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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweetening_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweetening_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sweetening agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweetening_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakers'_confectionery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakers'_confectionery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bakers' confectionery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bakers'_confectionery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bakers' confectionery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bakers'_confectionery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar_confectionery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_confectionery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sugar confectionery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sugar_confectionery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sugar confectionery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sugar_confectionery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_and_shelf_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_shelf_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Storage and shelf life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_shelf_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Confectionery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حلويات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حلويات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E2%81%BF-li%C4%81u" title="Tiⁿ-liāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiⁿ-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кәнфит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кәнфит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кандытарская прадукцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кандытарская прадукцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кандытарская прадукцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кандытарская прадукцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сладкарско изделие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сладкарско изделие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastisseria" title="Pastisseria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pastisseria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfekture" title="Konfekture – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konfekture" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfekt" title="Konfekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konfekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondiitritoode" title="Kondiitritoode – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kondiitritoode" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ζαχαροπλαστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαχαροπλαστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reposter%C3%ADa" title="Repostería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Repostería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukera%C4%B5ejo" title="Sukeraĵejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sukeraĵejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litxarreria" title="Litxarreria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Litxarreria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87)" title="قنادی (حرفه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قنادی (حرفه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiserie" title="Confiserie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confiserie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%9E%90" title="과자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հրուշակեղեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրուշակեղեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="मिठाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिठाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konditorski_proizvodi" title="Konditorski proizvodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konditorski proizvodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan_manis" title="Makanan manis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makanan manis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6tindager%C3%B0" title="Sætindagerð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sætindagerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahan_legi" title="Olahan legi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olahan legi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಿಠಾಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಠಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Кондитер өнімдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кондитер өнімдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кондитер азыктары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кондитер азыктары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D3%93" title="Кампеткӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кампеткӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konditerija" title="Konditerija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konditerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Кондиторски производи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кондиторски производи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حلويات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حلويات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfeksi" title="Konfeksi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konfeksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetwaren" title="Zoetwaren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoetwaren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%93%E5%AD%90" title="菓子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菓子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfekt" title="Konfekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konfekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfekt" title="Konfekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konfekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qandolatchilik" title="Qandolatchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qandolatchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confeitagem" title="Confeitagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confeitagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofet%C4%83rie" title="Cofetărie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cofetărie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кондитерские изделия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кондитерские изделия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Confectionery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sla%C5%A1%C4%8Di%C4%8Darstvo" title="Slaščičarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slaščičarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кондиторска индустрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кондиторска индустрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konditorska_industrija" title="Konditorska industrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konditorska industrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konditoriatuote" title="Konditoriatuote – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konditoriatuote" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfekt" title="Konfekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konfekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Қаннодӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қаннодӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eekerlemecilik" title="Şekerlemecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şekerlemecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%96" title="Солодощі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Солодощі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مٹھائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مٹھائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konditeri%C5%BEed_tegesed" title="Konditerižed tegesed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Konditerižed tegesed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_bi%E1%BA%BFn_m%E1%BB%A9t_k%E1%BA%B9o" title="Chế biến mứt kẹo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế biến mứt kẹo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sweetmeat" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Sweetmeat_(horse)" title="Sweetmeat (horse)">Sweetmeat (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sweetbread" title="Sweetbread">Sweetbread</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art of making confections or sweet foods</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krokan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Krokan.jpg/220px-Krokan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Krokan.jpg/330px-Krokan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Krokan.jpg/440px-Krokan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Krokan" title="Krokan">Krokan</a> is a traditional Swedish baker's confection.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Confectionery</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Art_(skill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Art (skill)">art</a><sup id="cite_ref-MerriamWebsterConfectionery_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerriamWebsterConfectionery-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED2023Confectionery_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2023Confectionery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of making <b>confections</b>, or sweet foods.<sup id="cite_ref-MerriamWebsterConfectionery_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerriamWebsterConfectionery-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED2023Confectionery_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2023Confectionery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confections are items that are rich in sugar and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> although exact definitions are difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, however, confections are divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories: <b>bakers' confections</b> and <b>sugar confections</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakers' confectionery, also called <b>flour confections</b>, includes principally sweet pastries, cakes, and similar <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baked goods</a>. Baker's confectionery excludes everyday <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">breads</a>, and thus is a subset of products produced by a <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">baker</a>. </p><p>Sugar confectionery includes candies (also called <i>sweets</i>, short for <i>sweetmeats</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in many English-speaking countries), candied nuts, chocolates, chewing gum, bubble gum, <a href="/wiki/Pastillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastillage">pastillage</a>, and other confections that are made primarily of sugar. In some cases, <b>chocolate confections</b> (confections made of chocolate) are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words <i><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a></i> (Canada and US), <i>sweets</i> (UK, Ireland, and others), and <i>lollies</i> (Australia and New Zealand) are common words for some of the most popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_candies" title="List of candies">varieties of sugar confectionery</a>. </p><p>The occupation of <b>confectioner</b> encompasses the categories of cooking performed by both the French <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2tissier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pâtissier">patissier</a></i> (pastry chef) and the <i>confiseur</i> (sugar worker).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confectionery industry also includes specialized training schools and extensive historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Art_of_Confectionery_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Art_of_Confectionery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times and continued to be eaten through the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine#Sweets_and_desserts" title="Medieval cuisine">Middle Ages</a> and into the modern era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasnaya_Polyana_Confectionery_Factory_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yasnaya_Polyana_Confectionery_Factory_01.jpg/220px-Yasnaya_Polyana_Confectionery_Factory_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yasnaya_Polyana_Confectionery_Factory_01.jpg/330px-Yasnaya_Polyana_Confectionery_Factory_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yasnaya_Polyana_Confectionery_Factory_01.jpg/440px-Yasnaya_Polyana_Confectionery_Factory_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Confectionery can be mass-produced in a factory.