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<li id="toc-Victorian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Victorian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900_to_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900_to_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1900 to 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900_to_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_to_1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_to_1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1945 to 1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_to_1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Takeover_by_Nestlé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takeover_by_Nestlé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Takeover by Nestlé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takeover_by_Nestlé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_branded_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_branded_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current branded products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_branded_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English confectionery company</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the joint venture (1969–1988) with Mackintosh Co., see <a href="/wiki/Rowntree_Mackintosh_Confectionery" title="Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery">Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nestlé UK Ltd.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowntree%27s_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Rowntree%27s_logo.png/220px-Rowntree%27s_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a8/Rowntree%27s_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Rowntree's</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree_Mackintosh_Confectionery" title="Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery">Rowntree Mackintosh P L C</a> (1897–1987)<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Rowntree Limited (1987–1991)<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">Confectionery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1862<span class="noprint">; 162 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1862</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Isaac_Rowntree" title="Henry Isaac Rowntree">Henry Isaac Rowntree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_(Philanthropist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rowntree (Philanthropist)">Joseph Rowntree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Sweets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Jelly Tots</li> <li>Randoms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Gums" title="Rowntree's Fruit Gums">Fruit Gums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Fruit Pastilles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Cowan Company of Toronto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale%27s" title="Gale's">Gale's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoadley%27s_Chocolates" title="Hoadley's Chocolates">Hoadley's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Sam_Pretzels" title="Hot Sam Pretzels">Hot Sam Pretzels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menier_Chocolate" title="Menier Chocolate">Menier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Chocolates" title="Laura Secord Chocolates">Laura Secord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Snacks" title="Tom's Snacks">Tom's Foods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowntrees.co.uk">rowntrees<wbr />.co<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nestlé UK Ltd.</b><sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NESS</span>-lay</i></a>), <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trading as</a> <b>Rowntree's</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROWN</span>-treez</i></a>), is a British <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a> brand and a former business based in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England. Rowntree developed the <a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a> (introduced in 1935), <a href="/wiki/Aero_(chocolate_bar)" title="Aero (chocolate bar)">Aero</a> (introduced in 1935), <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Fruit Pastilles</a> (introduced in 1881), <a href="/wiki/Smarties" title="Smarties">Smarties</a> (introduced in 1937) brands, and the <a href="/wiki/Rolo" title="Rolo">Rolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quality_Street_(confectionery)" title="Quality Street (confectionery)">Quality Street</a> brands when it merged with <a href="/wiki/Mackintosh%27s" title="Mackintosh's">Mackintosh's</a> in 1969 to form <a href="/wiki/Rowntree_Mackintosh_Confectionery" title="Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery">Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery</a>. Rowntree's also launched <a href="/wiki/After_Eight" title="After Eight">After Eight</a> thin mint chocolates in 1962. The <a href="/wiki/Yorkie_(chocolate_bar)" title="Yorkie (chocolate bar)">Yorkie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion_(bar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion (bar)">Lion</a> bars were introduced in 1976. Rowntree's also pioneered the festive <a href="/wiki/Selection_box" title="Selection box">selection box</a> (a gift consisting of assorted bars and sweets) which in the UK have been a staple gift at Christmas for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Box_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Box-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1862, the company developed strong associations with <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> philanthropy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was one of the big three confectionery manufacturers in the United Kingdom, alongside <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">Fry</a>, both also founded by Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Rowntree's received the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Awards_for_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Awards for Enterprise">Queen's Award for Enterprise</a> for outstanding contribution to international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Times60907_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times60907-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, when the company was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, it was the fourth-largest confectionery manufacturer in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rowntree brand continues to be used to market Nestlé's jelly sweet brands, such as <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Gums" title="Rowntree's Fruit Gums">Fruit Gums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Fruit Pastilles</a>. Rowntree’s ceased to exist as a corporate entity in 1991, becoming Nestlé UK.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_era">Victorian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Victorian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowntree's was founded in 1862 at <a href="/wiki/Castlegate_(York)" title="Castlegate (York)">Castlegate</a>, in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Isaac_Rowntree" title="Henry Isaac Rowntree">Henry Isaac Rowntree</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>, as the company manager bought out the <a href="/wiki/Tuke_family" title="Tuke family">Tuke family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864, Rowntree acquired an old iron foundry at Tanner's Moat for £1,000, and moved production there.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald48_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald48-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, the factory was staffed by 12 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Vernon2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernon2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1869, Rowntree was in financial difficulties and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_(philanthropist)" title="Joseph Rowntree (philanthropist)">Joseph Rowntree</a>, joined him in full partnership, and H.I. Rowntree & Co was formally established.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald48_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald48-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_rowntree_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Joseph_rowntree_old.jpg/150px-Joseph_rowntree_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Joseph_rowntree_old.jpg/225px-Joseph_rowntree_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Joseph_rowntree_old.jpg/300px-Joseph_rowntree_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Rowntree became owner of the company when his brother and founder, Henry, died in 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1881, Rowntree introduced <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Fruit Pastilles</a>, competing against French imports of the time, and the product proved to be a great success, accounting for about 25% of the company's tonnage by 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This success allowed the company to invest in a <a href="/wiki/Coenraad_Johannes_van_Houten" title="Coenraad Johannes van Houten">Van Houten press</a>, which enabled it to produce chocolate with the cocoa butter removed, to compete with Cadbury's successful Cocoa Essence.