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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two important ancient inscriptions from Dougga, Tunisia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Punic-Libyan bilinguals</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_bilingue_de_Thugga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Inscription_bilingue_de_Thugga.jpg/220px-Inscription_bilingue_de_Thugga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Inscription_bilingue_de_Thugga.jpg/330px-Inscription_bilingue_de_Thugga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Inscription_bilingue_de_Thugga.jpg/440px-Inscription_bilingue_de_Thugga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="409" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The first known bilingual inscription of Dougga</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">69 cm high and 207 cm wide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_alphabet" title="Libyco-Berber alphabet">Libyco-Berber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician scripts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">146 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Identification</th><td class="infobox-data">1852,0305.1-2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Culture</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Punic-Libyan bilingual inscriptions</b> are two important ancient <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual inscription">bilingual inscriptions</a> dated to the 2nd century BC. </p><p>The first, the Cenotaph Inscription, was transcribed in 1631 by Thomas D'Arcos<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later played a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Deciphering" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciphering">deciphering</a> the <a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber script</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Numidian language</a> (Old Libyan) was written.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is however still not fully understood. The inscription was part of the <a href="/wiki/Libyco-Punic_Mausoleum_of_Dougga" title="Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga">Libyco-Punic Mausoleum</a> (Mausoleum of Ateban) at <a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, before it was removed in the mid nineteenth century and taken to London, where it is now in the British Museum's ancient <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> collection.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second inscription, the Temple Inscription, is longer than the first, and was discovered in 1904 in the Temple of Jupiter at Dougga. It is currently at the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo Museum</a> in Tunis, with casts in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. </p><p>The Libyan inscriptions are the first two, and the longest two, published in <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chabot" title="Jean-Baptiste Chabot">Jean-Baptiste Chabot</a>'s 1940 work <i>Recueil des Inscriptions Libyques</i> (known as RIL), as RIL 1 and RIL2. The Punic inscriptions are known as KAI 100 and KAI 101 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kanaan%C3%A4ische_und_Aram%C3%A4ische_Inschriften" title="Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften">Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cenotaph_(Ateban)_inscription"><span id="Cenotaph_.28Ateban.29_inscription"></span>Cenotaph (Ateban) inscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cenotaph (Ateban) inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_(Jean_Emile_Humbert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/220px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/330px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/440px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4366" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The first published sketch of the inscription (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Emile_Humbert" title="Jean Emile Humbert">Jean Emile Humbert</a>, 1817)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punico-Libyan_Monument_at_Dugga_before_the_removal_of_the_inscription_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Punico-Libyan_Monument_at_Dugga_before_the_removal_of_the_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Punico-Libyan_Monument_at_Dugga_before_the_removal_of_the_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Punico-Libyan_Monument_at_Dugga_before_the_removal_of_the_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Punico-Libyan_Monument_at_Dugga_before_the_removal_of_the_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Punico-Libyan_Monument_at_Dugga_before_the_removal_of_the_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Punico-Libyan_Monument_at_Dugga_before_the_removal_of_the_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>Punico-Libyan Monument at Dugga before the removal of the inscription</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was noted by traveller <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_d%27Arcos" class="extiw" title="ca:Thomas d'Arcos">Thomas d'Arcos</a> in 1631 in his correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Claude_Fabri_de_Peiresc" title="Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc">Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc</a>; however this was not published at