</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest recorded use of the word confectionery discovered so far by the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> is by Richard Jonas in 1540, who spelled or misspelled it as "confection nere" in a passage "<i><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Ambre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">muske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankencense</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle_musqu%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Galle musquée">gallia muscata</a> and <b>confection nere</b></i>", thus in the sense of "things made or sold by a confectioner". Also according to the OED, the sense of "the art and business of a confectioner" is first recorded in 1743, and the earliest use in the sense of a "confectioner's shop" dates to 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-OED2023Confectionery_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2023Confectionery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chum_chums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chum_chums.jpg/220px-Chum_chums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chum_chums.jpg/330px-Chum_chums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chum_chums.jpg/440px-Chum_chums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Sweets_from_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sweets from the Indian subcontinent">Indian confectionery desserts</a> from hundreds of varieties. In certain parts of India, these are called <i>mithai</i> or sweets. Sugar and desserts have a long history in India: by about 500 BCE, people in India had developed the technology to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called <i>khanda</i> (खण्ड), which is the source of the word <i>candy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before sugar was readily available in the ancient western world, confectionery was based on <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honey was used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create sweetmeats.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Food_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Food-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, made contact with the Indian subcontinent and its "reeds that produce honey without bees". They adopted and then spread sugar and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-agrisugar1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agrisugar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early history of sugar usage in Europe, it was initially the apothecary who had the most important role in the production of sugar-based preparations. Medieval European physicians learned the medicinal uses of the material from the Arabs and Byzantine Greeks. One Middle Eastern remedy for rheums and fevers were little, twisted sticks of <a href="#Types">pulled sugar</a> called in Arabic <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al fänäd</i></span> or <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al pänäd</i></span></i>. These became known in England as alphenics, or more commonly as penidia, penids, pennet or pan sugar. They were the precursors of <a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">barley sugar</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">cough drops</a>. In 1390, the Earl of Derby paid "two shillings for two pounds of penydes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>" </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg/220px-La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg/330px-La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg/440px-La-Pone-Jordan-Almonds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drag%C3%A9e" title="Dragée">Jordan almonds</a>. Sugar-coated nuts or spices for non-medicinal purposes marked the beginning of confectionery in late medieval England.</figcaption></figure><p>As the non-medicinal applications of sugar developed, the comfitmaker, or confectioner gradually came into being as a separate trade. In the late medieval period the words confyt, comfect or cumfitt were generic terms for all kinds of sweetmeats made from fruits, roots, or flowers preserved with sugar. By the 16th century, a cumfit was more specifically a seed, nut or small piece of spice enclosed in a round or ovoid mass of sugar. The production of <a href="/wiki/Comfits" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfits">comfits</a> was a core skill of the <a href="/wiki/Confectionery_in_the_English_Renaissance" title="Confectionery in the English Renaissance">early confectioner</a>, who was known more commonly in 16th and 17th century England as a comfitmaker. Reflecting their original medicinal purpose, however, comfits were also produced by apothecaries and directions on how to make them appear in dispensatories as well as cookery texts. An early medieval Latin name for an apothecary was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">confectionarius</i></span>, and it was in this sort of sugar work that the activities of the two trades overlapped and that the word "confectionery" originated.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Art_of_Confectionery_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Art_of_Confectionery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">cuisine of the Late Ottoman Empire</a> diverse cosmopolitan cultural influences were reflected in published recipes such as European-style molded jellies flavored with cordials. In Europe, Ottoman confections (especially "lumps of delight" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_delight" title="Turkish delight">Turkish delight</a>) became very fashionable among European and British high society.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important study of Ottoman confectionery called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditorei_des_Orients&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditorei des Orients (page does not exist)">Conditorei des Orients</a></i> was published by the royal confectioner Friedrich Unger in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first confectionery in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester, England">Manchester, England</a> was opened by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raffald" title="Elizabeth Raffald">Elizabeth Raffald</a> who had worked six years in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic service">domestic service</a> as a housekeeper.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweetening_agents">Sweetening agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sweetening agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Confections are defined by the presence of sweeteners. These are usually sugars, but it is possible to buy sugar-free candies, such as sugar-free <a href="/wiki/Peppermints" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppermints">peppermints</a>. The most common sweetener for home cooking is <a href="/wiki/Table_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Table sugar">table sugar</a>, which is chemically a <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharide</a> containing both <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called <a href="/wiki/Invert_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Invert sugar">invert sugar</a>, which is sweeter and is also a common commercial ingredient. Finally, confections, especially commercial ones, are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. These sweeteners include all types of <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakers'_confectionery"><span id="Bakers.27_confectionery"></span>Bakers' confectionery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bakers' confectionery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_and_white_Easter_petits_fours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small, square cakes frosted with pink or white icing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pink_and_white_Easter_petits_fours.jpg/170px-Pink_and_white_Easter_petits_fours.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pink_and_white_Easter_petits_fours.jpg/255px-Pink_and_white_Easter_petits_fours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pink_and_white_Easter_petits_fours.jpg/340px-Pink_and_white_Easter_petits_fours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="2578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petits_fours" class="mw-redirect" title="Petits fours">Petits fours</a> are baker's confections.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakers' confectionery includes sweet baked goods, especially those that are served for the <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a> course. Bakers' confections are sweet foods that feature <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> as a main ingredient and are <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baked</a>. Major categories include <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cakes</a>, sweet <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle East and Asia, flour-based confections predominate. </p><p>The definition of which foods are "confectionery" vs "bread" can vary based on cultures and laws. In Ireland, the definition of "bread" as a "staple food" for tax purposes requires that the sugar or fat content be no more than 2% of the weight of the flour, so some products sold as bread in the US would be treated as confectionery there.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cakes" title="List of cakes">List of cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cookies" title="List of cookies">List of cookies</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">List of doughnut varieties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastries" title="List of pastries">List of pastries</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">Cakes</a> have a somewhat bread-like texture, and many earlier cakes, such as the centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">stollen</a> (fruit cake), or the even older <a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">king cake</a>, were rich yeast breads. The variety of styles and presentations extends from simple to elaborate. Major categories include <a href="/wiki/Butter_cake" title="Butter cake">butter cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torte" title="Torte">tortes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foam_cake" title="Foam cake">foam cakes</a>. Confusingly, some confections that have the word <i>cake</i> in their names, such as <a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">cheesecake</a>, are not technically cakes, while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_pie" title="Boston cream pie">Boston cream pie</a> are cakes despite seeming to be named something else. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of cake</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_cakes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Welsh cakes are cooked on a griddle."><img alt="Welsh cakes are cooked on a griddle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Welsh_cakes2.jpg/160px-Welsh_cakes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Welsh_cakes2.jpg/240px-Welsh_cakes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Welsh_cakes2.jpg/320px-Welsh_cakes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cake" title="Welsh cake">Welsh cakes</a> are cooked on a griddle.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_rice_cake-Mujigae_tteok-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korean rainbow rice cake is for celebrations."><img alt="Korean rainbow rice cake is for celebrations." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korean_rice_cake-Mujigae_tteok-01.jpg/160px-Korean_rice_cake-Mujigae_tteok-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korean_rice_cake-Mujigae_tteok-01.jpg/240px-Korean_rice_cake-Mujigae_tteok-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korean_rice_cake-Mujigae_tteok-01.jpg/320px-Korean_rice_cake-Mujigae_tteok-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Korean <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_rice_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow rice cake">rainbow rice cake</a> is for celebrations.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthday_Cake_by_%27Valentina%27s_Cakes%27_in_Binghamton,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birthday cakes may be elaborately decorated."><img alt="Birthday cakes may be elaborately decorated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Birthday_Cake_by_%27Valentina%27s_Cakes%27_in_Binghamton%2C_New_York.jpg/126px-Birthday_Cake_by_%27Valentina%27s_Cakes%27_in_Binghamton%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Birthday_Cake_by_%27Valentina%27s_Cakes%27_in_Binghamton%2C_New_York.jpg/189px-Birthday_Cake_by_%27Valentina%27s_Cakes%27_in_Binghamton%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Birthday_Cake_by_%27Valentina%27s_Cakes%27_in_Binghamton%2C_New_York.jpg/252px-Birthday_Cake_by_%27Valentina%27s_Cakes%27_in_Binghamton%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Birthday_cakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthday cakes">Birthday cakes</a> may be elaborately decorated.