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background:palegreen;">Libyco-Berber alphabet<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehistory-draa16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Prehistory-draa16.jpg/220px-Prehistory-draa16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Prehistory-draa16.jpg/330px-Prehistory-draa16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Prehistory-draa16.jpg/440px-Prehistory-draa16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sometime during the first millennium BC to the 4th-7th century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Various, but usually bottom-to-top or right-to-left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Numidian language</a>, Libyco-Berber (ancient or classical Berber language)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>? <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Berber_Script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Berber Script (page does not exist)">Early Berber Script</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Libyco-Berber alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> (Tuareg Tifinagh)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Libyco-Berber alphabet</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> that was used during the first millennium BC by various <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> peoples of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, to write ancient varieties of the Berber language like the <a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Numidian language</a> in ancient North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Libyco-Berber script is found in thousands of stone inscriptions and engravings throughout <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and the Canary Islands, with inscriptions of the later (transitional) Saharan variant in rocky outcrops in Mali and Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from thousands of small inscriptions, some of the best known and significant Libyco-Berber inscriptions are in the <a href="/wiki/Punic-Libyan_bilinguals#Temple_(Massinissa)_inscription" title="Punic-Libyan bilinguals">Massinissa Temple</a> (discovered in 1904) and the <a href="/wiki/Punic-Libyan_bilinguals#Cenotaph_(Ateban)_inscription" title="Punic-Libyan bilinguals">Prince Ateban Mausoleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> / Thugga (TBGG), northern Tunisia. Other significant Libyco-Berber inscription are the Azib N'Ikkis<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Oukaimeden,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both found in the High-Atlas Mountains of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. </p><p>The use of the Libyco-Berber alphabet died out in northern areas during or after the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine empires</a>, but it spread south into the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Sahara desert</a> and evolved there into the <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tuareg Tifinagh</a> alphabet used by the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg Berbers</a> to this day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyco-Berber_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before, during, and after the existence of the ancient Berber kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> (northern Algeria, 202 BC–40 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> (northern Morocco, 3rd century BC – 44 AD) many inscriptions were engraved using the Libyco-Berber script, although the overwhelming majority of the found ones were simple funerary scripts, with rock art, cave art, graffiti, and even a few official governmental and possibly religious inscriptions have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Libyco-Berber script was a pure <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>; it had no distinct vowels. However, it had equivalents for "w" and "y", and "h" was possibly used as an "a" too. <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> was not marked. The writing was usually from the bottom to the top, although right-to-left, and even other orders, were also found. The letters took different forms when written vertically than when they were written horizontally.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters were highly geometrical.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyco-Berber_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are multiple variants of the Libyco-Berber script; some studies divide these varieties into eastern and western, while others have identified more than 25 "dialects" grouped in 5 different families.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern variant was used in what is now <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aures,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aures, Algeria">Aurès</a> regions of Algeria and in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and to an extent Kabylia. It is the best-deciphered variant, due to the discovery of several Numidian bilingual inscriptions in Libyco-Berber and Punic (notably so-called <a href="/wiki/Punic-Libyan_bilinguals" title="Punic-Libyan bilinguals">KAI 100 and 101</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> in Tunisia).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1843, 22 letters out of the 24 have been deciphered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Libyco-Berber inventory (compared to equivalent Tifinagh letters by sound):<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>← Direction of writing (Libyco-Berber) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Libyco-Berber (<a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a>) </th> <th>Tifinagh (Ahaggar) </th> <th>Neo-Tifinagh </th></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LIBYAN_LETTER_B.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_B.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LIBYAN_LETTER_B.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LIBYAN_LETTER_B.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_B.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵀ </td> <td>ⴱ </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_G.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/LIBYAN_LETTER_G.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_G.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/LIBYAN_LETTER_G.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_G.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/LIBYAN_LETTER_G.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_G.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⴳ </td> <td>ⴳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LIBYAN_LETTER_D.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_D.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LIBYAN_LETTER_D.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LIBYAN_LETTER_D.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_D.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⴷ,ⴸ </td> <td>ⴷ </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_H.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/LIBYAN_LETTER_H.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_H.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/LIBYAN_LETTER_H.