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Numidian language - Wikipedia
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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects and relation to other ancient languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects_and_relation_to_other_ancient_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialects_and_foreign_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects_and_foreign_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dialects and foreign influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects_and_foreign_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ancient_Berber_or_Berber-like_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ancient_Berber_or_Berber-like_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other ancient Berber or Berber-like languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ancient_Berber_or_Berber-like_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categorization_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorization_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Categorization and reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categorization_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categorization and reconstruction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categorization_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naming_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Naming conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Known words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Known_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thugga_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thugga_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Thugga inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thugga_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_texts"> <div 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id="toc-Cenotaph_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kef_Beni_Fredj_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kef_Beni_Fredj_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Kef Beni Fredj inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kef_Beni_Fredj_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Numidian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة النوميدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة النوميدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numid_dili" title="Numid dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Numid dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidi" title="Numidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Numidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libysche_Sprache" title="Libysche Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libysche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_numidio" title="Idioma numidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma numidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyque" title="Libyque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libyque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidysk" title="Numidysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Numidysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_n%C3%BAmida" title="Lingua númida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua númida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidijski_jezik" title="Numidijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Numidijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Numidian language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Numidia" title="Bahasa Numidia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Numidia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_numidica" title="Lingua numidica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua numidica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbico" title="Líbico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Líbico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нумидийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нумидийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Numidian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numid%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Numidščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Numidščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Numidian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Old Libyan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Numidjanska_stela3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Numidjanska_stela3.jpg/200px-Numidjanska_stela3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Numidjanska_stela3.jpg/300px-Numidjanska_stela3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Numidjanska_stela3.jpg/400px-Numidjanska_stela3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Numidian stela with Libyc text in the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum" title="Bardo National Museum">Bardo National Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ancient <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Mainly modern day <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and parts of west Libya (as result of Numidian expansion but with Libyan Berber languages)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Developed into, or replaced with various modern <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> in the 3rd century AD<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Numidian</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Berber">Proto-Berber</a> ? </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>East-Numidian †</li> <li>West-Numidian †</li> <li>? <i>Mauretanian</i> †</li> <li>? <i>Gaetulian</i> †</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_alphabet" title="Libyco-Berber alphabet">Libyco-Berber alphabet</a> (Proto-Tifinagh)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nxm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nxm">nxm</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/nxm">nxm</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/numi1241">numi1241</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Numidian</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> was a language spoken in ancient <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>. The script in which it was written, the <a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_alphabet" title="Libyco-Berber alphabet">Libyco-Berber alphabet</a> (from which <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> descended), has been almost fully deciphered and most characters (apart from a few exceptions restricted to specific areas) have known values. Despite this, the language has barely been transcribed and only a few words are known. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are attested from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. The language is scarcely attested and can be confidently identified only as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family, although it was most likely part of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, spoken at the start of the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects_and_relation_to_other_ancient_languages">Dialects and relation to other ancient languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects and relation to other ancient languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects_and_foreign_influences">Dialects and foreign influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dialects and foreign influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is known that there was an orthographical difference between the western and eastern Numidian language. Starting at <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>, which was a kind of mixed region, the regions to the east all the way to what is east of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and western parts of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> used the east Libyan writing system, while the regions to the west all the way to approximately the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya river</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> spoke the western Numidian dialect and used the larger and still undecoded west Libyan writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East-Numidian dialect was much more influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a> than the West-Numidian, and West-Numidian is thought to be more ancient than East-Numidian.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numidian was influenced mostly by Punic and then <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, although Numidian and even some modern Berber vocabulary seem to have been also slightly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">Paleohispanic languages</a> and possibly by other <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ancient_Berber_or_Berber-like_languages">Other ancient Berber or Berber-like languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other ancient Berber or Berber-like languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not much is known about the variations of the old Libyc language(s) as none of them have been fully deciphered, and outside of some east-Numidian <a href="/wiki/Steles" class="mw-redirect" title="Steles">steles</a> none of the various Old Libyc writings have been interpreted. It may be possible that the language of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> people of modern-day Morocco may have been a dialect of the larger Numidian, although there are little to no sources or researches into the language.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Numidian was a Berber language then it is known that by that stage the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber</a> into various <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> was still not fully complete, and thus the ancient Berber languages of the time were very similar to each other, even more so than the modern ones.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In circa 500 B.C various nomadic Berber groups penetrated the Sahara from the north, corresponding the area of the later <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetulians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the area where these nomads lived yielded no writing and thus is incomparable to Numidian, it is known that <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> described the Saharan Gaetulian language as very similar or the same as the Numidian one, implying that the Gaetulian language may have been a dialect of Numidian.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not much is known of the Numidian language, and even less of Berber or Proto-Berber languages and dialects at this time, although it is known that for example the language of the native Berbers of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> contained many Greek <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also unknown whether the language of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mauretania">Kingdom of Mauretania</a> in what is approximately modern day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> formed a part of the Numidian language, or was a separate language from it, as there has been as of yet no major efforts into decoding it, and there are no known sources describing it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorization_and_reconstruction">Categorization and reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Categorization and reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii</a>, who spoke the language, were ethnically <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Abun-Nasr1987_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr1987-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naylor2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naylor2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is supposed that Numidian was therefore a <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berber branch of Afro-Asiatic is sometimes called <i>Libyco-Berber</i> since it is not certain whether Numidian would fall within the modern Berber languages or form a sister branch to them. Some theorize that it constituted a group of its own, as there is no trace of the <a href="/wiki/Case_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (grammar)">noun-case</a> system shared by the modern Berber languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Berber">Proto-Berber</a> is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber#Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Berber">theorized</a> to have no grammatical case either, which would also imply a later addition of the system. The <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Lybico-Berber</a> tifinagh and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> being <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> without vowels complicates the matter even more.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work on deciphering the language has not been decisive, although especially recently some tried to reconstruct words by comparing Numidian script to proto and modern Berber languages. Most remaining scripts are funerary, and follow the formula of "<i>X w-Y</i>" (X son of Y). BNS is also an often returning words in this script, which probably meant "tomb of". Many words had an H at the end of them, the function of which is unclear. A few gravestones show a different word between the two personal names, plausibly interpreted as a kinship term based on Berber comparisons: <i>wlt</i> "daughter (of)" (modern Berber <i>wəlt</i>), and, more rarely, <i>mt</i> "mother (of)" (modern Tuareg <i>ma</i>). Similar to the modern berber languages, the ta-...-t circumfix signified feminine version of the word with a silent h added to the end.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga inscriptions</a> some political positions are mentioned, such as "gld" (lord) which based on this technique, can be translated into the modern berber word "agellid"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which originates from the proto-berber word "<i>*a-gəllid".