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pruegeltorte.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="European spit cakes are baked around a metal cylinder."><img alt="European spit cakes are baked around a metal cylinder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pruegeltorte.JPG/117px-Pruegeltorte.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pruegeltorte.JPG/175px-Pruegeltorte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pruegeltorte.JPG/233px-Pruegeltorte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="2972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">European <a href="/wiki/Spit_cake" title="Spit cake">spit cakes</a> are baked around a metal cylinder.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_rose_birthday_cake_(5919553257).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cake with decorations made from sugar"><img alt="Cake with decorations made from sugar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pink_rose_birthday_cake_%285919553257%29.jpg/180px-Pink_rose_birthday_cake_%285919553257%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pink_rose_birthday_cake_%285919553257%29.jpg/270px-Pink_rose_birthday_cake_%285919553257%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pink_rose_birthday_cake_%285919553257%29.jpg/360px-Pink_rose_birthday_cake_%285919553257%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cake with decorations made from sugar</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">Pastry</a> is a large and diverse category of baked goods, united by the flour-based doughs used as the base for the product. These doughs are not always sweet, and the sweetness may come from the sugar, fruit, chocolate, cream, or other fillings that are added to the finished confection. Pastries can be elaborately decorated, or they can be plain dough. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of pastry</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choux_pastry_buns,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choux pastry"><img alt="Choux pastry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Choux_pastry_buns%2C_2009.jpg/181px-Choux_pastry_buns%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Choux_pastry_buns%2C_2009.jpg/271px-Choux_pastry_buns%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Choux_pastry_buns%2C_2009.jpg/361px-Choux_pastry_buns%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Choux_pastry" title="Choux pastry">Choux pastry</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besamelas-(La_Rosita).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empty shells made with puff pastry can be filled with fruit or cream."><img alt="Empty shells made with puff pastry can be filled with fruit or cream." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Besamelas-%28La_Rosita%29.jpg/180px-Besamelas-%28La_Rosita%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Besamelas-%28La_Rosita%29.jpg/270px-Besamelas-%28La_Rosita%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Besamelas-%28La_Rosita%29.jpg/360px-Besamelas-%28La_Rosita%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Empty shells made with <a href="/wiki/Puff_pastry" title="Puff pastry">puff pastry</a> can be filled with fruit or cream.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pie is made from a pie crust and a sweet filling."><img alt="Pie is made from a pie crust and a sweet filling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg/150px-Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg/225px-Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg/300px-Pumpkin-Pie-Slice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pie</a> is made from a <a href="/wiki/Pie_crust" class="mw-redirect" title="Pie crust">pie crust</a> and a sweet filling.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baklava_-_Turkish_special,_80-ply.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Baklava is made with phyllo pastry."><img alt="Baklava is made with phyllo pastry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Baklava_-_Turkish_special%2C_80-ply.JPEG/181px-Baklava_-_Turkish_special%2C_80-ply.JPEG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Baklava_-_Turkish_special%2C_80-ply.JPEG/271px-Baklava_-_Turkish_special%2C_80-ply.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Baklava_-_Turkish_special%2C_80-ply.JPEG/362px-Baklava_-_Turkish_special%2C_80-ply.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklava</a> is made with <a href="/wiki/Phyllo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllo">phyllo</a> pastry.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_cake_in_mid_autumn_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mooncake pastries are made to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival in East Asia."><img alt="Mooncake pastries are made to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival in East Asia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Moon_cake_in_mid_autumn_festival.jpg/160px-Moon_cake_in_mid_autumn_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Moon_cake_in_mid_autumn_festival.jpg/240px-Moon_cake_in_mid_autumn_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Moon_cake_in_mid_autumn_festival.jpg/320px-Moon_cake_in_mid_autumn_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mooncake" title="Mooncake">Mooncake</a> pastries are made to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a> in East Asia. </div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">Doughnuts</a> may be fried or baked. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of doughnuts</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glazed-Donut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glazed raised doughnut"><img alt="Glazed raised doughnut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/183px-Glazed-Donut.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/275px-Glazed-Donut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/367px-Glazed-Donut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glazed raised doughnut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliebollen_bakken_(4233801075)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oliebollen and similar doughnuts are fried in hot fat."><img alt="Oliebollen and similar doughnuts are fried in hot fat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Oliebollen_bakken_%284233801075%29_%282%29.jpg/180px-Oliebollen_bakken_%284233801075%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Oliebollen_bakken_%284233801075%29_%282%29.jpg/270px-Oliebollen_bakken_%284233801075%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Oliebollen_bakken_%284233801075%29_%282%29.jpg/360px-Oliebollen_bakken_%284233801075%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3719" data-file-height="2479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oliebollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliebollen">Oliebollen</a> and similar doughnuts are fried in hot fat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_doughnut_display_(15459326042).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated doughnuts"><img alt="Decorated doughnuts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Christmas_doughnut_display_%2815459326042%29.jpg/180px-Christmas_doughnut_display_%2815459326042%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Christmas_doughnut_display_%2815459326042%29.jpg/270px-Christmas_doughnut_display_%2815459326042%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Christmas_doughnut_display_%2815459326042%29.jpg/360px-Christmas_doughnut_display_%2815459326042%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated doughnuts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_beignets_(5492114879).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apple fritter with powdered sugar"><img alt="Apple fritter with powdered sugar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apple_beignets_%285492114879%29.jpg/160px-Apple_beignets_%285492114879%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apple_beignets_%285492114879%29.jpg/240px-Apple_beignets_%285492114879%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apple_beignets_%285492114879%29.jpg/320px-Apple_beignets_%285492114879%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Apple_fritter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple fritter">Apple fritter</a> with powdered sugar </div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">Scones</a> and related sweet <a href="/wiki/Quick_bread" title="Quick bread">quick breads</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">bannock</a>, are similar to <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder_biscuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking powder biscuit">baking powder biscuits</a> and, in sweeter, less traditional interpretations, can seem like a <a href="/wiki/Cupcake" title="Cupcake">cupcake</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of scones</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scones_Jam_Cream.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scones with jam"><img alt="Scones with jam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scones_Jam_Cream.jpg/180px-Scones_Jam_Cream.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scones_Jam_Cream.jpg/269px-Scones_Jam_Cream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scones_Jam_Cream.jpg/359px-Scones_Jam_Cream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scones with jam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2scones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cranberry scones with icing"><img alt="Cranberry scones with icing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2scones.jpg/180px-2scones.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2scones.jpg/270px-2scones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2scones.jpg/360px-2scones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3830" data-file-height="2553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cranberry scones with icing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sweet rock cake"><img alt="A sweet rock cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg/199px-Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg/298px-Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg/398px-Golden-Krust-Rock-Cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sweet <a href="/wiki/Rock_cake" title="Rock cake">rock cake</a> </div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">Cookies</a> are small, sweet baked treats. They originated as small cakes, and some traditional cookies have a soft, cake-like texture. Others are crisp or hard. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of cookies</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakfast_pizzelle,_January_2013_(8505127567).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thin wafer cookies such as pizzelle have been made since the Middle Ages.[21]"><img alt="Thin wafer cookies such as pizzelle have been made since the Middle Ages.[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Breakfast_pizzelle%2C_January_2013_%288505127567%29.jpg/180px-Breakfast_pizzelle%2C_January_2013_%288505127567%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Breakfast_pizzelle%2C_January_2013_%288505127567%29.jpg/270px-Breakfast_pizzelle%2C_January_2013_%288505127567%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Breakfast_pizzelle%2C_January_2013_%288505127567%29.jpg/360px-Breakfast_pizzelle%2C_January_2013_%288505127567%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thin wafer cookies such as <a href="/wiki/Pizzelle" title="Pizzelle">pizzelle</a> have been made since the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runde_braune_Lebkuchen_-_Flickr_-_tm-md_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spicy lebkuchen are a German Christmas treat."><img alt="Spicy lebkuchen are a German Christmas treat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Runde_braune_Lebkuchen_-_Flickr_-_tm-md_%287%29.jpg/181px-Runde_braune_Lebkuchen_-_Flickr_-_tm-md_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Runde_braune_Lebkuchen_-_Flickr_-_tm-md_%287%29.jpg/272px-Runde_braune_Lebkuchen_-_Flickr_-_tm-md_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Runde_braune_Lebkuchen_-_Flickr_-_tm-md_%287%29.jpg/363px-Runde_braune_Lebkuchen_-_Flickr_-_tm-md_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spicy <a href="/wiki/Lebkuchen" title="Lebkuchen">lebkuchen</a> are a German Christmas treat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biscuiteers_Polka_Dot_Heart_Product.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cookies can be elaborately decorated."><img alt="Cookies can be elaborately decorated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biscuiteers_Polka_Dot_Heart_Product.jpg/160px-Biscuiteers_Polka_Dot_Heart_Product.