the time and was unknown to the explorers in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rediscovered in 1815 by Count Borgia, and published by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnter" title="Friedrich Münter">Friedrich Münter</a> in 1821,<sup id="cite_ref-Münter1821_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Münter1821-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Emile_Humbert" title="Jean Emile Humbert">Jean Emile Humbert</a> in 1821,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Arent_Hamaker" title="Hendrik Arent Hamaker">Hendrik Arent Hamaker</a> in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-HAMAKER1822_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAMAKER1822-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Munter wrote that: "On the right side it is Punic, or Mauritanian, because I find letters that seem alien to the Punic Alphabet, as far as we know it up to now; on the left are the letters of which a sample is given here. The right side is best preserved."<sup id="cite_ref-Münter1821_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Münter1821-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reade_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Reade (British Army officer)">Thomas Reade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, ordered the removal of this inscription from the Mausoleum, which in the process seriously damaged the monument. Recognising the importance of the bilingual inscription in decoding the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber Languages">Libyan</a> language, Reade had it dispatched to London for the 'benefit of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>'. Reade demolished the entire wall in which the inscription was embedded, leaving the stone blocks that framed it litter the ground around the mausoleum. Two of Reade’s compatriots, Bruce and Catherwood, had taken accurate drawings of the building prior to the removal, although Catherwood described it as Phoenician.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mausoleum of Ateban was built in the second century BC by the inhabitants of Dougga in remembrance of an important prince or dignitary of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>. Some have conjectured that it was built for <a href="/wiki/Massinissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Massinissa">Massinissa</a>, King of Numidia. A <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> with bilingual script was installed on the <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">podium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>. The left half of the inscription was engraved in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a>, the other half in the <a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Numidian language</a>. The bilingual nature of the inscription made it possible for scholars to decode the ancient <a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> script, which was written <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left">right-to-left</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A modern <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscription</a> indicates that the tomb was dedicated to Ateban, the son of Iepmatath, the son of Palu. Other names cited in the inscription, both <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a> and Libyan names (and even possibly a <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> name), refer to the <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a>'s architect and the representatives of different professions involved in its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temple_(Massinissa)_inscription"><span id="Temple_.28Massinissa.29_inscription"></span>Temple (Massinissa) inscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Temple (Massinissa) inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_cast_of_the_Dougga_Temple_bilingual_(AO_4611).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louvre_cast_of_the_Dougga_Temple_bilingual_%28AO_4611%29.jpg/220px-Louvre_cast_of_the_Dougga_Temple_bilingual_%28AO_4611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louvre_cast_of_the_Dougga_Temple_bilingual_%28AO_4611%29.jpg/330px-Louvre_cast_of_the_Dougga_Temple_bilingual_%28AO_4611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louvre_cast_of_the_Dougga_Temple_bilingual_%28AO_4611%29.jpg/440px-Louvre_cast_of_the_Dougga_Temple_bilingual_%28AO_4611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Louvre cast of the Dougga Temple bilingual (AO 4611)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Temple Inscription was discovered in 1904 during the excavations led by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sadoux" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Sadoux">Eugène Sadoux</a> in the Temple of Jupiter at Dougga.