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald58_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald58-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1890s, Rowntree transformed from a small family business into a large-scale manufacturer, as sales more than quadrupled due to an increased demand among the public for confectionery.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a> established a small research and testing laboratory for analysing ingredients and rival company products.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald76_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald76-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, to cater for this increased demand, Rowntree acquired a 20-acre site at Haxby Road on the outskirts of York.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald61_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald61-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tanner's Moat site had become too small for Rowntree's needs, and the company had noted the success of Cadbury's purpose-built factory in <a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald61_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald61-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, the company introduced <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Gums" title="Rowntree's Fruit Gums">Rowntree's Fruit Gums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald62_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald62-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1897, the unlimited partnership needed external funding for its expansion, and became a public <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">limited liability</a> company called Rowntree & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald69_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald69-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Fitzgerald has accused the company of being slow in new product development and marketing compared to its major competitor of the period, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald74_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald74-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzgerald suggests that Joseph Rowntree imitated the successes of competitors (Cadbury's Cocoa Essence, French fruit pastilles) and that under his leadership, the company did not introduce any innovations of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald74_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald74-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1898, the company acquired its own cocoa plantations in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald76_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald76-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899, Rowntree introduced its first <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">milk chocolate</a> block. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900_to_1945">1900 to 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1900 to 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowntree%27s_Cocoa_-_TWCMS-G11480_(16692709351).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rowntree%27s_Cocoa_-_TWCMS-G11480_%2816692709351%29.jpg/170px-Rowntree%27s_Cocoa_-_TWCMS-G11480_%2816692709351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rowntree%27s_Cocoa_-_TWCMS-G11480_%2816692709351%29.jpg/255px-Rowntree%27s_Cocoa_-_TWCMS-G11480_%2816692709351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rowntree%27s_Cocoa_-_TWCMS-G11480_%2816692709351%29.jpg/340px-Rowntree%27s_Cocoa_-_TWCMS-G11480_%2816692709351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Rowntree's Cocoa tin manufactured between 1936 and 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Rowntree had struggled to make a milk chocolate product of comparable quality or value to Cadbury's Dairy Milk.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald89_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Rowntree even described the growing market for milk chocolate as a fad.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald102_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowntree's poor performance in the category became a major problem from 1914 onwards, as British public preference continued to move towards milk chocolate, and away from the more bitter cocoa essence products.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald89_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowntree's two major rivals, Cadbury and Fry, merged in 1918, and although Rowntree was invited to participate in the merger, the company declined to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Rowntree board was torn as to whether it should become a low-turnover, high-quality product company or a mass producer of cheaper lines.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seebohm Rowntree inherited a struggling company when he succeeded his father as chairman in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, as a result of all its problems, Rowntree was approaching bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald89_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, Cowan Company of Toronto Limited (founded in 1890 as Cowan Cocoa and Chocolate), in Toronto, Canada, was acquired for $1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1931, Rowntree of Canada began to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Mackintosh%27s_Toffee" title="Mackintosh's Toffee">Mackintosh</a> <a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">toffees</a> under licence.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, the company began to market its fruit gums, and its pastilles from 1928, in the now familiar tube packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George Harris was appointed marketing manager for chocolate bars in January 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris had learned the latest marketing techniques while he was in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Robert Fitzgerald, "It was Harris's drive and insight which inspired his firm's renaissance in the 1930s."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, Rowntree appointed a new advertising agency, the London branch of <a href="/wiki/J._Walter_Thompson" title="J. Walter Thompson">J. Walter Thompson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thompson undertook extensive market research to discover what consumers wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this research, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_(chocolates)" title="Black Magic (chocolates)">Black Magic</a> assorted chocolate box was launched in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1935, Rowntree decided to abandon its attempt to compete with Cadbury Dairy Milk.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1935, Rowntree launched the <a href="/wiki/Aero_(chocolate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero (chocolate)">Aero</a>, an aerated milk chocolate.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chocolate Crisp, a wafer-and-chocolate bar later known as the <a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a>, was also launched in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, the Dairy Box of assorted chocolates was launched, using the market research that had been undertaken for Black Magic.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chocolate beans were first sold loose in 1938, but were later packaged in a cardboard tube and branded as <a href="/wiki/Smarties" title="Smarties">Smarties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polo_(confectionery)" title="Polo (confectionery)">Polo</a>, the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Mint_(candy)" title="Mint (candy)">mint</a> with a hole in the centre, was developed in 1939, but its introduction was delayed by the onset of war.