</i> A few verbs have been unambiguously identified in the various inscriptions. Comparison with modern Berber suggests that ṣkn, probably read as "eṣ(ə)k-n based on modern berber comparison which means"built" is to be analysed as ṣk "build" plus -n, marking 3pl subject agreement (<i>-ən).</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of translation using this method can be demonstrated on a part of a Numidian inscription which is read as "<i>Msnsn. gldt. w-gjj</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Msnsn" is the name of king <a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Massinissa</a> while "gldt" is the word for king<i>.</i> Finally, "w-gjj" means "son of <a href="/wiki/Gala_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gala (king)">Gaia</a>". Thus by attempting to translate the Numidian text through modern and proto-Berber the inscription would read "<i>Massinissa the king, son of Gaia</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numidian also featured and shared most or all of its prepositions "n" (of) and "d" (and) with modern Berber, along with various prefixes, such as "ta...-t", "m-" etc. with modern Berber.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These facts would strongly suggest that Numidian is a now extinct branch of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, although some linguists believe that Numidian is not an ancestor but an extinct sister branch to the modern surviving Berber languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the translations of "SBS" (asebbas) in the Thugga inscription as "year" is correct then that would mean the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber</a> form "ww" which evolved into "gg" or "gʷ" in most modern Berber languages was "bb" or "bʷ" in Numidian. This is only found in the <a href="/wiki/Zenaga_language" title="Zenaga language">Zenaga language</a> of Mauritania and a few instances of <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a> in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Zenaga was one of the first Berber languages to split off from the Proto-Berber group and thus still possesses many ancient characteristics, along with the Numidian usage of this form, could suggest that in the evolution of Berber languages "ww" turned into "bʷ" and then into "gʷ". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numidian names generally often followed a complicated, but well documented naming convention of Berber antiquity and medieval times. While this wasn't always the case, this was especially true for nobles or higher leaders. The way it worked was simple: Verb in the 3rd person + personal pronouns as an affix (direct or indirect) in 3rd person plural form (he/she-X-they/of them).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the actual name of <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jughurta</a> most likely sounded as "<i>y-uger-ten</i>" (he who surpasses them), while the name of king <a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Massinissa</a> (MSNSN in Libyco-Berber)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was "<i>mas-nsen</i>" (their seignor). Much of the <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastic</a> work on the Numidian language was done by <a href="/wiki/Salem_Chaker" title="Salem Chaker">Salem Chaker</a>, who through his work also help in decoding a few words in the language through dissecting known names.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Known_words">Known words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Known words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here is a comparison of the few known Numidian words to modern <a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern Berber languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tamashek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamashek">Tamashek</a> language. Normalized words with vowels added are written in the brackets. Underlined words are based on etymologic or onomastic reconstructions from Numidian names. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Numidian </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern Berber languages</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a> </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Political positions and jobs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>GLD (<i>a-gəllid</i>) </td> <td>agellid or a-žellid </td> <td>amănokal </td> <td>chief or king </td></tr> <tr> <td>TGLT(H) (<i>Ta-gəllit</i>) </td> <td>Tagellidt or Tagellit </td> <td>tamănokalt </td> <td>queen </td></tr> <tr> <td>MNKD(H) (<i>amenkad</i>) </td> <td>amenkad </td> <td> </td> <td>emperor </td></tr> <tr> <td>MSWH (<i>amsiweɣ?</i>) </td> <td>aserdas </td> <td>əssărdasi </td> <td>Possibly soldier or guard based on linguistic reconstruction </td></tr> <tr> <td>GLDMṢK (<i>a-gellid ameṣka</i>) </td> <td>agellid imeska </td> <td>amănokal ălbănna </td> <td>Unknown, corresponds with Punic "chief of fifty", may be reconstructed as "chief of the builders/masons" </td></tr> <tr> <td>NBBN (<i>inababen?</i>) </td> <td>imahalen, yixeddamen </td> <td>imǝsɡuyya </td> <td>workers </td></tr> <tr> <td>MWSN(H) (amawsan) </td> <td>amussnaw </td> <td>amûssen </td> <td>sage or wise man </td></tr> <tr> <td>GẒB (<i>agẓab</i>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Unknown, possibly "inspector of construction" </td></tr> <tr> <td>MṢṢKW (<i>amṣeṣkaw)</i> </td> <td>amasgad, ameṣkad </td> <td> </td> <td>possibly architect </td></tr> <tr> <td>MS <i><u>(mass)</u></i> </td> <td>mass </td> <td>măss </td> <td>honorary title for men. May be translated as "sir" or "seignor", </td></tr> <tr> <td>MSTN <i><u>(amastan)</u></i> </td> <td>amastan </td> <td>amastan </td> <td>defender/protector </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Verbs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RN <i><u>(rna</u></i> or <i><u>erna)</u></i> </td> <td>ernu, erna, or erni </td> <td>ernu </td> <td>achieve victory, inflict defeat upon someone </td></tr> <tr> <td>ṢK <i>(eṣk)</i> </td> <td>eṣk or bnu </td> <td>kann or dăy </td> <td>build </td></tr> <tr> <td>YS (<i>yusa</i>) </td> <td>yusa or as-d </td> <td>ǝqqăl </td> <td>come or came </td></tr> <tr> <td>DR <i><u>(idir)</u></i> </td> <td>idir </td> <td> </td> <td>to live </td></tr> <tr> <td>BDD <i><u>(bded)</u></i> </td> <td>bded </td> <td> </td> <td>to stand </td></tr> <tr> <td>FL (<i><u>afel?)</u></i> </td> <td>zger </td> <td> </td> <td>to cross </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Materials</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ZLH (<i>uzzal</i>) </td> <td>uzzal </td> <td>tăzoli </td> <td>iron<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Š?RH (<i>a-šɣarh?)