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biscuiteers_Polka_Dot_Heart_Product.jpg/240px-Biscuiteers_Polka_Dot_Heart_Product.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biscuiteers_Polka_Dot_Heart_Product.jpg/320px-Biscuiteers_Polka_Dot_Heart_Product.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5436" data-file-height="4080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cookies can be elaborately decorated.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oreos are an example of a mass-produced Cookie."><img alt="Oreos are an example of a mass-produced Cookie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg/197px-Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg/296px-Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg/395px-Oreo-Two-Cookies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5750" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oreos are an example of a mass-produced Cookie.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sugar_confectionery">Sugar confectionery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sugar confectionery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolater%C3%ADa_Arrufat_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chocolater%C3%ADa_Arrufat_01.jpg/220px-Chocolater%C3%ADa_Arrufat_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chocolater%C3%ADa_Arrufat_01.jpg/330px-Chocolater%C3%ADa_Arrufat_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chocolater%C3%ADa_Arrufat_01.jpg/440px-Chocolater%C3%ADa_Arrufat_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Depending on the chosen classification scheme, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> confections may be treated separately or as part of sugar confectionery.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugar confections include sweet, sugar-based foods, which are usually eaten as <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snack food</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Sugar_candies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar candies">sugar candies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candied_fruit" title="Candied fruit">candied fruits</a> and nuts, <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>. In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> confections are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different dialects of English use regional terms for sugar confections: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a>, <i>sweets</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> word <i>suiteis</i> is a derivative). <i>Candy</i> is used specifically for <a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">rock candy</a> and occasionally for (brittle) boiled sweets. <i>Lollies</i> are boiled sweets fixed on sticks.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a>, <i>lollies</i>. <i>Chewy</i> and <i>Chuddy</i> are Australian slang for chewing gum.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">North America</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a></i>, although this term generally refers to a specific range of confectionery and does not include some items of sugar confectionery (e.g. ice cream). <i>Sweet</i> is occasionally used, as well as <i>treat</i>.</li></ul> <p>In the US, a chocolate-coated candy bar (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Snickers" title="Snickers">Snickers</a>) would be called a <i>candy bar</i>, in Britain more likely a <i>chocolate bar</i> than unspecifically a <i>sweet</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of terms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>American English </th> <th>British English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>confectionery</i> (formal, uncommon, broad) </td> <td><i>confectionery</i> (formal, narrow) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>rock candy, rock sugar</i> </td> <td><i>sugar candy, candy, rock, rock sweet</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>hard candy</i> </td> <td><i>boiled sweet, candy</i> (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>candied fruit, glazed fruit</i> </td> <td><i>candied fruit</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cotton candy,</i> <i>fairy floss</i> (archaic)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>candy floss</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>candy, treat</i> (rare)<i>, sweet</i> (rare) </td> <td><i>sweet</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dessert</i> </td> <td><i>pudding, sweet, dessert</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pudding</i> </td> <td><i>custard</i>, <i>blancmange</i>, <i>jelly</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chocolate bar, chocolate candy bar</i> </td> <td><i>bar of chocolate</i> (e.g. Cadbury's Milk Chocolate) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>candy bar</i> (chocolate coated types) </td> <td><i>chocolate bar</i> (e.g. Snickers) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>box of chocolates</i> </td> <td><i>chocolates, box of chocolates</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gingerbread_house_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gingerbread_house_6.jpg/220px-Gingerbread_house_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gingerbread_house_6.jpg/330px-Gingerbread_house_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gingerbread_house_6.jpg/440px-Gingerbread_house_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread_house" title="Gingerbread house">gingerbread house</a> has walls and roof made from <a href="/wiki/Cookie_dough" title="Cookie dough">cookie dough</a> and decorations made from <a href="/wiki/Icing_(food)" title="Icing (food)">icing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">sugar candy</a>. Classification is sometimes challenging because products can overlap categories.</figcaption></figure> <p>The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Industrial_Classification_of_All_Economic_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities">International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities</a> (ISIC) scheme (revision 4) classifies both chocolate and sugar confectionery as ISIC 1073, which includes the manufacture of chocolate and chocolate confectionery; sugar confectionery proper (caramels, cachous, nougats, fondant, <a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">white chocolate</a>), chewing gum, preserving fruit, nuts, fruit peels, and making confectionery lozenges and pastilles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Classification_of_Economic_Activities_in_the_European_Community" title="Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community">Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community</a> (NACE) scheme (revision 2) matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">North American Industry Classification System</a> (NAICS 2012) splits sugar confectionery across three categories: National industry code 311340 for all non-chocolate confectionery manufacturing, 311351 for chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans, and national industry 311352 for confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">sorbet</a> are classified with dairy products under ISIC 1050, NACE 10.52, and NAICS 311520.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_candies" title="List of candies">List of candies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg/220px-Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg/330px-Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg/440px-Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3665" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a> is simply sugar, with optional coloring or flavor.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hershey-bar-open.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hershey-bar-open.JPG/220px-Hershey-bar-open.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hershey-bar-open.JPG/330px-Hershey-bar-open.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hershey-bar-open.JPG/440px-Hershey-bar-open.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>A bar of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, which can either be consumed as-is or used as an ingredient in other dishes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_05_Fudge_IMG_1913.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2018_05_Fudge_IMG_1913.JPG/220px-2018_05_Fudge_IMG_1913.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2018_05_Fudge_IMG_1913.JPG/330px-2018_05_Fudge_IMG_1913.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2018_05_Fudge_IMG_1913.JPG/440px-2018_05_Fudge_IMG_1913.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3856" /></a><figcaption>Assorted fudges</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg/220px-Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg/330px-Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg/440px-Peco-Peanut-Brittle-Bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brittle_(food)" title="Brittle (food)">Brittles</a> are a combination of nuts and <a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">caramelized</a> sugar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugar confectionery items include candies, <a href="/wiki/Lollipop" title="Lollipop">lollipops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy_bar" title="Candy bar">candy bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">cotton candy</a>, and other sweet items of <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snack food</a>. Some of the categories and types of sugar confectionery include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolates">Chocolates</a>: Bite-sized confectioneries generally made with <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, considered different from a candy bar made of chocolate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity_(confectionery)" title="Divinity (confectionery)">Divinity</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougat</a>-like confectionery based on <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">egg</a> whites with chopped <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodol" title="Dodol">Dodol</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">toffee</a>-like delicacy popular in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag%C3%A9e" title="Dragée">Dragée</a>: Sugar-coated <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> and other types of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_panning" title="Sugar panning">sugar panned</a> candies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">Fudge</a>: Made by boiling milk and sugar to the soft-ball stage. In the US, it tends to be chocolate-flavored.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halvah</a>: Confectionery based on <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a>, a paste made from ground <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> seeds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard candy</a>: Based on sugars cooked to the hard-crack stage. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Lollipop" title="Lollipop">lollipops</a>, jawbreakers (or <a href="/wiki/Gobstopper" title="Gobstopper">gobstoppers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lemon_drops" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon drops">lemon drops</a>, peppermint drops and disks, <a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">candy canes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">rock candy</a>, etc. Also included are types often mixed with nuts such as <a href="/wiki/Brittle_(food)" title="Brittle (food)">brittle</a>, which is similar to <a href="/wiki/Chikki" title="Chikki">chikkis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a>: Frozen, flavored cream, often containing small pieces of chocolate, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>.</li> <li>Jelly candies: Including those based on sugar and starch, <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>, gum, or <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_delight" title="Turkish delight">Turkish delight (lokum)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelly_bean" title="Jelly bean">jelly beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gumdrop" title="Gumdrop">gumdrops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujube_(confectionery)" title="Jujube (confectionery)">jujubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gummi_candy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gummi candy">gummies</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice_(confectionery)" title="Liquorice (confectionery)">Liquorice</a>: Containing extract of the <a href="/wiki/Liquorice_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquorice root">liquorice root</a>, this candy is chewier and more resilient than gums or gelatin candies. For example, <a href="/wiki/Liquorice_allsorts" title="Liquorice allsorts">Liquorice allsorts</a>. It has a similar taste to <a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">star anise</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshmallow" title="Marshmallow">Marshmallow</a>: For example, <a href="/wiki/Circus_peanut" title="Circus peanut">circus peanuts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a>: An <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>-based confection, doughy in consistency.