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_H.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/LIBYAN_LETTER_H.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_H.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵂ </td> <td>ⵀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_W_VERTICAL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/LIBYAN_LETTER_W_VERTICAL.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_W_VERTICAL.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/LIBYAN_LETTER_W_VERTICAL.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_W_VERTICAL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/LIBYAN_LETTER_W_VERTICAL.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_W_VERTICAL.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵓ </td> <td>ⵡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>z<sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_Z2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z2.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z2.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z2.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z2.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z2.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵋ </td> <td>ⵊ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṭ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_T.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_T.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_T.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_T.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_T.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_T.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_T.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵟ </td> <td>ⵟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_Y.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/LIBYAN_LETTER_Y.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Y.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/LIBYAN_LETTER_Y.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Y.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/LIBYAN_LETTER_Y.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Y.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵉ </td> <td>ⵢ </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_K.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LIBYAN_LETTER_K.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_K.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LIBYAN_LETTER_K.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_K.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LIBYAN_LETTER_K.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_K.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⴾ </td> <td>ⴽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LIBYAN_LETTER_L.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_L.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LIBYAN_LETTER_L.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_L.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LIBYAN_LETTER_L.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_L.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵍ </td> <td>ⵍ </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_M.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/LIBYAN_LETTER_M.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_M.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/LIBYAN_LETTER_M.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_M.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/LIBYAN_LETTER_M.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_M.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵎ </td> <td>ⵎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_N.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="LB vertical N" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LIBYAN_LETTER_N.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_N.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LIBYAN_LETTER_N.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_N.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LIBYAN_LETTER_N.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_N.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵏ </td> <td>ⵏ </td></tr> <tr> <td>s<sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_S2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="LB vertical N" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LIBYAN_LETTER_S2.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_S2.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LIBYAN_LETTER_S2.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_S2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/LIBYAN_LETTER_S2.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_S2.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>ⵚ </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LIBYAN_LETTER_F.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_F.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LIBYAN_LETTER_F.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LIBYAN_LETTER_F.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_F.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⴼ </td> <td>ⴼ </td></tr> <tr> <td>s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_S.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/LIBYAN_LETTER_S.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_S.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/LIBYAN_LETTER_S.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_S.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/LIBYAN_LETTER_S.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_S.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵙ </td> <td>ⵙ </td></tr> <tr> <td>q/ɣ? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_Q.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LIBYAN_LETTER_Q.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Q.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LIBYAN_LETTER_Q.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Q.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LIBYAN_LETTER_Q.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Q.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span>? </td> <td>ⵗ/ⵈ </td> <td>ⵖ/ⵇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/LIBYAN_LETTER_R.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_R.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/LIBYAN_LETTER_R.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/LIBYAN_LETTER_R.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_R.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵔ </td> <td>ⵔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>s<sup>3</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_SHIN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LIBYAN_LETTER_SHIN.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_SHIN.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LIBYAN_LETTER_SHIN.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_SHIN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LIBYAN_LETTER_SHIN.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_SHIN.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵛ </td> <td>ⵛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_T.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/LIBYAN_LETTER_T.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_T.