</i> </td> <td>a-sɣar </td> <td>esăɣer </td> <td>wood </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Affixes and prepositions</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NS (-<i>ennes</i>) </td> <td>-nnes, -is or -es </td> <td>-ənnes </td> <td>its </td></tr> <tr> <td>N (<i>n</i>) </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>of (pertaining to something) </td></tr> <tr> <td>D (<i>d</i>) </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>and </td></tr> <tr> <td>-TN <u><i>(-ten)</i></u> </td> <td>-ten </td> <td>-san </td> <td>them </td></tr> <tr> <td>-NSN (<i><u>-nsen)</u></i> </td> <td>-nsen </td> <td>-nesǝn </td> <td>their </td></tr> <tr> <td>y- </td> <td>y- </td> <td>y- </td> <td>he (third person masculine singular verb subject affix) </td></tr> <tr> <td>t- </td> <td>t- </td> <td>t- </td> <td>she (third person feminine singular verb subject affix) </td></tr> <tr> <td>WR (<i><u>war)</u></i> </td> <td>ur </td> <td>wǝr </td> <td>not </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Kinship terms</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W (<i>u-</i> or <i>w-</i>) </td> <td>u- </td> <td>ăw- </td> <td>son of </td></tr> <tr> <td>WLT (<i>wəlt-</i>) </td> <td>wəlt </td> <td>wălăt </td> <td>daughter of </td></tr> <tr> <td>MT (<i>mat?)</i> </td> <td>yimma, yemma </td> <td>ma </td> <td>mother of </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Others</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SBS (<i>asəbbas</i>) </td> <td>assewas, assegwas or asseggas </td> <td>awăṭay </td> <td>Possibly year, although Numidian translation is unsure </td></tr> <tr> <td>ẒK <i>(aẓekka)</i> </td> <td>aẓekka </td> <td>aẓəkka </td> <td>tomb </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><u>ugər</u></i> or <i><u>agər</u></i> </td> <td>uger or agar </td> <td>agǝr </td> <td>to surpass </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><u>yif</u></i> or <i><u>if</u></i> </td> <td>if or af </td> <td>uf </td> <td>to be superior </td></tr> <tr> <td>MSKR or MSKRH (<i>ameskar</i> or <i>miskiri</i>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Unsure, either cognate to Kabyle and Tuareg word ameskar,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_id1none"><a href="#endnote_id1none">[Note 1]</a></sup> or denoting the Misciri tribe </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This comparison suggests that Numidian may be closest to the modern <a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern Berber languages</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Shilha language</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle language</a> although the modern northern Berber languages have gone through grammatical changes, and they have also taken loanwords from Arabic, Latin, and French. Kabyle may be the closest to Numidian, but has absorbed loanwords and phrases from the other languages mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to many linguists the H at the end of many numidian words were either silent or disappeared by modern times,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that in many cases such as MSWH or MWSNH was possibly used as a replacement for, or possibly was the ancestor of the modern berber <i><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> sound.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thugga_inscription">Thugga inscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thugga inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thugga inscription is the longest known Numidian inscription as of yet, and has served with the most clues regarding the language. </p><p><b>Numidian script</b> </p><p><i>ṢKN•TBGG•BNYFŠ•MSNSN•GLDṮ•WGYY•GLDṮ•WZLLSN•ŠFṬ</i> </p><p><i>SBSNDH•GLDṮ•SYSH•GLD•MKWSN</i> </p><p><i>ŠFṬ•GLDṮ•WFŠN•MWSNG•ŠNK•WBNY•WŠNK•DŠFṬ•WM</i> </p><p><i>WTNKW•MṢṢKW•MGN•WYRŠTB•WSDYLN•GẒB•MGN•WŠFṬ•MW</i> </p><p><i>WŠMN•GLDṮ•GLDGMYL•ZMR•WMSNF•WŠMN•GLDMṢK•M</i> </p><p><i>WŠYN•GLDṮ•WMGN•GLDṮ•ṬNYN•ŠYN•WNKKN•WFṬŠ•DR</i> </p><p><i>ŠFṬ•WŠNK•</i> </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Normalization and adding of known or possible vowels</b> </p><p><i>əṣk(ə)-n Tubgag BNYFŠ[?] Masnsen a-gəllidṯ u-Gayya a-gəllidṯ u-Zelalsen šufeṭ</i> </p><p><i>Asəbbas NDH a-gəllidṯ(?) s-yusa a-gəllid Mikiwsan</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Translation from Punic</b> </p><p>The people of Thugga built this temple for Masinissa the King son of Gaia the King son of Zilalsan the Judge, in the tenth year since Micipsa ruled, in the year of Shufet the King son of Afshan the King, The Centurion: Shanok son of Banay and Shufet son of Magon son of Tanaku. The <i>ms s kwy</i> Magon son of Yirashtan son of Sadyalan, and <i>gzby</i>: Magon son of Shufet the Centurion son of Abdeshmun the King. Erectors of this property: Ashyan son of Ankikan son of Patash and Arash son of Shufet son of Shanok. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_texts">Example texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Example texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These texts are examples of bilingual inscriptions with known meanings, most of which are funerary texts </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_(Jean_Emile_Humbert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/220px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/330px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg/440px-The_first_published_sketch_of_the_Bilingual_inscription_of_Dougga_%28Jean_Emile_Humbert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4366" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The first published sketch of the Ateban inscription</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilingual_texts">Bilingual texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bilingual texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cenotaph_inscription">Cenotaph inscription</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cenotaph inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Punic</b> </p><p><i>[mn]ṣbt š'ṭbn bn ypmṭt bn plw</i> </p><p><i>hbnm š'bnm ʕb'rš bn ʕbdštrt</i> </p><p><i>zmr bn 'ṭbn bn ypmṭt bn plw</i> </p><p><i>mngy bn wrsbn</i> </p><p><i>wb'zrt šl' **t* zzy wṭmn wwrskn</i> </p><p><i>hḥršm šyr msdl bn nnpsn w'nkn b[n] 'šy</i> </p><p><i>hnskm šbrzl špṭ bll wppy bn bby</i> </p><p><b>Punic to English translation</b> </p><p><i>The monument of 'ṭbn son of Ypmṭt son of Plw. </i> </p><p><i>Builders of the stones: ʕb'rš son of ʕbdštrt;</i> </p><p><i>Zmr son of 'ṭbn son of Ypmṭt son of Plw;</i> </p><p><i>Mngy son of Wrsbn. </i> </p><p><i>And for its ???, Zzy son of Ṭmn and Wrskn. </i> </p><p><i>Workers of the wood: Msdl son of Nnpsn and 'nkn son of 'šy.</i> </p><p><i>Casters of the iron: Šfṭ son of Bll and Ppy son of Bby.