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris was made company chairman in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_to_1988">1945 to 1988</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1945 to 1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Shau_Kei_Wan_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_HKMCD_British_foods_1940s_Rowntree%27s_Kit_Kat_Chocolate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HK_Shau_Kei_Wan_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_HKMCD_British_foods_1940s_Rowntree%27s_Kit_Kat_Chocolate.JPG/220px-HK_Shau_Kei_Wan_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_HKMCD_British_foods_1940s_Rowntree%27s_Kit_Kat_Chocolate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HK_Shau_Kei_Wan_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_HKMCD_British_foods_1940s_Rowntree%27s_Kit_Kat_Chocolate.JPG/330px-HK_Shau_Kei_Wan_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_HKMCD_British_foods_1940s_Rowntree%27s_Kit_Kat_Chocolate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HK_Shau_Kei_Wan_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_HKMCD_British_foods_1940s_Rowntree%27s_Kit_Kat_Chocolate.JPG/440px-HK_Shau_Kei_Wan_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence_HKMCD_British_foods_1940s_Rowntree%27s_Kit_Kat_Chocolate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Exhibit of British foods during World War II, including Rowntree's <a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Fruit Pastilles</a>. The Kit Kat adopted its familiar red packaging after the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rowntree entered the continental Europe market in the 1960s, establishing production facilities in Hamburg, Dijon, <a href="/wiki/Elst,_Gelderland" title="Elst, Gelderland">Elst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noisiel" title="Noisiel">Noisiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/After_Eight" title="After Eight">After Eight</a> thin mint chocolates were launched in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, the Rowntree board rejected a £37 million takeover bid from <a href="/wiki/General_Foods" title="General Foods">General Foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cadbury2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadbury2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Rowntree entered into a long-term agreement with <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">Hershey</a> whereby Hershey would produce Rowntree products under license in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowntree merged with John Mackintosh and Co in 1969, to become Rowntree Mackintosh.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackintosh produced <a href="/wiki/Rolo" title="Rolo">Rolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munchies_(confectionery)" title="Munchies (confectionery)">Munchies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caramac" title="Caramac">Caramac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quality_Street_(confectionery)" title="Quality Street (confectionery)">Quality Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hershey's began U.S. distribution of Kit Kat in 1970 and followed in 1971 with Rolo. </p><p>In 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh acquired <a href="/wiki/Menier_Chocolate" title="Menier Chocolate">Menier Chocolate</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald608_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald608-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the board attempted to diversify the business, and made a bid for <a href="/wiki/Bovril" title="Bovril">Bovril</a>, but lost out to <a href="/wiki/James_Goldsmith" title="James Goldsmith">James Goldsmith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cavenham_Foods" title="Cavenham Foods">Cavenham Foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald608_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald608-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Hoadley%27s_Chocolates" title="Hoadley's Chocolates">Hoadley's Chocolates</a> of Australia was acquired by Rowntree Mackintosh. This company had invented such products as the <a href="/wiki/Violet_Crumble" title="Violet Crumble">Violet Crumble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polly_Waffle" title="Polly Waffle">Polly Waffle</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestle_factory_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nestle_factory_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705613.jpg/220px-Nestle_factory_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nestle_factory_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705613.jpg/330px-Nestle_factory_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nestle_factory_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705613.jpg/440px-Nestle_factory_York_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A view of the Nestlé production facility in York, England, in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yorkie_(chocolate_bar)" title="Yorkie (chocolate bar)">Yorkie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Bar">Lion</a> chocolate bars were introduced in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, the Hershey contract was renegotiated, giving Hershey the rights to the Kit Kat and Rolo brands in the US in perpetuity.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dixon_(confectioner)" title="Ken Dixon (confectioner)">Ken Dixon</a> was appointed as chairman and chief executive in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1981 and 1987, Rowntree invested nearly £400 million in upgrading its manufacturing facilities and developing high-volume, product-dedicated equipment for several of the company's brands, including Kit Kat, After Eights, and Smarties.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1983 and 1987, Rowntree spent nearly £400 million on acquisitions, including <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Snacks" title="Tom's Snacks">Tom's Foods</a> for £138 million (1983), <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Chocolates" title="Laura Secord Chocolates">Laura Secord Chocolates</a> for £19 million (1983), <a href="/wiki/Hot_Sam_Pretzels" title="Hot Sam Pretzels">Hot Sam Pretzels</a> for £14 million (1986), the Sunmark confectionery business in the US for £156 million (1986), and <a href="/wiki/Gale%27s" title="Gale's">Gale's</a> honey for £11 million (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1982 and 1987, the number of UK staff was reduced from 19,700 to 15,600.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, Rowntree operated 25 factories in nine countries and employed 33,000 people, including close to 16,000 in its eight UK operations.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Group turnover was £1.4 billion, with the UK and Ireland accounting for 40% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Takeover_by_Nestlé"><span id="Takeover_by_Nestl.C3.A9"></span>Takeover by Nestlé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Takeover by Nestlé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 April 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> confectioner <a href="/wiki/Chocolat_Suchard" title="Chocolat Suchard">Jacobs Suchard</a> began a dawn raid on Rowntree's shares, which had been under-performing the market, although they were beginning to improve, taking a 14.9% stake in the company by 9:15 am.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the managing director of Nestlé, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Maucher" title="Helmut Maucher">Helmut Maucher</a>, contacted Kenneth Dixon, the chairman of Rowntree, offering to act as a <a href="/wiki/White_knight_(business)" title="White knight (business)">white knight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nestlé was the largest food company in the world, and had been interested in Rowntree previously, but the Rowntree board would aggressively contest any attempted takeover, and Nestlé had never undertaken a <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a> before.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nestlé was worried about the potential of Rowntree falling into the hands of one of its major competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowntree was the fourth-largest chocolate manufacturer in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, Incorporated">Mars</a>, Hershey, and Cadbury, with a 7% global market share.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nestlé eventually won control with an offer valuing Rowntree at £2.55 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategically, Nestlé had always seen Rowntree as a perfect fit for its own operations.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nestlé had strength in the block chocolate bar business, and Rowntree had strength in the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/countline" class="extiw" title="wikt:countline">countline</a> branded chocolate business.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowntree's strong global brands were the key reason for Nestlé's interest.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to potential synergies between the two companies, Nestlé believed that savings between 5 and 15% of Rowntree's operating costs could be made if the companies were to combine.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The takeover was controversial, as Nestlé was effectively protected from similar takeover attempts under Swiss law.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Nestlé takeover, the Rowntree chocolate ranges began to use the branding "Nestlé Rowntree", before eventually the Rowntree name was dropped from the packaging altogether, except on Rowntree's Cocoa and the Fruit Pastilles<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fruit Gums lines.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mackintosh branding was dropped from all former Rowntree Mackintosh products except for Mackintosh's Toffee.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1988 and 1994, the Nestlé Rowntree workforce was reduced by 2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nestlé Rowntree factory in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> closed in 1994, and <a href="/wiki/Rolo" title="Rolo">Rolo</a>, Yorkie, and Easter-egg production was moved to York.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2006, it was announced that the manufacture of Smarties would be relocated to Hamburg, resulting in 645 job losses at the York factory.