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithai_(confectionery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithai (confectionery)">Mithai</a>: A generic term for confectionery in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, typically made from dairy products and/or some form of flour. Sugar or molasses are used as sweeteners.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persipan" title="Persipan">Persipan</a>: similar to marzipan, but made with peaches or apricots instead of almonds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastillage">Pastillage</a>: A thick sugar paste made with gelatin, water, and confectioner's sugar, similar to gum paste, which is moulded into shapes, which then harden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(confectionery)" title="Tablet (confectionery)">Tablet</a>: A crumbly milk-based soft and hard candy, based on sugars cooked to the soft ball stage. Comes in several forms, such as wafers and heart shapes. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tableting" title="Tableting">tableting</a>, a method of candy production.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffy_(candy)" title="Taffy (candy)">Taffy</a> (British: <i>chews</i>): A sugar confection that is folded many times above 120 °F (50 °C), incorporating air bubbles thus reducing its density and making it opaque.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a>: A confection made by caramelizing sugar or molasses along with butter. Toffee has a glossy surface and textures ranging from soft and sticky to a hard, brittle material. Its brown color and smoky taste arise from the caramelization of the sugars.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_and_shelf_life">Storage and shelf life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Storage and shelf life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a> is largely determined by the amount of water present in the candy and the storage conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-sugar candies, such as boiled candies, can have a shelf life of many years if kept covered in a dry environment. Spoilage of low-moisture candies tends to involve a loss of shape, color, texture, and flavor, rather than the growth of dangerous microbes. Impermeable packaging can reduce spoilage due to storage conditions. </p><p>Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for example, a candy that combines marshmallow and nougat), or if they are stored in high-moisture environments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Water_activity" title="Water activity">water activity</a>, which results in the transfer of unwanted water from a high-moisture environment into a low-moisture candy, rendering it rubbery, or the loss of desirable water from a high-moisture candy into a dry environment, rendering the candy dry and brittle. </p><p>Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous candies, is the <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass transition</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_roles">Cultural roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_confectionery_store_in_%22The_Great_Buddha_Sweet_Shop%22_from_Akizato_Rito%27s_Miyako_meisho_zue_(1787).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Japanese_confectionery_store_in_%22The_Great_Buddha_Sweet_Shop%22_from_Akizato_Rito%27s_Miyako_meisho_zue_%281787%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_confectionery_store_in_%22The_Great_Buddha_Sweet_Shop%22_from_Akizato_Rito%27s_Miyako_meisho_zue_%281787%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Japanese_confectionery_store_in_%22The_Great_Buddha_Sweet_Shop%22_from_Akizato_Rito%27s_Miyako_meisho_zue_%281787%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_confectionery_store_in_%22The_Great_Buddha_Sweet_Shop%22_from_Akizato_Rito%27s_Miyako_meisho_zue_%281787%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Japanese_confectionery_store_in_%22The_Great_Buddha_Sweet_Shop%22_from_Akizato_Rito%27s_Miyako_meisho_zue_%281787%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_confectionery_store_in_%22The_Great_Buddha_Sweet_Shop%22_from_Akizato_Rito%27s_Miyako_meisho_zue_%281787%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese vendor selling <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_desserts_and_sweets" title="List of Japanese desserts and sweets">sweets</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">wagashi</a></i>) in "The Great Buddha Sweet Shop" from the <i>Miyako meisho zue</i> (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%89%80%E5%9B%B3%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:都名所図会">ja:都名所図会</a>) (1787)</figcaption></figure> <p>Both bakers' and sugar confections are used to offer <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a> to guests. </p><p>Confections are used to mark celebrations or events, such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake" title="Wedding cake">wedding cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birthday_cake" title="Birthday cake">birthday cake</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>. </p><p>The chocolate company <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> (under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cadbury" title="Richard Cadbury">Richard Cadbury</a>) was the first to commercialize the connection between romance and confectionery, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tourists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourists">Tourists</a> commonly eat confections as part of their travels. The indulgence in rich, sugary foods is seen as a special treat, and choosing local specialties is popular. For example, visitors to Vienna eat <a href="/wiki/Sachertorte" title="Sachertorte">Sachertorte</a> and visitors to seaside resorts in the UK eat <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool rock">Blackpool rock</a> candy. Transportable confections like <a href="/wiki/Fudges" class="mw-redirect" title="Fudges">fudges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(confectionery)" title="Tablet (confectionery)">tablet</a> may be purchased as <a href="/wiki/Souvenirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Souvenirs">souvenirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, confections are low in <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">micronutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> but high in <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a>. They may be <a href="/wiki/Fat-free" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat-free">fat-free foods</a>, although some confections, especially fried doughs and chocolate, are high-fat foods. Many confections are considered <a href="/wiki/Empty_calories" title="Empty calories">empty calories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultra-processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-processed foods">ultra-processed foods</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military chocolate">Specially formulated chocolate</a> has been manufactured in the past for military use as a high-density <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> source. </p><p>Many sugar confections, especially <a href="/wiki/Caramel_corn" title="Caramel corn">caramel-coated popcorn</a> and the different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">sugar candy</a>, are defined in US law as foods of <a href="/wiki/Minimal_nutritional_value" title="Minimal nutritional value">minimal nutritional value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks">Risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contaminants and <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">coloring agents</a> in confectionery can be particularly harmful to children. Therefore, confectionery contaminants, such as high levels of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, have been restricted to 1 ppm in the US. There is no specific maximum in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Candy colorants, particularly yellow colorants such as <a href="/wiki/Tartrazine" title="Tartrazine">E102 Tartrazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinoline_Yellow_WS" title="Quinoline Yellow WS">E104 Quinoline Yellow WS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Yellow_FCF" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunset Yellow FCF">E110 Sunset Yellow FCF</a>, have many restrictions around the world. Tartrazine, for example, can cause allergic and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthmatic reactions</a> and was once banned in Austria, Germany, and Norway. Some countries such as the UK have asked the food industry to phase out the use of these colorants, especially for products marketed to children.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candy_making" title="Candy making">Candy making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery_store" title="Confectionery store">Confectionery store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candies" title="List of candies">List of candies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_top-selling_candy_brands" title="List of top-selling candy brands">List of top-selling candy brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of foods">List of foods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MerriamWebsterConfectionery-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MerriamWebsterConfectionery_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MerriamWebsterConfectionery_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/confectionery">"confectionery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=confectionery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fconfectionery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED2023Confectionery-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED2023Confectionery_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED2023Confectionery_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED2023Confectionery_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/confectionery_n?tab=meaning_and_use">"Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. Oxford University Press. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fconfectionery_n%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA213"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199677337" title="Special:BookSources/9780199677337"><bdi>9780199677337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199677337&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL6LAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Food_Information_Service2009" class="citation book cs1">International Food Information Service, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYLOTMdCSEC&pg=PA106"><i>Dictionary of Food Science and Technology</i></a> (2nd ed.). Chichester, U.K.: Wiley–Blackwell. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405187404" title="Special:BookSources/9781405187404"><bdi>9781405187404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Food+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405187404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakYLOTMdCSEC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Darra (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbi6BwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6"><bdi>978-0-19-931339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931339-6&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Darra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djbi6BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2000" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, W.P. (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencesugarconf00edwa"><i>The Science of Sugar Confectionery</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencesugarconf00edwa/page/n12">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854045938" title="Special:BookSources/9780854045938"><bdi>9780854045938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Sugar+Confectionery&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780854045938&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=W.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencesugarconf00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Art_of_Confectionery-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Art_of_Confectionery_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Art_of_Confectionery_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay" class="citation web cs1">Day, Ivan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118051214/http://www.historicfood.com/The%20Art%20of%20Confectionery.pdf">"The Art of Confectionery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>historicfood.com</i>. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-590-20297-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-590-20297-5"><bdi>978-1-590-20297-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar%3A+A+Bitterweet+History&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-590-20297-5&rft.au=Elizabeth+Abbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsugarbittersweet0000abbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNPCS2013" class="citation book cs1">NPCS (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a989AQAAQBAJ"><i>Confectionery Products Handbook (Chocolate, Toffees, Chewing Gum & Sugar Free Confectionery)</i></a>. India: Asia Pacific Business Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178331539" title="Special:BookSources/9788178331539"><bdi>9788178331539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confectionery+Products+Handbook+%28Chocolate%2C+Toffees%2C+Chewing+Gum+%26+Sugar+Free+Confectionery%29&rft.place=India&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Asia+Pacific+Business+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788178331539&rft.au=NPCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da989AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Food-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Food_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToussaint-Samat2009" class="citation book cs1">Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009). <i>A History of Food</i>. 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Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastagri.org/publications/pub_docs/4_Sugar_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agribusiness+Handbook%3A+Sugar+beet+white+sugar&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization%2C+United+Nations&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastagri.org%2Fpublications%2Fpub_docs%2F4_Sugar_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A. Hill (1902), The Anglo-American Encyclopedia, Volume 7, page 725</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas E. Furia (1973), CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition, Volume 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849305429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849305429">978-0849305429</a>, page 7 (Chapter 1, by Thomas D. Luckey)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004), Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579583804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579583804">978-1579583804</a>, Routledge, pages 145–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoufsRoufs2014" class="citation book cs1">Roufs, Timothy G.; Roufs, Kathleen Smyth (2014). <i>Sweet treats around the world: an encyclopedia of food and culture</i>. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+treats+around+the+world%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+food+and+culture&rft.pages=343&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Roufs&rft.aufirst=Timothy+G.&rft.au=Roufs%2C+Kathleen+Smyth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNgBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i></a>. Oxford University Press. April 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931362-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931362-4"><bdi>978-0-19-931362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931362-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPNgBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snodgrass, M. E. <i>Encyclopedia of Kitchen History</i>, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry Richardson, Geert Andersen, "Confectionery" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a07_411">10.1002/14356007.a07_411</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Food_Information_Service2009" class="citation book cs1">International Food Information Service, ed. 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Chichester, U.K.: Wiley–Blackwell. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405187404" title="Special:BookSources/9781405187404"><bdi>9781405187404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Food+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405187404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakYLOTMdCSEC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxner2021" class="citation news cs1">Oxner, Reese (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/10/01/919189045/for-subway-a-ruling-not-so-sweet-irish-court-says-its-bread-isnt-bread">"For Subway, A Ruling Not So Sweet. Irish Court Says Its Bread Isn't Bread"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017001527/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/01/919189045/for-subway-a-ruling-not-so-sweet-irish-court-says-its-bread-isnt-bread">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=Cotton+Candy&rft.date=2000-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fmailbag%2Fmcottoncandy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722050117/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcs.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1&Co=1073">"ISIC Rev.4 code 1073: Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery"</a>. <i>United Nations Statistics Division, Classification Registry</i>. 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division%2C+Classification+Registry&rft.atitle=ISIC+Rev.4+code+1073%3A+Manufacture+of+cocoa%2C+chocolate+and+sugar+confectionery&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fcr%2Fregistry%2Fregcs.asp%3FCl%3D27%26Lg%3D1%26Co%3D1073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722023316/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1073&Lg=1">"Correspondences for ISIC Rev.4 code 1073"</a>. <i>United Nations Statistics Division</i>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1073&Lg=1">the original</a> on 22 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Correspondences+for+ISIC+Rev.4+code+1073&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fcr%2Fregistry%2Fregso2.asp%3FCl%3D27%26Co%3D1073%26Lg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722051828/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1050&Lg=1">"Correspondences for ISIC Rev.4 code 1050"</a>. <i>United Nations Statistics Division</i>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regso2.asp?Cl=27&Co=1050&Lg=1">the original</a> on 22 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Correspondences+for+ISIC+Rev.4+code+1050&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fcr%2Fregistry%2Fregso2.asp%3FCl%3D27%26Co%3D1050%26Lg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret McWilliams. (2006) Nutrition and Dietetics Eighth edition edn. Prentice Hall: Pearson Education Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErgunLiethaHartel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ergun R, Lietha R, Hartel RW (February 2010). "Moisture and shelf life in sugar confections". <i>Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr</i>. <b>50</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408390802248833">10.1080/10408390802248833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20112158">20112158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19980997">19980997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Food+Sci+Nutr&rft.atitle=Moisture+and+shelf+life+in+sugar+confections&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19980997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20112158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408390802248833&rft.aulast=Ergun&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Lietha%2C+R&rft.au=Hartel%2C+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90"><i>Guinness World Records 2017</i></a>. Guinness World Records. 8 September 2016. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910561348" title="Special:BookSources/9781910561348"><bdi>9781910561348</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110231442/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cadbury" title="Richard Cadbury">Richard Cadbury</a>, eldest son of John Cadbury who founded the now iconic brand, was the first chocolate-maker to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2017&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.isbn=9781910561348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxAyDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcadbury%2Bchocolate%2Bboxes%2B1868%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleave2012" class="citation book cs1">Cleave, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpl4XlX2D1UC&pg=PA158">"Sugar in Tourism: 'Wrapped in Devonshire Sunshine'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Sugar Heritage and Tourism in Transition</i>. Channel View Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845413897" title="Special:BookSources/9781845413897"><bdi>9781845413897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sugar+in+Tourism%3A+%27Wrapped+in+Devonshire+Sunshine%27&rft.btitle=Sugar+Heritage+and+Tourism+in+Transition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781845413897&rft.aulast=Cleave&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfpl4XlX2D1UC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/foods-minimal-nutritional-value">"Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value"</a>. <i>www.fns.usda.gov</i>. Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a>, United States Department of Agriculture. 13 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528145328/https://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/foods-minimal-nutritional-value">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fns.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Foods+of+Minimal+Nutritional+Value&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fns.usda.gov%2Fschool-meals%2Ffoods-minimal-nutritional-value&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1570">"Lead in Food | EFSA"</a>. <i>www.efsa.europa.eu</i>. 20 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.efsa.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Lead+in+Food+%7C+EFSA&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fefsajournal%2Fpub%2F1570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7725316.stm">"Ministers agree food colour ban"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 12 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ministers+agree+food+colour+ban&rft.date=2008-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F7725316.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Ballesteros2012" class="citation book cs1">García Ballesteros, Enrique (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodswinesfromspain.com/spanishfoodwine/global/history/history_bakery/index.html"><i>Foods From Spain History: Bakery & Confectionery. A Taste For Sweetness</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foods+From+Spain+History%3A+Bakery+%26+Confectionery.+A+Taste+For+Sweetness&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Ballesteros&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodswinesfromspain.com%2Fspanishfoodwine%2Fglobal%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_bakery%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Darra (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ&q=the+oxford+companion+to+sugar+and+sweets"><i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6"><bdi>978-0-19-931339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931339-6&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Darra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1bCBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Boxford%2Bcompanion%2Bto%2Bsugar%2Band%2Bsweets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2002" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Tim H. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr"><i>Sweets: A History of Candy</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-229-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-229-6"><bdi>1-58234-229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweets%3A+A+History+of+Candy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58234-229-6&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Tim+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsweets00timr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroud2008" class="citation book cs1">Stroud, Jon (2008). <i>The Sucker's Guide: A Journey into the Soft Centre of the Sweet Shop</i>. Summersdale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84024-709-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84024-709-1"><bdi>978-1-84024-709-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sucker%27s+Guide%3A+A+Journey+into+the+Soft+Centre+of+the+Sweet+Shop&rft.pub=Summersdale&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84024-709-1&rft.aulast=Stroud&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherley1865" class="citation book cs1">Weatherley, Henry (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonartb00conggoog"><i>A Treatise on the Art of Boiling Sugar</i></a>. H.C. Baird<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Art+of+Boiling+Sugar&rft.pub=H.C.