</i> </p><p><b>Numidian</b> </p><p><i>****N WYFMṬT W*******DRŠ WWDŠTR</i> </p><p><i>*****BN WYFMṬṮ WFLW</i> </p><p><i>MNGY WWRSKN</i> </p><p><i>KSLNS ŻŻY WṬMN WRSKN</i> </p><p><i>NBBN NŠ[Q]RH MSDL WNNFSN NKN WŠY</i> </p><p><i>NB*N NZLH ŠFṬ WBLL FFY WBBY</i> </p><p><b>Normalization and adding of known or possible vowels</b> </p><p><i>Aṭeban w-Yefmaṭat w-Falu****D'rš w-Wadaštar</i> </p><p><i>Zamir w-Aṭeban w-Yefmaṭat w-Falu</i> </p><p><i>Mangy w-Wareskan</i> </p><p><i>KSLNS Żaży w-Ṭaman w-Raskn</i> </p><p><i>inababen n a-šɣarh Masdil w-Nanafsen Naken w-šy</i> </p><p><i>inababen (?) n uzzal Šufeṭ w-Balil Fafy W-Beby</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kef_Beni_Fredj_inscriptions">Kef Beni Fredj inscriptions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kef Beni Fredj inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Latin</b> </p><p><i>SACTUT•IHIMIR F•VIXIT•ANORVM•LXX H[SE]</i> </p><p><b>Latin to English</b> </p><p>Sactut son of Ihimir lived 70 years. [He is buried here.] </p><p><b>Numidian</b> </p><p><i>ZKTT WYMR MTYBLH MSWH MNKDH</i> </p><p><b>Normalization and adding of known or possible vowels</b> </p><p><i>Zaktut w-Iymir MTYBLH amsiweɣ amenkad</i> </p><p><b>Possible Numidian to English translation</b> </p><p>Zaktut son of Iyimir MTYBLH soldier of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic-Libyan_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic-Libyan Inscription">Punic-Libyan Inscription</a>, which helped decoding the Libyco-Berber script</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_id1none"><a href="#ref_id1none"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Meaning either "the good one" or the "resting one". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numidian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150124231249/http://multitree.org/codes/nxm">"Berbère"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/nxm">the original</a> on 24 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>c. 200 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berb%C3%A8re&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitree.org%2Fcodes%2Fnxm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&dq=Numidian+language+berber&pg=PA112"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNumidian%2Blanguage%2Bberber%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüldemann2018" class="citation book cs1">Güldemann, Tom (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUeHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Numidian+language+berber&pg=PT42"><i>The Languages and Linguistics of Africa</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042175-0"><bdi>978-3-11-042175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Africa&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042175-0&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCldemann&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUeHDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNumidian%2Blanguage%2Bberber%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (10 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC&dq=Numidian+language+berber&pg=PA226"><i>The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46934-0"><bdi>978-1-139-46934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Syria-Palestine+and+Arabia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46934-0&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTrT-bZyuPcC%26dq%3DNumidian%2Blanguage%2Bberber%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaker2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chaker, S. (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/344">"Libyque : écriture et langue"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (28–29): 4395–4409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.344">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.344</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161729616">161729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Libyque+%3A+%C3%A9criture+et+langue&rft.issue=28%E2%80%9329&rft.pages=4395-4409&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.344&rft.aulast=Chaker&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaker2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chaker, Salem (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/antaf_0066-4871_2002_num_38_1_1360">"Variétés des usages libyques : variations chronologiques, géographiques et sociales"</a>. <i>Antiquités africaines</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 267–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fantaf.2002.1360">10.3406/antaf.2002.1360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquit%C3%A9s+africaines&rft.atitle=Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+des+usages+libyques+%3A+variations+chronologiques%2C+g%C3%A9ographiques+et+sociales&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=267-273&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantaf.2002.1360&rft.aulast=Chaker&rft.aufirst=Salem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fantaf_0066-4871_2002_num_38_1_1360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Kossmann, Maarten (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Se-BAAAAQBAJ&dq=uzzal+iron&pg=PA61"><i>The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25309-4"><bdi>978-90-04-25309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Influence+on+Northern+Berber&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25309-4&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSe-BAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Duzzal%2Biron%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglesias2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iglesias, Hector (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-00614290v2">"La parenté de la langue berbère et du basque: nouvelle approche"</a>. <i>Archive ouverte HAL</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive+ouverte+HAL&rft.atitle=La+parent%C3%A9+de+la+langue+berb%C3%A8re+et+du+basque%3A+nouvelle+approche&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Iglesias&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-00614290v2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRask2013" class="citation book cs1">Rask, Rasmus (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F56evlhkUvkC&dq=gaetulian+language&pg=PA90"><i>Investigation of the Origin of the Old Norse or Icelandic Language: New edition of the 1993 English translation by Niels Ege</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7198-3"><bdi>978-90-272-7198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigation+of+the+Origin+of+the+Old+Norse+or+Icelandic+Language%3A+New+edition+of+the+1993+English+translation+by+Niels+Ege&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-90-272-7198-3&rft.aulast=Rask&rft.aufirst=Rasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF56evlhkUvkC%26dq%3Dgaetulian%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36664366">"Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507151750/https://www.academia.edu/36664366">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Reconciling+archaeological+and+linguistic+evidence+for+Berber+prehistory&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36664366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGattoMattinglyRaySterry2019" class="citation book cs1">Gatto, M. C.; Mattingly, D. J.; Ray, N.; Sterry, M. (14 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOeADwAAQBAJ&dq=gaetulian+language&pg=PA509"><i>Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47408-5"><bdi>978-1-108-47408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burials%2C+Migration+and+Identity+in+the+Ancient+Sahara+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47408-5&rft.aulast=Gatto&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Mattingly%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+N.