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently at the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo Museum</a> in Tunis, with casts in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> (ID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010203544">AO 4611</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (ID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_C-2">BM C-2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a dedicatory inscription of the temple, which it states was erected in honor of <a href="/wiki/Massinissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Massinissa">Massinissa</a>, known for his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> from <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">History of Rome</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berger_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanata_Stone" title="Zanata Stone">Zanata Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Punic_Mausoleum_of_Dougga" title="Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga">Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCatherwood" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Catherwood, Frederick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7o6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA474%7Cyear=1845%7C"><i>Account of the Punico-Libyan monument at Dugga, and the remains of an ancient structure at Bless</i></a>. American Ethnological Society. pp. 479–480. <q>I find, however, that Dugga was visited in 1631, more than two hundred years ago, when the Phoenician inscription alluded to in this paper, was first brought to light. A French traveller of the name of D'Arcos, who is allowed by Gesenius to have been a man of learning, embraced the Mohammedan religion in the kingdom of Tunis, and travelled extensively in those parts. He copied the inscriptions referred to and corresponded on the subject with the learned Isaac Peiresc, and furnished him with a copy, which not being a satisfactory one, he offered to send the stone itself; but Peiresc, with a good taste and feeling that scarcely exists at the present day, refused the offre, from an unwillingness to cause the ruin of an ancient monument which had survived so man ages. The copy of this inscription sent by D'Arcos was never published to the world, and its existence seems to have been forgotten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Account+of+the+Punico-Libyan+monument+at+Dugga%2C+and+the+remains+of+an+ancient+structure+at+Bless&rft.pages=479-480&rft.pub=American+Ethnological+Society&rft.aulast=Catherwood&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7o6AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA474%257Cyear%3D1845%257C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherwood" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Catherwood, Frederick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7o6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA474%7Cyear=1845%7C"><i>Account of the Punico-Libyan monument at Dugga, and the remains of an ancient structure at Bless</i></a>. American Ethnological Society. pp. 474–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Account+of+the+Punico-Libyan+monument+at+Dugga%2C+and+the+remains+of+an+ancient+structure+at+Bless&rft.pages=474-&rft.pub=American+Ethnological+Society&rft.aulast=Catherwood&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7o6AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA474%257Cyear%3D1845%257C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=33644&plaA=33644-3-1">British Museum Collection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherwood" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Catherwood, Frederick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7o6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA474%7Cyear=1845%7C"><i>Account of the Punico-Libyan monument at Dugga, and the remains of an ancient structure at Bless</i></a>. American Ethnological Society. pp. 479–480. <q>I find, however, that Dugga was visited in 1631, more than two hundred years ago, when the Phoenician inscription alluded to in this paper, was first brought to light. A French traveller of the name of D'Arcos, who is allowed by Gesenius to have been a man of learning, embraced the Mohammedan religion in the kingdom of Tunis, and travelled extensively in those parts. He copied the inscriptions referred to and corresponded on the subject with the learned Isaac Peiresc, and furnished him with a copy, which not being a satisfactory one, he offered to send the stone itself; but Peiresc, with a good taste and feeling that scarcely exists at the present day, refused the offer, from an unwillingness to cause the ruin of an ancient monument which had survived so man ages. The copy of this inscription sent by D'Arcos was never published to the world, and its existence seems to have been forgotten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Account+of+the+Punico-Libyan+monument+at+Dugga%2C+and+the+remains+of+an+ancient+structure+at+Bless&rft.pages=479-480&rft.pub=American+Ethnological+Society&rft.aulast=Catherwood&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7o6AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA474%257Cyear%3D1845%257C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Münter1821-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Münter1821_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Münter1821_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMünter1821" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnter" title="Friedrich Münter">Münter, Friedrich</a> (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-BaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA171"><i>Religion der Karthager</i></a>. Schubothe. p. 171. <q>Diese Inschrift har der verstorbene Graf Borgia in Dugga, dem alten Tugge über einem Mausoleo gefunden. Sie ist also eine Grabschrift. Auf der rechten Seite ist sie punisch, oder mauretanisch, denn ich finde Buchstaben die dem punischen Alfabete, so weit wir es bis jezt kennen, fremd zu seyn scheinen; auf der Linken stehen die Buchstaben von denen hier eine Probe mitgetheilt wird. Die rechte Seite ist an besten erhalten. Ohne Zweifel ist es eine und dieselbe Inschrift in zwei Sprachen. Jede besteht aus sieben Zeiten, und die mittelste ise in beiden die kürzeste. Ich gebe die drei untersten der unbekannten Schrift. Vielleich liesse sich doch unter den Legenden annoch unentzifester Münzen etwas ähnliches finden!