<sup id="cite_ref-hamburg06_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamburg06-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of Dairy Box was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and Black Magic to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hamburg06_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamburg06-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2009, Nestlé launched a new jelly sweet, <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Randoms" title="Rowntree's Randoms">Rowntree's Randoms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in April 2012, another new jelly sweet, Fruit Bottles, both under the Rowntree's brand. </p><p>Nestlé has invested more than £200 million in the Rowntree business since 1988, making the York site one of the world's largest confectionery factories.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nestlé's global research centre for confectionery is also based in York, and doubled in size following a £7 million investment.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_branded_products">Current branded products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current branded products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jelly_tots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jelly_tots.jpg/220px-Jelly_tots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jelly_tots.jpg/330px-Jelly_tots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jelly_tots.jpg/440px-Jelly_tots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Jelly Tots</figcaption></figure> <p>The best known products that are still branded under the Rowntree name are <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Gums" title="Rowntree's Fruit Gums">Rowntree's Fruit Gums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles</a> and Jelly Tots.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_2007_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald_2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jelly Tots are soft, chewy fruit-flavoured sweets. They are round, sugar-coated gumdrop-like confections about 13mm in diameter, and contain 25% fruit juices and no artificial colours or flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jelly Tots were invented by Dr Brian Boffey of Horsforth, Leeds when he was working for Rowntree's.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jelly Tots were launched in 1965<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and quickly became established as a popular children's <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_2007_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald_2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Randoms" title="Rowntree's Randoms">Rowntree's Randoms</a> were introduced in 2009. </p><p>The Rowntree brand is also used on a number of ice lollies (made by <a href="/wiki/R%26R_Ice_Cream" class="mw-redirect" title="R&R Ice Cream">R&R Ice Cream</a>) for Nestlé.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brand has a similar marketplace to that of the <a href="/wiki/Trebor_Bassett" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebor Bassett">Trebor Bassett</a> division of <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a>'s, and competes head-to-head with this company in a number of fruit-gum categories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advertising">Advertising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company largely eschewed advertising before its establishment as a public company in 1897, when it employed <a href="/wiki/S._H._Benson" title="S. H. Benson">S. H. Benson</a> as its agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald90_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald90-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1930, the company considered that quality products would speak for themselves, and did not need advertising to sell their benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Rowntree changed their agency to the London branch of J. Walter Thompson.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00051491">"Nestlé UK Ltd. overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Companies_House" title="Companies House">Companies House</a>. 3 March 1897<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>This year, millions of selection boxes will be unwrapped across the country from the wee small hours of Christmas Day, continuing a tradition that goes back over 100 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yorkshire+Post&rft.atitle=Yorkshire%27s+role+in+the+changing+face+of+our+Christmas+selection+boxes&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshirepost.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fyorkshires-role-changing-face-our-christmas-selection-boxes-1807044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharities_Aid_Foundation2016" class="citation web cs1">Charities Aid Foundation (17 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@cafonline/meet-the-philanthropists-sweet-charity-how-cadbury-rowntree-and-fry-gave-us-some-of-our-d8e84f6f9fcc">"Meet The Philanthropists: sweet charity – how Cadbury, Rowntree and Fry gave us some of our…"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Meet+The+Philanthropists%3A+sweet+charity+%E2%80%93+how+Cadbury%2C+Rowntree+and+Fry+gave+us+some+of+our%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.au=Charities+Aid+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40cafonline%2Fmeet-the-philanthropists-sweet-charity-how-cadbury-rowntree-and-fry-gave-us-some-of-our-d8e84f6f9fcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2002" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Tim (2002). <i>Sweets: A History of Temptation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nestle.co.uk&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nestle.co.uk%2FAboutNestle%2FTheNestleStory%2FHistoryOfRowntree%2FHistoryOfRowntree.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald48-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald48_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald48_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernon2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2005_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon2005" class="citation book cs1">Vernon, Anne (2005). <i>Quaker Business Man: The Life of Joseph Rowntree</i>. 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href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald5_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, pp. 58, 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald76-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald76_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald76_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald61-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald61_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald61_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald62-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald62_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald69-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald69_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald74-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald74_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald74_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald89-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald89_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald89_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald89_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald102-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald102_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=47603&back">"Oxford DNB"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306163538/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=47603&back">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+DNB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Ftemplates%2Farticle.jsp%3Farticleid%3D47603%26back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadbury2010-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cadbury2010_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadbury2010" class="citation book cs1">Cadbury, Deborah (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208"><i>Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK%3A+Nestle+Rowntree+%E2%80%93+A+bittersweet+tale.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.managementtoday.co.uk%2Fnews%2F409657%2Fuk-nestle-rowntree---bittersweet-tale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128073859/http://www.rowntrees.co.uk/range/fruitpastilles.aspx">"Rowntrees: Fruit Pastilles"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marketing+Week&rft.atitle=Nestl%C3%A9+UK+to+roll+out+Rowntree+Randoms&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketingweek.com%2F2009%2F01%2F15%2Fnestle-uk-to-roll-out-rowntree-randoms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10894637.Revealed__Secret_files_on_Rowntree_takeover/">"Revealed: Secret files on Rowntree takeover"</a>. <i>York Press</i>. 