&rft.au=Sterry%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOeADwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgaetulian%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137">"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK I.1, DEDICATION. 1 Lemaire informs us, in his title-page, that the two first books of the Natural History are edited by M. Alexandre, in his edition"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+The+Natural+History%2C+BOOK+I.1%2C+DEDICATION.+1+Lemaire+informs+us%2C+in+his+title-page%2C+that+the+two+first+books+of+the+Natural+History+are+edited+by+M.+Alexandre%2C+in+his+edition.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/herodote/melpomene.htm">"Hérodote : livre IV : Melpomène (bilingue)"</a>. <i>remacle.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=remacle.org&rft.atitle=H%C3%A9rodote+%3A+livre+IV+%3A+Melpom%C3%A8ne+%28bilingue%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremacle.org%2Fbloodwolf%2Fhistoriens%2Fherodote%2Fmelpomene.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abun-Nasr1987-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr1987_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamil_M._Abun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58334-0"><bdi>978-1-316-58334-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-316-58334-0&rft.au=Jamil+M.+Abun-Nasr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NDLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naylor2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naylor2015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_C._Naylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Phillip C. Naylor (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftFbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132"><i>Historical Dictionary of Algeria</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Algeria&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7919-5&rft.au=Phillip+C.+Naylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftFbCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer2004_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Roger_Fischer2004" class="citation book cs1">Steven Roger Fischer (4 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYMXnSko5QwC&pg=PT104"><i>History of Writing</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-588-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-588-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-588-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Writing&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004-04-04&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-588-2&rft.au=Steven+Roger+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYMXnSko5QwC%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Martin Kerr, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2020" class="citation book cs1">Pereltsvaig, Asya (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbH2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Libyco-berber+abjad&pg=PA203"><i>Languages of the World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47932-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47932-5"><bdi>978-1-108-47932-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47932-5&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbH2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLibyco-berber%2Babjad%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehméAl-Jallad2017" class="citation book cs1">Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IJ1DwAAQBAJ&dq=uzzal+berber&pg=PA354"><i>To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35761-7"><bdi>978-90-04-35761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Madbar+and+Back+Again%3A+Studies+in+the+languages%2C+archaeology%2C+and+cultures+of+Arabia+dedicated+to+Michael+C.A.+Macdonald&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35761-7&rft.aulast=Nehm%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=La%C3%AFla&rft.au=Al-Jallad%2C+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IJ1DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Duzzal%2Bberber%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman2011" class="citation book cs1">Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVpxZSTyhb0C&dq=agellid+amazigh&pg=PA216"><i>The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6"><bdi>978-0-292-74505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berber+Identity+Movement+and+the+Challenge+to+North+African+States&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-74505-6&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVpxZSTyhb0C%26dq%3Dagellid%2Bamazigh%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Lingua&id=65&lang=en">"Libyco-Berber"</a>. <i>mnamon.sns.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMSNSN%2BGLDT%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1969" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Hans (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEpQAAAAMAAJ&q=msnsn+gldt+gjj"><i>Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man's Efforts to Write</i></a>. Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign%2C+Symbol%2C+and+Script%3A+An+Account+of+Man%27s+Efforts+to+Write&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEpQAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmsnsn%2Bgldt%2Bgjj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/252/libyan-inscriptions-in-numidia-and-mauretania/">"Libyan' Inscriptions in Numidia and Mauretania"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Libyan%27+Inscriptions+in+Numidia+and+Mauretania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F252%2Flibyan-inscriptions-in-numidia-and-mauretania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaker1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chaker, Salem (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9EFYzJ8wAL4C&dq=MNKDH&pg=PA188"><i>Linguistique berbère: études de syntaxe et de diachronie</i></a> (in French). Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87723-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87723-152-7"><bdi>978-2-87723-152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistique+berb%C3%A8re%3A+%C3%A9tudes+de+syntaxe+et+de+diachronie&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-87723-152-7&rft.aulast=Chaker&rft.aufirst=Salem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9EFYzJ8wAL4C%26dq%3DMNKDH%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazic.cat/dictionary/porta/">"porta"</a>. <i>Diccionari Amazic-Català</i> (in Catalan)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diccionari+Amazic-Catal%C3%A0&rft.atitle=porta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazic.cat%2Fdictionary%2Fporta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampsChaker2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps, G.; Chaker, S. (1 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1377?lang=en">"Jugurtha"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (26): 3975–3979. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1377">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1377</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Jugurtha&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=3975-3979&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1377&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Chaker%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1377%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongeling1984" class="citation book cs1">Jongeling, Karel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27Q5AAAAIAAJ&q=MSNSN"><i>Names in Neo-Punic Inscriptions</i></a>. Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names+in+Neo-Punic+Inscriptions&rft.pub=Rijksuniversiteit+te+Groningen&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Jongeling&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27Q5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMSNSN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaker2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chaker, Salem (1 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2816?gathStatIcon=true&lang=en">"Onomastique libyco-berbère (Anthroponymie)"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (35): 5760–5779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2816">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2816</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Onomastique+libyco-berb%C3%A8re+%28Anthroponymie%29&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=5760-5779&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2816&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Chaker&rft.aufirst=Salem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2816%3FgathStatIcon%3Dtrue%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCust2013" class="citation book cs1">Cust, Robert Needham (15 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zeNYAQAAQBAJ&dq=numidian+language&pg=PA106"><i>A Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa: Volume I</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37237-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37237-7"><bdi>978-1-136-37237-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+the+Modern+Languages+of+Africa%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37237-7&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=Robert+Needham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeNYAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnumidian%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouag2011" class="citation book cs1">Souag, Lameen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Seminari&id=549&lang=en"><i>Re-examining Libyco-Berber: how much do we know, and how does it fit into the family's subclassification?</i></a>. Lameen Souag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-examining+Libyco-Berber%3A+how+much+do+we+know%2C+and+how+does+it+fit+into+the+family%27s+subclassification%3F&rft.pub=Lameen+Souag&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Souag&rft.aufirst=Lameen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmnamon.sns.it%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DSeminari%26id%3D549%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Esempi&id=47&lang=en">"Libyco-Berber - Examples of writing"</a>. <i>mnamon.sns.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mnamon.sns.it&rft.atitle=Libyco-Berber+-+Examples+of+writing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmnamon.sns.it%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DEsempi%26id%3D47%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumidian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Aikhenvald & Militarev, 1991. 'Livijsko-guanchskie jazyki', <i>Jazyki Azii i Afriki</i>, vol. 4, pp. 148–266.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Berber_languages" title="Eastern Berber languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awjila_language" title="Awjila language">Awjila</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fezzan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fezzan language">Fezzan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foqaha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foqaha language">Foqaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sokna_language" title="Sokna language">Sokna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tmessa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tmessa language">Tmessa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadam%C3%A8s_language" title="Ghadamès language">Ghadamès</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaghbub_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaghbub language (page does not exist)">Jaghbub</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kufra_Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufra Berber">Kufra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafusi_language" title="Nafusi language">Nafusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadu_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadu Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Jadu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalut_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalut Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Nalut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazzin_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wazzin Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Wazzin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yefren_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yefren Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Yefren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi_language" title="Siwi language">Siwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Middle_Atlas_Berber" title="Eastern Middle Atlas Berber">Eastern Middle Atlas</a> (transitional to Atlas) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Seghrouchen_Berber" title="Ait Seghrouchen Berber">Seghrouchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ait_Warayn_Berber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ait Warayn Berber (page does not exist)">Warayn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzab%E2%80%93Wargla_languages" title="Mzab–Wargla languages">Northern Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurara_language" title="Gurara language">Gurara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_language" title="Mozabite language">Mozabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oran_and_Figuig_Berber" title="South Oran and Figuig Berber">South Oran and Figuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidikelt_language" title="Tidikelt language">Tidikelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwat_language" title="Tuwat language">Tuwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugurt_language" title="Tugurt language">Wad Righ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargli language">Wargla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian language">Riffian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Riffian_Berber_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Riffian Berber dialects (page does not exist)">Central