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+der+Karthager&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Schubothe&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCnter&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-BaAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humbert, Notice sur quatre cippes sépulcraux et deux fragments, découverts, en 1817, sur le sol de l'ancienne Carthage, Haag, 1821, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAMAKER1822-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAMAKER1822_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrik_Arent_HAMAKER1822" class="citation book cs1">Hendrik Arent HAMAKER (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b69fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>H. A. Hamaker ... diatribe philologico-critica, aliquot monumentorum Punicorum, nuper in Africa repertorum, interpretationem exhibens. Accedunt novæ in nummos aliquot Phœnicios lapidemque Carpentoractensem conjecturæ, necnon tabulæ, inscriptiones et alphabeta Punica continentes</i></a>. pp. 1–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+A.+Hamaker+...+diatribe+philologico-critica%2C+aliquot+monumentorum+Punicorum%2C+nuper+in+Africa+repertorum%2C+interpretationem+exhibens.+Accedunt+nov%C3%A6+in+nummos+aliquot+Ph%C5%93nicios+lapidemque+Carpentoractensem+conjectur%C3%A6%2C+necnon+tabul%C3%A6%2C+inscriptiones+et+alphabeta+Punica+continentes&rft.pages=1-&rft.date=1822&rft.au=Hendrik+Arent+HAMAKER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db69fAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chabot" title="Jean-Baptiste Chabot">Jean-Baptiste Chabot</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.317235/page/n253/mode/2up">Punica</a>: "1. Premiere inscription de Dougga": "En 1815, le comte Camille Borgia étudia le monument sur place; sa copie des textes, bien imparfaite, fut divulguée par les publications de Münter, de Humbert et de Hamaker. En 1833, sir Grenville Temple visita le monument, dont il a laissé une description détaillée il emporta de l’inscription une copie plus exacte que celle de Borgia. Sur cette copie, Gesenius fit sa première tentative de déchiffrement; ayant reçu un peu plus tard une autre copie exécutée par Honegger, il reprit l'examen du texte , mais sans résultat appréciable. C’est à F. de Saulcy que revient le mérite d’avoir le premier compris le vrai sens de l’inscription, n’ayant à sa disposition d’autres documents que ceux qui avaient servi à Gesenius. La première reproduction satisfaisante fut publiée par Guérin, en 1862 ; elle a été reproduite par Reboud, et a servi de base aux travaux ultérieurs, notamment à J. Halévy qui, en 1874, a complété et rectifié sur quelques points les lectures de Saulcy, mais n’a pas su tirer un parti suffisant du texte pour l’établissement de l’alphabet libyque."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherwood" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Catherwood, Frederick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7o6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA474%7Cyear=1845%7C"><i>Account of the Punico-Libyan monument at Dugga, and the remains of an ancient structure at Bless</i></a>. American Ethnological Society. pp. 479–480. <q>I find, however, that Dugga was visited in 1631, more than two hundred years ago, when the Phoenician inscription alluded to in this paper, was first brought to light. A French traveller of the name of D'Arcos, who is allowed by Gesenius to have been a man of learning, embraced the Mohammedan religion in the kingdom of Tunis, and travelled extensively in those parts. He copied the inscriptions referred to and corresponded on the subject with the learned Isaac Peiresc, and furnished him with a copy, which not being a satisfactory one, he offered to send the stone itself; but Peiresc, with a good taste and feeling that scarcely exists at the present day, refused the offer, from an unwillingness to cause the ruin of an ancient monument which had survived so man ages. The copy of this inscription sent by D'Arcos was never published to the world, and its existence seems to have been forgotten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Account+of+the+Punico-Libyan+monument+at+Dugga%2C+and+the+remains+of+an+ancient+structure+at+Bless&rft.pages=479-480&rft.pub=American+Ethnological+Society&rft.aulast=Catherwood&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7o6AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA474%257Cyear%3D1845%257C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauckler,_Paul_-_L%27arch%C3%A9ologie_de_la_Tunisie_(1896).pdf" title="File:Gauckler, Paul - L'archéologie de la Tunisie (1896).pdf">Gauckler, Paul - L'archéologie de la Tunisie (1896)</a>: "En 1842, Th. Read, consul général d’Angleterre à Tunis, fit démolir, pour s’approprier l’inscription, toute la paroi dans laquelle elle était encastrée. Vendue à sa mort, elle est aujourd’hui conservée au British Museum, tandis que les blocs de pierre qui l’encadraient jonchent le sol autour du mausolée. Deux compatriotes de Th. Read, Bruce et Catherwood, avaient heureusement