+Baird&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Weatherley&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatreatiseonartb00conggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfectionery2018" class="citation book cs1">Confectionery, International (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in-confectionery.com"><i>International Confectionery Journal</i></a>. Hand Media International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Confectionery+Journal&rft.pub=Hand+Media+International&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Confectionery&rft.aufirst=International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin-confectionery.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfectionery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confectionery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Confectionery" class="extiw" title="commons:Confectionery">Confectionery</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Confections" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Confections">Confections</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition 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title="Candy">Candy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_confectionery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_candy" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny candy">Penny candy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candies" title="List of candies">List of candies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_top-selling_candy_brands" title="List of top-selling candy brands">List of top-selling candy brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breath_mints" title="List of breath mints">List of breath mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_confectionery_brands" title="List of confectionery brands">List of confectionery brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolatiers" title="List of chocolatiers">List of chocolatiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_bar_brands" title="List of chocolate bar brands">List of chocolate bar brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chocolate manufacturers">List of chocolate manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_chocolate" title="Types of chocolate">Types of chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_chocolate" title="Compound chocolate">Compound chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couverture_chocolate" title="Couverture chocolate">Couverture chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">White chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffle" title="Chocolate truffle">Chocolate truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_chocolate" title="Mint chocolate">Mint chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_chocolate" title="Belgian chocolate">Belgian chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_chocolate" title="French chocolate">French chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chocolate" title="Swiss chocolate">Swiss chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolaterie" title="Chocolaterie">Chocolaterie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_gum" title="Bubble gum">Bubble gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_chewing_gum" title="Functional chewing gum">Functional chewing gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chewing_gum_brands" title="List of chewing gum brands">List of chewing gum brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum industry">Gum industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramels" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramels">Caramels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffy_(candy)" title="Taffy (candy)">Taffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag%C3%A9e" title="Dragée">Dragée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">Praline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshmallows" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshmallows">Marshmallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">Nougat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(candy)" title="Mint (candy)">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">Licorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_bean" title="Jelly bean">Jelly bean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicinal candy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cough_sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough sweets">Cough sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_gum" title="Nicotine gum">Nicotine gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horehound_drops" class="mw-redirect" title="Horehound drops">Horehound drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop" title="Lollipop">Lollipops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cakes" title="List of cakes">Cakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cookies" title="List of cookies">Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_desserts" title="List of desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties" title="List of doughnut varieties">Doughnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pastries" title="List of pastries">Pastries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pies,_tarts_and_flans" title="List of pies, tarts and flans">Pies, tarts and flans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Candy" title="Category:Candy">Category: Candy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cakes482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cakes" title="Template:Cakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cakes" title="Template talk:Cakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cakes" 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiadone" title="Fiadone">Fiadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cheesecake" title="Japanese cheesecake">Japanese cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostkaka" title="Ostkaka">Ostkaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ube_cheesecake" title="Ube cheesecake">Ube cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon_cheesecake" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoked salmon cheesecake">Smoked salmon cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_(cake)" title="Tu (cake)">Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cheesecake" title="Basque cheesecake">Basque cheesecake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nut cakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut_cake" title="Brazil nut cake">Brazil nut cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castagnaccio" title="Castagnaccio">Castagnaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_cake" title="Chestnut cake">Chestnut cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falculelle" title="Falculelle">Falculelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financier_(cake)" title="Financier (cake)">Financier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neccio" title="Neccio">Neccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_de_G%C3%AAnes" title="Pain de Gênes">Pain de Gênes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_cake" title="Chocolate cake">Chocolate<br />cakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amandine_(dessert)" title="Amandine (dessert)">Amandine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_cake" title="Batik cake">Batik cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Forest_gateau" title="Black Forest gateau">Black Forest gateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_cake" title="Blackout cake">Blackout cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">Chocolate brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flourless_chocolate_cake" title="Flourless chocolate cake">Flourless chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garash_cake" title="Garash cake">Garash cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_chocolate_cake" title="German chocolate cake">German chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_slice" title="Hedgehog slice">Hedgehog slice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joffre_cake" title="Joffre cake">Joffre cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladdkaka" title="Kladdkaka">Kladdkaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten_chocolate_cake" title="Molten chocolate cake">Molten chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachertorte" title="Sachertorte">Sachertorte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torta_caprese" title="Torta caprese">Torta caprese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cake" title="Apple cake">Apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_cake" title="Banana cake">Banana cake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_chu%E1%BB%91i" title="Bánh chuối">Bánh chuối</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bun" title="Black bun">Black bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo-rei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolo-rei">Bolo-rei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_cake#Cherry_cake" title="Pound cake">Cherry cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_cake" title="Clementine cake">Clementine cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crema_de_fruta" title="Crema de fruta">Crema de fruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_cake" title="Dundee cake">Dundee cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fig_cake" title="Fig cake">Fig cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_cake" title="Genoa cake">Genoa cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake" title="Jewish apple cake">Jewish apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornigou" title="Kornigou">Kornigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_cake" title="Mango cake">Mango cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_float" title="Mango float">Mango float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panforte" title="Panforte">Panforte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpepato" title="Panpepato">Panpepato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_cake" title="Plum cake">Plum cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_cake" title="Queen Elizabeth cake">Queen Elizabeth cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raisin_cake" title="Raisin cake">Raisin cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torta_alla_Monferrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Torta alla Monferrina">Torta alla Monferrina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Layer_cake" title="Layer cake">Layer cakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_cake" title="Angel cake">Angel cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_fiado" title="Bolo fiado">Bolo fiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_gateau" title="Buckwheat gateau">Buckwheat gateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassata" title="Cassata">Cassata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_chantilly_cake" title="Berry chantilly cake">Chantilly cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_cake" title="Coconut cake">Coconut cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_food_cake" title="Devil's food cake">Devil's food cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doberge_cake" title="Doberge cake">Doberge cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobos_torte" title="Dobos torte">Dobos torte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterh%C3%A1zy_torte" title="Esterházy torte">Esterházy torte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flan_cake" title="Flan cake">Flan cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2teau_magique" title="Gâteau magique">Gâteau magique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_cake" title="Liver cake">Liver cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_cake" title="Maria Luisa cake">Maria Luisa cake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremeschnitte" title="Cremeschnitte">Cremeschnitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ampita" title="Šampita">Šampita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompouce" title="Tompouce">Tompouce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_cake" title="Princess cake">Princess cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinzregententorte" title="Prinzregententorte">Prinzregententorte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_cookie" title="Rainbow cookie">Rainbow cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_layer_cake" title="Sarawak layer cake">Sarawak cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Island,_Maryland#Smith_Island_cake" title="Smith Island, Maryland">Smith Island cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spekkoek" title="Spekkoek">Spekkoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torta_setteveli" title="Torta