Riffian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Zenati" title="Eastern Morocco Zenati">Eastern Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznasen_Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznasen Berber">Iznasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Snous_dialect" title="Beni Snous dialect">Snouss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Riffian_Berber_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Riffian Berber dialects (page does not exist)">Western Riffian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawiya_language" title="Shawiya language">Shawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Zenati_languages" title="East Zenati languages">Tunisian-Zuwara</a> (transitional to Eastern) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_Berber" title="Jerba Berber">Jerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matmata_Berber" title="Matmata Berber">Matmata</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sened_language" title="Sened language">Sened</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douiret_language" title="Douiret language">Douiret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuwara_Berber" title="Zuwara Berber">Zuwara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Zenatic_dialects" title="Western Algerian Zenatic dialects">Western Algerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gouraya_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gouraya language (page does not exist)">Gouraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheliff_Basin_Berber" title="Sheliff Basin Berber">Shelif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenwa_language" title="Shenwa language">Shenwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Zenati</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lisan_al-Gharbi" title="Lisan al-Gharbi">Gharb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomara_language" title="Ghomara language">Ghomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja_de_Srair_language" title="Sanhaja de Srair language">Sanhaja de Srayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Shilha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Eastern_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Eastern Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Central-Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Western_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Western Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Central-Western</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standardised</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Moroccan_Amazigh" title="Standard Moroccan Amazigh">Moroccan Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Algerian_Berber" title="Standard Algerian Berber">Algerian Berber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamahaq_language" title="Tamahaq language">Tamahaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamashek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Tayart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Berber_languages" title="Western Berber languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetserret_language" title="Tetserret language">Tetserret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenaga_language" title="Zenaga language">Zenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Libyan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Numidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Numidian language">East Numidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan-Tripolitanian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fezzan-Tripolitanian language (page does not exist)">Fezzan-Tripolitanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Mauretanian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Mauretanian language (page does not exist)">Mauretanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Numidian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Numidian language (page does not exist)">West Numidian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berber_orthography" title="Berber orthography">Orthography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_alphabet" title="Libyco-Berber alphabet">Libyco-Berber alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber Arabic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Academy_of_Amazigh_Language" title="Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language">AAAL (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut-Conseil_%C3%A0_l%27amazighit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut-Conseil à l'amazighité">HCA (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_the_Amazigh_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture">IRCAM (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_de_l%27Alphab%C3%A9tisation_Fonctionelle_et_de_la_Linguistique_Appliqu%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction Nationale de l'Alphabétisation Fonctionelle et de la Linguistique Appliquée">DNAFLA (Mali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_Recherche_Berb%C3%A8re" title="Centre de Recherche Berbère">CRB (France)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NGOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Academy" title="Berber Academy">Berber Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amazigh_Congress" title="World Amazigh Congress">World Amazigh Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazigh_Cultural_Association_in_America" title="Amazigh Cultural Association in America">Amazigh Cultural Association in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Tunisia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Template:Languages of Tunisia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Template talk:Languages of Tunisia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Tunisia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Tunisia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Languages of Tunisia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">Vernacular languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_Berber" title="Jerba Berber">Jerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matmata_Berber" title="Matmata Berber">Matmata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">Historical languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Numidian language</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic language</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">Main liturgical languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐b5stz Cached time: 20241122151108 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.605 seconds Real time usage: 0.735 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3674/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 111624/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3760/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 129037/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.358/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6627115/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 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