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/LIBYAN_LETTER_T.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_T.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/LIBYAN_LETTER_T.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_T.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵜ </td> <td>ⵜ </td></tr> <tr> <td>z<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_Z3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="LB vertical Z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z3.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z3.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z3.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z3.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z3.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵣ </td> <td>ⵣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>s<sup>4</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_S.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_S.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_S.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_S.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_S.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_S.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_EMPHATIC_S.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z<sup>3</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LIBYAN_LETTER_Z1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z1.png/20px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z1.png/30px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LIBYAN_LETTER_Z1.png/40px-LIBYAN_LETTER_Z1.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td> <td>ⵌ </td> <td>ⵥ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Western variant was used along the Mediterranean coast from <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a> to the Canary Islands. It used 13 supplementary letters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2002, much of the Western variant has yet to be deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western variant signs have also been observed to be used in combination with possible <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictograms</a> of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyco-Berber_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the Libyco-Berber script is still debated by academic researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading theories regarding its origins posit it as being either a heavily modified version of the Phoenician alphabet, or a local invention influenced by the latter,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the most supported view being that it derived from a local prototype conceptually inspired by a Phoenician or archaic Semitic model.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other unlikely explanations include Greek, Punic or South Arabian influences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the oldest known variants of the script is found in inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dugga</a> dating from <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:72_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Kerfala,_northern_Algeria.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Kerfala, northern Algeria."><img alt="Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Kerfala, northern Algeria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Kerfala%2C_northern_Algeria.png/120px-Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Kerfala%2C_northern_Algeria.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Kerfala%2C_northern_Algeria.png/180px-Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Kerfala%2C_northern_Algeria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Kerfala%2C_northern_Algeria.png/240px-Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Kerfala%2C_northern_Algeria.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Kerfala, northern Algeria.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_(Jean_Emile_Humbert).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first published sketch of the bilingual (Left: Punic. Right: Libyco-Berber) Ateban Mausoleum inscription of Dougga, Tunisia (Jean Emile Humbert)"><img alt="The first published sketch of the bilingual (Left: Punic. Right: Libyco-Berber) Ateban Mausoleum inscription of Dougga, Tunisia (Jean Emile Humbert)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/120px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/180px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/240px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4366" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first published sketch of the bilingual (Left: Punic. Right: Libyco-Berber) Ateban Mausoleum inscription of Dougga, Tunisia (Jean Emile Humbert)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Oukaimeden,_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Oukaimeden, Morocco."><img alt="Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Oukaimeden, Morocco." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Oukaimeden%2C_Morocco.jpg/120px-Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Oukaimeden%2C_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Oukaimeden%2C_Morocco.jpg/180px-Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Oukaimeden%2C_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Oukaimeden%2C_Morocco.jpg/240px-Libyco-Berber_inscriptions_in_Oukaimeden%2C_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Libyco-Berber inscriptions in Oukaimeden, Morocco.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-berber_alphabet_funerary_stele_of_Tunisia_Sbeitla_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical Libyco-berber "Eastern" alphabet on a funerary stele found in Sidi Ali Bahloul, Jedilane-Rouha region, Tunisia (Sbeitla's archeological museum)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Libyco-berber_alphabet_funerary_stele_of_Tunisia_Sbeitla_Museum.jpg/102px-Libyco-berber_alphabet_funerary_stele_of_Tunisia_Sbeitla_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Libyco-berber_alphabet_funerary_stele_of_Tunisia_Sbeitla_Museum.jpg/154px-Libyco-berber_alphabet_funerary_stele_of_Tunisia_Sbeitla_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Libyco-berber_alphabet_funerary_stele_of_Tunisia_Sbeitla_Museum.jpg/205px-Libyco-berber_alphabet_funerary_stele_of_Tunisia_Sbeitla_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="2665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical Libyco-berber "Eastern" alphabet on a funerary stele found in Sidi Ali Bahloul, Jedilane-Rouha region, Tunisia (<a href="/wiki/Sbeitla" title="Sbeitla">Sbeitla</a>'s archeological museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Numidjanska_stela3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Numidian stela in Bardo National Museum (Tunis)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Numidjanska_stela3.jpg/90px-Numidjanska_stela3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Numidjanska_stela3.jpg/135px-Numidjanska_stela3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Numidjanska_stela3.jpg/180px-Numidjanska_stela3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Numidian</a> stela in <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo National Museum</a> (Tunis)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehistory-draa16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Writing on mountain along Wadi Draa in Fum ash-Shanna, Tinzouline, Zagora Province, Morocco"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Prehistory-draa16.jpg/120px-Prehistory-draa16.