setteveli">Torta setteveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torta_Tre_Monti" title="Torta Tre Monti">Torta Tre Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torte" title="Torte">Torte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADnarterta" title="Vínarterta">Vínarterta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spit_cake" title="Spit cake">Spit cakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baumkuchen" title="Baumkuchen">Baumkuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCrt%C5%91skal%C3%A1cs" title="Kürtőskalács">Kürtőskalács (Chimney cake)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0akotis" title="Šakotis">Šakotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spettekaka" title="Spettekaka">Spettekaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trdeln%C3%ADk" title="Trdelník">Trdelník</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">Sponge<br />cakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahulu" title="Bahulu">Bahulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_b%C3%B2" title="Bánh bò">Bánh bò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_cake" title="Battenberg cake">Battenberg cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_pie" title="Boston cream pie">Boston cream pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buko_pandan_cake" title="Buko pandan cake">Buko pandan cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundt_cake" title="Bundt cake">Bundt cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castella" title="Castella">Castella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_(cake)" title="Charlotte (cake)">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_and_walnut_cake" title="Coffee and walnut cake">Coffee and walnut cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donauwelle" title="Donauwelle">Donauwelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanta_cake" title="Fanta cake">Fanta cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Kranz" title="Frankfurter Kranz">Frankfurter Kranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="French Fancy">French Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_cake" title="Frog cake">Frog cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoise" title="Genoise">Génoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_milk_cake" title="Hot milk cake">Hot milk cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_cake" title="Hummingbird cake">Hummingbird cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Baltimore_cake" title="Lady Baltimore cake">Lady Baltimore cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladyfinger_(biscuit)" title="Ladyfinger (biscuit)">Ladyfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamington" title="Lamington">Lamington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_cake" title="Madeira cake">Madeira cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)" title="Madeleine (cake)">Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantecada" title="Mantecada">Mantecada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry_girl_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Marry girl cake">Marry girl cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mis%C3%A9rable_cake" title="Misérable cake">Misérable cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cake" title="Opera cake">Opera cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_cake" title="Pandan cake">Pandan cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_wrapped_cake" title="Paper wrapped cake">Paper wrapped cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionono" title="Pionono">Pionono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_cake" title="Rum cake">Rum cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcake" title="Shortcake">Shortcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_cake" title="Spice cake">Spice cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_roll" title="Swiss roll">Swiss roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tres_leches_cake" title="Tres leches cake">Tres leches cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upside-down_cake" title="Upside-down cake">Upside-down cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake#Victoria_sponge" title="Sponge cake">Victoria sponge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foam_cake" title="Foam cake">Foam cakes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_food_cake" title="Angel food cake">Angel food cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazo_de_Mercedes" title="Brazo de Mercedes">Brazo de Mercedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_cake" title="Chiffon cake">Chiffon cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacquoise" title="Dacquoise">Dacquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_cake" title="Kyiv cake">Kyiv cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%B3n" title="Mamón">Mamón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_cake" title="Mango cake">Mango cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans_rival" title="Sans rival">Sans rival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanische_Windtorte" title="Spanische Windtorte">Spanische Windtorte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ube_cake" title="Ube cake">Ube cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yema_cake" title="Yema cake">Yema cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuger_Kirschtorte" title="Zuger Kirschtorte">Zuger Kirschtorte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yeast cakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banbury_cake" title="Banbury cake">Banbury cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlingozzo" title="Berlingozzo">Berlingozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienenstich" title="Bienenstich">Bienenstich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breudher" title="Breudher">Breudher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacavellu" title="Cacavellu">Cacavellu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanile_(cake)" title="Campanile (cake)">Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canestru" title="Canestru">Canestru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorley_cake" title="Chorley cake">Chorley cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_and_walnut_loaf" title="Date and walnut loaf">Date and walnut loaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_bread" title="Easter bread">Easter bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flies%27_graveyard" title="Flies' graveyard">Flies' graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugelhupf" title="Gugelhupf">Gugelhupf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuliata" title="Inuliata">Inuliata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_sweet_bread" title="Portuguese sweet bread">Portuguese sweet bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandoro" title="Pandoro">Pandoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_baba" title="Rum baba">Rum baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streuselkuchen" title="Streuselkuchen">Streuselkuchen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />occasions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_cake" title="Birthday cake">Birthday cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccellato" title="Buccellato">Buccellato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Christmas cake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Bûche de Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_de_Pascua" title="Pan de Pascua">Pan de Pascua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom%27s_cake" title="Groom's cake">Groom's cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Halloween cake">Halloween cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">King cake</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosca_de_reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosca de reyes">Rosca de reyes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kransekake" class="mw-redirect" title="Kransekake">Kransekake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekach" title="Lekach">Lekach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_cake" title="Love cake">Love cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry_girl_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Marry girl cake">Marry girl cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncake" title="Mooncake">Mooncake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasc%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Pască">Pască</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_out_cake" title="Pop out cake">Pop out cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simnel_cake" title="Simnel cake">Simnel cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_cake" title="Soul cake">Soul cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_cake" title="Stack cake">Stack cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strenna_(cake)" title="Strenna (cake)">Strenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake" title="Wedding cake">Wedding cake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basbousa" title="Basbousa">Basbousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_cake" title="Beer cake">Beer cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_than_sex_cake" title="Better than sex cake">Better than sex cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizcocho" title="Bizcocho">Bizcocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_cake" title="Bulla cake">Bulla cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_balls" title="Cake balls">Cake balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_pop" title="Cake pop">Cake pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_cake" title="Carrot cake">Carrot cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cake_(American)" title="Coffee cake (American)">Coffee cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupcake" title="Cupcake">Cupcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread_house" title="Gingerbread house">house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread_man" title="Gingerbread man">man</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cake" title="Heavy cake">Heavy cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cake" title="Ice cream cake">Ice cream cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispanakl%C4%B1_kek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispanaklı kek">Ispanaklı kek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue" title="Kue">Kue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuih" title="Kuih">Kuih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolly_cake" title="Lolly cake">Lolly cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_cake" title="Louise cake">Louise cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A9_pelado" title="Mané pelado">Mané pelado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_cake" title="Marble cake">Marble cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnette_(dessert)" title="Nonnette (dessert)">Nonnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontbijtkoek" title="Ontbijtkoek">Ontbijtkoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_d%27%C3%A9pices" title="Pain d'épices">Pain d'épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">Pancake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_(cake)" title="Parkin (cake)">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrozzo" title="Parrozzo">Parrozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_four" title="Petit four">Petit four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punschkrapfen" title="Punschkrapfen">Punschkrapfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cake" title="Rice cake">Rice cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruske_kape" title="Ruske kape">Ruske kape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack_cake" title="Snack cake">Snack cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9" title="Soufflé">Soufflé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugee_cake" title="Sugee cake">Sugee cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetheart_cake" title="Sweetheart cake">Sweetheart cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacake" title="Teacake">Teacake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiramisu" title="Tiramisu">Tiramisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_cake" title="Watergate cake">Watergate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cake" title="Welsh cake">Welsh cake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cakes" title="Category:Cakes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_cuisine" title="Emilian cuisine">Emilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New 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title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" 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