23 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013237/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10894637.Revealed__Secret_files_on_Rowntree_takeover/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=York+Press&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Secret+files+on+Rowntree+takeover&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10894637.Revealed__Secret_files_on_Rowntree_takeover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2016" class="citation news cs1">Molloy, Mark (13 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/news/rowntrees-sweet-packs-get-smaller---but-price-stays-the-same/">"Rowntree's sweet packs get smaller – but price stays the same"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071144/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/news/rowntrees-sweet-packs-get-smaller---but-price-stays-the-same/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rowntree%27s+sweet+packs+get+smaller+%E2%80%93+but+price+stays+the+same&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fnews%2Frowntrees-sweet-packs-get-smaller---but-price-stays-the-same%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald_2007-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_2007_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_2007_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqIQbwHYn-AC&pg=PA493">493</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienKranz2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, R.; Kranz, R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrtuyrh8h2gC&pg=PA319"><i>The Unhealthy Truth: How Our Food Is Making Us Sick – And What We Can Do About It</i></a>. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-3154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-3154-0"><bdi>978-0-7679-3154-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unhealthy+Truth%3A+How+Our+Food+Is+Making+Us+Sick+%E2%80%93+And+What+We+Can+Do+About+It&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Potter%2FTenSpeed%2FHarmony&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-3154-0&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Kranz%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLrtuyrh8h2gC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-49769869">"Jelly tots inventor part of new exhibition"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313104732/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-49769869">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jelly+tots+inventor+part+of+new+exhibition&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leeds-49769869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2011" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1c0SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP64"><i>Little Book of the 1960s</i></a>. History Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7881-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7881-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-7881-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Book+of+the+1960s&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-7881-4&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1c0SDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryGeller2015" class="citation news cs1">Berry, Freya; Geller, Martinne (5 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222310/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nestleice-cream-r-r-m-a-exclusive/nestle-confirms-in-talks-to-merge-international-ice-cream-ops-with-rr-idUKKCN0RZ0VR20151005">"Nestle confirms in talks to merge international ice cream ops with R&R"</a>. <i>U.K</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nestleice-cream-r-r-m-a-exclusive/nestle-confirms-in-talks-to-merge-international-ice-cream-ops-with-rr-idUKKCN0RZ0VR20151005">the original</a> on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.K.&rft.atitle=Nestle+confirms+in+talks+to+merge+international+ice+cream+ops+with+R%26R&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Freya&rft.au=Geller%2C+Martinne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-nestleice-cream-r-r-m-a-exclusive%2Fnestle-confirms-in-talks-to-merge-international-ice-cream-ops-with-rr-idUKKCN0RZ0VR20151005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald90-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald90_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2007">Fitzgerald 2007</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald1989">Fitzgerald 1989</a>, p. 57</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1989" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzgerald, Robert (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514135345/http://thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v018/p0045-p0058.pdf">"Rowntree and Market Strategy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Business and Economic History</i>. <b>18</b>: 45–58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v018/p0045-p0058.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+and+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Rowntree+and+Market+Strategy&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=45-58&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebhc.org%2Fpublications%2FBEHprint%2Fv018%2Fp0045-p0058.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2007" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqIQbwHYn-AC"><i>Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution, 1862–1969</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02378-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02378-8"><bdi>978-0-521-02378-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rowntree+and+the+Marketing+Revolution%2C+1862%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02378-8&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqIQbwHYn-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowntree%27s" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree%27s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rowntree%27s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rowntrees.co.uk/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695070#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/victorian/rowntree-co-chocolate-manufacturers">History of Rowntree & Co</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/409657/uk-nestle-rowntree---bittersweet-tale/?dcmp=ilc-se..">A 1993 profile of the company in Management Today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rowntreesociety.org.uk">The Rowntree Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rowntree%27s" title="Template:Rowntree's"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rowntree%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rowntree's (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rowntree%27s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rowntree's"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rowntree&#039;s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowntree's</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands and <br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Gums" title="Rowntree's Fruit Gums">Fruit Gums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Fruit Pastilles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aero_(chocolate_bar)" title="Aero (chocolate bar)">Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Eight" title="After Eight">After Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_(chocolates)" title="Black Magic (chocolates)">Black Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramac" title="Caramac">Caramac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale%27s" title="Gale's">Gale's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoadley%27s_Chocolates" title="Hoadley's Chocolates">Hoadley's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Waffle" title="Polly Waffle">Polly Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Crumble" title="Violet Crumble">Violet Crumble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Sam_Pretzels" title="Hot Sam Pretzels">Hot Sam Pretzels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Chocolates" title="Laura Secord Chocolates">Laura Secord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(chocolate_bar)" title="Lion (chocolate bar)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchmakers" title="Matchmakers">Matchmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menier_Chocolate" title="Menier Chocolate">Menier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_(confectionery)" title="Polo (confectionery)">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Street_(confectionery)" title="Quality Street (confectionery)">Quality Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolo" title="Rolo">Rolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarties" title="Smarties">Smarties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Snacks" title="Tom's Snacks">Tom's Snacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkie_(chocolate_bar)" title="Yorkie (chocolate bar)">Yorkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Isaac_Rowntree" title="Henry Isaac Rowntree">Henry Isaac Rowntree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_(philanthropist)" title="Joseph Rowntree (philanthropist)">Joseph Rowntree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh%27s" title="Mackintosh's">Mackintosh's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree_Mackintosh_Confectionery" title="Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery">Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rowntree%27s" title="Category:Rowntree's">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rowntree%27s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rowntree's">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nestlé" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nestl%C3%A9" title="Template:Nestlé"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nestl%C3%A9" title="Template