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Prehistory-draa16.jpg/180px-Prehistory-draa16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Prehistory-draa16.jpg/240px-Prehistory-draa16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Writing on mountain along <a href="/wiki/Draa_River" title="Draa River">Wadi Draa</a> in Fum ash-Shanna, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinzouline" class="extiw" title="de:Tinzouline">Tinzouline</a>, Zagora Province, Morocco</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyco-Berber_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREForic_Bates1914" class="citation book cs1">oric Bates (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924008200838/page/n124/mode/1up"><i>The Eastern Libyan</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Libyan&rft.date=1914&rft.au=oric+Bates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924008200838%2Fpage%2Fn124%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=47&lang=en">"Libyco-Berber - 2nd (9th?) century BC-7th century AD"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605215520/http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Scrittura&id=47&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libyco-Berber+-+2nd+%289th%3F%29+century+BC-7th+century+AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmnamon.sns.it%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DScrittura%26id%3D47%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000070515">"Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt: the Tehenu in Egyptian records"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605215450/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000070515">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libyco-Berber+relations+with+ancient+Egypt%3A+the+Tehenu+in+Egyptian+records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000070515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/RILRecueilDesInscriptionsLibyques"><i>J.-B. CHABOT. — RECUEIL DES INSCRIPTIONS LIBYQUES</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.-B.+CHABOT.+%E2%80%94+RECUEIL+DES+INSCRIPTIONS+LIBYQUES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRILRecueilDesInscriptionsLibyques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801308.us.archive.org/25/items/amazigh_201511/lyb-Galand%20-%20L'alphabet%20libyque%20de%20Dougga.pdf">L'alphabet libyque de Dougga, Lionel Galand, 1973</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/etaf_0768-2352_1966_mon_1_1_879.pdf">Inscriptions libyques, Lionel Galand, 1966</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPichler2007" class="citation book cs1">Pichler, Werner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZW_MgAACAAJ"><i>Origin and Development of the Libyco-Berber Script</i></a>. Köppe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89645-394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89645-394-5"><bdi>978-3-89645-394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+Development+of+the+Libyco-Berber+Script&rft.pub=K%C3%B6ppe&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89645-394-5&rft.aulast=Pichler&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZW_MgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutum-canarium.org/lbi-project/inscr_data.php?site=IKKI1&inscr=1">"LBI - Libyco-Berber Inscriptions Database: Inscription details"</a>. <i>www.institutum-canarium.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.institutum-canarium.org&rft.atitle=LBI+-+Libyco-Berber+Inscriptions+Database%3A+Inscription+details&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutum-canarium.org%2Flbi-project%2Finscr_data.php%3Fsite%3DIKKI1%26inscr%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutum-canarium.org/lbi-project/inscr_data.php?site=OUKA1&inscr=1">"LBI - Libyco-Berber Inscriptions Database: Inscription details"</a>. <i>www.institutum-canarium.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.institutum-canarium.org&rft.atitle=LBI+-+Libyco-Berber+Inscriptions+Database%3A+Inscription+details&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutum-canarium.org%2Flbi-project%2Finscr_data.php%3Fsite%3DOUKA1%26inscr%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehméAl-Jallad2017" class="citation book cs1">Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2017-11-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IJ1DwAAQBAJ&dq=funerary+inscriptions+libyco-berber&pg=PA346"><i>To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35761-7"><bdi>978-90-04-35761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Madbar+and+Back+Again%3A+Studies+in+the+languages%2C+archaeology%2C+and+cultures+of+Arabia+dedicated+to+Michael+C.A.+Macdonald&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35761-7&rft.aulast=Nehm%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=La%C3%AFla&rft.au=Al-Jallad%2C+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IJ1DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfunerary%2Binscriptions%2Blibyco-berber%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancient-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancient_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826045645/http://www.ancientscripts.com/berber.html">"Berber"</a>. Ancient Scripts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/berber.html">the original</a> on 2017-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berber&rft.pub=Ancient+Scripts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientscripts.com%2Fberber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhtār1990" class="citation book cs1">Mukhtār, Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn (1990-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta0wDwAAQBAJ&dq=Libyco-Berber+geometrical&pg=PA238"><i>UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06697-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06697-7"><bdi>978-0-520-06697-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+General+History+of+Africa%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Abridged+Edition%3A+Ancient+Africa&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06697-7&rft.aulast=Mukht%C4%81r&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Jam%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTa0wDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLibyco-Berber%2Bgeometrical%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellLane2013" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (2013-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fY0eAAAAQBAJ&dq=libyco-berber+cyrenaica&pg=PA766"><i>The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 766. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956988-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956988-5"><bdi>978-0-19-956988-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+African+Archaeology&rft.pages=766&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956988-5&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Lane%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfY0eAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlibyco-berber%2Bcyrenaica%26pg%3DPA766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/written-in-stone/">"Written In Stone"</a>. <i>africanrockart.britishmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=africanrockart.britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Written+In+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricanrockart.britishmuseum.org%2Fthematic%2Fwritten-in-stone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaland2002" class="citation book cs1">Galand, Lionel (2002). <i>Études de Linguistique Berbère</i>. Leuven, Paris: Peeters. pp. 13, 15, 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1180-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1180-8"><bdi>90-429-1180-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+de+Linguistique+Berb%C3%A8re&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Paris&rft.pages=13%2C+15%2C+31&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-429-1180-8&rft.aulast=Galand&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrewBahn2014" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2014-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWbwAwAAQBAJ&dq=Libyco-Berber+western+eastern&pg=PT605"><i>The Cambridge World Prehistory</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-64775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-64775-6"><bdi>978-1-107-64775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+Prehistory&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft.isbn=978-1-107-64775-6&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWbwAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLibyco-Berber%2Bwestern%2Beastern%26pg%3DPT605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Quellec2012" class="citation book cs1">Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc (2012). "Rock Art, Scripts and Proto-Scripts in Africa: The Libyco-uberber Example". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775301938"><i>Written culture in a colonial context : Africa and the Americas 1500-1900</i></a>. Adrien Delmas, Nigel Penn. Leiden: BRILL. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22524-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22524-4"><bdi>978-90-04-22524-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775301938">775301938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rock+Art%2C+Scripts+and+Proto-Scripts+in+Africa%3A+The+Libyco-uberber+Example&rft.btitle=Written+culture+in+a+colonial+context+%3A+Africa+and+the+Americas+1500-1900&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F775301938&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22524-4&rft.aulast=Le+Quellec&rft.aufirst=Jean-Lo%C3%AFc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F775301938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasajus" class="citation journal cs1">Casajus, Dominique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fafriques.1203">"Sur l'origine de l'écriture libyque. Quelques propositions"</a> [On the origin of the Libyco-Berber alphabet: A few proposals]. <i>Afriques</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fafriques.1203">10.4000/afriques.1203</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afriques&rft.atitle=Sur+l%27origine+de+l%27%C3%A9criture+libyque.+Quelques+propositions&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fafriques.1203&rft.aulast=Casajus&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fafriques.1203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/chak-hach.pdf">A PROPOS DE L’ORIGINE ET DE L’AGE DE L’ECRITURE LIBYCO-BERBERE, Salem Chaker, Slimane Hachi. Etudes berbères et chamito-sémitiques, Mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse, (S. Chaker, éd.), Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters, 2000, p. 95-111.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJByDwAAQBAJ&dq=libyco-berber+phoenician.&pg=PA188"><i>Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past: Essays in Honour of Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias</i></a>. BRILL. 2018-08-13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38018-9"><bdi>978-90-04-38018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscapes%2C+Sources+and+Intellectual+Projects+of+the+West+African+Past%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Paulo+Fernando+de+Moraes+Farias&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38018-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJByDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlibyco-berber%2Bphoenician.%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaiz-Villena2012" class="citation book cs1">Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2012-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0wIBgAAQBAJ&dq=libyco-berber&pg=PT116"><i>Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-4231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-4231-5"><bdi>978-1-4615-4231-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Iberia%3A+Genetics%2C+Anthropology%2C+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-4231-5&rft.aulast=Arnaiz-Villena&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0wIBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlibyco-berber%26pg%3DPT116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, George L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810078009"><i>The Routledge handbook of scripts and alphabets</i></a>. Christopher Moseley (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86548-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86548-4"><bdi>978-0-203-86548-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/810078009">810078009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+handbook+of+scripts+and+alphabets&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=58-59&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F810078009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-86548-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F810078009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyco-Berber+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyco-Berber_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libyco-berber_Inscriptions?page=1">Academic papers on the Libyco-Berber inscriptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemorocco.com/alibu-mazigh/">The Libyco-Berber alphabet's font</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemorocco.com/alibu-mazigh.ttf">Download the Libyco-Berber font</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libyco-Berber_alphabet&oldid=1243698193">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libyco-Berber_alphabet&oldid=1243698193</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_history" title="Category:Berber history">Berber history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alphabets" title="Category:Alphabets">Alphabets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_languages" title="Category:Berber languages">Berber languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Category:Writing systems of Africa">Writing systems of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berberism" title="Category:Berberism">Berberism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 September 2024, at 22:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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