Iliad\"] = 11,\n [\"Iliad navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox poem\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 23,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"National epic poems\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 13,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 7,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Theban Kings\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 25,\n [\"Trojan War\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-rtbfw","timestamp":"20250318161317","ttl":1151206,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Iliad","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iliad","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8275","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8275","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-27T14:51:59Z","dateModified":"2025-03-18T03:13:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/38\/Detail._Wooden_board_inscribed_in_ink_with_lines_468-473%2C_Book_I_of_Homer%27s_Iliad._Roman_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum.jpg","headline":"epic poem attributed to Homer"}</script> </body> </html>