talk:Nestlé"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nestl%C3%A9" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nestlé"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nestlé" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Purina_PetCare" title="Nestlé Purina PetCare">Nestlé Purina PetCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Waters" title="Nestlé Waters">Nestlé Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Wyeth_Nutrition" title="Nestlé Wyeth Nutrition">Nestlé Wyeth Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueTriton_Brands" title="BlueTriton Brands">BlueTriton Brands</a> (Nestlé Waters North America)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestl%C3%A9_textlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nestl%C3%A9_textlogo.svg/120px-Nestl%C3%A9_textlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nestl%C3%A9_textlogo.svg/180px-Nestl%C3%A9_textlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nestl%C3%A9_textlogo.svg/240px-Nestl%C3%A9_textlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="82" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_India" title="Nestlé India">Nestlé India</a> (62.76%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Pakistan" title="Nestlé Pakistan">Nestlé Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestl%C3%A9_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestlé Canada (page does not exist)">Nestlé Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestl%C3%A9_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestlé Japan (page does not exist)">Nestlé Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestl%C3%A9_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestlé Malaysia (page does not exist)">Nestlé Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Lanka" title="Nestlé Lanka">Nestlé Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_Partners_Worldwide" title="Beverage Partners Worldwide">Beverage Partners Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_Partners_Worldwide" title="Cereal Partners Worldwide">Cereal Partners Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froneri" title="Froneri">Froneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Toll_House_Caf%C3%A9" title="Nestlé Toll House Café">Nestlé Toll House Café</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Fu_Chi" title="Hsu Fu Chi">Hsu Fu Chi</a> (60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a> (30.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osem_(company)" title="Osem (company)">Osem</a> (100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinlu_Foods" title="Yinlu Foods">Yinlu Foods</a> (60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malher" title="Malher">Malher</a> (100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactalis-Nestl%C3%A9_Fresh_Products" title="Lactalis-Nestlé Fresh Products">Lactalis-Nestlé Fresh Products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nestl%C3%A9_brands" title="List of Nestlé brands">Brands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabyNes" title="BabyNes">BabyNes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Gusto" title="Dolce Gusto">Dolce Gusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nespresso" title="Nespresso">Nespresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special.T" class="mw-redirect" title="Special.T">Special.T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SICAL" title="SICAL">SICAL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baby nutrition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabyNes" title="BabyNes">BabyNes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Bear_Brand" title="Nestlé Bear Brand">Bear Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerelac" title="Cerelac">Cerelac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_Products_Company" title="Gerber Products Company">Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nido_(brand)" title="Nido (brand)">Nido</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libby%27s" title="Libby's">Libby's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie"><i>Toll House</i> cookies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottled water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrex" title="Contrex">Contrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acqua_Panna" title="Acqua Panna">Acqua Panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrier" title="Perrier">Perrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_Gate_Spring_Water" title="Princes Gate Spring Water">Princes Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Pure_Life" title="Nestlé Pure Life">Pure Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.Pellegrino" title="S.Pellegrino">S.Pellegrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittel_(water)" title="Vittel (water)">Vittel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheerios" title="Cheerios">Cheerios</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocapic" title="Chocapic">Chocapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_Toast_Crunch" title="Cinnamon Toast Crunch">Cinnamon Toast Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_Crisp" title="Cookie Crisp">Cookie Crisp</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_flakes" title="Corn flakes">Corn Flakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(cereal)" title="Fitness (cereal)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Grahams" title="Golden Grahams">Golden Grahams</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Nuggets" title="Golden Nuggets">Golden Nuggets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Cereal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Cereal">Lion Cereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Charms" title="Lucky Charms">Lucky Charms</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_(drink)" title="Milo (drink)">Milo Cereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesquik_(cereal)" title="Nesquik (cereal)">Nesquik (cereal)</a><sup>6,7</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trix_(cereal)" title="Trix (cereal)">Trix</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreddies" title="Shreddies">Shreddies</a><sup>7</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shredded_wheat" title="Shredded wheat">Shredded Wheat</a><sup>7</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chocolate <br />and desserts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Bar_(chocolate_bar)" title="Animal Bar (chocolate bar)">Animal Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuelita" title="Abuelita">Abuelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aero_(chocolate_bar)" title="Aero (chocolate bar)">Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Biscuits" title="Aero Biscuits">Aero Biscuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Eight" title="After Eight">After Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen%27s" title="Allen's">Allen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_One" title="Bar One">Bar One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Beetle" title="Bertie Beetle">Bertie Beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Turk" title="Big Turk">Big Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband_(biscuits)" title="Blue Riband (biscuits)">Blue Riband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_(chocolates)" title="Black Magic (chocolates)">Black Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bono_(cookie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bono (cookie) (page does not exist)">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakaway_(biscuit)" title="Breakaway (biscuit)">Breakaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailler" title="Cailler">Cailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramac" title="Caramac">Caramac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_V_(chocolate_bar)" title="Carlos V (chocolate bar)">Carlos V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheekies" title="Cheekies">Cheekies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokito" title="Chokito">Chokito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_Crisp" title="Coffee Crisp">Coffee Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisp_(chocolate_bar)" title="Crisp (chocolate bar)">Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunch_(chocolate_bar)" title="Crunch (chocolate bar)">Crunch</a><sup>12</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifter_(chocolate_bar)" title="Drifter (chocolate bar)">Drifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%27s_Confectionery" title="Fox's Confectionery">Fox's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garoto" title="Garoto">Garoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate-coated_peanut" title="Chocolate-coated peanut">Goobers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a><sup>3</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Kats_in_Japan" title="Kit Kats in Japan">Kit Kats in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolat_Kohler" title="Chocolat