pris, dès le commencement de ce siècle, des dessins très exacts de l’édifice. En s’aidant de leurs esquisses pour compléter les indications que nous fournissent les ruines dans leur état actuel, l’on peut arriver à reconstituer par la pensée le monument tel qu’il devait se présenter primitivement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Pierre Gros, L’architecture romaine du début du IIIe siècle à la fin du Haut-Empire, tome 2 « Maisons, palais, villas et tombeaux », éd. Picard, Paris, 2001, p. 417]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlouschz1942" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Slouschz" title="Nahum Slouschz">Slouschz, Nahoum</a> (1942). <i>Thesaurus of Phoenician Inscriptions</i> (in Hebrew). Dvir. pp. 211–212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thesaurus+of+Phoenician+Inscriptions&rft.pages=211-212&rft.pub=Dvir&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Slouschz&rft.aufirst=Nahoum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger Philippe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1904_num_48_4_19857">Découverte à Dougga (Tunisie) d'une inscription dédicatoire d'un temple élevé en l'honneur de Massinissa</a>. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 48ᵉ année, N. 4, 1904. pp. 406-407. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcrai.1904.19857">10.3406/crai.1904.19857</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lidzbarkski, 1913, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002089628/page/I/mode/1up">Eine Punisch-Altberberische Bilinguis aus einem Tempel des Massinissa</a> Sitzungsberichte der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, no. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GHAKI, Mansour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/8742?lang=en">Épigraphie libyque et punique à Dougga</a> (TBGG) In: Dougga (Thugga). Études épigraphiques [online]. Pessac: Ausonius Éditions, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782356132574" title="Special:BookSources/9782356132574">9782356132574</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.ausonius.8742">10.4000/books.ausonius.8742</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chabot, J.-B. (1916): “Les inscriptions puniques de Dougga”, CRAI, 119-131; (1918): “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93292k/f269.planchecontact">Punica</a>”, Journal Asiatique, mars-avril.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sir Grenville Temple, the 10th Baronet (1799–1847); (1834). Copy of a Letter from Sir Grenville Temple, Bart., to Lieut.-General Benjamin Forbes, M.R.A.S., Relative to a Phœnician Tombstone Found at Maghráwah in Tunis, and Presented to the Royal Asiatic Society. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3(3), 548-549. Retrieved October 14, 2020, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25581778">http://www.jstor.org/stable/25581778</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuincy1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Quatrem%C3%A8re_de_Quincy" title="Quatremère de Quincy">Quincy, Quatremère de</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbCQu4df5DsC&pg=PA4"><i>Lettre sur l'inscription bilingue de Thougga</i></a>. Imprimerie royale. pp. 4–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettre+sur+l%27inscription+bilingue+de+Thougga&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=Imprimerie+royale&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Quincy&rft.aufirst=Quatrem%C3%A8re+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAbCQu4df5DsC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunic-Libyan+bilinguals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>British Museum <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1852-0305-1">BM 125225</a> (Libyan inscription)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1852-0305-2">BM 125226</a> (Punic inscription)</li></ul></li> <li>F. Frances (Ed), Treasures of the British Museum, London, 1972</li> <li>D.Colon, Ancient Near East Art, British Museum Press, London, 1995</li> <li>R Parkinson, Cracking codes: the Rosetta Stone and decipherment, British Museum Press, London, 1999</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&oldid=1185557140">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic-Libyan_bilinguals&oldid=1185557140</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_BC_inscriptions" title="Category:2nd-century BC inscriptions">2nd-century BC inscriptions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1842_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1842 archaeological discoveries">1842 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multilingual_texts" title="Category:Multilingual texts">Multilingual texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Eastern_objects_in_the_British_Museum" title="Category:Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum">Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punic_inscriptions" title="Category:Punic inscriptions">Punic inscriptions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_discoveries_in_Tunisia" title="Category:Archaeological discoveries in Tunisia">Archaeological discoveries in Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:KAI_inscriptions" title="Category:KAI inscriptions">KAI inscriptions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2023, at 14:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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