Kohler">Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Savers" title="Life Savers">Life Savers</a><sup>14</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(chocolate_bar)" title="Lion (chocolate bar)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh%27s_Toffee" title="Mackintosh's Toffee">Mackintosh's Toffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchmakers" title="Matchmakers">Matchmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menier_Chocolate" title="Menier Chocolate">Menier Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkybar" title="Milkybar">Milkybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_(drink)" title="Milo (drink)">Milo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirage_(chocolate_bar)" title="Mirage (chocolate bar)">Mirage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchies_(confectionery)" title="Munchies (confectionery)">Munchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negresco" title="Negresco">Negresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Milk_Chocolate" title="Nestlé Milk Chocolate">Nestlé Milk Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passatempo" title="Passatempo">Passatempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint_Crisp" title="Peppermint Crisp">Peppermint Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugina" title="Perugina">Perugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_(confectionery)" title="Polo (confectionery)">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Street_(confectionery)" title="Quality Street (confectionery)">Quality Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ripperz" title="Red Ripperz">Red Ripperz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolo" title="Rolo">Rolo</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowntree's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Gums" title="Rowntree's Fruit Gums">Rowntree's Fruit Gums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles" title="Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles">Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Parar" title="Sin Parar">Sin Parar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarties" title="Smarties">Smarties</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svitoch" title="Svitoch">Svitoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Tex" title="Nestlé Tex">TEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Whip" title="Walnut Whip">Walnut Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Knight_(chocolate_bar)" title="White Knight (chocolate bar)">White Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkie_(chocolate_bar)" title="Yorkie (chocolate bar)">Yorkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zve%C4%8Devo" title="Zvečevo">Zvečevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coffee and <br />beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuelita" title="Abuelita">Abuelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Milk_Corporation#Alpine" title="Alaska Milk Corporation">Alpine</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acticor_(drink)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acticor (drink) (page does not exist)">Acticor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BabyNes" title="BabyNes">BabyNes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bottle_Coffee" title="Blue Bottle Coffee">Blue Bottle Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_(drink)" title="Boost (drink)">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(brand)" title="Carnation (brand)">Carnation</a><sup>8,9</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_(drink)" title="Caro (drink)">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameleon_Cold-Brew" title="Chameleon Cold-Brew">Chameleon Cold-Brew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuckie_(drink)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuckie (drink) (page does not exist)">Chuckie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee-Mate" title="Coffee-Mate">Coffee-Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Gusto" title="Dolce Gusto">Dolce Gusto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huesitos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huesitos (page does not exist)">Huesitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klim_(powdered_milk)" title="Klim (powdered milk)">Klim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Lechera" title="La Lechera">La Lechera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menier_Chocolate" title="Menier Chocolate">Menier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_(drink)" title="Milo (drink)">Milo cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nescaf%C3%A9" title="Nescafé">Nescafé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nescaf%C3%A9_Azera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nescafé Azera (page does not exist)">Nescafé Azera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nescaf%C3%A9_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nescafé Gold (page does not exist)">Nescafé Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nescau" class="mw-redirect" title="Nescau">Nescau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesfruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesfruta">Nesfruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nespresso" title="Nespresso">Nespresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesquik" title="Nesquik">Nesquik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestea" title="Nestea">Nestea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovaltine" title="Ovaltine">Ovaltine</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricor%C3%A9" title="Ricoré">Ricoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle%27s_Best_Coffee" title="Seattle's Best Coffee">Seattle's Best Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> <sup>13</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supligen" title="Supligen">Supligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Leaf_Tea_Company" title="Sweet Leaf Tea Company">Sweet Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zo%C3%A9gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoégas (page does not exist)">Zoégas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dairy products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Milk_Corporation#Alpine" title="Alaska Milk Corporation">Alpine</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Bear_Brand" title="Nestlé Bear Brand">Bear Brand</a><sup>10,11</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(brand)" title="Carnation (brand)">Carnation</a><sup>8,9</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee-Mate" title="Coffee-Mate">Coffee-Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Lechera" title="La Lechera">La Lechera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesquik" title="Nesquik">Nesquik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice cream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Onofrio_(brand)" title="D'Onofrio (brand)">D'Onofrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumstick_(frozen_dairy_dessert)" title="Drumstick (frozen dairy dessert)">Drumstick</a><sup>15</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edy%27s_Pie" title="Edy's Pie">Eskimo Pie</a><sup>15</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fab_(brand)" title="Fab (brand)">Fab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frosty_Paws" title="Frosty Paws">Frosty Paws</a><sup>15</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4agen-Dazs" title="Häagen-Dazs">Häagen-Dazs</a><sup>2,15</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjem-IS" title="Hjem-IS">Hjem-IS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Screamers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Screamers">Ice Screamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a><sup>15</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxibon" title="Maxibon">Maxibon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6venpick_Ice_Cream" title="Mövenpick Ice Cream">Mövenpick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour_(ice_cream)" title="Parlour (ice cream)">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savory_(ice_cream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savory (ice cream)">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarties" title="Smarties">Smarties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Prepared and <br />packaged food <br />and snacks</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buitoni" title="Buitoni">Buitoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Pizza_Kitchen" title="California Pizza Kitchen">California Pizza Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiGiorno" title="DiGiorno">DiGiorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Foods" title="Herta Foods">Herta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Pockets" title="Hot Pockets">Hot Pockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Cuisine" title="Lean Cuisine">Lean Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libby%27s" title="Libby's">Libby's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Pockets" title="Hot Pockets">Lean Pockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggi" title="Maggi">Maggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stouffer%27s" title="Stouffer's">Stouffer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomy" title="Thomy">Thomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone_(pizza)" title="Tombstone (pizza)">Tombstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tobys" title="Uncle Tobys">Uncle Tobys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winiary_(company)" title="Winiary (company)">Winiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Wagner" title="Nestlé Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinlu_Foods" title="Yinlu Foods">Yinlu Foods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Purina_PetCare" title="Nestlé Purina PetCare">Purina PetCare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpo_(pet_food)" title="Alpo (pet food)">Alpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakers_Complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakers Complete">Bakers Complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beggin%27_Strips" title="Beggin' Strips">Beggin' Strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneful" title="Beneful">Beneful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonio" title="Bonio">Bonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Chow" title="Dog Chow">Dog Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Feast" title="Fancy Feast">Fancy Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_(cat_food)" title="Felix (cat food)">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friskies" title="Friskies">Friskies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frosty_Paws" title="Frosty Paws">Frosty Paws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purina_One" title="Purina One">ONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winalot" title="Winalot">Winalot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tobys" title="Uncle Tobys">Uncle Tobys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheerios" title="Cheerios">Cheerios</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plus_(cereal)" title="Plus (cereal)">PLUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaties" title="Wheaties">Weeties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nestl%C3%A9_brands#Former_brands" title="List of Nestlé brands">Former brands and <br /> subsidiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcon" title="Alcon">Alcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamlab" title="Pamlab">Alfasigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Water" title="Arrowhead Water">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfinger" title="Butterfinger">Butterfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Ruth" title="Baby Ruth">Baby Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_Surpresa" title="Chocolate Surpresa">Chocolate Surpresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Park_Spring_Water" title="Deer Park Spring Water">Deer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyer%27s" title="Dreyer's">Dreyer's</a><sup>15</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enviga" title="Enviga">Enviga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale%27s" title="Gale's">Gale's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galderma" title="Galderma">Galderma Laboratories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetaphil" title="Cetaphil">Cetaphil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapalene/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide">Epiduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restylane" title="Restylane">Restylane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoadley%27s_Chocolates" title="Hoadley's Chocolates">Hoadley's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Mountain_(water)" title="Ice Mountain (water)">Ice Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Craig,_Inc." title="Jenny Craig, Inc.">Jenny Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozarka" title="Ozarka">Ozarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Chocolate" title="Peter's Chocolate">Peter's Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Spring" title="Poland Spring">Poland Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Waffle" title="Polly Waffle">Polly Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerBar" title="PowerBar">PowerBar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow_Water" title="Powwow Water">Powwow Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntree_Mackintosh_Confectionery" title="Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery">Rowntree Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Crumble" title="Violet Crumble">Violet Crumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Ball" title="Wonder Ball">Wonder Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrhills_(water)" title="Zephyrhills (water)">Zephyrhills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bulcke" title="Paul Bulcke">Paul Bulcke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brabeck-Letmathe" title="Peter Brabeck-Letmathe">Peter Brabeck-Letmathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Idei" title="Nobuyuki Idei">Nobuyuki Idei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nestl%C3%A9" title="Henri Nestlé">Henri Nestlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Villiger" title="Kaspar Villiger">Kaspar Villiger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestea_European_Championship_Tour" title="Nestea European Championship Tour">Nestea European Championship Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nestl%C3%A9_boycott" title="1977 Nestlé boycott">1977 Nestlé boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Invitational" title="Arnold Palmer Invitational">Nestlé Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowntrees_F.C." title="Rowntrees F.C.">Nestlé Rowntree F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Smarties_Book_Prize" title="Nestlé Smarties Book Prize">Nestlé Smarties Book Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Tower" title="Nestlé Tower">Nestlé Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie">Toll House cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Marketing_of_Breast-milk_Substitutes" title="International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes">International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nescaf%C3%A9_Basement" title="Nescafé Basement">Nescafé Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggi_noodles_safety_concerns_in_India" title="Maggi noodles safety concerns in India">Maggi noodles safety concerns in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshly" title="Freshly">Freshly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nestl%C3%A9_brands" title="List of Nestlé brands">List of Nestlé brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_of_Nestl%C3%A9" title="Controversies of Nestlé">Controversies of Nestlé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>1</sup> Currently manufactured by <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a> in the U.S. and Canada. Produced by <a href="/wiki/Cereal_Partners_Worldwide" title="Cereal Partners Worldwide">Cereal Partners</a> under the Nestlé brand elsewhere. <sup>2</sup> Brand owned by <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>; U.S. and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license. <sup>3</sup> U.S. production rights owned by <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a>. <sup>4</sup> U.S. rights and production owned by the <a href="/wiki/Smarties_Candy_Company" title="Smarties Candy Company">Smarties Candy Company</a> with a different product. <sup>5</sup> U.S. rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé; rights elsewhere owned by <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Foods" title="Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a>. <sup>6</sup> Produced by Cereal Partners, branded as Nestlé. <sup>7</sup> Produced by Cereal Partners and branded as Nestlé in the U.K. and Ireland. Produced by <a href="/wiki/Post_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Foods">Post Foods</a> elsewhere. <sup>8</sup> Philippine production rights owned by <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Milk_Corporation" title="Alaska Milk Corporation">Alaska Milk Corporation</a>. <sup>9</sup> Singaporean, Malaysian and Thai production rights owned by <a href="/wiki/Fraser_and_Neave" title="Fraser and Neave">Fraser and Neave</a>. <sup>10</sup> Used only in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia. <sup>11</sup> Used only in the Philippines. <sup>12</sup> U.S. production rights owned by the <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Candy_Company" title="Ferrara Candy Company">Ferrara Candy Company</a>. <sup>13</sup> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">NA</a> rights and specific trade dress to all packaged coffee and other products under the Starbucks brand owned by Nestlé since 2019. <sup>14</sup> Brand owned by <a href="/wiki/Mars_Inc." title="Mars Inc.">Mars</a>, sold by Nestlé in Canada. <sup>15</sup> Produced by <a href="/wiki/Froneri" title="Froneri">Froneri</a> in the U.S. since 2020.</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nestl%C3%A9" title="Category:Nestlé">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nestl%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nestlé">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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